CROP SPECIFIC TECHNICAL GUIDELINES FOR INTEGRATED PRODUCTION OF GRAPES … · 2019-09-30 · Crop...

CropspecifictechnicalguidelinesforIntegratedProductionofgrapes 4thedition2016

IOBC–WPRS

CROPSPECIFICTECHNICALGUIDELINESFORINTEGRATEDPRODUCTIONOF

GRAPES(forwineandtablegrapes)2016,4thedition

Editedby:CarloMalavolta&AgnesCalonnec

WiththesupportoftheIOBC-WPRSWorkingGroups,specificallytheWorkingGroupon“Integratedprotectioninviticulture”.


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Notetothereader:• ThisguidelineisthecropspecificationoftheIPGeneralTechnicalGuidelinesonAnnualandPerennialCrops.Thesedocumentsbelongtogetherand

havetobereadtogether.• Theseguidelinesaremeantasinspirationforadvancedintegratedproduction.AnyorganisationthatwantstodesignandoperateanIntegrated

productionschemecanfollowtheseguidelines.GuidelinesdraftedbynationalorregionalorganisationsarereferredtointhetextasRegionalorNationalIPguidelines.

Twolevelsaredistinguished:• TheStrictrules,thosearetheminimumrequirementsthat,accordingtotheIOBC,havetobemettoensurethatthepotentialoftheIPapproachcanbe

realised.• TheRecommendationsarethepreferredoptionsforahigherlevelofIPapplicationconstitutingextracarefortheIPobjectives.Theseapproachesmay

leadtomereeffortsorhighercosts.


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Theme(chapterGENERALTECHNICALGUIDELINES)

STRICTRULES RECOMMENDATIONS

1.GENERALASPECTS InIntegratedproductiongoodagriculturalpracticesmustbeapplied,productsmustbetraceabletotheproducerandself-evaluationpracticed.SeeGENERALTECHNICALGUIDELINES

1.1GoodAgriculturalPractice(GAP),foodsafetymanagementproceduresandIntegratedProductionStandard

SeeGENERALTECHNICALGUIDELINES

1.2Traceabilityaspectsoutofgeneralaspects


1.3Selfevaluation SeeGENERALTECHNICALGUIDELINES 2.BIODIVERSITYANDLANDSCAPE

Biodiversityisoneofthemajornaturalresourcesofthefarmtominimisepesticideinput.IPguidelinesthereforemustspecifyastrategytoactivelyoptimisethebiologicaldiversityatall3levels(genetic,species,ecosystem).SeeGENERALTECHNICALGUIDELINES

2.1Ecologicalinfrastructure(ecologicalcompensationareas)

SeeGENERALTECHNICALGUIDELINES Itisrecommendedtoincreasefunctionalbiodiversitywithinthevineyard(e.g.bypracticinganalternatingmowingregimewithapermanentsupplyoffloweringplantsasfoodsourcesforbeneficials.• Plantsspeciesthatformthevegetationcovershouldbe

naturallyoccurringorbeselected/plantedduetoitsfavorablecharacteristics.

• IPguidelinesshouldprovidealistofpreferredspecies.2.2Listofoptions • IPguidelinesmustprovidealistofatleast5ecological

optionsfortheactiveenhancementofbiologicaldiversity.Examples:(i)borderareasandslopesofterracedplotsrichinplantspecies,(ii)stonewalls,(iii)provisionofwildlifehabitats;plantssupportingtheaugmentationofpopulationsofpredatorsandparasitoidsofgrapepests.


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• Atleast2appropriateoptionshavetobeselectedas"must"bytheindividualfarmer.ExamplesoflistsofoptionsaregivenintheToolBoxoftheIOBC(seewebsite).

2.3Fieldsize SeeGENERALTECHNICALGUIDELINES 2.4Bufferzones SeeGENERALTECHNICALGUIDELINES 3.SITESELECTION Suitabilityofthesitehastobeassessedandtakenintoaccount.

