Cross-Cultural Exchange in the Atlantic...
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Cross-Cultural Exchange in the Atlantic World This book argues that Angola and Brazil were connected, not separated, by the Atlantic Ocean. Roquinaldo Ferreira focuses on the cultural, reli- gious, and social impacts of the slave trade on Angola. Reconstructing biographies of Africans and merchants, he demonstrates how cross- cultural trade, identity formation, religious ties, and resistance to slav- ing were central to the formation of the Atlantic world. By adding to our knowledge of the slaving process, the book powerfully illustrates how Atlantic slaving transformed key African institutions, such as local regimes of forced labor that predated and coexisted with Atlantic slav- ing, and made them fundamental features of the Atlantic world’s social fabric. Roquinaldo Ferreira is associate professor in the history department at the University of Virginia and the Carter G. Woodson Institute for African-American and African Studies. www.cambridge.org © in this web service Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-86330-8 - Cross-Cultural Exchange in the Atlantic World: Angola and Brazil during the Era of the Slave Trade Roquinaldo Ferreira Frontmatter More information
Transcript of Cross-Cultural Exchange in the Atlantic...
Cross-Cultural Exchange in the Atlantic World
This book argues that Angola and Brazil were connected, not separated, by the Atlantic Ocean. Roquinaldo Ferreira focuses on the cultural, reli-gious, and social impacts of the slave trade on Angola. Reconstructing biographies of Africans and merchants, he demonstrates how cross-cultural trade, identity formation, religious ties, and resistance to slav-ing were central to the formation of the Atlantic world. By adding to our knowledge of the slaving process, the book powerfully illustrates how Atlantic slaving transformed key African institutions, such as local regimes of forced labor that predated and coexisted with Atlantic slav-ing, and made them fundamental features of the Atlantic world’s social fabric.
Roquinaldo Ferreira is associate professor in the history department at the University of Virginia and the Carter G. Woodson Institute for African-American and African Studies.
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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-86330-8 - Cross-Cultural Exchange in the Atlantic World: Angola and Brazil duringthe Era of the Slave TradeRoquinaldo FerreiraFrontmatterMore information
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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-86330-8 - Cross-Cultural Exchange in the Atlantic World: Angola and Brazil duringthe Era of the Slave TradeRoquinaldo FerreiraFrontmatterMore information
African Studies
The African Studies Series, founded in 1968, is a prestigious series of monographs, general surveys, and textbooks on Africa covering history, political science, anthropology, economics, and ecological and environmental issues. The series seeks to publish work by senior scholars as well as the best new research.
Editorial BoardDavid Anderson, University of Oxford
Catherine Boone, University of Texas at AustinCarolyn Brown, Rutgers University
Christopher Clapham, University of CambridgeMichael Gomez, New York University
Nancy J. Jacobs, Brown UniversityRichard Roberts, Stanford University
David Robinson, Michigan State UniversityLeonardo A. Villalón, University of Florida
A list of books in this series will be found at the end of this volume.
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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-86330-8 - Cross-Cultural Exchange in the Atlantic World: Angola and Brazil duringthe Era of the Slave TradeRoquinaldo FerreiraFrontmatterMore information
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Cross-Cultural Exchange in the Atlantic World
Angola and Brazil during the Era of the Slave Trade
RoquinAldo FERREiRAUniversity of Virginia
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cambridge university pressCambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town,
Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Mexico City
Cambridge University Press32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10013-2473, USA
www.cambridge.orgInformation on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521863308
© Roquinaldo Ferreira 2012
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2012
Printed in the United States of America
A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication dataFerreira, Roquinaldo Amaral
Cross-cultural exchange in the Atlantic world : Angola and Brazil during the era of the slave trade / Roquinaldo Ferreira.
p. cm. – (African studies ; 121)Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-521-86330-8 (hardback)1. Slave trade – Angola – History. 2. Slave trade – Brazil – History. 3. Angola –
Relations – Brazil. 4. Brazil – Relations – Angola. I. Title.HT1419.A5F47 2012
306.362082–dc23 2012001482
ISBN 978-0-521-86330-8 Hardback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
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vii
List of Figures and Maps page viii
Acknowledgments ix
Introduction 1
1. An Expedition to the Kingdom of Holo 20
2. Can Vassals be Enslaved? 52
3. Tribunal de Mucanos 88
4. Slavery and Society 126
5. Religion and Culture 166
6. Echoes of Brazil 203
Epilogue: Rebalancing Atlantic History 242
Index 249
Contents
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Figures
1.1. Luanda in the Early Eighteenth Century page 272.1. Quilengues in the Mid-Nineteenth Century 743.1. Luanda in 1755 924.1. Luanda in 1825 1295.1. Benguela Bay in 1825 1715.2. View of Casanje in the Nineteenth Century 1966.1. View of the City of Benguela in the Nineteenth Century 205
Maps
1. Volume and Direction of the Transatlantic Slave Trade xii2. Major Coastal Ports of the Slave Trade in Africa xiii3. The Interior of Angola 214. The Atlantic Basin 89
Figures and Maps
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ix
To conduct research for this book, I have crossed the Atlantic many times and owe a debt of gratitude to many people. First and foremost, field-work in Angola, a country struggling with the effects of a prolonged civil war during much of my archival research, would have proven impossi-ble without the support of numerous Angolan institutions and individ-uals. This meant logistical assistance, significant help locating catalogued and uncatalogued archival sources, and many insights on framing my research. It is impossible to convey entirely my gratitude to the people of Angola.
