DATA BOOK for Cryogenic Gases

and Equipment

1

Common Equivalents & Conversions

Approximate Common Equivalents

1 inch = 25 millimeters

1 foot = 0.3 meter

1 yard = 0.9 meter

1 mile = 1.6 kilometers

1 sq inch = 6.5 sq cm

1 sq foot = 0.09 sq meter

1 sq yard = 0.8 sq meter

1 acre = 0.4 hectare+

1 cu inch = 16 cu cm

1 cu foot = 0.03 cu meter

1 quart (lq) = 1 liter+

1 gallon = 0.004 cu meter

1 ounce (avdp) = 28 grams

1 pound (avdp = 0.45 kilogram

1 horsepower = 0.75 kilowatt

1 millimeter = 0.04 inch

1 meter = 3.3 feet

1 meter = 1.1 yards

1 kilometer = 0.6 mile

1 sq centimeter = 0.06 cu inch

1 cu meter = 35 cu feet

1 cu meter = 1.3 cu yards

1 cubic meter = 250 gallons

1 liter+ = 1 quart

1 gram = 0.035 oz (avdp)

1 kilogram = 2.2 lbs (avdp)

1 kilowatt = 1.3 horsepower

Conversions Accurate to Parts Per Million

inches x 25.4 = millimeters

feet x 0.3048” = meters

yards x 0.9144 = meters

miles x 1.609.34 = kilometers

sq inches x 6.4516* = sq centimeters

sq feet x 0.0929030 = sq meters

sq yards x 0.836127 = sq meters

acres x 0.404686 = hectares

cu inches x 16.3871 = cu centimeters

cu feet x 0.0283168 = cu meters

cu yards x 0.764555 = cu meters

quarts (lq) x 0.946353 = liters

gallons x 0.00378541 = cu meters

ounces (avdp) x 28.3495 = grams

pounds (avdp) x 0.453592 = kilograms

horsepower x 0.745700 = kilowatts

millimeters x 0.03937701 = inches

meters x 3.28084 = feet

meters x 1.09361 = yards

kilometers x 0.621371 = miles

sq centimeters x 0.155000 = sq inches

sq meters x 10.7639 = sq feet

sq meters x 1.19499 = sq yards

hectares x 2.47104 = acres

cu cm x 0.0610237 = cu inches

cu meters x 35.3147 = cu feet

cu meters x 1.30795 = cu yards

liters x 1.05669 = quarts (lq)

cu meters x 264.172 = gallons

grams x 0.0352740 = ounces (avdp)

kilograms x 2.20462 = pounds (avdp)

kilowatts x 1.34102 = horsepower

+ common term not used in S1* exactSource: NBS Special Pub. 304.

WARNING

Don’t become a casualty!

Beware of confined spaces where there is insufficient oxygen to supportlife. Types of confined spaces include:

A. Pits and deep depressions, sewers

B. Above-ground confined spaces such as air separation cold boxesand similar insulated cavities, silos, furnace boxes, combustionchambers, etc.

C. Tanks on railroad cars and highway vehicles, storage tanks,mixing tanks

D. Reaction kettles, stills, receivers, steam drums

E. Acetylene generators and gas holders

Where atmospheric air is not deliberately provided, or where breathingequipment is not available, Tank Entry Procedures as published andprovided by this company or similarly detailed procedures published byother interested organizations must be rigidly followed.

All data set forth herein is provided for general information only andis based on generally accepted tests and on published data fromstandard technical reference works. The accuracy or completeness ofany such information, test or data is not warranted in any way.

3

Table of Contents

2

Table of Contents

Page No.

Common Equivalents and Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1Physical Properties of Selected Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-5Carbon Dioxide–Chemical and Physical Constants -

Physical State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-7Nitrous Oxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8Conversion Data

Nitrous Oxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9Oxygen and Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10Argon and Neon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11Helium and Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12Krypton and Xenon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13Carbon Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

Tonnage Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15Mean Specific Heats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16Densities at Various Saturation Pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17Pressure–Density–Temperature Relationships for Liquid Oxygen,

Nitrogen and Argon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18Vapor Release from Depressurized:

Liquid Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19Liquid Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20Liquid Argon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21Liquid Helium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22-23Liquid Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

Refrigeration Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25Net Positive Suction Head Requirements for Cryogenic Pumps . . . . . . . . . .26Head to PSI Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27Air Pressure Drop in Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28-29Pipe Capacities Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30Combustion Constants of Hydrocarbon Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31Storage Systems

VS Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32-33Siphon 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34-35VS-CO2 Bulk Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36-37VS-DSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38-39VS High Pressure Bulk Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40-41Dura-Cyl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42-43

Cryo-Cyl LP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44-45Mega-Cyl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46-47Laser-Cyl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48-49Ultra Helium Dewar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50-51Trifecta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52-53Perma-Cyl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54-55Orca MicroBulk Delivery System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56-57Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-60

Biological SystemsXC & SC Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61-63Lab Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64-65Vapor Shippers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66-67

Beverage SystemsCarbo-Mite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68-69Carbo-Charger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70-71Carbo-Mizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72-73Carbo-Max 750 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74-75CO2 Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76-77CO2 Safety System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78-79

Vacuum Insulated Piping SystemsCryogenic Piping Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80-81

Vaporizer Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82Conversion Factors:

Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89Specific Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91Refrigeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92Velocity, Flow Rate, Thermal Conductivity & Temperature . . . . . . . . . . .93

Temperature Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94Decimal Equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96-97Miscellaneous Physical Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97

5

Physical Properties of Selected Gases

4

Physical Properties of Selected Gases

Acetylene Hydrogen Neon Krypton Xenon AirC2H2 H2 Ne Kr Xe —

26.0382 2.01594 20.183 83.80 131.30 28.96None None None None None NoneSweet None None None None NoneNone None None None None None

0.9053 0.0695 0.6958 2.898 4.56 1.0

0.06785 0.005209 0.05215 0.2172 0.3416 0.07493

14.7 192.0 19.175 4.604 2.927 13.3

0.10800 0.083133 0.5963 0.536 0.718-118.5* -423.0 -410.8 -243.8 -162.5

344.8** 191.7 38.3 46.3 41.4 88.3

60.58 12.98 26.19 54.3 57.64890.3 190.8 384.9 798.0 847.1

+95.32 -399.96 -379.75 -82.8 +61.86

1.2651 0.071 0.4273 0.7220 0.806418.592 1.04 6.28 10.61 11.85-112.99 -434.56 -415.49 -251.28 -169.180.4067 3.4202 0.2462 0.0597 0.0382 0.2406@80°F @77°F @77°F @87°F @77°F @80.3°F1.234 1.405 1.642 1.701 1.666 1.4017

@77°F @77°F @68°F @87°F @68°F @80.3°F95.5 89.37 313.81 251.71 231.02 184.67

@68°F @80°F

0.0123 0.0973 0.021087 0.00501 0.00293 0.0139@80°F

11.6 13.5 21.5 13.9 12.1

10.2 16.58 9.98 8.3916.62 10.51 9.416.53 9.86 8.28

Name of Gas Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Helium MethaneChemical Symbol O2 N2 Ar He CH4

Molecular Weight 31.9988 28.0134 39.948 4.0026 16.043Color None None None None NoneOdor None None None None NoneTaste None None None None None

Spec. Gravity (Air=1)70°F. 1 Atm. 1.105 0.9669 1.395 0.13796 .5539

Density lb Per cu ft70°F 1 Atm. 0.08281 0.07245 0.1034 0.01034 .0415

Spec Vol. cu ftper lb 70°F 1 Atm. 12.076 13.803 9.671 96.71 24.096

Density Sat’d Vapor,lb per cu ft 1 Atm. 0.27876 0.2874 0.35976 1.0434 .1134

Normal Boiling Point °F -297.33 -320.36 -302.55 -452.1 -258.7Heat of Vaporization

BTU per Pound 91.7 85.6 70.1 9 223.3Critical Pressure

Atmospheres, Abs. 50.14 33.54 48.34 2.26 666.88lb per sq in, Abs. 736.9 492.9 710.4 33.2Critical Temp. °F -181.08 -232.40 -188.12 -450.31 -116.67

Triple Point PressureAtmosphere, Abs. 0.00145 0.1238 0.68005 Nonelb per sq in, Abs. 0.0213 1.189 9.994 1.7032

Triple Point Temp. °F -361.83 -346.01 -308.8 None -296.45Specific Heat Const. 0.2199 0.2488 0.1244 1.2404 .5339

Press @77°F @77°F @77°F @77°F @80°FRatio Specific Heats 1.396 1.4014 1.6665 1.6671 1.305

@80.3°F @70°F @86°F @77°F @80°FCoeff. Viscosity,

Micropoises @77°F 206.39 177.96 226.38 198.5 112Thermal Conductivity,

32°F 0.0142 0.0139 0.00980 0.08266 .0193BTU/(sq ft)(Hr.)(°F/ft) @40°F @70°FIonization Potential,

Volts 13.6 14.5 15.7 24.5Exitation Potentials:

First ResonancePotential, Volts 9.1 6.3 11.56 20.91

Metastable 11.66 19.77

* Normal sublimation temperature ** Latent heat of sublimation

7

Carbon Dioxide

6

Carbon Dioxide

Chemical Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CO2

Molecular Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44.01

Color-Vapor and Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .None

Solid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .translucent whiteOdor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .slight-pungentTaste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .biting

Specific Gravity (Air-1.0)

Gas at 70°F, atmospheric pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.53

Specific Volume at atmospheric pressure

Gas 60°F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.57 cu ft/lbGas 70°F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.74 cu ft/lb

Temperature of Solid at atmospheric pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-109.25°F

Density

Solid: -109.25°F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97.6 lb/cu ftLiquid: +1.7°F 300 psi gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63.36 lb/cu ftLiquid: +70°F 839 psi gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47.35 lb/cu ft

Heat Vaporization

Solid: -109.25°F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .246.6 BTU/ lb

Liquid: +1.7°F 300 psi gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119.2 BTU/ lb

Liquid: +70°F 839 psi gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63.9 BTU/ lb

Specific Heat — gas—varies

(At constant pressure of 1 atmosphere) 70°F . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.20 BTU/lb(At constant volume) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.15 BTU/lb

Viscosity— gas at atmosphere pressure & 70°F . . . . . . . . . . .0.015 Centipoise

Liquid at 0°F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.14 Centipoise

Critical temperature (highest temperature at which

CO2 can exist as a liquid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87.82°F

Triple Point (temperature pressure combination at whichCO2 can exist simultaneously as a solid, liquid or gas) . .-69.83°F & 75.13 psia

(Reference: Airco R687 A and data of Plank & Kuprianoff)

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9

Nitrous Oxide Conversion Data

8

Nitrous Oxide

International Symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N2OMolecular Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.013Vapor Pressure, psia @ -4°F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

@ 32°F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455@ 68°F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736@ 98°F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1055

Density, gas @ 1 atm, lb/cu ft @ 32°F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1230@ 68°F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1146

Specific Gravity, gas @ 32°F and 1 atm (air=1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.529Specific Volume, gas @ 1 atm, cu ft/lb @ 32°F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.130

@ 68°F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.726Density, saturated vapor, lb/cu ft @ boiling point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.194

@ -4°F and 262 psia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.997@ 68°F and 736 psia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.051

Density, liquid @ boiling point and 1 atm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.6@ 70°F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.3

Specific Gravity, liquid @ 68°F and 736 psia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.785Boiling Point @ 1 atm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –127.3°FMelting Point @ 1 atm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –131.5°FTriple Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –131.5 @ 12.74 psiaCritical Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97.7°FCritical Pressure, psia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1054Critical Density, lb/cu ft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.15Latent Heat of Vaporization, BTU/lb @ boiling point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161.8

@ 32°F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107.5@ 68°F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.7

Latent Heat of Fusion at triple point, BTU/lb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.9Specific Heat, gas, at 1 atm, BTU/(lb)(°F) Cp 77°F to 212°F . . . . . . . . . 0.212

Cp @ 59°F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2004Cv @ 59°F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1538

Ratio of Specific Heats, Cp/Cv @ 59°F and 1 atm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.303Solubility in Water at 1 atm, vol/1 vol of water @ 32°F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3

@ 68°F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.72@ 77°F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.66

Solubility in Alcohol at 68°F and 1 atm, vol/1 vol of alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0Weight/gal, liquid, lb @ boiling point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.23

@ -4°F and 262 psia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.35@ 68°F and 736 psia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.54

Viscosity, gas, centipoises @ 32°F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0135@ 80°F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0149

Thermal Conductivity, gas @ 32°F (BTU)(ft)/(sq ft)(hr)(°F) . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0083

Poun

dsTo

nsS.

C.F.

Gas

S.G.

Gas

Gallo

ns/L

iquid

Cu F

t/Liqu

idLit

ers/L

iquid

1 Po

und

10.

0005

8.71

165

.158

0.09

782

0.01

308

0.37

023

1 To

n20

001

17.4

2213

0.31

619

5.64

26.1

274

0.46

1 S.

C.F

Gas

70°F

— 1

4.7

psia

0.11

4857

.4 x

10-

61

7.48

050.

0112

40.

0015

020.

0425

0

1 Ga

llon

Gas

70°F

— 1

4.7

psia

0.01

535

7.67

5 x

10-6

0.13

371

10.

0015

00.

0002

100.

0056

8

1 Ga

llon

Liquid

10.2

230.

0051

1189

.053

666.

171

0.13

3680

3.78

533

1 cu

ft L

iquid

76.4

740.

0382

3766

6.17

4983

.28

7.48

052

128

.316

2

1 Lit

er L

iquid

2.70

10.

0013

5023

.528

176.

000.

2641

780.

0353

154

1

S.C.

F. (S

tand

ard

Cubic

Fee

t) Ni

trous

Oxid

e Ga

s ar

e m

easu

red

at 7

0°F

and

14.7

psia

.

S.G.

(Sta

ndar

d Ga

llons

) Nitr

ous

Oxide

Gas

are

mea

sure

d at

70°

F an

d 14

.7 p

sia.

Liquid

Nitr

ous

Oxide

qua

ntitie

s ar

e m

easu

red

at -1

27.2

°F a

nd 1

4.7

psia.

Oxyg

en

Wei

ght

Gas

Liqu

idPo

unds

Kilo

gram

sCu

bic

Feet

Cubi

c M

eter

sG

allo

nsLi

ters

(Lb)

(Kg)

(SCF

)(N

m3 )

(Gal

)(L

)1

Poun

d1.

00.

4536

12.0

760.

3174

0.10

500.

3977

1 Ki

logr

am2.

205

1.0

26.6

20.

6998

0.23

160.

8767

1 SC

F G

as0.

0828

10.

0375

61.

00.

0262

80.

0086

910.

0329

1 Nm

3G

as3.

151

1.42

9138

.04

1.0

0.33

101.

2528

1 G

al L

iqui

d9.

527

4.32

211

5.1

3.02

51.