SeeGENERALTECHNICALGUIDELINES • Siteswithafavorableaspectandappropriatesoilsmustbe

selected,avoidingthesituationsinwhichacontinuoussupplyofinputswillbenecessary.Forinstance,frostpockets(areaswithhighriskforfrostandpoordrainagesituations)mustbeavoided.

4.CROPROTATION/SEQUENCE

Croprotation/sequenceisamajormethodtoimprovesoilqualityandtopreventpests,diseasesandweeds.SeeGENERALTECHNICALGUIDELINES

4.1Annualcrops Notapplicable 4.2Perennialcrops:Cropsequenceandinter/covercrops

• UprootingofplantsaffectedbyFlavescenceDoréeorrootrotisrequired.The“devitalisation”oftheplantisnotenough(Experienceindicatesthatlatentbudsdevelopbranchesafter“devitalisation”whichinsummer-autumncandevelopsymptomsasthephytoplasmaisalwaysactiveinthephloemofthetrunk).

• The"devitalisation"beforeremovalofvirusinfestedvines(fanleaforphytoplasma)isrecommendedinareaswhereapplicable.

• Afallowishighlyrecommended,ifpossiblewithfloweringcoverplants.Incaseofinfectionsbyrootrotagents(e.g.Armillariaspp.)inthepreviouscrop,thispracticeiscrucial.

• Controlofhostplantsof“boisnoir”vectorsmustbelimitedtotheperiodwherenoadultvectorsareactiveinordertopreventvectordispersiontograpes.

• Foragentsofrootrotadeeptillageshouldberecommendedinordertobringtothesurfaceandeliminatethepossibleresiduesoftheroots.Theuseofantagonists,suchasTrichodermacanbeproposedtoallowthereductionoftheinoculum.

• TheuseofwoodstakessuchaschestnutorRobiniapseudoacaciashouldbeavoided,astheycouldconstituteainoculumsourceoraconservationsubstrateforArmillariarootrot.


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4.3(inter)covercrops • Covercropsinthealleywaysmustbeusedwhereverpossibletocontributetomaintenanceofsoilphysicalproperties(5.1),soilfertility(7)andtoenhancebiodiversity(see2).Theyalsocancontributetopreventiveandcurativecropprotection,see9.

5.SUSTAINABLESOILMANAGEMENT

Sustainablesoilmanagementaimsatpreservingandoptimisingintrinsicsoilpropertiesinordertosustainqualityproductiononthelongterm.SeeGENERALTECHNICALGUIDELINES

5.1Soiltillageandcompaction

SeeGENERALTECHNICALGUIDELINES • Soilmanagementshouldbeaimingatlowlevelsofdisturbanceofsoilstratificationandcreationofhardlayers(pans)byusingminimumsoiltillageornon-inversiontillage.

• Timingoftillagecanbeusedtooptimizenitrogenmanagement.ThiscanalsocontributetopreventBotrytisoutbreaksinthelateseason.

5.2Soilprotection Soilsneedtobeprotectedfordegradationanderosionbyappropriatesoiltillageandsoilcoverstrategiesmaintainingthelongestpossiblesoilprotectionbycropornon-cropcoverSoilprotectionshouldbesustainableunderthelocalconditionsandoptimisedlocally.• Overallbaresoilmanagementofvineyardsthroughoutthe

yearisnotpermitted.Baresoilmanagementispermittedinspringandsummertoavoidcompetitionforwaterandnutrients.Exceptionyoungvineyards(firstthreeyears).

• Greencovercanbeuseddependingonlocalconditions.Avegetationcover(spontaneousormanaged)inatleastthealleywaysismandatoryduringthewintertime.

• Regionalornationalguidelinesmustspecifyamaximumwidthfortheweedfreestripand/orpercentageofthesoilsurfacewhichmaybeweed-free.Theproceduresforpracticalimplementationmustbedefinedintheregionalguidelinesaccordingtoclimate,soiltype,cultivarsandprecipitation.

