CRM-500: FUNDAMENTALS OF CRIMINOLOGY

The course of the Fundamentals of Criminology has been framed with the objective:

1. To provide information regarding the understanding of the socio-political nature of defining certain

acts of crime, gain familiarity with current and historical trends in crime and learn about the

importance of correlates of crime;

2. To enable the students to promptly gain grasp of classical and contemporary criminological and

sociological theories of crime and deviance; compare and contrast the different theoretical

perspectives and apply the theories to comprehend crime, deviance and crime control efforts.

3. To acquire detailed knowledge of social institutions, policies and cultural frameworks in crime.

4. To learn how the foregoing social structure can both contribute to and ameliorate observed social

inequalities.

5. To convey the student’s criminological knowledge in writing and orally to a range of audiences,

including the research community, policy makers and the general public.

CONTENTS

1. Introduction

i. Criminology and its scope

ii. Criminology and other branches of learning

iii. Criminology and criminal law

2. Crime and Society

i. Related concepts: deviancy, sin, vice

ii. Crime as a social phenomenon

iii. Crime and social organization (institutions)

iv. Crime and social structure

v. Crime as a social problem

3. Juvenile Delinquency

i. Juvenile courts

ii. Juvenile reformatories

Probation

Other preventive programs

4. Crime and Criminals

i. The occasional criminal

ii. The habitual criminal

iii. The professional criminal

iv. The white-collar criminal

v. The organized crime

5. Explanations of Criminal Behavior

i. Biological explanation

ii. Environmental explanation

iii. Psychological explanation

iv. Psychiatric explanation

v. Economic explanation

vi. Sociological explanation

vii. Islamic point of view

6. Crime Statistics

i. Sources, difficulties and need

ii. National crime statistics and its sociological interpretation

iii. International crime statistics and its sociological interpretation

iv. Problems of reliability and validity

7. Detection of Crime

i. Agencies of Detection: formal, informal

ii. Techniques of detection

iii. Problems in detection

8. Trial and Conviction of Offenders

i. Agencies: formal, informal

ii. Criminal Courts: Procedures and problems

9. Punitive and Reformative Treatment of Criminals

(including Islamic Hudood, Qasas and Tazir)

i. Corporal, punishment

ii. Transportation for life

iii. Capital punishment

iv. Imprisonment

v. Prison and related problems

vi. Probation

vii. Parole

viii. Rehabilitation of criminals

10. Prevention of Crime

i. Long-term measures

ii. Short-term measures

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Anthony Walsh (2010) Introduction to Criminology: A Text/Reader

2. Carey, Hames T. 1978. An Introduction to Criminology. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall

3. Cavan. Ruth Shonle. 1956. Criminology. New York: Themas Y. Growell Co.

4. Conklin, John E. 1989. Criminology. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.

5. Gottfredson, Michael R. 1987. Positive Criminology. London: Sage Publications

6. Hagan, F. (2010). Introduction to Criminology, Beverly Hills

7. Hagan, Frank E. 1989. Research Methods in Criminal Justice and Criminology. New York:

Macmillan Publishing Co.

8. Hagan, John. 1987. Modern Criminology: Crime Criminal Behavior & its Control. New York:

McGraw Hill Book Co.

9. Howe, Adrian. 1994. Punish and Critique. London: Routledge.

10. Kelly, Delos H. 1984. Deviant Behavior: The Sociology of Deviance. New York: St. Martin’s Press

11. Larry J. Siegel – (2011) Criminology

12. Martin, Randy, Robert J. Mutchnick. W. Timothy Austin. 1990. Criminological Thought: Pioneers

Past and Present. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.

13. Reckless, Walter C. 1955. Crime Problem. New York: Appleton-Century Crofts. Inc.

SUGGESTED BOOKS

1. Miller, J. Mitchell (2009). 21st Century Criminology: A Reference Handbook, Volume 1, Sage

publications, USA.

2. Saima, Akif & Asif Manzoor (Engr.) (2011, 2nd Edition). Police in Pakistan (A Research Book of

Readings), March. lulu.com (UNITED STATES), page No. 101-114 & 168-189.

