Cross-border Extended Collective Licensing: A Solution to Online Dissemination of Europe’s...
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Cross-border Extended Collective Licensing – a solution to online dissemination ofEurope’s audiovisual heritage?
EUscreen International Conference on Use and Creativity
15 September 2011
PhD candidate in intellectual property law, Johan Axhamn, Faculty of Law, Stockholm University
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Outline
• Content stored in TV audiovisual archives
• Nordic Extended Collective Licensing Model
• Example: Extended Collective License Agreement between the Danish Broadcasting Corporation and several Danish Collective Management Organisations
• Cross-border issues?
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Content stored in audiovisual archives
• Depending on the type of content, it may be protected by copyright
– Authors’ rights• Scriptwriters, photographers, directors…
– Performers’ rights• Actors, singers, musicians, artists…
– Sound- and filmproducers’ rights
– Broadcasters’ rights
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Digitization and online dissemination
• Digitization = reproduction
• Online dissemination = communication to the public / making available on demand
• Term of protection– Literary and artistic works: 70 years p.m.a– Performers and producers: 50 years from fixation (i.e. recording)– Broadcasters: 50 years after the first transmission of a broadcast
• “In copyright” = permission / prior consent from the rightholder
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i. verifying copyright status of the item, taking into account several layers of rights
i. identifying and locating right holders of protected items
– Who is the rightholder?
ii. contacting right holders and obtaining permission
iii. negotiating the extent and conditions of use
iv. documentation of the steps above 5
CLEARING RIGHTS FOR DIGITIZATION AND ONLINE
DISSEMINATION OF CONTENT STORED IN
AUDIOVISIAL ARCHIVES (I)
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CHARACTERISTICS OF DIGITIZATION AND ONLINE
DISSEMINATION OF CONTENT STORED IN
AUDIOVISUAL ARCHIVES (II)
• Many copyright protected items• Many right holders• Mass-use: Many items are to be digitised and
disseminated online (in a relatively short period of time).• Many works are orphan, i.e. it is difficult to identify and/or
locate the right holder
• In sum: very high transaction costs and therefore unsuitable for individual rights management
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IS (ORDINARY) COLLECTIVE RIGHTS MANAGEMENT
A SOLUTION?
• (Ordinary) collective management works well as long as all right holders are represented directly or indirectly by a Collective Management Organisation– Outsiders?
• Unrepresented authors, performers etc.• Orphan works
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ALTERNATIVES OR SUPPLEMENTS TO ORDINARY
COLLECTIVE RIGHTS MANAGEMENT TO SOLVE THE
PROBLEM WITH OUTSIDERS’ RIGHTS
• Indemnity agreements
• Compulsory license (managed collectively)
• Extended collective licensing (ECL)
• ...
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EXTENDED COLLECTIVE LICENSING (I)
• A representative Collective Management Organisation and a user conclude an agreement on the basis of free negotiations– The CMO has to be representative in its field
• The agreement is made legally binding on outsiders– “extended effect”
• The user may legally use all materials within the specific field without having to meet individual claims by outsiders or criminal sanctions– “true extended effect”
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EXTENDED COLLECTIVE LICENSING (II)
• Outsiders have a right to individual remuneration
• Outsiders have a right to prohibit use of their works– “Opt out”
• Presupposes excellent structure and culture of collective management
– e.g. high representativity… transparency... good
governance…
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Extended Collective License Agreement between the Danish Broadcasting Corporation and several Danish Collective Management Organisations
• Digitization and online dissemination of content in the Danish Broadcasting Corporation’s archive– “Danish Broadcasting Corporation’s own productions”
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By a Letter of Attorney the umbrella
organisation Copydan has the power to
represent 26 Danish Collective Management
Organisations (and their members)
• Animationssammenslutningen
• Biledkunsternes Forbund
• Dansk Artist Forbund
• Dansk Filmfotograf Forbund
• Danske Filminstruktorer
• Dansk Forfattereforening
• Den Danske Forlaeggerforening
• Dansk Metal
• Dansk Musiker Forbund
• …
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The Danish Broadcasting Corporation’s archive
• 473 000 hours of radio broadcasts
• 68 803 hours of television broadcasts
• 28 400 hours of made-for-tv-movies
• Online dissemination ”on demand” not covered by previous agreements
• Enormous transction costs related to clearing rights on an individual basis
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Scope of ECL agreement
• Making available online on demand
• Streaming – not permanent download
• Content broadcast prior to 1 January 2007– 6 year hold-back– 10 year hold-back for dramatic works
• Subordinate to other agreements that Danish Broadcasting Corporation may have concluded
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THE CROSS-BORDER (MULTI-TERRITORY) PROBLEM
• Copyright is territorial, i.e. permission to use (license) has to be cleared with right holders in every country (territory) where use occurs– Principle of lex loci protectionis
• It appears that the act of communication to the public (online dissemination) of a copyright protected work takes place in all the territories where the communication can be received.– i.e. a country of reception principle
• Traditionally, national CMOs have issued licenses only for their own territory– Multi-repertoire and mono-territory licenses
– The ECL model is based on the territoriality of copyright15
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POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO THE MULTI-
REPERTOIRE MULTI-TERRITORY PROBLEM
• Ask of the cultural institutions to clear the rights with CMOs in every country of exploitation (i.e. destination)
• Introduce a country of transmission principle
• Promote multi-territory licensing
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Conclusions
• The ECL model is feasible in fields of use characterised by mass-use
•The ECL model presupposes existence of excellent CMO structure and culture
•Solution to the cross-border issue: most possibly a legislative EU intervention
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Research carried out as part of a
EuropeanaConnect study on a licensing
framework for Europeana
• 15 November 2010 – 15 May 2011
• Visiting researcher at the Institute for Information Law (IViR) at the University of Amsterdam
• Study: Cross-border extended collective licensing: a solution to online dissemination of Europe’s cultural heritage?
– http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/guibault/ECL_Europeana_final_report092011.pdf
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Contact information
Johan Axhamn
Faculty of Law, Stockholm University
johan.axhamn(a)juridicum.su.se
Direct: +46 8 16 17 23