• Inareaswithsufficientprecipitation(e.g.>500mmduringthegrowthseason)andsuitablesoiltypethemaintenanceofapermanentortemporarygreencoverduringthegrowthseasonishighlyrecommendedtoavoidsoilcompaction,promotewaterinfiltrationandincreasebiodiversity.

• Itsrecommendedthatincaseofnecessarycontrolofweeds,herbicidesshouldbereplacedbymechanicalcultivation,orbyusingamulchsoilcoverwithorganicmaterialsorbypartialortotalgreencover.Mulchtypeandsanitaryqualityshouldbecarefullyselectedsinceitcouldfavourcertainpest(voles).

• Itisrecommendedthatuseofselectivebroad-leafweedherbicidesinthealleywaysisavoided.

• TheuseofLeguminosaeascovercropstoimprovesoilstructure,weedcontrolandsoilfertilityisrecommended,LeguminouscropsfixNfromtheairandcancontributethustotheNsupply.


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• Herbicidescanbeusedonlytosupplementmechanicalandphysicalweedcontrolmethods,asinrowapplication.

• Herbicidescannotbeusedtoachieveoverallbaresoil.Theycanonlybeusedlocallyduringspringandsummerwhenphysicalormechanicalcontrol(preferredoption)isnotappropriate.

• Alleywaysshouldbeofgrassand/orherbsandofadequatewidthtoeasilyaccommodatethetractorwheels.

5.3Organicmatter SeeGENERALTECHNICALGUIDELINES 5.4Soildisinfection • Chemicalfumigation/disinfectionisnotallowed. • See4.2.6.CULTIVARS,ROOTSTOCKS/CULTIVATIONSYSTEMS

Healthyandvitalseeds,rootstockand/orplantmaterialisimportantforahealthyandresilientcrop.UsingresistantandtolerantcultivarsandvarietiesforthemajorpestsanddiseasesisanessentialelementoftheIPapproach.SeeGENERALTECHNICALGUIDELINES

6.1Choiceofcultivars • Thecultivar/rootstockchosenmustoffergoodprospectsforeconomicsuccesswithminimaluseofagrochemicals.

• IPguidelinesmustprovidealistoftherelativesusceptibilitiesofthecommonlygrowncultivars/rootstockofpomefruitstoallimportantpestsanddiseases.

• Cultivarsandrootstocksresistantortoleranttopests,physiologicaldisorders,fungaldiseases,viruses,phytoplasmasarepreferred.

6.2SeedandPlantqualityandhealthstatus

• Ifavailable,plantingmaterialshouldbesoundandcertifiedasvirustested,vectoranddiseasefree.Wherethisisnotavailable,plantingmaterialofthehighesthealthstatusavailablemustbeused.

• Thermaltherapyisadvisedagainstphytoplasmas.

6.3Cultivation/Fruitmanagement,plantingandtraining

• Plantingsystemsmustallowsafer,moreefficientsprayingpracticestobeadopted.

• Properventilationofthegrapezoneinhumidareasisanimportantandmandatoryprophylacticmeasureagainstdiseases(especiallyBotrytis).

• Theuseofnon-naturallyoccurringsyntheticplantgrowthregulatorsisnotpermittedingeneral.Theirusecanonlybepermittedwhenabsolutelynecessary:e.g.seedlesscvfortablegrapes.

• IPguidelinesmustsetoutwhichchemicalsarepermitted,clearlyspecifyingtheaimandtherestrictionsoftheiruse.

• Narrowplantingsystemsarerecommendedoreducevigoronlyiftotalsurfaceapplicationofherbicidescanbeavoided.

7.PLANTNUTRITION Fertilisationshouldconsiderallaspectlinktosoilmanagement(see$5)andshouldbeadaptedtoplantneeds(types,dosagesandtiming)consideringthefarmcontext.


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SeeGENERALTECHNICALGUIDELINES7.1NutrientmanagementstrategymacronutrientsP,K

SeeGENERALTECHNICALGUIDELINES.Itmustbebasedontheassessmentmadefollowing7.2.