CRM-501: CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORY

The objectives of the course are to introduce students to the major themes of contemporary criminology

theory and current criminological concerns. The course will help in examining the learning perspective,

societal reaction perspective, critical criminology, conflict theory, feminism, corporate crime,

peacemaking, restorative justice, and state crimes, among other contemporary topics and theories. It will

also foster the application of theoretical perspectives to important current criminal problems.

CONTENTS

1 Introduction

Origin of criminological theory

Theological perspective

Supernatural explanation

2 Choice and Trait Theories

The Classical School

Ceseare Beccaria

The Positivistic School

Ceseare Lombroso

William Sheldon

The Psychological School

Sigmund Freud

Erik Erikson

Lawrence Kohlberg.

3 Social Structure Theories

The Chicago/Ecological School

Robert Ezra Park

Shaw & McKay

Cultural Deviance School

Albert Cohen

Richard Cloward& Lloyd Ohlin

Elijah Anderson

Wright Mills

Anomie & Strain School

Emile Durkheim

Robert K. Merton

4 Social Process Theories

Social Learning School

Edwin Sutherland & Differential Association

Social Control & Social Reinforcement School

Walter Reckless

Travis Hirschi

David Matza and Gresham Sykes

5 Social Reaction Theories:

The Labeling School

Howard Becker

Erving Goffman

The Conflict School

Karl Marx

Richard Quenney

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Durkheim, Emile. 1997 (reissue edition). Suicide. New York. Free Press

2. Garland, David (Ed), and Richard Sparks (Ed). 2006. Criminology and Social Theory. New York.

Oxford University Press

3. Lanier, Mark A. 2004. Essential Criminology. New York. West View Press.

4. Martin, Randy, Robert J. Matchnick and W. Timothy Austin.1990. Criminological Thought:

Pioneers Past and Present. New York. McMillan Publishing Company.

5. Siegel, Larry J. 2006. Criminology: Theories, Patterns, and Typologies. New York. Wadsworth

Publishing.

6. Stuart, Henry (Ed) and Werner Einstadter. 1997. The Criminology Theory Reader. New York. New

York University Press.

7. Williams III, Franklin P, and Marilyn D. McShane.1994. Criminological Theory. New Jersey.

Prentice Hall.

SUGGESTED BOOKS

1. Garland, David (Ed), and Richard Sparks (Ed). 2006. Criminology and Social Theory. New York.

Oxford University Press

2. Lanier, Mark A. 2004. Essential Criminology. New York. West View Press.

3. Siegel, Larry J. 2006. Criminology: Theories, Patterns, and Typologies. New York. Wadsworth

Publishing.

CRM-502: DEVIANCE AND CRIME

The students will gain knowledge of such criminological concepts as, social control, labeling, stigma, as

well to inbuilt an understanding of the concepts of crime and deviance. This course will review the history

of crime and deviance and make distinction between competing definitions of crime and deviance, and the

various theories digging deep into the underlying process of deviance and/or criminalized behavior. At the

end of this course, the students are to manifest the following skills in their behavior:

1. Recognize the causes and consequences of Deviance and Crime at the micro and macro levels and

match these with prominent criminological perspectives.

2. Apply theories of Deviance and Crime to describe actual and hypothetical scenarios, behaviors,

and trends.

3. Accept and explain macro-social inequities in Deviance and Crime processes by race, social class,

gender, region and age.

4. Locate and consult works in the Deviance and Crime to produce a research paper that is coherent,

cogent, and attentive to conventions of the field.

CONTENTS

1 Conceptualizing Crime and Deviance

Nature and origin

Typology of crime and deviance

2 Sociological Perspectives on Crime and Deviance

Reflecting on Sociological Perspectives

Constructing Deviance - Classical Sociological Approaches

Critical Approaches to Crime and Deviance

3 Media and Crime; Youth and Justice

Media and the Social Construction of Crime

Culture, Deviance, and Youth

Crime and Youth: Towards Justice

4 Feminist and Postcolonial Approaches to Crime and Deviance

Feminist Approaches to Deviance and Crime

Gender, Sex, Deviance, and Crime

Postcolonial Approaches and Race

5 The State and Social Control

Crime and Punishment

Emerging Arenas of Crime and Deviance

New Directions for the State and the Justice System

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Boba, Rachel. (2005). Crime Analysis and Crime Maping. Sage Publication: Lahore

2. Clinard, Marshall Barron. (2010). Sociology of Deviant Behavior

3. Curra, John. (1994). Understanding Social Deviance: From the Near Side to the outer limits, New

York, Harper Collins.

