Crop Loss/Kehilangan Hasillsetyobudi.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2013/04/Pert-2... · •Teng, P. S....
Transcript of Crop Loss/Kehilangan Hasillsetyobudi.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2013/04/Pert-2... · •Teng, P. S....
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L. Setyobudi
2013
Crop Loss/Kehilangan Hasil
• A grower takes a particular pest control action to prevent an anticipated crop loss– Generally one cannot recoup losses
– This implies a certain predictive capability• Generally based on the experience of the farmer
• Grower's predictive capability is often limited
– Risk and uncertainty• Uncertainty
• Risk
• Pest management program is to turn an uncertainty into a measurable risk
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Nature of crop loss• Direct loss (the crop product
itself is affected)– The loss can be one of
quality, quantity or both
– Loss is generally proportional to pest population density at low densities, approaches an upper limit (often 100%) as pest population increases
– The loss function can often be linearized with the "multiple hit" transformation (Plot ln(1.0/(1.0 - L0SS)) versus pest population where LOSS is expressed as a proportion, 0.0 to 1.0)4/24/2013 3LSB AEIPM
• Indirect loss (the pest attacks plant parts other than the crop product)– Photosynthetic area removed
– Diversion of photosynthate
– Net assimilation reduced• Reduction in photosynthetic rate
• Respiration rate increased
• Water balance upset
– The yield response to pest population density can take various shapes• May get no measurable yield loss at
low pest population densities
• Some cases of yield enhancement at low levels of pest damage
• Yields may drop to zero with increasing pest populations or may approach some yield level below the level attainable in the absence of pests
– Multiple pests can interact synergistically to reduce yields or can interfere with one another
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The crop loss or yield functions can change with crop development
• Different stages of crop development
• The yield (quality and quantity) at harvest can be affected both by brief episodes of pest damage and by the cumulative effects over the season
• The crop loss or yield functions also vary with cultivars with different levels of pest resistance
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• The crop loss and yield functions can also be affected by factors in the physical environment (temperature, rainfall, cultural practices, etc.)
• Crop loss and yield functions can be used to evaluate the effects of pest control measures that abruptly change pest populations (pesticides, sanitation measures, etc.)
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• Consider first the
population
dynamics
(momentum)
• Use the projected
controlled and
uncontrolled pest
populations to
predict the crop
loss4/24/2013 7LSB AEIPM
Kehilangan Hasil
• Kehilangan hasil adalah Fungsi dari:
– Tanaman (Jenis dan Pola Pertumbuhan)
– Tingkat Kerusakan dan saat terjadinya kerusakan
–Waktu terjadinya kerusakan
–Harga Produk
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Map Produksi
POTENTIAL / THEORITICAL YIELD
ATTAINABLE YIELD
ECONOMIC YIELD
ACTUAL YIELD
YIELD/CROP LOSS
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Definitions and Nomenclature
• Various terms such as crop, production, yield, pest, stress, crop loss, and yield loss, will be used while discussing crop losses. It is important to understand these terms at the beginning of the course. For a definition of each term, click each of the words below:
• Crop - A population of plants grown to provide food, fiber, medicine, seed, fuel or other products.
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• Production: The amount harvested in a country or region in one year
• Yield: The measurable produce of economic value from a crop. This may be evaluated in terms of quantity and/or quality. Yields are stated in SystèmeInternational d’unités derived units such as kg/ha or t/ha. Several reference points for yield levels such as theoretical yield potential, attainable yield, actual yield, economic yield, and primitive yield can be recognized (Figure 1).
• Theoretical yield potential: The yield obtained when crops are grown under optimal environmental conditions using all available production and pest control technologies to maximize yield (Figure 1).
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Yield levels as reference points for crop loss assessment (modified from Zadoks 1990 and Oerke et al. 1994)
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• Attainable yield: The site-specific yield obtained when crops are grown using current cultivation and plant protection practices at the farm level (Figure 1).
• Actual yield• Economic yield In many instances, economic yield is
somewhere between the actual and the attainable yield. It is the yield level that optimizes the input/output ratio involving production costs vs. financial return (Figure 1). In crop protection terms, it refers to the yield, using crop protection practices in the most cost effective manner.
• Primitive yield: The yield of local varieties in subsistence agriculture or yield obtained without the use of crop protection practices (no protection scenario) (Figure 1).
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Yield levels as reference points for crop loss assessment (modified from Zadoks 1990 and Oerke et al. 1994)
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To predict a crop loss a reference yield is necessary
Theoretical Yield Calculated by plant physiologists
Approached in plant breeding programs
Attainable Yield
Yield with all stresses on crop (constraints) removed
Limited by the genes of a crop in a particular environment
Approached in small, experimental plots
Actual Yield
Economic Yield
Depends on market value of crop and cost of production
May be above or below actual yield
Occurs where the profit is maximized
Primitive Yield Little or no inputs
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Yield categories and delineation of yield gaps 1 and 2
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Three main research tasks that relate to improving crop yields
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A gradient of biotechnologies ranging from the more simple (near bottom) to the more complex (top)
Source: Jones 1990.
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Approaches & Objectives to define production constraints and ensure future profits through crop
protection
APPROACH TARGETS
CURRENT PRACTICES
Actual Yield
IDENTIFICATION/QUANTIFICATION CROP LOSSES
Attainable Yield
COST ANALYSIS
Economic Yield
LARGE SCALE ADAPTATION NEW CONTROL PRACTICES
Future Profits
Farm Surveys/enquiries
Field experiments/surveys
Market surveys
Field Demonstration /
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Components of Yield Gaps (Adopted from De Datta, 1981)
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Rice Yield Gap in Indonesia
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Quality vs Quantity on Perishable vsDurable
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Simulasi Penilaian Kehilangan Hasil
• Kelompok Pests dan pengaruhnya terhadap kehilangan hasil tanaman (Boote et al. 1983)1. Stand reducers
2. Photosyntenthic rate reducers
3. Leaf senescence accelerators
4. Light stillers
5. Assimilate sappers
6. Tissue consumers
7. Turgor reducers
• Pengaruh toxin seringkali sangat sulit untuk diukur dan dikategorikan
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REFERENCES
• Teng, P. S. 1987. (Edit) Crop Loss Assessment and Pest Management. APS Press. 270 pp.
• Chiarappa, L. 1971. (Edit). Crop Loss Assessment Methods. FAO Manual on the evaluation and prevention of losses by pests, disease and weeds. FAO-CAB.
• Berbagai sumber di Internet dengan key word: Crop Loss Assessment Methods, dll.
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ASSIGNMENT # 2
1. Buat proposal/TOR penelitian Crop Loss assessment profile pada komoditas yang menjadi pilihan saudara. Format: Ringkasan, A. Latar Belakang, B. Rasional, C. Tujuan, D. Manfaat, E. Output, F. Mekanisme danRancangan, G. Jadual Pelaksanaan, H. Indikator Kinerja.
2. Belajar apakah saudara hari ini.
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