Nutrient Composition, Use and Limitations of Commonly Available Feedstuffs.
Crops and Feedstuffs - FarmSmart · Promising New Enzymes Exciting research by Ming Fan and others...
Transcript of Crops and Feedstuffs - FarmSmart · Promising New Enzymes Exciting research by Ming Fan and others...
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Feedstuffs Outlook Farm Smart-Jan.24, 2015
Ron Lackey
Feed Ingredients & Byproducts
Feeding Specialist
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Things to Consider Going
Forward…
The current world population sits at around 7.2
billion
The population is projected to increase by 1
billion over the next 12 years.
By 2050 the population is estimated to reach 9.6
billion!
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It has been suggested that…
The global demand for meat is forecast to
increase by more than 55% by 2020.
This can be viewed as an opportunity as well as a
challenge
“Increased grain for food and feed has to be
generated from increased yields because there is
limited opportunity to increase cultivated land
area without adverse environmental impacts.”
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Bio-economy is Creating More
Competition for Traditional Feed
Ingredients or Commodities
That Contain:
• Starch
• Sugar
• Fat
• Oils
• Cellulose (fibre)
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$100
$125
$150
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$200
$225
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$275
$300
$325
- -
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Data Source: Daily Ontario Commodity Report
Corn vs. DDGS (C$/tonne)
Avg of Huron FOB Farm & Western Ont Feed Corn FOB Chatham, Sarnia, Aylmer Avg. DDGS Prices
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$100
$150
$200
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$300
$350
$400
$200
$300
$400
$500
$600
$700
$800
- -
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Data Source: Daily Ontario Commodity Report
Soybean Meal vs. DDGS (C$/tonne)
Soybean Meal (Hamilton + $20) (left) FOB Chatham, Sarnia, Aylmer Avg. DDGS Prices
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Extracting Oil from Distillers
An example of competitive use
The majority of ethanol producers in North America are reported to be extracting some quantity of oil from distillers grains.
Normal fat level of DDGS is approximately 11.5 -12%
Using fractionalization –reduces DDGS to 3-5% fat referred to as “low fat or low oil”
Using centrifuging-reduces oil content to 7-9% “reduced fat or oil”
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Lower Oil in DDGS
Implications for Feed Industry
A lowered feeding value –particularly for monogastrics.
Lower prices – transparent
Most Ontario DDGS has 10.5% oil content.
As a livestock/feed producer need to know what product they are purchasing.
On going research to evaluate feed value for various species.
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Strategies to Deal With Tighter
Feed Supplies
#1 - Grow more/better feed per acre.
#2 - Manage traditional ingredients to maximize
their feed value and optimize animal performance.
#3 - Take advantage of by-products, off spec., feed
grade feed ingredients- when available and cost
effective.
#4 - Produce/make use of new feed ingredients.
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#2 - Managing Feed Ingredients…..
Greater use of Feed Additives
R&D and use of feed additives to extract more of
the nutrients from feed ingredients as well as
enhancing gut health and rumen function will
continue to expand.
E.g.- enzymes, yeasts and plant extracts,
probiotics, prebiotics
Potential new developments-Avian Polyclonal
Antibodies for beef cattle (vaccination)
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#2 - Managing Feed Ingredients….
Focus on Fibre
There is presently and will continue to be a interest
in the fibre content of feed with the view to
improving it’s digestibility for monogastrics as well
as defining optimum levels as an effective fibre
source in ruminant diets for optimum ruminant
function.
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Potential Energy Supplied to Pigs by Various Dietary Constituents
Constituent Crude Protein Crude Fat Starch Dietary
Sugars Fiber
kcal/g.
Gross energy 5.40 9.27 4.18 3.99 4.45
Digestible energy 5.38 7.60 4.37 3.85 0.12
Metabolizable energy 4.71 7.70 4.35 3.80 0.12
Net energy 2.82 6.91 3.54 2.75 -0.21
Source: Noblet and van Milgen, 2004
CAN WE CAPTURE\UTLILIZE
MORE ENERGY FROM FIBRE?