7.2AssessingP,Kandothernutrientrequirements

Organicmatterandnutrientanalysis(minimalforPandK)ofthesoilisthebasisforassessingnutrientrequirement.SeeGENERALTECHNICALGUIDELINESformoredetails.

7.3Nitrogensupplyandtiming

• Themaximumpermittednitrogeninput(expressedinkgN/ha/yearandpertonofgrapesharvestedperha)andperiodofapplication(e.g.fromBBCHstage15untilstage68)mustbedefinedintheguidelines.• Itisrecommendedthatinestablishedvineyardsthe

maximumamountofnitrogenbesetat5kgN(perhaandyear)pertonofgrapesharvested.

• Nitrogensupplymustremainanalternativeandnotthebaseofthefertilizationandtheusemustbejustified.

• Theapplicationofnutrientsinvariable-dosagesbasedonvigourmapsorsoilorplantsamplesisrecommended.

• IPgrowersshouldbeencouragedtoreducetheamountofnitrogenwheneverpossibletominimizeleaching(e.g.byobservationofthegreencolorationoftheleaves.Adarkgreencoloroftheleavessuggestsinmostcasesthatthenitrogenfertilizationcanbereduced).

• Thetotalamountofavailablenitrogeninorganicfertilisersshouldbeaccountedforaperiodof3years.

7.4Supplyofothermajorormicronutrients

• Wherefoliarsymptomsorplantanalysisindicateadeficiencyofmicronutrientstheapplicationoftheseelementsisjustified.Theseelementsshouldbeingeneraladministeredviatherootsystem.Foliarfertilizationisonlypermittedwhensoilapplicationisnotpossibleorwhenthesoilcharacteristicslimittheefficiencyofsoilapplication.

7.5Organicmanures SeeGENERALTECHNICALGUIDELINES 7.6Safeandefficientapplicationoffertilisersandmanures


7.7.Storageoffertilizers SeeGENERALTECHNICALGUIDELINES 8.IRRIGATION Irrigationhastobebasedoncroprequirementsandtheirrigationmethodhastobeadaptedtothecropandfarmingcontext.

SeeGENERALTECHNICALGUIDELINES8.1Waterrequirementofthecrops


8.2Irrigationmethods SeeGENERALTECHNICALGUIDELINES • Theuseofdripirrigationispreferred.


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8.3Waterqualityandsupply

• Irrigationofvinesforwineproductionmustnotbeappliedaftervéraison(BBCH-Scale81-85)orhighlyrestrictedasspecifiedbytheregionalguidelinesinordertoguaranteethegoodqualityofthewine.

9.INTEGRATEDPLANTPROTECTION(IPM)

ThePrinciplesofIntegratedPlantProtectionhavetobeapplied.Preventive(indirect)measuresandobservationsinthefieldonpest,diseaseandweedstatusmusthavebeenconsideredbeforeinterventionwithdirectplantprotectionmeasurestakesplace.SeeGENERALTECHNICALGUIDELINES

9.1Prevention(=indirectplantprotection)

Thepreventionand/orsuppressionofkeypestsanddiseasesmustbesupportedamongotheroptionsespeciallybythe:• protectionandenhancementofbeneficialorganisms/key

naturalenemies(e.g.phytoseidmites,insectparasitoidsorpredators),

• useofadequatecultivationtechniques(e.g.greencover,alternatemowing,defoliationofgrapezone),

• useofoptimumfertilization(especiallylownitrogeninput)andirrigationpractices,

• ecologicalinfrastructuresinsideandoutsideproductionsitestoenhanceasupportiveconservationbiologicalcontrolofkeypestsbyantagonists.

Thepreventionand/orsuppressionofkeypestsanddiseasesshouldbesupportedamongotheroptionsespeciallyby:• Choiceofappropriateresistant/tolerantcultivarsis

recommended.• Useofmethodstoreducetheoverwinteringinoculumof

thepathogensasameasurefordelaying/reducingthediseaseepidemicsinthenextseasonishighlyrecommended.