03.

785

1 L

Liqu

id2.

517

1.14

1730

.38

0.79

830.

2642

1.0

Nitro

gen

1 Po

und

1.0

0.45

3613

.803

0.36

270.

1481

0.56

061

Kilo

gram

2.20

51.

030

.42

0.79

960.

3262

1.23

491

SCF

Gas

0.07

245

0.03

286

1.0

0.02

628

0.01

074

0.04

065

1 Nm

3G

as2.

757

1.25

0638

.04

1.0

0.40

801.

5443

1 G

al L

iqui

d6.

745

3.06

093

.112.

447

1.0

3.78

51

LLi

quid

1.78

20.

8083

24.6

00.

6464

0.26

421.

0

SCF

(Sta

ndar

d Cu

bic

Foot

) gas

mea

sure

d at

1 a

tmos

pher

e an

d 70

°F.

Nm3

(nor

mal

cub

ic m

eter

) mea

sure

d at

1 a

tmos

pher

e an

d 0°

C.Li

quid

mea

sure

d at

1 a

tmos

pher

e an

d bo

iling

tem

pera

ture

.Al

l val

ues

roun

ded

to n

eare

st 4

/5 s

igni

fican

t num

bers

.

Argo

n

Wei

ght

Gas

Liqu

idPo

unds

Kilo

gram

sCu

bic

Feet

Cubi

c M

eter

sG

allo

nsLi

ters

(Lb)

(Kg)

(SCF

)(N

m3 )

(Gal

)(L

)1

Poun

d1.

00.

4536

9.67

10.

2543

0.08

600

0.32

551

Kilo

gram

2.20

51.

021

.32

0.56

050.

1895

70.

7176

1 SC

F G

as0.

1034

0.04

690

1.0

0.02

628

0.00

8893

0.03

366

1 Nm

3G

as3.

933

1.78

4038

.04

1.0

0.33

821.

2802

1 G

al L

iqui

d11

.630

5.27

611

2.5

2.95

71.

03.

785

1 L

Liqu

id3.

072

1.39

3629

.71

0.78

120.

2642

1.0

Neon

1 Po

und

1.0

0.45

3619

.175

0.50

400.

0992

80.

3758

1 Ki

logr

am2.

205

1.0

42.2

71.

1112

0.21

910.

8292

1 SC

F G

as0.

0521

50.

0236

61.

00.

0262

80.

0051

770.

0195

941

Nm3

Gas

1.98

400.

8999

38.0

41.

00.

1971

40.

7462

1 G

al L

iqui

d10

.065

4.56

519

3.2

5.07

71.

03.

785

1 L

Liqu

id2.

661

1.20

7051

.03

1.34

100.

2642

1.0

SCF

(Sta

ndar

d Cu

bic

Foot

) gas

mea

sure

d at

1 a

tmos

pher

e an

d 70

°F.

Nm3

(nor

mal

cub

ic m

eter

) mea

sure

d at

1 a

tmos

pher

e an

d 0°

C.Li

quid

mea

sure

d at

1 a

tmos

pher

e an

d bo

iling

tem

pera

ture

.Al

l val

ues

roun

ded

to n

eare

st 4

/5 s

igni

fican

t num

bers

.

11

Argon and Neon Conversion Data

10

Oxygen and Nitrogen Conversion Data

Kryp

ton

Wei

ght

Gas

Liqu

idPo

unds

Kilo

gram

sCu

bic

Feet

Cubi

c M

eter

sG

allo

nsLi

ters

(Lb)

(Kg)

(SCF

)(N

m3 )

(Gal

)(L

)1

Poun

d1.

00.

4536

4.60

40.

1209

80.

0496

70.

1880

1 Ki

logra

m2.

205

1.0

10.1

470.

2667

0.10

939

0.41

411

SCF

Gas

0.21

720.

0985

21.

00.

0262

80.

0107

730.

0407

81

Nm3

Gas

8.26

63.

749

38.0

41.

00.

4101

1.55

251

Gal L

iquid

20.1

39.

131

92.6

92.

436

1.0

3.78

51

LLiq

uid5.

318

2.41

224

.51

0.64

410.

2642

1.0

Xeno

n

1 Po

und

1.0

0.45

362.

927

0.07

692

0.03

921

0.14

840

1 Ki

logra

m2.

205

1.0

6.45

10.

1695

80.

0864

20.

3271

1 SC

F Ga

s0.

3416

0.15

495

1.0

0.02

628

0.01

3392

0.05

069

1 Nm

3Ga

s13

.000

5.89

738

.04

1.0

0.50

961.

9291

1 Ga

l Liqu

id25

.51

11.5

7274

.67

1.96

231.

03.

785

1 L

Liquid

6.73

83.

056

19.7

260.

5185

0.26

421.

0

SCF

(Sta

ndar

d Cu

bic F

oot)

gas

mea

sure

d at

1 a

tmos

pher

e an

d 70

°F.

Nm3

(nor

mal

cubic

met

er) m

easu

red

at 1

atm

osph

ere

and

0°C.

Liquid

mea

sure

d at

1 a

tmos

pher

e an

d bo

iling

tem

pera

ture

.Al

l valu

es ro

unde

d to

nea

rest

4/5

signif

icant

num

bers

.

13

Krypton and Xenon Conversion Data

12

Helium and Hydrogen Conversion Data

Heliu

m

Wei

ght

Gas

Liqu

idPo

unds

Kilo

gram

sCu

bic

Feet

Cubi

c M

eter

sG

allo

nsLi

ters

(Lb)

(Kg)

(SCF

)(N

m3 )

(Gal

)(L

)1

Poun

d1.

00.

4536

96.7

12.

542

0.95

933.

631

1 Ki

logr

am2.

205

1.0

213.

25.

603

2.11

58.

006

1 SC

F G

as0.

0103

40.

0046

901.

00.

0262

80.

0099

190.

0375

41

Nm3

Gas

0.39

350.

1784

738

.04

1.0

0.37

751.

4289

1 G

al L

iqui

d1.

0423

0.47

2810

0.80

2.64

91.

03.

785

1 L

Liqu

id0.

2754

0.12

4926

.63

0.69

980.

2642

1.0

Hydr

ogen

1 Po

und

1.0

0.45

3619

2.00

5.04

71.

6928

6.40

81

Kilo

gram

2.20

51.

042

3.3

11.1

263.

733

14.1

281

SCF

Gas

0.00

5209

0.00

2363

1.0

0.02

628

0.00

8820

0.03

339

1 Nm

3G

as0.

1981

50.

0898

838

.04

1.0

0.33

551.

2699

1 G

al L

iqui

d0.

5906

0.26

7911

3.41

2.98

11.

03.

785

1 L

Liqu

id0.

1560

40.

0707

829

.99

0.78

810.

2642

1.0

SCF

(Sta

ndar

d Cu

bic

Foot

) gas

mea

sure

d at

1 a

tmos

pher

e an

d 70

°F.

Nm3

(nor

mal

cub

ic m

eter

) mea

sure

d at

1 a

tmos

pher

e an

d 0°

C.Li

quid

mea

sure

d at

1 a

tmos

pher

e an

d bo

iling

tem

pera

ture

.Al

l val

ues

roun

ded

to n

eare

st 4

/5sig

nific

ant n

umbe

rs.

Hydr

ogen

gas

valu

es e

xpre

ssed

in th

e sta

ble c

ondit

ions

75%

orth

o, 2

5% p

ure.

Hydr

ogen

liquid

valu

es e

xpre

ssed

in th

e sta

ble p

ara

cond

ition.

Carb

on D

ioxi

de

Weig

htGa

sLiq

uidSo

lid

Poun

dsTo

nsKi

logra

ms

Cubic

Fee

tCu

bic M

eter

sGa

llons

Liter

sCu

bic F

eet

(Lb)

(T)

(Kg)

(SCF

)(N

m3 )

(Gal)

(L)

(Cu

Ft)

1 Po

und

1.0

0.00

050.

4536

8.74

10.

2294

0.11

806

0.44

690.

0102

46

1 To

n20

00.0

1.0

907.

217

,483

.045

8.8

236.

189

3.9

20.4

9

1 Ki

logra

m2.

205

0.00

1102

31.

019

.253

0.50

580.

2603

0.98

600.

2260

1 SC

F Ga

s0.

1144

—0.

0518

91.

00.

0262

80.

0135

060.

0511

30.

0011

723

1 Nm

3Ga

s4.

359

0.00

2180

1.97

7238

.04

1.0

0.51

461.

9480

0.04

468

1 Ga

l Liqu

id8.

470

0.00

4235

3.84

274

.04

1.94

311.

03.

785

0.08

678

1 L

Liquid

2.23

80.

0011

185

1.01

5119

.562

0.51

340.

2642

1.0

0.02

293

1 Cu

Ft S

olid

97.5

60.

0488

044

.25

852.

822

.38

11.5

1843

.60

1.0

SCF

(Sta

ndar

d Cu

bic F

oot)

gas

mea

sure

d at

1 a

tmos

pher

e an

d 70

°F.

Nm3

(nor

mal

cubic

met

er) g

as m

easu

red

at 1

atm

osph

ere

and

0°C.

Liquid

mea

sure

d at

21.

42 a

tmos

pher

es a

nd 1

.7°F

.

Al

l valu

es ro

unde

d to

nea

rest

4/5

signif

icant

num

bers

.So

lid m

easu

red

at -1

09.2

5°F.

15

Tonnage Conversion Factors*

14

Carbon Dioxide Conversion Data

Oxygen1 lb Gaseous Oxygen =12.08 scf at 14.7 psia and70°F.

1 ton Gaseous Oxygen =24,160 scf at 14.7 psiaand 70°F.

scf/mo(millions) tons/day

1 1.382 2.763 4.144 5.525 6.906 8.287 9.668 11.049 12.4210 13.8020 27.5930 41.3940 55.1950 68.98

scf/motons/day (millions)

10 7.2512.5 9.0625 18.1250 36.2475 54.36100 72.5

Nitrogen1 lb Gaseous Nitrogen =13.80 scf at 14.7 psia and70°F.

1 ton Gaseous Nitrogen =27,605 scf at 14.7 psiaand 70°F.

scf/mo(millions) tons/day

1 1.212 2.423 3.624 4.835 6.046 7.257 8.458 9.669 10.8710 12.0820 24.1530 36.2340 48.3050 60.38

scf/motons/day (millions)

10 8.2812.5 10.3525 20.7050 41.4175 62.11100 82.82

Hydrogen1 lb. Gaseous Hydrogen =192.0 scf at 14.7 psia and 70°F.

1 ton Gaseous Hydrogen =383,950 scf at 14.7 psiaand 70°F.

scf/mo(millions) tons/day

1 0.0872 0.1743 0.264 0.355 0.436 0.527 0.618 0.699 0.7810 0.8720 1.7430 2.6040 3.4750 4.34

scf/motons/day (millions)

10 115.212.5 14425 28850 57675 864100 1152

* Based on 30 day month

OXYG

ENNI

TROG

ENAR

GON

Satu

ratio

nLi

quid

Gas

Liqu

idGa

sLi

quid

Gas

Pres

sure

Dens

ityDe

nsity

Dens

ityDe

nsity

Dens

ityDe

nsity

PSIG

Lbs/

Ft3

SCF/

Gal

Lbs/

Ft3

SCF/

Gal

Lbs/

Ft3

SCF/

Gal

071

.17

115.

1050

.44

93.11

87.5

111

2.50

570

.42

113.

7249

.62

91.5

585

.77

110.

89

1069

.80

112.

7349

.00

90.4

084

.77

109.

60

2567

.86

109.

5947

.50

87.6

382

.46

106.

61

5065

.55

105.

8645

.69

84.1

879

.90

103.

31

7563

.76

102.

9744

.19

81.5

377

.90

100.

71

100

62.4

310

0.82

42.8

879

.12

76.1

598

.45

150

59.8

096

.57

40.7

075

.08

73.1

694

.59

200

57.6

293

.05

38.7

671

.51

70.2

890

.87

250

55.6

089

.79

36.8

367

.95

67.7

987

.65

Note

: Den

sity

of w

ater

at 6

0°F

= 62

.30

lbs/cu

ft

17

Densities At Various Saturation Pressures

16

Mean Specific Heats

–Cp = H/t—60 BTU per lb, per °F

t (°F) O2 H2 H2O N2 CO CO2

100 0.2188 3.420 0.4448 0.2482 0.4285 0.2022200 0.2203 3.434 0.4472 0.2485 0.2488 0.2086300 0.2221 3.442 0.4499 0.2488 0.2493 0.2145400 0.2240 3.448 0.4529 0.2493 0.2501 0.2201500 0.2259 3.452 0.4562 0.2500 0.2511 0.2253600 0.2279 3.455 0.4597 0.2509 0.2522 0.2301700 0.2299 3.458 0.4634 0.2520 0.2535 0.2346800 0.2318 3.462 0.4674 0.2531 0.2549 0.2388900 0.2337 3.466 0.4715 0.2544 0.2564 0.24281000 0.2355 3.470 0.4757 0.2558 0.2580 0.24651100 0.2373 3.475 0.4800 0.2572 0.2596 0.25001200 0.2390 3.480 0.4844 0.2586 0.2611 0.25331300 0.2406 3.487 0.4888 0.2600 0.2627 0.25641400 0.2420 3.494 0.4932 0.2614 0.2642 0.25931500 0.2434 3.501 0.4976 0.2628 0.2657 0.26201600 0.2448 3.510 0.5021 0.2642 0.2672 0.26461700 0.2461 3.519 0.5066 0.2656 0.2686 0.26711800 0.2473 3.528 0.5111 0.2669 0.2700 0.26941900 0.2484 3.538 0.5156 0.2682 0.2713 0.27162000 0.2495 3.549 0.5201 0.2695 0.2726 0.27372100 0.2506 3.460 0.5245 0.2707 0.2739 0.27572200 0.2517 3.572 0.5289 0.2719 0.2751 0.27762300 0.2527 3.584 0.5334 0.2732 0.2763 0.27952400 0.2536 3.596 0.5375 0.2742 0.2774 0.28132500 0.2545 3.608 0.5415 0.2753 0.2784 0.28302600 0.2554 3.620 0.5456 0.2764 0.2794 0.28452700 0.2562 3.632 0.5496 0.2774 0.2804 0.28602800 0.2570 3.644 0.5536 0.2784 0.2814 0.28752900 0.2578 3.656 0.5575 0.2793 0.2823 0.28893000 0.2585 3.668 0.5614 0.2802 0.2831 0.29023100 0.2593 3.680 0.5652 0.2811 0.2840 0.29153200 0.2600 3.692 0.5688 0.2819 0.2848 0.2927

Courtesy of AFS Handbook of Cupola Operation

1918

Comparison Charts

Pressure over liquid oxygen, nitrogen and argon comparedwith temperature at which liquids boil

Density-temperature relationships for liquid oxygen, nitrogen and argon

Vapor Release Charts

Vapor release from depressurized liquid oxygen

2120

Vapor Release Charts Vapor Release Charts

Vapor release from depressurized liquid argonVapor release from depressurized liquid nitrogen

23

Vapor Release Charts

22

Vapor Release Charts

Vapor release from depressurized liquid helium

In addition to liquid losses due to container and transfer tube normal heatleak, tube and receiving vessel cool down, boil-off in the container resultingfrom heat input of the pressurizing gas and saturated vapor equalization,there is a flash loss from the pressure drop in a transfer line and a loss fromdepressurizing a container after making a partial withdrawal.