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Grain Processing and Exogenous Amylases
for Feedlot Cattle (DiLorenzo et al., 2011)
Diets1 P-value2
Item DRC DRC+En
z
SFC SFC+En
z
Proc Enzyme
Digestibility, %
OM¥ 80.0 78.7 79.4 83.0 ns ns
Starch¥ 94.2 91.5 97.3 98.7 <0.001 ns
NDF 59.2 62.0 41.0 46.1 <0.001 ns
1diets contained 72% corn, DM basis ¥processing X enzyme interactions, P < 0.10.
Enzyme was Ronozyme RumiStar (DSM Nutr. Prod) added to provide 600 units/kg DM.
DiLorenzo et al. 2011. Livestock Sci 137:178-184
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Grain Processing and Exogenous
Amylases for Dairy Cows (Weiss et al.,
2011)
Low Starch(26%)1 High Starch(31%)1 P-value2
DRC DRC+En
z
SFC SFC+En
z
Proc Enzyme
Total tract digestibility, %
OM 63.2 63.8 64.9 64.9 <0.05 ns
Starch 88.4 88.1 86.9 87.8 ns ns
NDF 49.2 51.2 50.1 50.7 ns 0.07
8 cows, Latin square design
1LS diet: 40% corn silage + 15% coarse-grind corn grain; HS diet: 30% corn silage + 26%
coarse-grind corn grain 2Starch X enzyme interactions, P > 0.10
Enzyme was amylase Ronozyme RumiStar (DSM Nutr. Prod) added at 300 units/kg DM.
Weiss et al. 2011. JDS 94:2492-2499
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Promising New Enzymes
Exciting research by Ming Fan and others at the U
of G.
Identification and isolation of novel alkaline
phosphatase – an important enzyme for gut
health of weanling pigs – antibiotic replacement.
Cellulase enzyme isolated from hindgut of pig
Beneficial in fibre digestion in pigs, as well has
potential to be used in ethanol from cellulose.
Looking for company to further develop and
commercialize –a business opportunity!
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Managing Feed Ingredients….
Real Time Feed Analysis
Variability in nutrient content in traditional and especially by-products is an ongoing challenge.
The use of technology for more precise/timely ingredient management needs to become more commonplace.
An example is real time feed analysis-using on farm NIRA.
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Managing Feed Ingredients…..
Field Testing NIRA
NIRA “on farm” technology is being advanced/promoted by a group in Alberta.
ACIDF & Alberta Gov’t. provided funding to cover 50% of the cost of NIR technology (max.$20,000)
Approx. 24 units purchased, a NIR focus group formed, sharing info to make technology more useful and feasible.
Project led by Dr. Mary Lou Swift at University of Alberta
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HarvestLab is an NIR moisture sensor and constituent
sensor used both in the field on a Self Propelled Forage
Harvester and in the office as a stand-alone unit.
Moisture Calibrations
HarvestLab measures moisture/dry matter for the following
crops:
• Corn
• Alfalfa
• Grass
• Whole crop
Constituent Sensing Calibrations
Additional constituent sensing calibrations are available to
measure constituents for the following crops:
• Corn (fresh and ensiled). Measure ADF, NDF, Protein,
Starch
Coming soon
• Alfalfa (fresh and ensiled). Measure ADF, NDF, Protein,
Sugar
HarvestLab: Overview
HarvestLab
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Timeline for
development Mitigation practice for the dairy industry
Expected
reduction in
methane
Immediate
Feeding oils and oilseeds 5 - 20%
Higher grain diets 5 - 10%
Using legumes rather than grasses 5 - 15%
Using corn silage or small grain silage rather than grass silage or grass hay 5 - 10%
Ionophores 5 - 10%
Herd management to reduce animal numbers 5 - 20%
Best management practices that increase milk production per cow 5 - 20%
5 years
Rumen modifiers (yeast, enzymes, directly fed microbials) 5 - 15%
Plant extracts (tannins, saponins, oils) 5 - 20%
Animal selection for increased feed conversion efficiency 10 - 20%
10 years Vaccines 10 - 20%
Strategies that alter rumen microbial populations 30 - 60%
Methods of reducing methane emissions from
dairy cows and expected timeline
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New Feed Ingredients……
Aqua plants - Algae
- Duckweed
Larvae - Good Nutrient Content
- Regulatory Hurdles?
Biomass Crops - Re Purposed
- Tropical Maize
- Switch Grass
- Miscanthus
- Sweet Millet
-Sweet Sorghum
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Larvae as Feed Ingredient
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The Milinator!