• Sanitationmeasuresinclude,forinstance:• removalofmummifiedfruitsfromplants,trellisandsoil

surface,• removalofinfectedcaneresiduefromsoilsurface,• usethehyperparasiteAmpelomycestoreducethe

productionofthechasmotheciaofthepowderymildewfungus.

9.2Riskassessmentandmonitoring

SeeGENERALTECHNICALGUIDELINES • UseofmathematicalmodelsandDSSstotakedecisionsaboutwhetherandwhenitisnecessarytoapplypesticidesisstronglyrecommended.

• ModelsandDSSsareavailableinmanycountries,providedbypublicinstitutionsorprivatecompanies.Checkfortheaccuracyandrobustness,aswellasforlocalvalidation,beforetheiradoptionishighlyrecommended.

• Wheninformationfromlarge-scaledecisionsupporttools(e.g.,officialwarningsystems,DSSs)isused,itisstronglyrecommendedtoadaptthisinformationtolocalconditions,byaccountingforweathervariability,cultivar


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susceptibility,sanitarystatusofthevineyard,previouspesticidesprays,etc.

9.3Directplantprotectionmethods

Whereveracontrolmeasureisdeemednecessary,abiologicalorbiotechnicalcontrolmethodmustbeusedifavailableandeffective.e.g.:• matingdisruptionforGrapemoths,• introductionofphytoseiidmites.


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9.3.1Restrictiveuseofpesticides

Based on the general criteria, the following categorisation ofpesticidesandpesticidegroupsisestablished.Itmayrequireup-datingwiththedevelopmentofnewproducts.NotPermitted• Theuseofinsecticideswithabroad-spectrum.Onlyfor

secondarypestsitsusecanbepermittedifnotpossiblebyothersmethodsorwhenmandatorycontrolofquarantineorganismsisrequired.Theireventualusemustbejustifiedbymonitoringandovertakingofatolerancethreshold:• Pyrethroidinsecticidesandacaricides,• Organochlorineinsecticidesandorganochlorine,• Acaricidesifsaferalternativesexist,• Allacaricidestoxictophytoseiidmites,• Toxic,waterpollutingorverypersistentherbicides(e.g.

Diquat,Paraquat).PermittedwithRestrictionsThefollowingcategoriescompoundsdon’tfitinIPMschemes,howeversometimesmightbeunavoidable,Thereforerestrictionsarerequired(yellowlistprinciple):• Broad-spectrumorgano-phosphateandcarbamate

insecticides:preciseindicationandmaximumnumberofapplications,

• Dithiocarbamatefungicidesduetotheiraveragehighormiddletoxicitytowardstheauxiliaries,

• Sulphur(dosagemustbelimitedtonon-toxiclevelssothatpredatoryphytoseiidmitesarenotaffected),

• Fungicidesandinsecticideswithhighpotentialtodevelopresistance(maximumnumberofapplicationstobeclearlydefined),

• Copper(guidelineshavetodefinethemaximumamountinkgperhaandyear),

• PersistentherbicideswithDT90<1vegetationperiod(spring-autumn):thesituationsoftheirexceptionaluse

• Adoptionofanti-resistancestrategiesfortheat-riskpesticidesisstronglyrecommended.

• AdequateknowledgeofthephysicalmodeofactionPhMoA)ofpesticides(i.e.,preventative,curative,antisporulantproperties)andofrainfastnessisrecommendedforpesticidechoiceandsprayscheduling.

• DSS’saccountingforPhMoAandrainfastnessofpesticidesarerecommendedasatoolforbetterdecisionaboutthepesticidetobeused.

• Coppermax4kgCu/year.


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mustbeclearlyspecified(e.g.inthefirstthreeyearsafterplanting,maximumofonedose-equivalentperannum).