For best transfer efficiency, the withdrawal should be started andmaintained with as low a pressure as practical. Too low a pressure willrequire a longer time to make a transfer and thus permit heat leak in thetransfer system to become excessive. A balance between effects of heat leakand depressurization generally may be attained by operating in a pressurerange of 2 to 3 psig.

Flash loss due to pressure drop through the transfer line may be estimatedby use of Chart 1 “Helium Flash Rate.” Depressurization loss of liquid in thecontainer may be estimated by use of Chart 2 “Helium DepressurizationLosses.”

For example: Assume a helium container is discharging at a constantpressure of 5 psig. From Chart 1 the flash loss is approximately 13.8%of the liquid entering the transfer tube. From Chart 2 the loss fromdepressurizing the container is approximately 12.5% of the liquidremaining in the container.

25

Refrigerant Values

24

Vapor Release Charts

Refri

gera

tion

Valu

es to

+40°

F fo

r Exp

enda

ble

Refri

gera

nts

Refri

gera

ntPr

essu

reLa

tent

Hea

tSe

nsib

le H

eat

Tota

l Hea

tRe

frige

rant

Tem

p °F

psia

BTU/

lbBT

U/lb

BTU/

lbW

ater

Ice

32°

14.7

144.

08.

015

2.0

Liquid

CO 2

-109

°14

.711

3.0*

29.8

149.

8(fl

ashe

d to

sno

w)Dr

y Ice Bl

ocks

-109

°14

.724

6.3

29.8

276.

1Pe

llets

-109

°14

.724

6.3

29.8

276.

1Liq

uid N

itrog

en@

1 a

tm-3

20°

14.7

85.6

94.0

179.

6@

5 a

tm-2

88°

73.5

61.0

95.0

156.

0

Effe

ctive

Ref

riger

ant C

ost =

Ref

riger

ant C

ost P

er P

ound

To

tal H

eat R

emov

ed P

er P

ound

Wat

er ic

e ha

s a

liquid

resid

ue w

hile

rem

aining

refri

gera

nts

are

conv

erte

d to

the

gas

phas

e. C

O 2sn

ow is

flas

hed

from

liquid

CO 2

at 3

14.7

psia

sto

rage

pre

ssur

e. S

now

yield

is 46

% b

y we

ight.

Liquid

car

bon

dioxid

e is

store

d at

zer

o de

gree

s an

d m

ainta

ined

at z

ero

degr

ees

by a

mec

hanic

al re

frige

rato

r. Th

is pe

rmits

sto

rage

of li

quid

carb

ondio

xide

with

out l

oss.

Dry

ice p

ellet

s ar

e m

anuf

actu

red

by c

ompr

essin

g CO

2sn

ow in

an

extru

sion

mac

hine.

Liqu

id nit

roge

n los

ses

are

pres

ent d

uring

sto

rage

.

* This

late

nt h

eat v

alue

is BT

U pe

r pou

nd o

f liqu

id CO

2.

Vapor release from depressurized liquid hydrogen

27

Head to PSI Conversion

26

Net Positive Suction Head Requirements forCryogenic Pumps

More pump problems result from incorrect determination of Net PositiveSuction Head (NPSH) than from any other single cause.

Liquids at any temperature above their freezing have a corresponding vaporpressure which must be taken into account when planning a pumping system.NPSH can be defined as the difference between the actual pressure and thevapor pressure of the liquid at the suction port of the pump. This is alsosometimes referred to as “sub-cooling” or “super pressure.”

While sitting idle, the liquid in a storage vessel will gradually absorb heat andwith all the vents closed, will generate pressures that are directly related to thetemperature of the liquid. These pressures are called the “saturated vaporpressures.” This saturated condition exists as long as the liquid is at its boilingpoint for any given pressure in the vessel. The important point to remember isthat no matter what the tank pressure is, any reduction in pressure will cause thesaturated liquid to boil.

No cryogenic pump can operate on saturated liquid since in order to establishflow into the pump suction, there must be lower pressure in the pump. Thispressure drop causes the saturated liquid to boil, and the resultant vapors enterthe pump causing it to “cavitate” and lose prime.

To prevent cavitation, some NPSH must be provided to the pump. Theamount of minimum NPSH varies with size, type and make of pump, and isgenerally indicated on the nameplate. The NPSH can be provided by static head,or elevation of liquid above the pump suction and/or by building an artificialpressure in the supply tank with a pressure building coil. This artificial pressuremust be maintained throughout the pumping cycle to insure proper and efficientpump operation.

It is easy to lose, or offset, this “artificial” pressure or liquid head by warmingthe liquid in the suction line to the pump by heat from the atmosphere. It ispossible to have a high “super pressure” in the storage tank so that the liquid ishighly “subcooled” and still have saturated liquid at the pump suction. To preventthis, pump suction lines should be short and well insulated.

CFM CFMFree Air Compr. Air Air Pressure Drop In Pounds per Sq Inch per 100 ft

at 60°F and at 60°F and of Schedule 40 Pipe For Air at 100 PSIG and 60°F14.7 psia 100 psig

1/4" 3/8" 1/2"1 0.128 0.083 0.0182 0.256 0.285 0.064 0.0203 0.384 0.605 0.133 0.042 3/4"4 0.513 1.04 0.226 0.0715 0.641 1.58 0.343 0.106 0.027

1"6 0.769 2.23 0.408 0.148 0.0378 1.025 3.89 0.848 0.255 0.062 0.01910 1.282 5.96 1.26 0.356 0.094 0.029 1 1/4"15 1.922 13.0 2.73 0.334 0.201 0.06220 2.563 22.8 4.76 1.43 0.345 0.102 0.026 1 1/2"25 3.204 7.34 2.21 0.526 0.156 0.039 0.01930 3.845 10.5 3.15 0.748 0.219 0.055 0.02635 4.486 14.2 4.24 1.00 0.293 0.073 0.03540 5.126 18.4 5.49 1.30 0.379 0.095 0.04445 5.767 23.1 6.90 1.62 0.474 0.116 0.055 2"50 6.408 8.49 1.99 0.578 0.149 0.066 0.01960 7.690 2 1/2" 12.2 2.85 0.819 0.200 0.94 0.02770 8.971 16.5 3.83 1.10 0.270 0.126 0.03680 10.25 0.019 21.4 4.96 1.43 0.350 0.162 0.04690 11.53 0.023 27.0 6.25 1.80 0.437 0.203 0.058100 12.82 0.029 3" 7.69 2.21 0.534 0.247 0.070125 16.02 0.044 11.9 3.39 0.825 0.380 0.107150 19.22 0.062 0.021 17.0 4.87 1.17 0.537 0.151175 22.43 0.083 0.028 23.1 6.60 1.58 0.727 0.205200 25.63 0.107 0.036 30.0 8.54 2.05 0.937 0.264225 28.84 0.134 0.045 10.8 2.59 1.19 0.331250 32.04 0.164 0.055 13.3 3.18 1.45 0.404275 35.24 0.191 0.066 16.0 3.83 1.75 0.484300 38.45 0.232 0.078 19.0 4.56 2.07 0.573325 41.65 0.270 0.090 22.3 5.32 2.42 0.673350 44.87 0.313 0.104 25.8 6.17 2.80 0.776375 48.06 0.356 0.119 29.6 7.05 3.20 0.887400 51.26 0.402 0.134 33.6 8.02 3.64 1.00425 54.47 0.452 0.151 37.9 9.01 4.09 1.13450 57.67 0.507 0.168 10.2 4.59 1.26475 60.88 0.562 0.187 11.3 5.09 1.40500 64.08 0.623 0.206 12.5 5.61 1.55550 70.49 0.749 0.248 15.1 6.79 1.87600 76.90 0.887 0.293 18.0 8.04 2.21650 83.30 1.04 0.342 21.1 9.43 2.60700 89.71 1.19 0.395 24.3 10.9 3.00750 96.12 1.36 0.451 27.9 12.6 3.44800 102.5 1.55 0.513 31.8 14.2 3.90840 108.9 1.74 0.576 35.9 16.0 4.40900 115.3 1.95 0.642 40.2 18.0 4.91950 121.8 2.18 0.715 20.0 5.471000 128.2 2.40 0.788 22.1 6.061100 141.0 2.89 0.948 26.7 7.291200 153.8 3.44 1.13 31.8 8.631300 166.6 4.01 1.32 37.3 10.11400 179.4 4.65 1.52 11.81500 192.2 5.31 1.74 13.51600 205.1 6.04 1.97 15.31800 203.7 7.65 2.50 19.32000 256.3 9.44 3.06 23.9

29

Air Pressure Drop In Pipe

28

Air Pressure Drop In Pipe

For lengths of pipe other than 100 feet, the pressure drop is proportional to thelength. Thus, for 50 feet of pipe, the air pressure drop is approximately one-halfthe value given in the table. The pressure drop is also inversely proportional to theabsolute pressure and directly proportional to the absolute temperature.

To determine the pressure drop for inlet or average air pressures other than100 psi and at temperatures other than 60°F, multiply the values given in the tableby the formula:

( 100 + 14.7 ) ( 460 + t )P + 14.7 520

“P” is the inlet or average gauge pressure in pounds per square inch.

“t” is the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit.

The flow of compressed air in cubic feet per minute at any pressure is inverselyproportional to the absolute pressure and directly proportional to the absolutetemperature.

To determine the cubic feet per minute of compressed air at any temperature andpressure other than standard conditions, multiply the value of cubic feet per minuteof free air by the fomula:

( 14.7 ) ( 460 + t )14.7 + P 520

Calculations For Pipe Other Than Schedule 40

To determine the velocity of water, or the pressure drop of water or air, throughpipe other than Schedule 40 use the following formulas:

va = v40 ( d40 )2\] Pa = P40 ( d40 )5

da da

“a” refers to velocity or pressure drop through the desired Schedule pipe.

“40” refers to the velocity or pressure drop through Schedule 40 pipe as givenin the table on the facing page.

P P

31

Combustion Constants of Hydrocarbon Gases

Heat

of C

ombu

stio

nPo

und

Per P

ound

of C

ombu

stib

le G

as

BTU

per P

ound

Requ

ired

for C

ombu

stio

nPr

oduc

ts o

f Com

bust

ion

Nam

e of

Gas

Sym

bol

Mol

Wei

ght

Gros

sNe

tO 2

+N 2

=Ai

rCO

2H 2

PN 2

Carb

on (S

olid)

C12

.011

14,0

9314

,093

2.66

48.

863

11.5

273.

664

—8.

863

Hydr

ogen

H 22.

016

61,1

0051

,623

7.93

726

.407

34.3

44—

8.93

726

.407

Carb

on M

onox

ideCO

28.0

1043

4743

470.

571

1.90

02.

471

1.57

1—

1.90

0

Met

hane

CH4

16.0

4323

,879

21,5

203.

990

12.2

5717

.265

2.74

42.

246

13.2

75

Etha

neC 2

H 630

.070

22,3

2020

,432

3.72

512

.394

16.11

92.

927

1.79

812

.394

Prop

ane

C 3H 8

44.0

9721

,661

19,9

943.

629

12.0

7415

.703

2.99

41.

634

12.0

74

Ethy

lene

C 2H 4

28.0

5421

,644

20,2

953.

422

11.3

8514

.807

3.13

81.

285

11.3

85

Prop

ylene

C 3H 6

42.0

8121

,041

19,6

913.

422

11.3

8514

.807

3.13

81.

285

11.3

85

Acet

ylene

C 2H 2

26.0

3821

,500

20,7

763.

073

10.2

2413

.297

3.38

10.

692

10.2

24

30

Pipe Capacities Flow

PIPE

CAP

ACIT

IES

FLOW

— G

ALLO

NS P

ER M

INUT

EW

ater

70SS

U10

0SSU

150S

SU20

0SSU

300S

SU50

0SSU

Pipe

Size

Inch

esGr

avity

Pres

sure

Grav

ityPr

essu

reGr

avity

Pres

sure

Grav

ityPr

essu

reGr

avity

Pres

sure

Grav

ityPr

essu

reGr

avity

Pres

sure

3 /41.

424.

700.

584.

210.

394.

010.

253.

790.

183.

640.

123.

450.

068

3.21

12.

659.

201.

.04

8.27

0.69

27.

850.

432

7.43

0.32

47.

140.

216

6.75

0.13

05.

6611

/45.

3018

.93.

2416

.92.

0216

.11.

3015

.30.

943

14.7

0.63

413

.90.

389

12.9

11/2

8.10

28.4

5.90

25.5

3.74

24.2

2.38

22.9

1.73

20.9

1.17

19.8

0.70

619

.42

15.6

054

.711

.95

49.0

10.2

246

.76.

5544

.24.

8642

.43.

2440

.11.

9437

.421

/225

.10

87.4

23.0

478

.319

.50

77.0

13.3

270

.59.

6567

.86.

5564

.23.

9259

.83

44.5

015

433

.213

829

.513

127

.112

423

.211

915

.711

39.

2210

5.0

491

.00

317

80.5

284

7727

072

256

69.8

246

5423

332

.321

7.0

516

4.0

573

139

514

131

489

123

463

116

445

99.1

421

7139

26

267

930

212

834

202

794

187

751

176

722

159

683

143

570

855

019

1046

91,

710

436

1,63

040

11,

540

379

1,48

035

01,

400

312

1,31

010

1,01

03,

480

940

3,12

088

52,

970

825

2,81

078

62,

700

735

2,55

067

02,

380

121,

610

5,59

01,

398

5,01

01,

305

4,77

01,

220

4,51

91,

106

4,34

01,

085

4,10

099

53,

820

142,

160

7,25

01,

880

6,50

01,

780

6,19

01,

650

5,85

01,

580

5,62

01,

470

5,32

013

504,

960

163,

020

10,4

902,

610

9,41

02,

470

8,76

02,

300

8,48

02,

180

8,15

02,

020

7,70

018

407,

180

184,

100

14,5

003,

580

13,2

003,

350

12,4

003,

100

13,2

002,

920

12,6

002,

720

11,0

0025

0010

,100

205,

500

19,1

804,

850

17,2

004,

600

16,4

004,

300

15,5

004,

100

14,9

003,

860

14,1

0035

8013

,100

1.Th

e flo

ws a

re b

ased

on

a los

s of

hea

d du

e to

frict

ion o

f flui

ds in

give

n pip

e siz

e fo

r fair

ly sm

ooth

pipe

and

is c

onsid

ered

reas

onab

ly co

nser

vativ

e. (C

= 1

00)

2.Fo

r pitc

hed

grav

ity p

iping

, the

loss

is o

ne (1

) foo

t per

hun

dred

feet

of p

ipe.

