Crossing the final ecological threshold in high Arctic ponds
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How often and under what circumstances does wetland drying or thawing of permafrost cause a change in ecosystem state?
How often and under what circumstances does wetland drying or thawing of permafrost cause a change in ecosystem state?
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Crossing the final ecological threshold in high Arctic ponds
Smol and Douglas 2007PNASSmol and Douglas 2007PNAS
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Barber et al. 2004Climatic ChangeBarber et al. 2004Climatic Change
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Klein et al.Can. J. For. Res. 2005Klein et al.Can. J. For. Res. 2005
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Burn, C. R. 2005 Permafrost and Periglac. Process. Burn, C. R. 2005 Permafrost and Periglac. Process.
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Yoshikawa and Hinzman 2003 Permafrost and Periglac. Process. Yoshikawa and Hinzman 2003 Permafrost and Periglac. Process.
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Smith et al. 2005 Science “Disappearing Arctic Lakes”Smith et al. 2005 Science “Disappearing Arctic Lakes”
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Riordan et al. JGR 2006
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Yoshikawa et al.2002JGRYoshikawa et al.2002JGR
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15-June-1986 Image
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16-June-2001 Image
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1988 Burn
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1988 Burn
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25-June-2001
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28-June-2005
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Consequences of a changing hydroclimate for organic-rich
wetlands
CZEN
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Plant fixation and allocation
Peat accumulation
Climate
Microbial metabolism
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www.apex.msu.edu
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APEX Gradient sites
Rich fen
Black Spruce
Willow/Bog Birch
Tussock Grass
Emergent
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LoweredControl Raised
www.apex.msu.edu
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-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
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Julian Day 2005
Wat
er t
able
dep
th (
cm)
Control LoweredRaised
Pumping initiated for raised treatment
-35
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-25
-20
-15
-10
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Julian Day 2005
Wat
er t
able
dep
th (
cm)
Control LoweredRaised
Pumping initiated for raised treatment
www.apex.msu.edu
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www.apex.msu.edu
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-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
NEE
CO
2 (µm
ol m
-2 s
-1)
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
NEE
CO
2 (µm
ol m
-2 s
-1)
CONTROL RAISED LOWERED
Net Ecosystem Exchange
Ecosystem Respiration
Gross Primary Production
a ab
e
d
f
c
abc
d
a ababc
bc
ac
e
a
d
b
2005
2006
www.apex.msu.edu
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
CONTROL RAISED LOWERED
Net Ecosystem Exchange
Ecosystem Respiration
Gross Primary Production
a ab
e
d
f
c
abc
d
a ababc
bc
ac
e
ad
b
2005
2006
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www.apex.msu.edu
0
1
2
3
4
5
ER C
O2 (
µmol
m-2
s-1
)
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
GPP
CO
2 (µm
ol C
O2 m
-2 s
-1)
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
CONTROL RAISED LOWERED
Net Ecosystem Exchange
Ecosystem Respiration
Gross Primary Production
a ab
e
d
f
c
abc
d
a ababc
bc
ac
e
ad
b
2005
2006
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www.apex.msu.edu
0 500 1000 1500 2000 15
10
5
0
-5
-10
NEE (
mol m
-2 s
-1)
PAR (mol m-2 s-1)
Raised
Control
Lowered
Light response curves
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• ET & plant responses to water table treatments
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
-12-10-8-6-4-20
controllowered
raised y = -0.18x - 0.098; R2=0.50
Evap
otr
an
sp
irati
on
(mm
/h
r)
Gross Primary Productivity (µmol CO2 m2/ s)
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
-12-10-8-6-4-20
controllowered
raised y = -0.18x - 0.098; R2=0.50
Evap
otr
an
sp
irati
on
(mm
/h
r)
Gross Primary Productivity (µmol CO2 m2/ s)
www.apex.msu.edu
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mol C
H4 m
-2 m
in-1
012345678
Control Lowered Raised
c cdd
e
a
b
warming
Coupled carbon – water dynamics• CH4 flux sensitive to soil hydroclimate (Treat et al. in review)
Mean daily WT position (cm)
CH
4 fl
ux (
mg
m-2 d
-1)
-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10
0
100
200
300
400ControlLowered
Raised
no warming
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0 50 100 150 200 250100
150
200
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350
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450
250
An
nu
al org
an
ic m
att
er
sto
rag
e
(g o
rgan
ic m
att
er
m-2 y
r-1)
Time since permafrost degradation
Turetsky et al. 2006
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-0.2-0.2
0.00.0
0.20.2
0.40.4
0.60.6
0.80.8
1.01.0
3/203/20 4/94/9 4/294/29 5/195/19 6/86/8 6/286/28 7/187/18 8/78/7 8/278/27 9/169/16 10/610/6
Permafrost Plateau
Thermokarst Edges
ThermokarstWetlands
mm
ol C
Hm
mo
l CH
44 m m
-2-2 h
r h
r-1-1
Methane Fluxes, 2003Methane Fluxes, 2003
*Each point is the mean *Each point is the mean ± one standard deviation of one to five measurements. ± one standard deviation of one to five measurements. Measurements on 3/25 were made in 2004.Measurements on 3/25 were made in 2004. Wickland et al., 2006
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Flashier!
0.0
0.10.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.60.7
0.8
0.91.0
- 40- 35- 30- 25- 20- 15- 10- 50
0.0
0.10.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.7
0.8
0.91.0
0.0
0.10.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.7
0.8
0.91.0
- 40- 35- 30- 25- 20- 15- 10- 50
0.0
0.10.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.7
0.8
0.9
- 40- 35- 30- 25- 20- 15- 10- 50 - 40- 35- 30- 25- 20- 15- 10- 50
Sto
rag
e C
oeffi
cie
nt
Water table position (cm)
Pristine
Brown moss rich fen, AK
Sphagnum poor fen, QB
Drained
Wetland ecohydrology can be surprising
• Vegetation -> peat properties -> hydrology