9.4ListstobecompiledaspartofIPguidelines


9.5Applicationandrecordingofpesticides

SeeGENERALTECHNICALGUIDELINES • Itisrecommendedthattheapplicationoffungicidesagainstbunchdiseasesisparticularlyaddressedtothebunchlayer,byavoidingleavestolimitfungicidepenetrationintothecanopybypartiallyremovingleavesor/andusingsuitablesprayersetting.

• Theapplicationofvariable-doseapplicationsbasedonvigourmapsorsimilartoolsareadvised

• Dosescanbeadaptedtothevinesusceptibilityanddiseasepressure.

9.6Efficientandsafestorageandhandlingofpesticides

SeeGENERALTECHNICALGUIDELINESThebasicrequirementsofGoodAgriculturalPractice(GAP)withrespecttostorage(9.6.1),safehandlingapplicationandtraining(9.6.2)anddisposalofsurplusmix,obsoletepesticidesandemptycontainers(9.6.3),mustbefulfilledandoutlinedinIPguidelines.

9.7Sprayingequipment(pesticides)andtechnique

SeeGENERALTECHNICALGUIDELINES • Whennewsprayersarepurchased,transverseflowdesign,tunnelsprayersorsprayersallowingtreatmentofeachsideoftherowshouldwherepossiblebeselected.Atomizersmustbeequippedwithstopdropsystemonthenozzles.

9.8Pesticideresidues • Legalrequirementsofpesticideresiduesmustbefulfilled. 10.HARVEST Harvestpracticesmustfulfilthegeneralrequirementsforproductquality,foodsafetyandtraceabilityestablishedbynationalor

internationalstandardsSeeGENERALTECHNICALGUIDELINES

10.1Productquality SeeGENERALTECHNICALGUIDELINES 10.2Hygiene SeeGENERALTECHNICALGUIDELINES 11.POSTHARVESTMANAGEMENTAND

Post-harvesthandlingandstoragepracticesshouldfulfilthegeneralrequirementsforproductquality,foodsafetyandtraceabilityestablishedbynationalorinternationalstandards.


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STORAGE SeeGENERALTECHNICALGUIDELINES11.1Hygiene See10.2 11.2Postharvestwashing


11.3Post-harvesttreatments(tablegrapes)

• IPguidelinesmustsetoutwhichPost-harvesttreatmentschemicalsarepermitted,clearlyspecifyingtheaimandtherestrictionsoftheiruse.

• IOBCdoesnotestablishguidelinesforvinification.However,IOBC-endorsedorganizationsarerequiredtopresenttheirinternalguidelinesfovinificationthatmustnotonlyrespectlegalrequirementsoftheircountryandofpotentialmarketsbutstriveforhighestqualityparameters.

• Chemicalpost-harvesttreatmentsmustnotbeappliedtotablegrapesexceptedforsulphurdioxideusedasatechnologicalprocessandwhenjustifiedbylongconservationperiodsandspecificriskassessment.

11.4Storageand/orfurtherprocessing


12.ENERGYUSE,GHGEMISSIONSANDWASTEMANAGEMENT

GHGemissionsfromagricultureneedtobereduced,specificallyMethane(CH4),Nitrousoxide(N2O)andCO2.Methodstoreducethecarbonfootprintandtosequestercarboninsoils(seechapteronsoilcultivationetc.)andlongtermbiomasslikewoods(>50years)shouldbeincludedinIPmethods.SeeGENERALTECHNICALGUIDELINES

12.1EnergyuseandRenewableenergy


12.2GHGemissionreduction


12.3Carbonsequestration

SeeGENERALTECHNICALGUIDELINES • Cropresidues(suchasresiduefrompruningandfoliage)shouldbeleftwithinthevineyard)ortakenupinthefarmnutrientcycleseeremarksregardingphytosanitaryaspects9.1.

12.4Wastemanagement


CROP SPECIFIC TECHNICAL GUIDELINES FOR INTEGRATED PRODUCTION OF GRAPES … · 2019-09-30 · Crop...

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