3.Th

e pr

essu

re p

iping

loss

es a

re b

ased

on

a los

s of

ten

(10)

feet

per

hun

dred

feet

of p

ipe. F

or s

hort

runs

and

few

fitting

s, us

e ne

xt siz

e sm

aller

pipe

; fo

r lon

g ru

ns o

r man

y fitt

ings,

use

a siz

e lar

ger.

4.Th

is ch

art i

s de

signe

d fo

r rap

id siz

ing o

f pipe

for c

entra

l coo

lant s

yste

ms

only.

For

larg

e co

mple

x pip

ing re

fer t

o Ca

mer

on H

ydra

ulic

Data

Boo

k.5.

SSU

= St

anda

rd S

abolt

Unit

(visc

osity

).

The leader in cryogenic bulk tankage forover 40 years, Chart now offers the newVS Series Bulk Tanks that can be used inliquid nitrogen, oxygen or argon service.Other tanks are available for liquid CO2and N2O applications. As a global leader,Chart offers equipment designed forASME, AD Merkblatter and otherinternational codes. Both 175 and 250psig tanks (12 and 17 bar) are availableas standards, with other pressuresavailable upon request.

Advanced Insulation TechnologyProvides Longer Holding TimesChart’s continuing development ofinsulation systems has resulted inunsurpassed performance. Ourcomposite insulation is a lightweightsystem offering superior performancecompared to Perlite or Super-Insulation,and is easier to maintain offering longerproduct holding times.

Modular Piping SystemNothing comes close to our new heavy-duty modular piping system forperformance and low maintenance. The features and benefits include:

• All-welded, stainless-steel piping modules

• Heavy duty bronze valves with extended bonnets

• Valve bonnet uniformity to reduce spare parts inventory

• Highest grade components for low to zero maintenance

• Combination pressure building and economizer regulator for easy pressureadjustment

• Standard level pressure gauge is the telemetry-ready Tank-Tel® electronicgauge

• Optional level gauges include ITT Barton Model 288A with alarm contacts orTank-Tel gauge with DataQuest Telemetry

3332

VS Series

Gro

ss

Nom

inal

W

orki

ngW

eigh

t***

Capa

city

Capa

city

Pres

sure

*Di

amet

er

Heig

ht

(lbs)

NER*

* G

alG

alps

igin

in(1

75 p

si)(2

50 p

si)(%

/ da

y)

VS 5

25NS

540

491

–25

066

102

–3,

800

.55

VS 9

00NS

929

845

–25

066

134

–5,

100

.45

VS 1

500N

S1,

585

1,50

9–

250

6618

8–

7,00

0.3

3

VS 3

000N

C3,

158

3,03

717

525

086

228

12,6

0013

,500

.25

VS 6

000N

C6,

075

5,84

117

525

086

382

22,2

0024

,500

.15

VS 9

000N

C9,

447

9,08

417

525

011

434

733

,000

36,8

00.1

0

VS 11

000N

C11

,480

11,1

4517

525

011

440

639

,500

44,1

00.1

0

VS 1

3000

NC13

,513

13,11

917

525

011

446

546

,700

52,1

00.1

0

VS 1

5000

NC15

,545

15,0

9317

525

011

452

553

,700

59,9

00.1

0

Mo

del

* 4

00 a

nd 5

00 p

sig ta

nks

are

avai

labl

e up

on re

ques

t.**

(NER

) = N

omin

al E

vapo

ratio

n Ra

te**

* Wei

ghts

are

for A

SME

desig

ns

VS Series Specifications

The Global Measure ofCryogenic Bulk Storage

With a continuing commitment to cryogenicsystems, Chart has produced the Siphon 100System to give you the most economical, reliableand highest performing pumping system for highpressure and liquid cylinder filling. Current cryogenictank and pumping systems have worked for years,but increased efficiencies are now available usingthe Siphon 100 with:

• Faster pump priming of 3 minutes or less

• Simpler and more reliable pump start-up forautomatic pump operation

• Utilization of all tank’s product liquid by allowingtank to be pumped virtually empty

• Priming at 10 psi or less without the necessity forpressure building

• Reduced product losses

• Longer life of high-wear pump parts

• Can operate two pumps at once

• Adapters available to match most pumps

Chart’s Siphon 100 system is the combination of two revolutionary technologiesin cryogenic bulk tanks.

• Thermal-Siphoning — improved and patented, the system reduces andefficiently reprocesses the heat of pumping.

• Composite Insulation — 30% to 70% more efficient than Super-Insulationor Perlite in reducing the heat from the atmosphere.

35

Siphon 100 Specifications

34

Siphon 100

Pumping 100% of the Liquid 100% of the Time

SPEC

IFIC

ATIO

NSM

odel

2,00

03,

000

6,00

09,

000

11,0

0013

,000

15,0

00

Capa

city

Liqu

id (G

ross

) ga

llons

2,41

63,

158

6,07

5 9,

447

11,4

8013

,513

15,5

45

Liqu

id (N

et)

gallo

ns2,

301

3,03

7 5,

841

9,08

4 11

,145

13,11

915

,093

Gas

(O2)

1000

x s

cf

265

349

672

1,04

5 1,

282

1,50

91,

737

Gas

(Ar)

1000

x s

cf

259

341

657

1,02

2 1,

253

1,47

51,

697

Gas

(N2)

1000

x s

cf

214

282

543

845

1,03

71,

221

1,40

5

Perfo

rman

ce

NER

(O2)

% p

er d

ay.2

5%.2

5%.1

5%.1

0%.1

0%.1

0%.1

0%

Dim

ensi

ons

& Pr

essu

re R

atin

gs

Diam

eter

inch

es86

86

86

11

4 11

411

411

4

Heig

ht

inch

es22

827

1 42

3 39

845

751

657

5

Wor

king

Pres

sure

ps

ig17

517

517

517

517

517

517

5

Empt

y W

eigh

t lb

s x

1000

12.0

14.4

23.7

34.9

41.4

49.7

57.0

36

VS-CO2 Bulk Storage

Our VS-CO2 Series of Bulk CarbonDioxide Storage Tanks continues thepioneering of user-friendly engineeredproducts that we are accustomed todesigning. This design series offers thestrength and durability of an all-weldedouter container, while maintaining lowerlife-cycle costs. Utilizing our compositeinsulation system along with superiorvacuum technology, we are able to offer:

• An ultra-low heat leak, eliminating theneed for a costly refrigeration systemin most applications.

• No costly down time to refurbishwater-soaked or deteriorated foaminsulation.

Every VS-CO2 pressure vessel ismanufactured, tested and stamped inaccordance with the latest edition of theASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code,Section VIII, Division I, using SA612normalized steel. Our VS-CO2 BulkStations are equipped with an internalcleaning system operated externally,eliminating the need for costly manways.

Simplified Plumbing Layout

• Stainless steel piping for greater strength and durability• Stainless steel ball valves standard on all fill & process lines• Minimal number of piping joints, reducing potential piping leaks and

maintenance costs• CGA fill and return fittings with drain valves standard on all models• Optimum piping design results in flexible equipment connection• Dual regulator pressure-bleed system standard, eliminating any safety

concerns• 6-Ton and 14-Ton Bulk Stations equipped with two liquid and two

vapor connections• 30-Ton and 50-Ton Bulk Stations equipped with three liquid and

two vapor connections• 6-Ton equipped with capped refrigerant lines and internal coil

(available as option on all other models)

37

VS-CO2 Bulk Storage Specifications

SPEC

IFIC

ATIO

NS

Mod

el6

Ton

14 To

n30

Ton

50 To

n

Capa

city Ne

tTo

ns C

O 26.

412

.629

.645

.8Gr

oss

Tons

CO 2

6.8

13.2

31.1

48.1

Max

imum

Allo

wabl

e W

orki

ng P

ress

ure

(psig

)35

035

035

035

0

Dim

ensi

ons

Heigh

t(in

)18

822

828

740

6Di

amet

er(in

)68

8611

411

4W

eight

*(lb

s)9,

400

17,4

0039

,600

56,9

00

* Ta

re W

eight

39

VS-DSS SERIES

Chart’s VS-DSS Series of vertical bulkstorage stations are engineered forsuperior performance, durability andvalue. Equipped with Super Insulation,a light-weight system offering betterthermal performance than Perlite, VS-DSS Models provide reduced productlosses and a slower rate of pressurerise during periods of non-use, whilebacking up this performance with acompetitive 2-year warranty.

The modular piping system on ourcryogenic tanks was pioneered byChart, with user-friendly bronze valvemanifolds and separate economizerand pressure building regulatorscoming standard. This means fewerplumbing joints and lower maintenancecosts for you.

Now available in the 525, 900, 1500,3000 and 6000 gallon models, thesenew DSS Models feature industry-standard thermal performance. Themodular plumbing system has beenselectively optimized to meet the flowrequirements of a complete range ofliquid or gas applications. Whileincluding a comprehensive set ofplumbing features, each circuit hasbeen carefully designed to match the demands placed on these vessel sizes.To improve your flexibility at time of purchase, dual safety-relief devices arenow standard, along with tank mounted vaporizers on the 900 and 1500 gallonsizes. These DSS Models also can be configured to meet your particular needs,which results in a complete design that makes the DSS Series the ideal choicefor your small bulk applications.

VS-DSS Specifications

SPEC

IFIC

ATIO

NS

Mod

elVS

-DSS

525

VS-D

SS 9

00VS

-DSS

150

0VS

-DSS

300

0VS

-600

0-DS

SCa

paci

tyG

ross

(gal

)54

092

91,

585

3,15

86,

075

Nom

inal

(gal

)49

184

51,

509

3,03

75,

841

MAW

P(p

sig)

250

250

250

250

250

Dim

ensi

ons

Diam

eter

(in)

6666

6686

86He

ight

(in)

102

134

188

228

382

Wei

ght*

(lbs)

4,00

05,

100

6,90

013

,500

24,5

00NE

R(%

/day

in O

2).5

5.4

5.3

5.2

5.1

5Fl

ow C

apab

ility

(SCF

H)9,

000

9,00

09,

000

18,0

0018

,000

* W

eight

s ar

e fo

r ASM

E de

signs

NER

= No

mina

l Eva

pora

tion

Rate

Flow

cap

abilit

y ra

ting

down

to 1

5% c

onte

nts

level

with

a m

axim

um fa

ll off

in ta

nk o

pera

ting

pres

sure

of 1

5 ps

i.

38

40 41

Headline To Go Here.VS High Pressure Bulk Stations

The High Pressure Bulk Tank Line isused in liquid nitrogen, oxygen orargon service and utilizes many of thestandard VS Series Tank features andfunctions. These HP Tanks areengineered for superior performance,durability and value, with the standard400 psig (27.6 bar) storage tankdesigned to ASME code and availablein 900 - 15,000 gallon models. All ofthe tanks come with mountedpressure-building coils, and other sizesare available upon request.

The standard 500 psig (34.5 bar)storage tank is also designed to ASMEcode and is available in 900 - 6000gallon models, all coming withmounted pressure-building coils. Othersizes of 500 psig (34.5 bar) tanks areavailable upon request.

Remote pressure-building coil optionsfor both 400 and 500 psig (27.6 and34.5 bar) with withdrawal rates of60,000 and 1000,000 scfh (1,699 and2,832 Nm3/hr) are available uponrequest. Advanced insulationtechnology provides longer holdingtimes, and the continuing developmentof insulation systems has resulted in unsurpassed performance. Our compositeinsulation is a lightweight system offering superior performance compared toPerlite or Super-Insulation and is easier to maintain, offering longer producthold times.

VS High Pressure Specifications

SPEC

IFIC

ATIO

NS

Mod

elVS

900

NSVS

150

0NS

VS 3

000N

CVS

600

0NC

VS 9

000N

CVS

1100

0NC

VS 1

3000

NCVS

150

00NC

Gros

s Ca

paci

ty(g

al)

929

1,58

53,

158

6,07

59,

447

11,4

8013

,513

15,5

45No

min

al C

apac

ity(g

al)

845

1,50

93,

037

5,84

19,

084

11,1

4513

,119

15,0

93W

orki

ng P

ress

ure*

(psig

)40

0/50

040

0/50

040

0/50

040

0/50

040

040

040

040

0Di

amet

er(in

)66

6686

8611

411

411

411

4He

ight

(in)

134

188

228

382

347

406

465

525

Wei

ght**

(lbs)

6,00

0/6,

700

8,40

0/9,

500

6,40

0/3,

800

29,7

00/3

3,00

044

,800

53,7

0062

,700

72,2

00Fl

ow C

apab

ility

*(S

CFH)

5,20

0/3,

100

5,90

0/3,

600

6,40

0/3,

800

7,90

0/4,

700

7,50

08,

100

8,60

014

,400

NER

(% /d

ay in

O2)

.45

.33

.25

.15

.10

.10

.10

.10

* High

er c

apac

ity c

oil a

vaila

ble, r

efer

to fa

ctory

** W

eight

s ar

e fo

r ASM

E de

signs

NER

= No

mina

l Eva

pora

tion

Rate

Features and benefits include:

• All welded stainless steel piping modules

• Heavy duty bronze valves with extended bonnets

• Valve bonnet uniformity to reduce spare parts inventory

• Highest grade components for low to zero maintenance

• Combination pressure building and economizer regulators are standard on all 400 psig (27.6 bar) units

• Separate pressure building and economizer regulators are standard on all 500 psig (34.5 bar) units

A durable, user-friendly performerChart’s Dura-Cyl® liquid cylinders provide thelongest holding time, lowest evaporation rate,highest gas withdrawal rate and best life cyclecost.• Ideal for liquid nitrogen, oxygen, argon, CO2

or nitrous oxide

• Different sizes and pressures to better meetyour needs

• Stainless steel construction, inside and out

• Patented durable inner vessel support system

• Heavy-duty footring and large diameter handling ring

• Combination Pressure Control Regulator

43

Dura-Cyl Specifications

42

Dura-Cyl®

The Dura-Cyl liquid cylinder’s LCCM integrallymounted pressure control manifold eliminatesall plumbing fittings and permits field adjustableoperating pressure with a calibrated knob.

