Cross-cultural analysis of vibrato: A case study comparing erhu and violin … · 2021. 8. 14. ·...
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Cross-cultural analysis of vibrato:A case study comparing erhu and violin playing
styles
Luwei Yang, Elaine Chew and Khalid Z. [email protected]
Centre for Digital MusicQueen Mary University of London
June 2014
Luwei Yang Centre for Digital Music
Agenda
1. Introduction
2. Motivations
3. Dataset
4. Methodology
5. Results
6. Discussions
7. Conclusions
Luwei Yang Centre for Digital Music
Introduction
I A cross-cultural comparative analysis of Chinese and Westernmusical performance style
I We focus on vibrato
I We choose erhu and violin as a case study
Luwei Yang Centre for Digital Music
Motivations
We expect the vibrato characteristics will help reveal thedifferences in musical genre and instrumental styles:
I What are the vibrato characteristics of erhu players?
I What are the characteristics of violin players performingChinese music?
I Is there any difference between the ways erhu players andviolinists play vibratos when performing the same piece ofmusic?
I Is there any difference within each instrumental group?
Luwei Yang Centre for Digital Music
Erhu vs. Violin
Erhu
I Two strings
I Use both sides of bow hair
I Called ”Chinese Violin”
I Symbol of Chinese culture
Violin
I Four strings
I One bow with one side
I King of the orchestra
I Symbol of Western culture
Luwei Yang Centre for Digital Music
Dataset-Performers
We collected 12 performances for the Chinese pieceThe Moon Reflected on the Second Spring
I Erhu(6): all from CD recordings
I Violin(6): three from CD recordings, one from C4DM WesternViolin player, two from violin player’s website.
Erhu Violin
# Performer Nationality # Performer Nationality
1 Guotong Wang China 7 Laurel Pardue U.S.A
2 Jiangqin Huang China 8 Lina Yu China
3 Wei Zhou China 9 Baodi Tang China
4 Jiemin Yan China 10 Nishizaki Takako Japan
5 Huifen Min China 11 Yanling Zhang China
6 Changyao Zhu China 12 Yangkai Ou China
Luwei Yang Centre for Digital Music
Dataset-Scores
Figure: Chinese Notation
Figure: Western Notation
Play whole phrase: Erhu ViolinPlay Vibrato: Erhu Violin Both
Luwei Yang Centre for Digital Music
Dataset-Notes
Notes selection criteria:
I No open string note
I The note should be of relatively long duration
I The note should be of high amplitude
Totally:
I We have 218 notes
I 204 notes have vibrato
Luwei Yang Centre for Digital Music
Methodology
Vibrato parameters
I Vibrato rate
I Vibrato extent
I Vibrato sinusoid similarity
Luwei Yang Centre for Digital Music
Methodology
Using Praat software to obtain fundamentalfrequency(f0)[Boersma2001].
Luwei Yang Centre for Digital Music
Methodology
Get the vibrato rate and extent from f0
Luwei Yang Centre for Digital Music
MethodologyVibrato sinusoid similarity
Luwei Yang Centre for Digital Music
ResultsErhu vs. ViolinVibrato Rate
I Violin has faster vibrato rate than erhu
I Violin vibratos also have wider range than erhu
I Violin performers demonstrate more variability in vibrato rate
5.8
6
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7
7.2
7.4
erhu violin
Erhu and Violin Mean Vibrato Rate
Vib
rato
Rat
e(H
z)
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8
6
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
erhu violin
Erhu and Violin Min Vibrato Rate
Vib
rato
Rat
e(H
z)
6.6
6.8
7
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8
8
8.2
erhu violin
Erhu and Violin Max Vibrato Rate
Vib
rato
Rat
e(H
z)
Luwei Yang Centre for Digital Music
Results
Erhu vs. ViolinVibrato Rate
5
5.5
6
6.5
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7.5
8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Performer
Mean Vibrato Rate
Vib
rato
Rat
e(H
z)
Luwei Yang Centre for Digital Music
ResultsErhu vs. ViolinVibrato Extent
I Erhu performers tend to play vibratos with larger extents thanviolin peformers
I Erhu has wider vibrato extent ranges than violin for all extentvalues.
I The vibrato extent varies more widely among erhu performers.
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
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0.6
0.7
erhu violin
Erhu and Violin Mean Vibrato Extent
Vib
rato
Ext
ent(
Sem
ito
ne)
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
erhu violin
Erhu and Violin Min Vibrato Extent
Vib
rato
Ext
ent(
Sem
ito
ne)
0.2
0.3
0.4
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0.9
erhu violin
Erhu and Violin Max Vibrato Extent
Vib
rato
Ext
ent(
Sem
ito
ne)
Luwei Yang Centre for Digital Music
Results
Erhu vs. ViolinVibrato Extent
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Performer
Mean Vibrato Extent
Vib
rato
Ext
ent(
Sem
ito
ne)
Luwei Yang Centre for Digital Music
ResultsErhu vs. ViolinVibrato Sinusoid Similarity
I The vibrato shape of erhu performers is much more similar toa sinusoid than that of violinists.
I No relationship between sinusoid similarity and otherparameters has been found after doing the Pearson correlationanalysis.
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
erhu violin
Erhu and Violin Vibrato Sinusoid Similarity
Sin
uso
id S
imila
rity
Luwei Yang Centre for Digital Music
Results
Erhu vs. ViolinVibrato Sinusoid Similarity
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Performer
Vibrato Sinusoid Similarity
Sin
uso
id S
imila
rity
Luwei Yang Centre for Digital Music
Discussions
I Vibrato performance styles are more dependent on musicalinstrument than musical genre.
I The violin players’ vibrato rates and extents were consistentwith these reported in the literature for Western music,although the music is traditional Chinese.
I i.e. Performers did not adapt to Chinese music style.
I The background of the violin players may not exert a largerinfluence on the vibrato style.
I The U.S. and Japanese violinists each showed the same vibratocharacteristics as the Chinese violinists.
Luwei Yang Centre for Digital Music
Discussions
I The significant differences in vibrato extent may result fromthe left hand movements.
I For violin, the lower left arm of the player angles up to thefinger board and the vibrato movements are lateral along thehorizontal finger board.
I For erhu, the lower left arm of the player is more or lesshorizontal , and the vibrato movements are up and down alongthe vertical strings. It may allow larger vibrato movements.
I Demo
Luwei Yang Centre for Digital Music
Discussions
I The absence of a fingerboard may give erhu performers moreflexibility to create wide vibratos.
I When a violin player presses the string, the string touches thefingerboard.
I However, when an erhu player presses the string, nothing elseis touched.
Luwei Yang Centre for Digital Music
Conclusions
I The most dominant factors affecting the differences in vibratostyle in erhu and violin playing maybe:
I The physical form of the instrument.I And how it is played.
I Within each instrument group, individual players also haveindividual characteristics.
Luwei Yang Centre for Digital Music
Thank you
I Luwei Yang, Elaine Chew and Khalid Z. Rajab,Cross-culturalcomparisons of expressivity in recorded erhu and violin music:Performer vibrato styles, In proc. of the 3rd InternationalWorkshop on Folk Music Analysis(FMA), 2014.
I Luwei Yang, Elaine Chew and Khalid Z. Rajab,Vibratoperformance style: A case study comparing erhu and violin, InProc. of the 10th International Conference on ComputerMusic Multidisciplinary Research(CMMR), 2013.
Luwei Yang Centre for Digital Music