Crowdsourcing, Citizen Science INSPIREinspire.ec.europa.eu/events/conferences/inspire... · tackle...

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Crowdsourcing, Citizen Science & INSPIRE Muki Haklay & Claire Ellul Extreme Citizen Science (ExCiteS) research group, UCL @mhaklay / @UCL_ExCiteS

Transcript of Crowdsourcing, Citizen Science INSPIREinspire.ec.europa.eu/events/conferences/inspire... · tackle...

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Crowdsourcing, Citizen Science & INSPIRE

Muki Haklay & Claire EllulExtreme Citizen Science (ExCiteS) research group, 

UCL

@mhaklay / @UCL_ExCiteS

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Outline • Three eras of environmental information:

– By experts, for experts (1969‐1992)– By experts, for experts & the public (1992‐2012) – By experts & the public, for experts & the public (2012 on) 

• Crowdsourced geographic information & citizen science

• Challenges within the INSPIRE framework –case study

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First era: 1969‐[1987‐92]

Experts

Public Decision Makers

Experts

http://wp.me/p7DNf‐gx

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First era: 1969‐[1987‐92]• Experts responsible for creating environmental information and using it to advise government 

• Top‐down attitude to environmental decision making

• ‘Information Deficit’ model towards the public• Environmental information by experts, for experts 

http://wp.me/p7DNf‐gx

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http://wp.me/p7DNf‐gx

Second era: 1992 – [2005‐12]

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Second era: 1992 – [2005‐12] • Rio Principle 10, Aarhus Convention • Public access to environmental information is a prerequisite to participation, civil society organisations as intermediaries

• The Web as the dissemination medium • Information by experts, for experts and the public (but in expert form) 

http://wp.me/p7DNf‐gx

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http://wp.me/p7DNf‐gx

Third era: Since 2012 

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Third era & INSPIRE

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Crowdsourcing/VGI2006

Nick Black

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Mapping parties 

Nick Black

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2014

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Billy Brown

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More than maps• Prof. Jacquie McGlade, head of European Environment Agency, 2008 (Aarhus + 10):

‘Often the best information comes from those who are closest to it, and it is important we harness this local knowledge if we are to tackle climate change adequately… people are encouraged to give their own opinion on the quality of the beach and water, to supplement the official information.’

2008

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EEA WaterWatch2008

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Citizen science• While Citizen Science has a long history, new formed emerged in the past decades, facilitated by the web ‐ ‘citizen cyberscience’

• Types: – biodiversity/conservation observations recording; – volunteer computing; – volunteer thinking; – Do It Yourself (DIY) science; – community/civic science

See Haklay, M., 2013, Citizen Science and Volunteered Geographic Information –overview and typology of participation in Crowdsourcing Geographic Knowledge

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More information at http://publiclaboratory.org

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Air Quality

Source: West Wiltshire

2008

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2008

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Mapping for Change

2012

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June 2012

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June 2013

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EEA Work Programme 2014‐18 

• As Part of Strategic Area 3 activities:‘to widen and deepen the European knowledge base by developing communities of practice and engaging in partnerships with stakeholders beyond Eionet, such as business and research communities, Civil Society Organisations (CSO), and initiatives concerning lay, local and traditional knowledge and citizen science’

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Data Quality Assurance• Crowdsourcing ‐ the number of people that edited the information

• Social ‐ gatekeepers and moderators • Geographic ‐ broader geographic knowledge• Domain knowledge ‐ the knowledge domain of the information 

• Instrumental observation – technology based calibration

• Process oriented – following a procedure

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Citizen Science & Metadata• The Challenge…

– Increasing creation and user base of spatial data – open data movement, FOSS4G software

– Lack of expertise –users may come from variety of backgrounds, and don’t have GIS training or understanding of spatial data quality aspects

• Limitations (production) – Metadata standards producer centric: Complex; No guidelines as to the amount of detail required;  Difficult to understand; held in non‐standard methods – e.g. PDF, website, wiki

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Citizen Science & Metadata• Limitations (Data and metadata de‐coupled)

– Metadata not updated automatically when data changes– Metadata Capture not integrated into workflow– Some Citizen Science projects do capture metadata, by accident rather than design, to meet a specific research aim

– Metadata not used by end users of data, consequent lack of understanding of data quality & fitness for purpose

• Limitations (Use)– Metadata presentation not use focus: what do people need to know to re‐use data and combine it with other sources?

– Does not keep track of derived data or record, attribute or geometry level updates. But do is this level of detail useful? 

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Case Study – Noise Data

• Scenario: You are an environmental consultant,  wanting noise information about Deptford in South London for a project in the area. You have no specific GIS expertise or training

• You identify three maps of noise– all online – ideally you’d like to re‐use the data to save capturing more

• Do you chose one or take information from many? How do you make the choice?

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Dataset A

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Dataset B

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Dataset C

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Integrating Noise Data• Just by looking at the maps:

– Is there data for the areas I am interested in? • There is some data for Deptford in all three maps 

– Does the data cover the entire area of interest, or are there gaps in the data• Maps C and A both have gaps

– What is the dB(A) range covered by the maps – does it cover really loud noise?• Yes, all datasets cover noise over 70dB(A), although the resolution differs (but what about underlying data?) 

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Integrating Noise Data• Things you can learn from the websites –Dataset B:

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Integrating Noise Data• Things you can learn from the websites‐ Dataset C:

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Hidden Information 

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Crowdsourced Geographic information in Government

Kathmandu Living LabsJo Somerfield

• 29 case studies from across the world • Success factor, challenges and lessons • crowdgov.wordpress.com

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Summary• Citizen‐produced environmental information is on the rise and will continue to increase 

• Characteristics – heterogeneous, temporal & spatial variability, sources

• Different procedures, organisational structure and practices that demand consideration of data management and curation