SPEC

IFIC

ATIO

NSM

odel

Size

/Pre

ssur

e16

0MP

160H

P18

0MP

180H

P20

0MP

200H

P23

0MP

230H

P26

5MP

265H

PCa

paci

tyLiq

uid (G

ross

) lite

rs17

617

619

619

620

920

924

024

027

627

6Liq

uid (N

et)

liters

165

165

185

185

196

196

230

230

265

265

Gas

(N)

ft33,

685

3,46

4 4,

099

3,86

4 4,

375

4,07

2 5,

024

4,73

4 5,

769

5,43

8 G

as (O

2)ft3

4,57

7 4,

348

5,09

6 4,

843

5,43

5 5,

048

6,24

4 5,

930

7,18

6 6,

811

Gas

(Ar)

ft34,

448

4,22

6 4,

961

4,70

9 5,

290

4,93

2 6,

073

5,76

3 6,

982

6,63

4 G

as (C

O2)

ft3–

3,38

2 –

3,76

6 –

4011

–

4614

–

5,30

5 G

as (N

2O)

ft3–

3,20

7 –

3,57

4 –

3810

–

4378

–

5,03

4

Perfo

rman

ceNE

R (N

) %

per

day

2%2%

1.9%

1.9%

1.85

%1.

85%

1.8%

1.8%

2.0%

2.0%

NER

(CO

2- N

2O)

% p

er d

ay–

0.5%

–0.

5%–

0.5%

–0.

5%–

0.5%

Gas

Flow

(N2,

O2,

Ar)

ft3 /hr

350

350

350

350

400

400

400

400

400

400

Gas

Flow

(CO

2or

N2O

) ft3 /h

r –

110

–11

0 –

110

–11

0 –

110

Dim

ensi

ons

& Pr

essu

re R

atin

gsDi

amet

erin

20

20

20

20

20

20

26

26

26

26

Heigh

t in

59.6

59

.6

63.5

63

.5

65.8

65

.8

52.9

52

.9

57.8

57

.8Em

pty

Weig

ht

lb25

0 28

0 26

0 30

0 28

0 32

0 30

0 34

0 34

0 36

0 Re

lief V

alve

Settin

g ps

ig23

0 35

0 23

0 35

0 23

0 35

0 23

0 35

0 23

0 35

0 DO

T/CT

C Ra

ting

4L20

04L

292

4L20

04L

292

4L20

04L

292

4L20

04L

292

4L20

04L

292

The Dura-Cyl liquid cylinder’s MCR uses acombination pressure building and economizerregulator. The calibrated adjusting screw givesa quick and accurate way to adjust thecontainer’s operating pressure. A retrofit kit ofthe regulator is also available.

45

Cryo-Cyl LP Specifications

44

Cryo-Cyl® LP

A stable, efficient performer

Chart’s Cryo-Cyl® LP liquid cylinderproduct line is designed specifically for lowpressure liquid applications.

• Ideal for laboratories and hospitals whereliquid nitrogen is used

• Rugged, oversized canisters offer lowcenter of gravity making them safer andeasier to handle

• Attractive polished stainless steel outer jacket

• Optional pressure building regulator kitturns any Cryo-Cyl LP liquid cylinder into apressure building unit

• Pressure building circuit on the inside ofeach cylinder

• Extended stem liquid valve

• Super Insulation provides lowest NER

• Optional stainless steel casters make theCryo-Cyl LP liquid cylinder a non-magneticcylinder ideal for MRI service

On the new Cryo-Cyl LP liquidcylinder, the liquid valve is anextended stem globe valvewhich allows for less ice build-up on the handle and easieroperation.

The optional pressure buildingkit includes a regulator andplumbing components.

SPEC

IFIC

ATIO

NSM

odel

Size

80*

120*

180

230R

B*23

0SB*

*Ca

paci

tyLiq

uid (G

ross

)

(lit

ers)

8512

019

624

024

0Liq

uid (N

et)

(lit

ers)

8011

018

523

023

0Pe

rform

ance

NER

(N)

(% p

er d

ay)

3.0%

2.0%

1.5%

1.5%

1.5%

NER

(O2

or A

r) (%

per

day

)2.

0%1.

4%1.

0%1.

0%1.

0%Di

men

sion

s &

Pres

sure

Rat

ings

Diam

eter

(inch

es)

2020

2026

26He

ight

(inch

es)

39.5

5163

.554

.854

.8Em

pty

Weig

ht

(lbs)

165

165

210

275

311

Relie

f Valv

e Se

tting

(psig

)35

022

2222

22DO

T/CT

C Ra

ting

4L29

24L

100

4L10

04L

100

4L10

0

*Rou

nd c

aste

r bas

e**

Squa

re c

aste

r bas

e

The Mega-Cyl® Liquid Cylinder introduces Chart’s line of palletized cylinders,designed for easy transport, with a capacity of up to 1000 liters. Engineeredwith the volume user in mind, it’s ideal for construction sites, remote purgingoperations and back-up systems. The Mega-Cyl liquid cylinder is available inall pressures for a variety of services up to 350 psig (24.1 bar) and isspecifically designed to optimize distribution costs.

Examine the rugged, maneuverable Mega-Cyl liquid cylinder and you’ll find allthe quality features you expect from the industry leader, Chart Industries.

Quality Features include:

• Tough, durable stainless-steel construction

• High performance Super Insulation

• Easily accessible valves and gauges

• Spray header for pump filling

47

Mega-Cyl Specifications

46

Mega-Cyl®

SPEC

IFIC

ATIO

NSM

odel Si

ze/P

ress

ure

450M

P45

0HP

800H

P10

00HP

Capa

city

Liqu

id (G

ross

)

(li

ters

)45

045

088

01,

056

Liqu

id (N

et)

(li

ters

)42

842

880

095

0G

as (N

)(ft

3 )9,

589

8,87

519

,672

23,3

63G

as (O

2)(ft

3 )11

,474

11,1

1124

,320

28,8

43G

as (A

r)(ft

3 )11

,003

10,8

1223

,767

28,2

34G

as (C

O2)

(ft3 )

–8,

652

16,2

55

18,5

80Pe

rform

ance

NER

(O2)

(%

per

day

)1.

4%1.

4%1.

2%

..9

%G

as F

low

(N, O

2, Ar

) (ft

3/ h

r) 57

557

588

096

0G

as F

low

(CO

2or

N2O

) (ft

3/ h

r) –

195

280

300

Dim

ensi

ons

& Pr

essu

re R

atin

gsDi

amet

er (c

ylind

er)

(in)

3030

4242

Heig

ht (c

ylind

er)

(in)

6262

6776

Base

Wid

th (f

ram

e)(in

)34

3445

45Ba

se D

epth

(fra

me)

(in)

3434

4545

Heig

ht (f

ram

e)(in

)74

7480

80Ta

re W

eigh

t (cy

l + fr

ame)

(lbs)

1,25

01,

275

2,50

02,

650

Relie

f Val

ve S

ettin

g (p

sig/b

ar)

250

350

350

350

DOT/

CTC

Ratin

g4L

212

4L29

2AS

ME

ASM

E

* C

usto

miz

ed p

alle

ts a

re a

vaila

ble

upon

requ

est.

** A

tmos

pher

ic g

as b

ased

on

net v

olum

e at

0 p

sig,

CO

2va

lues

and

450

lite

r uni

ts b

ased

on

DO

T4L

fill d

ensi

ty.

***

Wei

ghts

are

app

roxi

mat

e an

d va

ry w

ith p

alle

t des

ign.

****

Oth

er s

izes

are

ava

ilabl

e up

on re

ques

t

Maximum Versatility

49

Laser-Cyl Specifications

48

Laser-Cyl

Designed specifically for laser applications, the Laser-Cyl’s liquid cylinder’sautomatic pressure builder and economizer systems deliver optimal pressureup to 500 psig (34.5 bar). The top-mounted valve cluster puts total control atyour fingertips. The built-in vaporizer coil supplies gas at continuous flow ratesup to 575 SCFH (15.1 Nm3).

The Laser-Cyl liquid cylinder is a high performance option to expensivemanifolded high-pressure cylinder banks. The Laser-Cyl 450 product uses adifferential pressure liquid level gauge that accurately shows the amount ofproduct in the container. All operational valves are easy to reach, located onthe top of the tank.

Quality Features:

• Automatic pressure builder and economizer systems maintain optimaloperating pressure

• Built-in vaporizer coils supply constant pressure gas at continuous flowrates up to 575 SCFH (15.1 Nm3)

• Piping controls located on top of the vessel for easy operation andmaintenance

Maximum Efficiency withHigh Capacity Performance SPECIFICATIONS

Model Size / Pressure 200VHP 450VHP

Capacity

Liquid (Gross) (liters) 204 450

Liquid (Net) (liters) 200 428

Gas (N) (ft3) 3,588 7,922

Gas (O2) (ft3) 4,770 10,519

Gas (Ar) (ft3) 4,642 10,241

Gas (CO2) (ft3) 3,609 7,960

Gas (N20) (ft3) 3,408 7,516

Performance

NER (N) (% per day) 1.8% 1.8%

NER (O2 or Ar) (% per day) 1.12% 1.12%

NER (CO2 or N2O) (% per day) 0.5% 0.5%

Gas Flow (N, O2, Ar) (ft3/hr) 350 575

Gas Flow (CO2 or N2O) (ft3/hr) 110 180

Dimensions & Pressure Ratings

Diameter (Cylinder) (in) 20 30

Height (Cylinder) (in) 65.8 61.3

Base Width (Frame) (in) – 34

Base Depth (Frame) (in) – 34

Base Height (Frame) (in) – 73.8

Tare Weight (lbs) 375 1,265*

Relief Valve Setting (psig) 500 500

DOT/CTC Rating 4L412 4L412

* Weights are approximate and vary with pallet design

Chart’s Ultra HeliumDewars are built forreliable transport. Theyare light, maneuverableand durable, whileproviding superiorthermal performance.The base design andoutboard casters providemaximum stability.

50

Ultra Helium Dewar

The controls are conveniently located on the top of the dewar, with nesting fillcouplings to accept various standard transfer lines. The optional electricpressure builder can increase pressure quickly for liquid transfer, and has twopre-set ranges (4 & 8 psi) for efficient liquid helium withdrawal:• Maximum durability and light weight

• Outstanding thermal performance

• Large ball valves for up to 3/4" transfer lines

Durability andHigh Performance

Available in sizes ranging from 60 to 1,000 liters, the Ultra Helium Dewars aresuitable for air transport with an optional absolute pressure relief valve. Theneck tube has a unique, proven support system that allows these dewars tosurvive constant transportation. All models are nonmagnetic for MRI service.

51

Ultra Helium Dewar Specifications

SPEC

IFIC

ATIO

NSM

odel

Size

6010

025

0*50

010

00Ca

paci

tyLiq

uid (G

ross

)

(lit

ers)

6611

027

555

01,

050

Liquid

(Net

)

(liter

s)60

100

250

500

1,00

0

Perfo

rman

ceNE

R (%

per

day

)1.

75%

1.25

%1.

0%1.

0%1.

0%M

AWP

(psig

)10

10

10

10

10

Dim

ensi

ons

& Pr

essu

re R

atin

gsDi

amet

er

(in)

2424

3242

52He

ight

(in)

50.1

5967

.470

.677

.4Di

p Tu

be L

engt

h (in

)35

43.8

54

.456

.467

.5Ta

re W

eight

(lbs)

184

212

348

480

1,05

0M

ain R

elief

Valv

e Se

tting

(psig

)10

1010

1010

Seco

ndar

y Re

lief V

alve

(psig

)12

12

12

1212

*PB

optio

nal,

Lock

ing c

aste

rs o

ption

al

System Requirements• 15 amp, 110 VAC power, dedicated circuit

• Bulk storage tank with 50 psig minimum pressure

• External vaporizer, minimum 550 psig working pressure, sized for maximum flow rate

• Two piping connections to bulk storage tank (liquid withdrawal, low phase instrument line)

• High flow pressure regulation

53

Trifecta Specifications

52

Trifecta®

Trifecta® is the preferred solution for reliable and continuous laser assist gasesfor pressures up to 450 psi and flow rates up to 15,000 scfh. Drawing liquidfrom a standard bulk tank, the Trifecta system boosts the liquid pressure byalternately feeding two liquid cylinders equipped with innovative multi-functionpressure building vaporizers.

Product Highlights:

• On-site system utilizes standard low-pressure bulk tank to lower investmentand use existing assets.

• No downtime - system maintains pressure and flow when bulk tank is filledand eliminates excessive product losses associated with high pressure bulktanks.

• Robust design features streamlined - all stainless steel piping with only fivecontrol valves and one integrated electronic control system (PLC) forincreased durability and reliability with lower maintenance.

• Tank-Tel and Cyl-Tel monitor systems for user-friendly pressure and levelmeasurement and control.

Laser Assist Gas Supply System

DIMENSIONS

Height 96" 2,440 mmLength 47" 1,195 mmWidth 55" 1,400 mmWeight 5K 1,700 lbs. 770 kgWeight 10K 1,750 lbs. 795 kgWeight 15K 1,800 lbs. 815 kg

The Perma-Cyl® liquid cylinder is an innovative design, evolving from proventechnology Chart has been using for years on our liquid cylinders. What makesthe Perma-Cyl design revolutionary is:

• Fast Fill Capability• Lo-Loss Fill With Automatic Fill Termination• Extended Hold Time• Telemetry Compatibility

5554

Perma-Cyl® Perma-Cyl Specifications

When filled by an Orca MicroBulk Delivery System, the Perma-Cyl vessel isdesigned to have an actual fill-time of three minutes or less with little or noloss under normal conditions. The vessel will allow liquid to be held for longperiods without venting, limiting product losses during periods of nonuse.