After spending two months in Luanda in early 1995, I conducted research there during the summers of 1998 and 1999. I returned to Luanda from September 2000 to April 2002 and visited again from December 2002 to August 2003. Since then I have traveled to Angola sev-eral times to present my work and conduct focused research (2006, 2007, and 2010). At the Arquivo Nacional de Angola (AHA), I wish to thank Domingos Mateus Neto, Fernando Miguel Gonçalo, Joana Bartolomeu Joaquim Candido, Elisa António Silva Júnior, Aurora Ferreira, Conceição Neto, and José Bernardino Sá. Without the diligent work of Mateus Neto, in particular, I would not have achieved my goals at the AHA. Special thanks are due to Rosa Cruz e Silva, then the director of the AHA and now the minister of culture of Angola.
In Luanda, I would also like to thank staff members of the Biblioteca Municipal de Luanda and religious authorities who allowed me to con-duct extensive research at the Arquivo do Bispado. I received signifi-cant support from the Brazilian Embassy, especially from Ambassador Alexandre Addor Neto. Américo Gonçalves and Hermínia Barbosa
Acknowledgments
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Acknowledgmentsx
hosted me in their homes several times and helped me negotiate life in Luanda. In Benguela, where I conducted research in 2001 and 2002, I would like to thank the judicial authorities in the Tribunal da Comarca de Benguela, as well as the local office of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).
My research in Portugal was equally extensive and productive due to the support of several individuals and institutions. I lived in Lisbon during extended stays in 2000 and 2002. I also worked in Portuguese archives in 1995 and in the summers of 1998 and 1999, returning for fur-ther research in 2004, 2005, and 2006. During these stays, Luis Frederico Dias Antunes hosted me several times and gave me important advice about Portuguese archives. At the Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino (AHU), I am extremely grateful to Jorge Fernandes Nascimento, Fernando José de Almeida, Mário Pires Miguel, Mário André Pires, and Octávio Félix Afonso. I am also indebted to staff members at the Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo, Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa, Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa, Arquivo Geral da Marinha, and Tribunal de Contas de Lisboa.
The research for this book was supported by the following institu-tions: the UCLA history department, the UCLA International Studies and Overseas Program, the UCLA Latin American Center, the UCLA James Coleman African Studies Center, the Brazilian Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPQ), the Tinker Foundation, and the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation in Portugal. The University of Virginia provided the funding that allowed me to under-take research trips to Portugal and Angola between 2005 and 2010. This book was largely conceptualized at Harvard University when I held residential fellowships at the W. E. B. Du Bois Institute for African and African American Research and at the David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies. I also benefited from a residential fellowship at Yale University’s Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition. I wrote the bulk of the book in France as a Fellow of the American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS) in 2008.
I am indebted to the following colleagues for their personal, intel-lectual, and professional support: Luiz Felipe de Alencastro, João Reis, Kenneth Maxwell, Joseph Miller, Jelmer Vos, Flávio Gomes, David Eltis, Mariza Soares, Claudrena Harold, Reginald Butler, Maria de Fátima Silva Gouvêa, Aline Helg, Vincent Brown, Gilson Reis, Scot French, Josemar Henrique de Melo, Edval de Souza Barros, Jane Landers, Rafael Chambouleyron, Mariana Candido, Lucilene Reginaldo, Helen Osório,
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Acknowledgments xi
Daniel Domingues da Silva, and Marcelo Bittencourt. I am particularly grateful to Edward Alpers, who trained me as an Africanist at UCLA. I worked as a research assistant for the Transatlantic Slave Trade: An Enlarged Dataset, further developing my understanding of the Angolan slave trade within a comparative framework. The following scholars gave me commentaries and insights on sections or the entirety of the book: João Reis, Joseph Miller, Toby Green, Mary Hicks, Herbert Klein, Jessica Krug, Herman Bennett, Anne Daniels, James Sweet, and Walter Hawthorne. Susan Perdue and Barbara Nordin provided superb editorial assistance in Charlottesville. This work would not have been possible without the love and support of my wife, Julie Thompson, and our son, Alex Thompson Ferreira.
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xiii
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