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Feedstuff Selection Decisions in the
Future
“While overall feed costs and animal
performance/product quality may be priorities for
feed ingredient selection, the list of other things
that need to be factored in will continue to grow.”
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For more information..
Ron Lackey
Feed Ingredients & By-Products Feeding Specialist
Stratford Resource Centre
Ontario Ministry of Agriculture ,Food
and Rural Affairs
Phone: (519)271-7407
Fax: (519)273-5278
e-mail: [email protected]
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Forage
Peter Johnson
Provincial Cereal Specialist
OMAFRA
OPPORTUNITIES!
@WheatPete
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Ron
Peter
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Elora July 16 2014
27
No S No S
No S + S
+ S + S
3890 kg/ha 2730 kg/ha
Ball, 2014
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28
Mitchell 2014
K2SO4 8700 kg/ha KCL 5600 kg/ha
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Sulphur! Crop S lb/ac Source
Canola 20 NH4SO4, ATS
Alfalfa 50? K2SO4, Elemental
Wheat 10 NH4SO4, ATS
Clover ? Elemental?
Corn ? NH4SO4, ATS
Soybean 0 None
2015 suggestions, accurate
sulphur soil test not yet available.
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CORN
• HUGE silage yields
• Two Crops?
• Mother’s Day
• End May…
• 4 Days <4ºC
• 161 bu/ac (2nd)
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Low Test Weight Corn
Morris, 1993
A, B: Corn, Kent County
C: Huron slow dried (no carmelization)
D: Huron carmelized
Diet A B C D
Corn Test Weight
(lbs/bu) 54 52 48 48
Average daily gain
(kg) 0.93 0.97 1.04 1.05
Average daily feed
intake (kg) 2.92 2.77 2.90 3.13
Feed: Gain Ratio 3.22 2.84 2.79 2.99
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Low Test Weight Corn
Diet A B C D E F
Corn Origin/
Hybrid
Ontario
Control
(1991)
Indiana
Control
(1992)
Ontario
Funks
4021
Ontario
Pioneer
3787
Ontario
Pioneer
3790
Ontario
Funks
4023
Test Weight
(lbs/bu) 57.4 58.7 50.6 43.7 43.6 45.7
Average daily
gain (kg) 0.55 0.57 0.59 0.60 0.48 0.51
Average daily
feed intake (kg) 1.32 1.22 1.38 1.41 1.24 1.23
Feed: Gain
Ratio 2.4 2.14 2.34 2.35 2.58 2.41
Patterson, Tuitoek and Young, 1993
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2014 Cereals 680,000 winter wheat 78 bu/ac (93%)
Spring wheat LATE planted 115%
Fusarium, falling number
Barley, oat 105%
600,000 winter wheat planted 2015
STRAW!!!
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Crops 2015??
• Tough fall: winter wheat 600,000 ac
• Corn acres down?
• Soybean acres up?
• Spring Cereals - up west, down east?
• Forages ? (lots of fall harvest)
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Which one of these things
is NOT like the others??
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Other Forage
Options?
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After Corn…
Rye
Triticale
Winter barley
Winter wheat
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Johnson, McClure 6 sites 2013/2014
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Johnson, McClure 6 sites 2013/2014
Relative Feed Value
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Johnson, McClure 6 sites 2013/2014
Crude Protein
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Johnson, McClure 6 sites 2013/2014
Beef !! (lbs/ac)
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Johnson, McClure 6 sites 2013/2014
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Johnson, McClure 6 sites 2013/2014
Potash Removal (lbs/ac)
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Johnson, McClure 6 sites 2013/2014
Revenue! (8¢/lb DM)
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After Cereals…
Red Clover
Oats
Oats/Peas
Barley
Sorghum/Sudan grass?
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Seeding Rate
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Nitrogen
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Nitrogen (opt seed)
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Dairy Impact!
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Milk!
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Beef Impact!!
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% K (Potash)
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Cover Crops?
% K
Yield
t/ac
K2O
lb/ac
Oat 2.45 4786 141
Oat/pea 2.78 4818 161
Barley 2.39 4145 119
Johnson 2012
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Concerns?
Nitrates
Moisture at harvest
Potash
Forage value
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