Features• Very low NER/product loss

• Designed for very fast, automatic fills utilizing the Orca delivery system

• The Perma-Cyl 230 is available in a transportable DOT-4L version or themore thermally efficient ASME version

• Unique auto shut-off feature allows remote filling with optional wall box and hose

• Heavy gauge, stainless steel outer shell

• Differential-pressure liquid-level gauge standard, optional Cyl-Tel gauge available

DE

SC

RIP

TIO

N23

0LC

230L

C23

0LC

230L

C26

5L30

0L45

0L45

0L45

0L45

0L70

0L10

00L

1000

L15

00L

1500

L20

00L

MP

,LC

CM

MP

,LC

CM

HP

,LC

CM

HP

,LC

CM

MP

MP

HP

MP

HP

VH

PH

PH

PV

HP

HP

VH

PV

HP

Sq

Bas

eR

nd B

ase

Sq

Bas

eR

nd B

ase

Sq

Bas

eP

late

Pla

teP

late

Pla

teP

late

Pla

teP

late

Pla

teP

alle

tP

alle

tP

alle

tw

/cas

ters

w/c

aste

rsw

/cas

ters

w/c

aste

rsw

/cas

ters

Bas

eB

ase

Bas

eB

ase

Bas

eB

ase

Bas

eB

ase

Bas

eB

ase

Bas

eC

AP

AC

ITY

(L

iter

s)G

ross

240

240

240

240

276

330

450

450

450

450

688

1,05

61,

056

1,55

01,

550

2,04

2N

et23

023

023

023

026

530

042

042

042

042

064

595

095

01,

455

1,45

51,

945

MA

WP

psig

235

235

350

350

235

300

350

250

350

500

350

350

500

350

500

500

bar

16.2

16.2

24.1

24.1

16.2

20.7

24.1

17.2

24.1

34.5

24.1

24.1

34.5

24.1

34.5

34.5

MA

XIM

UM

PR

E-S

ET

OP

ER

AT

ING

PR

ES

SU

RE

psig

125

125

300

300

125

250

300

125

300

450

300

300

450

300

450

450

bar

8.6

8.6

20.7

20.7

8.6

17.2

20.7

8.6

20.7

31.0

20.7

20.7

31.0

20.7

31.0

31.0

DE

SIG

N S

PE

CD

OT

DO

TD

OT

DO

TD

OT

AS

ME

DO

TA

SM

EA

SM

EA

SM

EA

SM

EA

SM

EA

SM

EA

SM

EA

SM

EA

SM

ES

TO

RA

GE

CA

PA

CIT

Y (

1)N

itro

gen

SC

F5,

024

5,02

44,

734

4,73

45,

769

7,38

08,

875

10,3

3210

,332

10,3

3215

,860

24,3

5024

,350

35,7

9035

,790

47,8

47N

m3

142

142

134

134

152

193

271

272

272

272

449

689

689

1,01

31,

013

1,25

7O

xyg

enS

CF

6,24

46,

244

5,93

05,

930

7,18

69,

100

11,1

2412

,760

12,7

6012

,760

19,6

0030

,070

30,0

7044

,220

44,2

2059

,089

Nm

317

717

716

816

818

918

431

533

633

633

655

485

085

01,

250

1,25

01,

553

Arg

on

SC

F6,

073

6,07

35,

763

5,76

36,

982

8,85

010

,812

12,4

7812

,478

12,4

7819

,160

29,4

0029

,400

43,2

2043

,220

57,7

86N

m3

172

172

163

163

183

234

306

328

328

328

542

832

832

1,22

31,

223

1,51

9C

arb

on

Dio

xid

eS

CF

N/A

N/A

4,50

04,

500

N/A

N/A

8,31

2N

/A8,

200

8,20

012

,608

19,9

6019

,960

29,3

4029

,340

38,0

48N

m3

----

118

118

----

235

--23

223

235

756

456

483

083

01,

000

TH

ER

MA

L P

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

(2)

(N

ER

%/D

AY

)N

21.

8%1.

8%1.

8%1,

8%2.

0%1.

2%1.

9%1.

6%1.

6%1.

6%1%

1%1%

1%1%

1%O

2-A

r1.

12%

1.12

%1.

12%

1.12

%1.

4%0.

74%

1.2%

1.0%

1.0%

1.0%

0.62

%0.

62%

0.62

%0.

62%

0.62

%0.

62%

CO

2.6

%.6

%.6

%.6

%--

.4%

.6%

.5%

.5%

.5%

.3%

.3%

.3%

.3%

.3%

.3%

GA

S D

EL

IVE

RY

RA

TE

(L

IN/L

AR

/LO

X)

SC

F/H

400

400

400

400

400

500

575

575

575

575

660

960

960

1,35

01,

350

2,00

0(3)

Nm

3 /h

10.5

10.5

10.5

10.5

10.5

14.1

15.1

15.1

15.1

15.1

18.6

25.2

25.2

35.4

35.4

52.4

GA

S D

EL

IVE

RY

RA

TE

(C

O2

SC

F/H

N/A

N/A

133

133

N/A

N/A

192

192

192

192

220

320

320

450

450

667

Nm

3 /h

----

3.8

3.8

----

5.4

5.4

5.4

5.4

6.2

9.0

9.0

12.7

12.7

17.5

DIM

EN

SIO

NS

Dia

met

erIn

2626

2626

2626

3030

3030

4242

4248

4848

mm

660

660

660

660

660

660

762

762

762

762

1,06

71,

067

1,06

71,

219

1,21

91,

219

Hei

gh

tIn

54.8

52.9

54.8

52.9

6268

6868

6868

6081

8191

9111

7m

m1,

392

1,34

41,

392

1,34

41,

575

1,72

71,

727

1,72

71,

727

1,72

71,

524

2,05

82,

058

2,31

12,

311

2,97

0T

are

Wei

gh

tLb

s30

030

034

034

034

045

068

860

568

881

21,

065

1,75

02,

080

2,69

23,

200

3,86

0K

g13

613

615

415

415

420

431

227

431

236

848

379

494

51,

221

1,45

11,

751

All

spec

ifica

tions

are

sub

ject

to

chan

ge w

ithou

t pr

ior

notic

e1)

V

alue

s ar

e ba

sed

on n

et c

apac

ity a

t 0

psig

(0

bar)

for

AS

ME

ves

sels

. C

O2

vess

els

are

base

d on

net

cap

acity

at

300

psi (

20.7

bar

).

DO

T v

esse

ls a

re p

er c

ode.

2)

Val

ues

are

base

d on

gro

ss c

apac

ity3)

O

ptio

nal 3

,500

SC

F/H

(92

Nm

3 h)

mod

el

Features:• Fast on-site filling of Perma-Cylinders

• DOT Liquid Cylinders can be filled on site with scale

• Filling of MicroBulk tanks

• Instantaneous push-button delivery of product

• No complex valves to operate

• “Smart” flow metering system reduces required operator training

• Special delivery hose and purge connector keeps contamination andcooldown to a minimum

• Electronic control allows for fast in-and-out deliveries and invoicing

• Vessel designed for rugged road conditions

• Stainless steel plumbing with bronze valves for additional reliability

• Low-maintenance submerged pump for instant starts and continuous delivery

• Robust inner support system

Orca Specifications

5756

Orca MicroBulk Delivery System

Chart’s distribution system has been designed to complete an entire filloperation in approximately three minutes - from the moment the driver comesto a stop to the time the flow meter terminates the operation. The Orca mobileutilizes assets more fully, reducing labor costs and serving more customers.

A “smart” flowmetering systemmonitors flowelectronically.

Back viewof Orca truck

SPECIFICATIONS Orca Orca OrcaHL-2000 HL-2800 HL-3300

***DOT NET Capacity (gal) 1,905 2,559 3,020MAWP (psig) 50 50 50Length (in) 198 242 271Diameter (in) 80 80 80Height (in) 87 87 87Tare Weight* (lbs) 7,800 8,700 9,800* For MC338 tank only. For CGA 341 tank, lower operating

pressure, refer to factory for weights and dimensions.** For Argon and Nitrogen Service

Design: ASME SEC VIII, Div. I / DOT MC-338 / CGA 341

Accessories

Handling Carts

Chart provides a variety ofhandling carts, roller bases,and accessories to make thetransportation of liquidcylinders safe and easy.

Hospital Reserve Kit

Hospital oxygen applications require a backup supply of oxygen.The Chart hospital reserve kitconnects the primary supply (Chartbulk storage tank) with the back-upsupply. If the primary supply ofoxygen is interrupted, the reserve kitautomatically switches to the back-up supply and provides a local andremote warning.

Lo-Loss Filling System

The Chart lo-loss system reducesliquid cylinder filling losseswithout increasing filling times.This safe, easy and economicalfilling device can be fitted formanual or automaticoperation. It is availableas single or multiple gassystems.

58

Accessories

Chart — Your Single Source Supplier of Cryogenic EquipmentCustomer needs are the top priority with us. From handling carts to the largestcryogenic vessels, we have the accessories to create an efficient system for you.

Dual Relief Valves

With dual relief valves, onecylinder can be used for both liquid (low pressure) and gas (mediumpressure) accounts, whichmaximizes the flexibility of yourliquid cylinders.

Hose

Stainless steel transfer lines thatremain flexible during liquidtransfer can be coupled with abronze phase separator.

Muffler

When attached to the ventconnection of the liquid cylinder,the Chart muffler can reduce theventing noise during the fill.

59

61

XC & SC Series

• Caster Base

• Canister

• Spare Corks

• Level Stick

• Transfer Hose

• Phase Separator

• Square Racks(47/11-6 only)

• Plastic Boxes

• Freezing Tray(34/18 and47/11-6 only)

-192°C* Liquid Nitrogen FreezersThe XC and SC series are designed for the user who has small capacity

needs, but requires long-term storage and low liquid nitrogen consumption in aconvenient lightweight package. By integrating features that users haverequested with the widest variety of holding times and storage capacities, MVEAluminum Freezers are the units of choice.

Accessories:

* Actual temperature may be ±10°C depending on current atmospheric condition,container history and actual product being stored.

60

Accessories

M45 Manifold

The M45 Manifold is a convenient, automatic way of increasing the gas delivery rate to any application. The unique changeover value automaticallyswitches from the primary bank of cylinders to the secondary bank whenneeded. An indicator light shows when this occurs, so replacement cylinderscan be ordered.

The economizer functions of all tanks still work through the M45 Manifold. Tankpressure and delivery pressure are shown on the manifold, while other featuresinclude:

• All stainless steel cabinet canbe wall mounted or used withthe optional floor stand.

• Hoses are easily mounted tothe cabinet

• Takes up to six liquid cylinders

Vaporizers

Free standing or tank mounted, these vaporizerswhich gasify the liquid product are available instandard sizes ranging from 250 to 5000 standardcubic feet per hour and rated to 600 psig.

62

XC Series Specifications

SPEC

IFIC

ATIO

NS

XC M

illenn

iumM

ODEL

20XC

21/

6XC

22/

5XC

32/

8XC

33/

22XC

34/

18XC

43/

28XC

471

1-6S

QXC

47/

11-6

XC 4

7/11

-10

Max

. Sto

rage

Cap

acity

No. o

f can

ister

s6

96

96

106

6 sq

.6

10No

. of 1

/2 c

c str

aws

(10/

cane

)72

0N/

A2,

400

2,52

01,

260

2,80

01,

260

-4,

500

3,50

0No

. of 1

/2 c

c str

aws

(1 L

evel

Bulk)

1,12

23,

870

3,66

63,

960

1,76

44,

400

1,76

4-

6,21

65,

000

No. o

f 1.2

& 2

.0 m

l vial

s (5

/cane

)21

0N/

A81

085

536

095

036

0-

1,32

01,

050

No. o

f Rac

ks

(25

Vials

)75

0Pe

rform

ance

Liquid

nitr

ogen

cap

acity

(lit

ers)

20.5

2122

.432

33.4

34.8

42.2

47.4

47.4

47.4

Stat

ic ev

apor

ation

rate

(lit

ers/d

ay)*

0.09

0.25

0.35

0.35

0.14

0.24

0.14

0.39

0.39

0.39

Norm

al wo

rking

dur

ation

(d

ays)

**14

053

4057

154

9019

376

7676

Unit

Dim

ensi

ons

Neck

ope

ning

(in)

2.18

3.5

3.81

3.81

2.75

42.

755

55

Over

all h

eight

(in

) 25

.717

.222

21.5

2625

26.4

26.5

26.5

26.5

Outsi

de d

iamet

er

(in)

14.5

18.2

14.5

18.2

18.2

18.2

520

2020

20Ca

niste

r heig

ht

(in)

115

1111

1111

11-

1111

Canis

ter d

iamet

er

(in)

1.65

2.75

3.09

2.62

2.22

2.6

2.22

-4

4W

eight

em

pty

(lb

s)

2330

2630

3434

3642

4242

Weig

ht fu

ll (lb

s)

59.5

62.5

66

8794

9511

112

0.4

120.

412

0.4

63

SC Series Specifications

SPEC

IFIC

ATIO

NS

SC

MOD

ELSC

3/3

SC 8

/5SC

11/7

SC 1

6/11

Mille

nnium

20

SC 2

0/20

SC 3

6/32

SC 3

3/26

Max

. Sto

rage

Cap

acity

No. o

f can

ister

s6

66

96

66

6No

. of 1

/2 c

c str

aws

(10/

cane

)–

–54

0–

540

540

540

540

No. o

f 1/2

cc

straw

s (1

Lev

el Bu

lk)73

273

273

210

9878

078

078

078

0No

. of 1

.2 &

2.0

ml v

ials

(5/ca

ne)

––

150

–15

015

015

015

0Pe

rform

ance

Liquid

nitr

ogen

cap

acity

(lit

ers)

3.6

8.4

11.0

16.4

20.5

20.5

36.5

33St

atic

evap

orat

ion ra

te

(liter

s/day

)*0.

120.

150.

150.

14.0

950.

090.

100.

13No

rmal

work

ing d

urat

ion

(day

s)**

1935

4674

135

142

224

182

Unit

Dim

ensi

ons

Neck

ope

ning

(in)

22

22

2.18

22

2Ov

erall

heig

ht

(in)

1618

.521

.617

.525

.725

.727

.225

.9Ou

tside

diam

eter

(in

) 8.

710

.210

.217

.214

.514

.518

.218

.2Ca

niste

r heig

ht

(in)

55

115

1111

1111

Canis

ter d

iamet

er

(in)

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

Weig

ht e

mpt

y

(lbs)

8

1217

1423

2634

34W

eight

full

(lbs)

14

.427

36.6

4359

.562

.510

093

.4*

Stat

ic ev

apor

ation

rate

and

sta

tic h

olding

tim

e ar

e no

mina

l. Actu

al ra

te a

nd h

olding

tim

e wi

ll be

affe

cted

by th

e na

ture

of c

onta

iner u

se,

atm

osph

eric

cond

itions

, and

man

ufac

turin

g to

leran

ces.

**No

rmal

work

ing d

urat

ion is

an

arbit

rary

refe

renc

e to

esti

mat

e co

ntain

er p

erfo

rman

ce u

nder

nor

mal

oper

ating

con

dition

s. Ac

tual

work

ing ti

me

may

var

y du

e to

cur

rent

atm

osph

eric

cond

itions

, con

taine

r hist

ory,

man

ufac

turin

g to

leran

ces

and

any

indivi

dual

patte

rns

of u

se.

*St

atic

evap

orat

ion ra

te a

nd s

tatic

hold

ing ti

me

are

nom

inal. A

ctual

rate

and

hold

ing ti

me

will b

e af

fecte

d by

the

natu

re o

f con

taine

r use

, at

mos

pher

ic co

nditio

ns, a

nd m

anuf

actu

ring

toler

ance

s.

**No

rmal

work

ing d

urat

ion is

an

arbit

rary

refe

renc

e to

esti

mat

e co

ntain

er p

erfo

rman

ce u

nder

nor

mal

oper

ating

con

dition

s. Ac

tual

work

ing ti

me

may

var

y du

e to

cur

rent

atm

osph

eric

cond

itions

, con

taine

r hist

ory,

man

ufac

turin

g to

leran

ces

and

any

indivi

dual

patte

rns

of u

se.

64

Lab Series

Liquid Nitrogen Storage ContainerThe Lab Series of cryogenic dewars earned their name from their worldwide

acceptance in laboratories and medical offices. These high-efficiency,Super-Insulated dewars are the most convenient, economical way to store anddispense liquid nitrogen. Many lab units can be fitted with pouring spouts,pressurized dispensing devices or dippers to aid in the transfer of liquid nitrogen.

Accessories:

Cryo-Cyl Series

The Cryo-Cyl 35 and 50 units operate at 22 psig and can be used to supplyliquid through a transfer hose to your application. A convenient pressure andliquid level gauge monitor the operation of the cylinder.

• Transfer Hose

• Phase Separator

• Pouring Spout

• Swivel Dipper

• Dipper

• Spare Corks

• PressurizedDischarge Device

• Caster Base

65

Lab Series Specifications

SPEC

IFIC

ATIO

NSM

odel

LAB

4LA

B 5

LAB

10LA

B 20

LAB

30LA

B 50

SS T

RANS

FER

UNIT

Net C

apac

ity

(liter

s)4

510

2132

505

Perfo

rman

ceSt

atic

Evap

orat

ion R

ate

(liter

s/day

)0.

190.

150.

180.

180.

220.

49N/

A

Unit

Dim

ensi

ons

Neck

ope

ning

(in)

1.4

2.2

2.2

22.

52.

56

Usab

le he

ight

(in)

7.8

10.5

13.5

13.7

14.9

2214

Over

all h

eight

(in

)16

.818

.221

.524

.724

.130

.716

.5

Outsi

de d

iamet

er

(in)

7.3

8.8

10.3

14.5

1717

8

Inte

rnal

diam

eter

(in

)5.

56.

58.

311

.414

146

Weig

ht e

mpt

y (lb

s)6

813

1927

3411

Weig

ht fu

ll (lb

s)13

1731

5684

123

20

67

Vapor Shipper Specifications

SPEC

IFIC

ATIO

NS

MIN

I CR

YO

CRYO

CRYO

MOD

ELSC

2/1

VSC

4/2

VSC

4/3

VSC

20/

12V

XC 2

0/3V

*M

OOVE

RM

OOVE

R SH

IPPE

RSH

IPPE

R XC

Max

imum

Sto

rage

Cap

acity

No. o

f can

ister

s1

11

64

+ 1

Cent

er1

71

Rack

-No

. of 1

/2 c

c st

raws

(1

0/ca

ne)

-28

012

054

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66

Vapor Shippers

The MVE Vapor Shipper containers are designed for the safe transportationof biological samples at cryogenic (-150°C) temperatures. Fabricated fromdurable, lightweight aluminum, they contain a hydro-phobic absorbent thatcontains the liquid nitrogen. The absorbent also repels moisture and humidity,assuring the maximum holding time.

A protective shipping carton is available for all models, which protects thecontainer from being placed on its side and helps in withstanding the rigors of transportation. These containers can be used to ship your samples with a “non-hazardous” classification throughout the world.

Accessories:

• Shipping Carton

• Canisters

• Spare Corks

• Cryo-Shipper Frame

-150°C* Liquid Nitrogen Specimen Transport

* With

cen

ter a

bsor

bent

can

ister

- 3

week

hold

ing ti

me;

with

out c

enter

abs

orbe

nt ca

nister

- tw

o we

ek h

olding

time,

grea

ter st

orag

e ca

pacit

y

6968

Carbo-Mite

Technical FeaturesThe Carbo-Mite system isdesigned to meet the needs ofconsumers who use less than 100lbs of CO2 per month. Beverageproviders who once thought theirusage was too small for bulk CO2can now enjoy increased fountainprofits, enhanced beverage quality,added safety and a continuous flowof CO2. Features of the Carbo-Miteproduct include:

• 34" height allows it to fit undermost counters

• Easy-to-read gauges for CO2contents and tank pressure

• Fully automatic systemrequires no electricity

• Versatility offers bothpermanent and portableinstallation

• Safe, low operating pressure of 125 psi

• Proprietary vacuum-regenerationsystem for convenient on-sitemaintenance

• Stainless steel, double-walled,vacuum insulated container

SPECIFICATIONS CARBO-MITE

Dimensions

Diameter (in) 20Height (with legs add 6 in) (in) 34Empty Weight (lbs) 155Full Weight (lbs) 326

Design CriteriaCode ASME**MAWP (psig) 300Insulation type Vacuum with Super Insulation

CapacityNet Volume (gal) 18Liquid Storage Capacity (lbs) 171

PerformanceNormal Evaporation Rate (NER)* (lbs/day) 1.2Continuous CO2 Delivery Rate (lbs/hr) .75Peak Flow Rate (lbs/hr) 1.5

ComponentsASME Relief Valve Setting (psig) 300Secondary RV Setting (psig) 450Gas Use Connection (in) 1/4 x 45o Male FlareFill Line Connection (in) 5/8 x 45o Male FlareVent Connection (in) 1/2 OD Tube

ConstructionInner Vessel Material Stainless SteelOuter Vessel Material Stainless SteelLiquid Level Gauge Float/Magnetic

* No loss in normal applications**ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Design Section VIII, Div. I

Carbo-Mite Specifications

70

Carbo-Charger

71

Carbo-Charger Specifications

Technical FeaturesThe Carbo-Charger Bulk CO2System is an affordable alternativeto high pressure CO2 cylinders.This system is designed to meetthe CO2 gas requirement ofoperations using less than 150pounds of CO2 per month. Otherfeatures include:

• Stainless steel, double-walled,vacuum insulated container

• Proprietary vacuum- regeneration system for convenient, on-site maintenance

• Safe, low operating pressure of 125 psi

• Easy-to-read gauges for CO2contents and tank pressure

• Efficient gas withdrawal system supplies CO2 gas inexcess of 3 pounds per hour

• Fully automatic system requiresno electricity

• Optional 6" welded uni-body legs

SPECIFICATIONS CARBO-CHARGER

DimensionsDiameter (in) 20Height (with legs add 6 in) (in) 51Empty Weight (lbs) 216Full Weight (lbs) 522

Design CriteriaCode ASME**MAWP (psig) 300Insulation type Vacuum with Super Insulation

CapacityNet Volume (gal) 32Liquid Storage Capacity (lbs) 306

PerformanceNormal Evaporation Rate (NER)* (lbs/day) 2.0Continuous CO2 Delivery Rate (lbs/hr) 1.0Peak Flow Rate (lbs/hr) 3.0

ComponentsASME Relief Valve Setting (psig) 300Secondary RV Setting (psig) 450Gas Use Connection (in) 1/4 x 45o Male FlareFill Line Connection (in) 5/8 x 45o Male FlareVent Connection (in) 1/2 OD Tube

ConstructionInner Vessel Material Stainless SteelOuter Vessel Material Stainless SteelLiquid Level Gauge Float/Magnetic

* No loss in normal applications**ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Design Section VIII, Div. I

7372

CARBO-MIZERSPECIFICATIONS 450

Dimensions

Diameter (in) 20Height (with legs add 6 in) (in) 65.8Empty Weight (lbs) 273Full Weight (lbs) 726

Design CriteriaCode ASME**MAWP (psig) 300Insulation type Vacuum with Super Insulation

CapacityNet Volume (gal) 48Liquid Storage Capacity (lbs) 453

PerformanceNormal Evaporation Rate (NER)*(lbs/day) 2.5Continuous CO2 Delivery Rate (lbs/hr) 5.5Peak Flow Rate (lbs/hr) 10.0

ComponentsASME Relief Valve Setting (psig) 300Secondary Relief Valve Setting (psig) 450Gas Use Connection (in) 1/4 x 45o Male FlareFill Line Connection (in) 5/8 x 45o Male Flare Vent Connection (in) 1/2 OD Tube

ConstructionInner Vessel Material Stainless SteelOuter Vessel Material Stainless SteelLiquid Level Gauge Float/Magnetic

* No loss in normal applications**ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Design Section VIII, Div. I

Carbo-Mizer SpecificationsCarbo-Mizer®

TechnicalFeaturesThe Carbo-Mizer® Bulk CO2System is designed to meet all ofyour CO2 gas requirements. Onetank provides continuous CO2supply for single or multipleapplications. Other featuresinclude:

• Stainless-steel, double-walled,vacuum-insulated container

• Patented Sure-Fill Systemensures a complete fill everytime, with no manual ventingrequired

• Proprietary vacuum-regeneration system forconvenient, on-site maintenance

• Patented CO2 impurityremoval system

• Stable 6" uni-body legs allowfor easy cleaning around unit

• Efficient gas-withdrawal system meets multiple flowrequirements

• Easy-to-read gauges for CO2contents and tank pressure

• Safe, low operating pressure of 125 psi

• Fully automatic systemrequires no electricity

SPECIFICATIONS CARBO-MAX 750

DimensionsDiameter (in) 26Height (with legs add 6 in) (in) 68Empty Weight (lbs) 430Full Weight (lbs) 1,201

Design CriteriaCode ASME**MAWP (psig) 300Insulation Type Vacuum with Super Insulation

CapacityNet Volume (gal) 82Liquid Storage Capacity (lbs) 771

PerformanceNormal Evaporation Rate (NER)* (lbs/day) 3.0Continuous CO2 Delivery Rate (lbs/hr) 15.0Peak Flow Rate (lbs/hr) N/A

ComponentsASME Relief Valve Setting (psig) 300Secondary RV Setting (psig) 450Gas Use Connection (in) 1/4 x 45o Male FlareFill Line Connection (in) 5/8 x 45o Male FlareVent Connection (in) 1/2 OD Tube

ConstructionInner Vessel Material Stainless SteelOuter Vessel Material Stainless SteelLiquid Level Gauge Float Type (magnetic)

* No loss in normal application**ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Design Section VIII, Div. I

74 75

Carbo-Max 750HF Carbo-Max 750HF Specifications

The Carbo-Max 750 High Flowcontainer is designed to meet theCO2 gas requirements for high-flow applications. The Carbo-Max750 product features a proprietary,internal, stainless-steel vaporizerthat provides superior CO2 gasdelivery at a rate of over 15 lbs.per hour.

Technical Features• Stainless-steel, double-walled,

vacuum-insulated container

• Proprietary vacuum-regeneration system forconvenient, on-sitemaintenance

• Patented Sure-Fill Systemguarantees a complete fillevery time with no manualventing required

• Safe, low-operating pressureof 140 psi

• Stable 6" uni-body legs meethealth department sanitationrequirements

• Easy-to-read gauges for CO2contents and tank pressure

• Fully-automated system

77

CO2 Delivery Specifications

76

CO2 Delivery

For years, Chart has provided the finest CO2 bulk storage tanks forcarbonation applications and we now use that same expertise in developingCO2 delivery units. All delivery units are equipped with differential pressuremeters. This meter has a guaranteed deviation of less than 1%, and has lowermaintenance and calibration costs because it contains no moving parts.

2 1 / 2

Ton

3 To

n3

3 / 4To

n

Capa

city

Gros

s Ca

pacit

y(lit

ers)

2,34

62,

815

3,51

8

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Sto

rage

Cap

acity

(lbs)

5,12

26,

146

7,68

1

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ons

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5858

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t(in

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6767

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eight

(lbs)

2,81

93,

700

4,40

0

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eight

(lbs)

9,06

610

,611

13,0

44

Features

• Low CO2 Evaporation Rate

• All stainless steel plumbing and 3-piece ball valves

• Welded outer jacket for greater moisture resistance and durability

• Optional pressure building unit and combo body units

• Meets DOT Specifications 49, MC-331 standards

SPECIFICATIONSCO2 Sensors

ProductOperating Principle: Infrared TechnologyMeasurement Range-Temperature 0 - 50oC (32 - 122oF)Measurement Range - CO2 0 - 3 Vol%Extended Range - CO2 3 - 10 Vol%Gas Sampling Mode Diffusion

AccuracyTemperature ±1oC (±1.8oF)CO2

At Full Operating Temperature Range ±0.05 Vol%Annual Zero Point Drift <0.01 Vol.%

w/automatic self-calibration

PerformanceCompliance With 89 / 336 / EEC / UL / CESensory Life Expectancy > 15 yearsDimensions (L x W x H) 7" x 4" x 2"

PowerPower Input 11 ±3V DC

OutputsDigital Interface RS 485 Serial Port with

Logico2 ProgramDisplay 4 digit LCD Display with

% CO2 and Temperature IndicationFilter Special Gore-Tex® Membranes

(Insect protection according to EN S4-7:1994)

CO2 Central Unit

Supply 90-260 VAC 50-60HzCommunication RS485 100mA, Internal terminated

=120 Ohm 0.3 VDC-offsetAcoustic signal-strength 70 dB (1m) max.Ambient Temperatures 0-40oC

The system is approved by UL, TUF and CE

79

CO2 Monitor System Specifications

78

CO2 Monitor Systems

Features• Patented, gold-plated sensors

• High and low CO2 alarm

• Three-year product warranty

• Continuous monitoring of CO2and temperature

• Digital display:temperature / CO2%

• Display makes it possible todiscover small leakage

• Up to 4 sensors per central unit

• Acoustical/optical signal fromcentral unit and sensors

• Plug-in cables for easy, fast andinexpensive installation

• LED display specifies whichsensor reports an alarm or fault

• Activation of a fan or externalwarning lamp from each sensorpossible

• Patented self-calibration, five-yearcalibration guarantee

• Temperature “high”, “low”indication for coolrooms

• Logico2 program microprocessor

• Approved by UL, TUF and CE

• Gore-Tex® Waterproofing

The Chart Monitor System provides accurate monitoring of CO2 levels. It is pre-set to exhibit an alarm when detecting abnormal to dangerously high level of CO2concentration in the work environment. Over 70,000 systems have beeninstalled world wide. Monitor Systems are constructed with the highest qualitycomponents possible.

8180

Cryogenic Piping Systems

1 1" Rigid Section2 1" Flexible Section3 1" x 1/2" Reducing

Tee4 1" Vacuum Jacketed

Valve5 1" x 1/2" Reducer

6 1/2" Vacuum JacketedValve

7 1/2" Rigid Section8 1/2" Flexible Section9 1/2" Extended Packing

Cryogenic Valve10 1/2" Capped Bayonet

• Multi-layer super insulation with vacuum jacket for lowest product loss

• Invar inner eliminates expansion bellows

• Accessories for instant liquid at use points

• Reusable couplings for easy installation and system modifications

Typical Layout

Vacuum Insulated PipeCustomized size and length permits engineering or contractor personnel todesign and install a liquid distribution center to fit any application

Bayonet CouplingsProvide a positive metal to metal interference fit at cryogenic temperatures.Interchangeable for easy assembly or removal for system expansion

Flexible SectionsProtected by stainless steel, interlocking guards to allow direction and elevation change while maintaining structural integrity

AccessoriesStandard accessories such as the cryovent device to keep the line flooded,phase separator for single phase flow at the use points, and jacketed ornonjacketed valves provide optimum utilization of cryogenic piping

Cryogenic Piping Systems

Specify Chart Cryogenic Pipe and System components for state-of-the-arttechnology, lowest product loss (see chart) and instant liquid at use points. Fromdesign assistance and custom manufacturing to installation at your site, Chartprovides total cryogenic distribution systems. This single source responsibilityassures you of a trouble-free system guaranteed to perform as expected.

Rigid Built-to-Order VIP Construction DetailsInner Pipe Vacuum Jacket Cooldown Heat Leak Bayonet Heat

Size Pipe Size Wt/ft Wt/ft Btu/hr/ft BTU/hr

1/4" 1-1/2" 1.5 lb 0.33 lb .28 7.5

1/2" 1-1/2" 1.9 lb 0.54 lb .35 7.5

1" 2-1/2" 3.4 lb 0.87 lb .50 11.8

1-1/2" 3" 4.4 lb 1.28 lb .67 15.4

2" 3-1/2" 5.2 lb 1.61 lb .81 17.9

3”+ Consult Factory

Flexible Built-to-Order VIP Construction DetailsSS Inner SS Outer SS Outer Minimum Weight Cooldown Heat LeakFlex I.D. Flex I.D. Flex O.D. Bend Radius Per Foot Weight/Foot BTU hr/ft

1/2” Nom 2" Nom 2.80" 17" 2.75 lb .45 lb .50

1” Nom 2-1/2" Nom 3.32" 21" 3.50 lb 1.00 lb 1.00

1-1/2” Nom 3" Nom 3.87" 23" 4.65 lb 2.00 lb 1.35

2” Nom 4" Nom 4.92" 28" 6.00 lb 2.25 lb 1.65

3”+ Consult Factory

Stainless steel braid cover is standard on the inner flex and optional for the vacuum jacket flex.

Chart vacuum insulated pipe utilizes multi-layer super insulation for lowestBTU loss. When used to replace copper or conventionally insulated lines,investment payback can be extremely fast.

Custom manufactured sections and flexible piping allow easy system planning and installation — nospecial tools are required.

Bayonet couplings providepositive metal-to-metalinterference fit at cryogenictemperatures. With these re-usable couplings, pipesections and components canbe easily assembled orremoved for systemmodification or expansion.

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celli)

—0.

1333

1 inc

h m

ercu

ry0.

4912

70.7

30.

0334

0.03

4525

.400

11.

133

3.38

6

1 fo

ot w

ater

0.43

3562

.42

—0.

0305

22.4

180.

8826

12.

989

1 kil

opas

cal 0

.01

bars

1000

N/sq

met

ers

.145

020

.89

0.00

9869

0.01

020

7.50

20.

3025

0.33

461

Cour

tesy

of I

nger

soll-R

and

Com

pany

Mul

tiply

uni

ts in

left

colu

mn

by p

rope

r fac

tor b

elow

Ener

gyft-

lbBT

Ug-

cal

Joul

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-hr

hp-h

r

1 fo

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ound

10.

0012

850.

3240

1.35

56—

—

1 BT

U77

8.2

125

2.16

1054

.9—

—

1 gr

am-c

alorie

3.08

600.

0039

661

4.18

33—

—

1 int

Jou

le0.

7377

0.00

0948

0.23

901

——

1 int

kilo

watt-

hour

2,65

5,00

034

12.8

860,

563

—1

1.34

12

1 ho

rsep

ower

-hou

r1,

980,

000

2544

.564

1,70

0—

0.74

561

Cour

tesy

of I

nger

soll-R

and

Com

pany

91

Power Conversion Factors

90

Specific Energy Conversion Factors

Mul

tiply

uni

ts in

left

colu

mn

by p

rope

r fac

tor b

elow

Spec

ific

Ener

gyab

solu

te J

oule

/gIn

t Jou

le/g

cal/g

int c

al/g

BTU/

lb

1 ab

solut

e Jo

ule/g

ram

10.

9998

40.

2390

10.

2388

50.

4299

3

1 int

Jou

le/gr

am1.

0001

651

0.23

904

0.23

892

0.43

000

1 ca

lorie/

gram

4.

1840

4.18

331

0.99

935

1.79

88

1 int

calo

rie/g

ram

4.18

674.

1860

1.00

065

11.

8000

1 BT

U/lb

2.32

602.

3256

0.55

592

0.55

556

1

Cour

tesy

of I

nger

soll-R

and

Com

pany

Mul

tiply

uni

ts in

left

colu

mn

by p

rope

r fac

tor b

elow

Powe

rhp

watt

kwBT

U/m

inBT

U/hr

ft-lb

/sec

ft-lb

/min

g-ca

l/sec

met

ric h

p(ra

te o

f ene

rgy

use)

1 ho

rsep

ower

174

5.7

0.74

5742

.41

2544

.555

033

,000

178.

21.

014

1 wa

tt—

10.

001

0.05

693.

413

0.73

7644

.25

0.23

900.

0013

6

1 kil

owat

t1.

3410

1000

156

.88

3412

.873

7.6

44,2

5423

913

60

1 BT

U pe

r minu

te—

——

160

12.9

777

8.2

4.20

30.

0239

1 m

etric

hp

0.98

6373

5.5

0.73

5541

.83

2509

.654

2.5

32,5

5017

5.7

1

Cour

tesy

of I

nger

soll-R

and

Com

pany

93

Conversion Factors

92

Refrigeration Conversion Factors

Velocity

Multiply By To Obtain Feet per minute . . . . . . . .0.01136 Miles per hour

0.01829 Kilometers per hour0.5080 Centimeters per second0.01667 Feet per second

Feet per second . . . . . . . .0.6818 Miles per hour1.097 Kilometers per hour30.48 Centimeters per second0.3048 Meters per second0.5921 Knots

Knots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.0 Nautical miles per hour1.6889 Feet per second1.1515 Miles per hour1.8532 Kilometers per hour0.5148 Meters per second

Meters per second . . . . . .3.281 Feet per second2.237 Miles per hour3.600 Kilometers per hour

Miles per hour . . . . . . . . . .1.467 Feet per second0.4470 Meters per second1.609 Kilometers per hour0.8684 Knots

Flowrate

1 SCFH = .472 liters/minute

Thermal Conductivity

Multiply By To Obtain BTU/(hr)(ft2)(°F/ft) 0.00413 Cal/(sec)(cm2)(°C/cm)

12.0 BTU/(hr)(ft2)(°F/in)0.0173 Watts/(cm2)(°C/cm)

Temperature

Degrees Fahrenheit = 1.8 (degrees Celsius) + 32Degrees Kelvin = degrees Celsius = 273.16Degrees Rankine = degrees Fahrenheit + 459.69

Mul

tiply

uni

ts in

left

colu

mn

by fa

ctor

bel

ow

Refri

gera

tion

BTU

(IT)/

min

BTU

(IT)/

hrkg

cal

/hr

ton

(US)

com

mto

n (B

rit) c

omm

frigo

rie/h

r

1 to

n (U

S) c

omm

200

12,0

0030

25.9

10.

8965

3025

.9

1 to

n (B

rit) c

omm

223.

0813

,385

3375

.21.

1154

133

75.2

1 fri

gorie

/hr

0.06

609

13.9

657

10.

0003

305

0.00

0296

31

BTU

is In

tern

al St

eam

Table

BTU

(IT)

. 1 fr

igorie

= 1

kg

cal (

NOT

IT).

One

ton

of re

frige

ratio

n is

the

heat

requ

ired

to m

elt o

ne to

n (2

000

lbs) o

f ice

at 3

2°F

to w

ater

at 3

2°F

durin

g 24

hou

rs. Co

urte

sy o

f Ing

erso

ll-Ran

d Co

mpa

ny

95

Decimal Equivalents

94

Temperature Conversion

°K °C °F °R0 –273.15 -459.7 0

He . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.216 –268.93 -452.1 7.610 –263.15 -441.7 18.020 –253.15 -423.7 36.0

H2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.27 –252.88 -423.2 36.5Ne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.17 –245.98 –410.8 48.9

30 –243.15 –405.7 54.040 –233.15 –387.7 72.050 –223.15 –369.7 90.060 –213.15 –351.7 108.070 –203.15 –333.7 126.0

N2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.395 –195.76 –320.36 139.380 –193.15 –315.7 144.0

Ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87.29 –185.86 –302.55 157.190 –183.15 –297.7 162.0

O2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90.19 –182.96 –297.33 162.4100 –173.15 –279.7 180.0110 –163.15 –261.7 198.0

Kr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 –153.25 –243.8 215.9120 –153.15 –243.7 216.0130 –143.15 –225.7 234.0140 –133.15 –207.7 252.0150 –123.15 –189.7 270.0160 –113.15 –171.7 288.0

Xe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164.6 –108.55 –163.4 296.3170 –103.15 –153.7 306.0180 –93.15 –135.7 324.0190 –83.15 –117.7 342.0200 –73.15 –99.7 360.0210 –63.15 –81.7 378.0220 –53.15 –63.7 396.0230 –43.15 –45.7 414.0240 –33.15 –27.7 432.0250 –23.15 –9.7 450.0260 –13.15 8.3 468.0270 –3.15 26.3 486.0280 6.85 44.3 504.0290 16.85 62.3 522.0300 26.85 80.3 540.0310 36.85 98.3 558.0320 46.85 116.3 576.0330 56.85 134.3 594.0340 66.85 152.3 612.0350 76.85 170.3 630.0360 86.85 188.3 648.0370 96.85 206.3 666.0380 106.85 224.3 684.0390 116.85 242.3 702.0400 126.85 260.3 720.0

Boiling points of indicated gases are at one atmosphere pressure.

Decimal Equivalents

Inch Fractions Decimal Equivalent Millimeter Equivalent

1/32 .03125 .7941/16 .0625 1.5883/32 .09375 2.3811/8 .125 3.1755/32 .15625 3.9693/16 .1875 4.7637/32 .21875 5.556

1/4 .250 6.3509/32 .28125 7.1445/16 .3125 7.9383/8 .375 9.525

11/32 .34375 8.73113/32 .40625 10.3197/16 .4375 11.11315/32 .46875 11.906

1/2 .500 12.70017/32 .52125 13.4949/16 .5625 14.28819/32 .59375 15.0815/8 .625 15.875

21/32 .65625 16.66911/16 .6875 17.46323/32 .71875 18.256

3/4 .750 19.05025/32 .78125 19.84413/16 .8125 20.63827/32 .84375 21.4317/8 .875 22.225

29/32 .90625 23.01915/16 .9375 23.81331/32 .96875 24.606

9796

Definitions

Absolute Zero— The lowest temperature attainable. All molecular activity isconsidered to cease. Its value is -459.7°F (-273.15°C)Coefficient of Viscosity— A measure of the tendency of a fluid to resist shear. Theunit for viscosity is the poise which is defined as the resistance (in dynes per squarecentimeter of its surface) to one layer of fluid to the motion of a parallel layer one centimeter away and with a relative velocity of one cm per second.Critical Pressure— The pressure under which a substance may exist as a gasin equilibrium with the liquid at the critical temperature.Critical Temperature— The temperature above which a gas cannot be liquified by pressure alone.Cryogenics— The science which involves very low temperatures, usuallyregarded as below -150°F.Density— Mass per unit volume.Dew Point— The temperature at which liquid first condenses when a vaporis cooled.Dielectric Constant— The specific inductive capacitance of a material. It is equalto the ratio of the capacitances of two condensers of identical size, one using theparticular dielectric, the other using air or a vacuum as the dielectric.Joule-Thomson Effect— The change in temperature resulting from expansion ofa gas or vapor through an orifice or other restriction. In general, a lowering oftemperature or cooling effect is the usual result of such an expansion.Latent Heat of Fusion— The heat required to convert a unit mass of substancefrom the solid state to the liquid state at a given pressure (and temperature).Latent Heat of Sublimation— The heat required to convert a unit mass ofsubstance from the solid state to the gaseous state.Latent Heat of Vaporization— The heat required to convert a unit mass ofsubstance from the liquid state to the gaseous state at a given pressure (andtemperature).Liquified Gases— Usually applied to the liquid form of substances which undernormal conditions of temperature and pressure are found as gases. Liquid oxygenis an example.Molecular Weight— The sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in a molecule.The atomic weight is the relative weight of the atom, on the basis of carbon isotopeC12.Normal Boiling Point— The temperature at which a liquid boils when under a totalpressure of one atmosphere.Normal Sublimation Temperature— The temperature at which a solid sublimesunder a total pressure of one atmosphere.Specific Heat— The ratio of the heat capacity of a body to the heat capacity ofwater at some reference temperature.

Definitions & Miscellaneous

Specific Gravity— The ratio of the mass of a body to the mass of an equal volumeof air (for gases) at a specified temperature. It is dimensionless. For liquids andsolids, it is the ratio of the mass of a body to the mass of an equal volume of water.Specific Heat Ratio— Ratio of specific heat at constant pressure to the specificheat at constant volume at a particular temperature.Specific Volume— The volume occupied by one unit weight of a substance.Superconductivity— The phenomenon by which some substances suddenly loseall electrical resistance when their temperatures are reduced. These transitionsoccur at temperatures lower than that of liquid hydrogen.Thermal Conductivity— The property of a material that describes the rate atwhich heat will be conducted through a unit area of material for a given drivingforce. It is dependent on the material and upon its temperature.Triple Point— The particular condition under which a substance can be present inany or all phases (gaseous, liquid, or solid).Vapor Pressure— The pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with the liquidphase of the same substance.

Miscellaneous Physical Constants

Constant Numerical Value UnitsAvogadro’s Number . . . 6.0228 x 1023 Molecules/gram moleBoltzmann Constant . . . 1.38048 x 10-16 Erg/°CElectronic Charge . . . . . 4.80239 x 10-10 Absolute esue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.718282 —Gas-Law Constant R . . 1.987 Cal/(gm-mole) (°K) or

BTU/(lb-mole) (°K)82.05 (cm3) (atm)/(gm-mole) (°K)0.08205 (liter) (atm)/(gm-mole) (°K)10.731 (ft3) (lb)/(in2)(lb-mole) (°R)0.7302 (ft3) (atm)/(lb-mole) (°R)

Loge 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.30258 —Mechanical Equivalent

of heat . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.182 Joule/calPi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.14159* —Planck Constant . . . . . . 6.6254 x 10-27 erg sec

* Approximate value, since Pi is an irrational number

Acknowledgment

Chart thanks AIRCO Welding Products for permission to copy various tablesand data from the AIRCO Data Book.

98

Notes

© 2005 Chart Industries. All rights reserved.

Ref 10517513 Rev B

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