4. Cyndi Banks. (2004). Criminal Justice Ethics Theory and Practice

5. Farrington, David P. (1986). Understanding and Controlling Crime, New York: Springer-Verlag.

6. Fox, Vernon. (1985). Introduction to Criminology, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

7. Franzese, Robert J. (2009). The sociology of deviance: differences, tradition, and stigma

8. Hagon, John Modern. (1987). Criminology, New York, McGraw Hill.

9. Hagon, John Modern. (1987). Criminology, New York: McGraw Hill.

10. Heidensohn, Frances. (1989). Crime and Society, London: Mcmillan and Co.

11. Jupp, Victor. (1989). Methods of Criminological Research, London, Macmillan and Co.

12. Jupp, Victor. (1989). Methods of Criminological Research, London: Unwin, Hyman.

13. Kadish, Sanford H. (1983). Encyclopedia of Crime and Justice. The Free Press, A Division of

Macmillan.

14. Kramar, K. Criminology: Critical Canadian Perspectives. Toronto, ON: Pearson Education

Canada, 2011. Type: Textbook, ISBN: 978-0-13-175529-1

15. Ksenych, E. Exploring deviance in Canada: A Reader. Don Mills, ON: Oxford University Press,

2011. Type: Textbook, ISBN: 978-0-19-543990-8

16. Padhy, Prafullah. (2006). Organized Crime IshaBooks:Delhi

17. Reckless, Walter C. (1961). Crime Problem, New York: Appleton-

18. Resen Berg M. M. (1983). An Introduction to Sociology. Sage Publication: Methven, New York

19. Siegel, Larry J. (2004). Criminology Theories, Patterns and typologies

20. Weis, Joseph G. (2004). The Sociology of Deviance.

SUGGESTED BOOKS

1. Krohn, Lizotte & Hall., Marvin D., Alan J. and Gina Penly (2009). Handbook on Crime and

Deviance, Springer, New York.

2. Smart, Caro (2013). Women, Crime and Criminology: A Feminist Critique, Routledge & K. Paul,

UK.

CRM-503: STATISTICS IN CRIMINOLOGY

Statistics in Criminology helps students to understand the vital role that research, and statistics play in the

study of criminology by showing the students how to conduct and interpret statistics in real-world settings

with a step-by-step approach to solving problems in field of criminology. This practical, applied approach

offers students the fundamentals of descriptive and inferential statistics in a concise and easy-to-understand

format avoiding complicated proofs and discussions of statistical theory. Understanding and Using

Statistics for Criminology shows students how to critically examine the use and interpretation of statistics,

covering not only the basics but also the essential probabilistic statistics that students will need in their

future careers. The course introduces the students with the basics of statistics and its application in

criminology. Besides it focuses on the instruction on data types, data collection, and format development.

Also, it discusses the use of different programs for abstracting and data analysis.

CONTENTS

1 Introduction

Elementary mathematical concepts and notions

Meaning and Definition of Social Statistics

Use of Statistics in Modern Sociology

Grouped and Un-Grouped Data

Statistics: Descriptive and Inductive

Measurement: Nominal, Ordinal and Interval scales

Frequency Distribution: Tabular Organization and Graphic Presentation of Data

2 Measures of Centrality and Location

Mean, Median and Mode

Percentiles, Deciles and Quartiles

3 Measures of Dispersion

Range

Mean Deviation

Standard Deviation

Variance

Quartile Deviation

4 The Normal Distribution

Form of the normal Curve

Area under the Normal Curve

5 Probability

Basic concepts

Rules of Probability

Binomial Probabilities

6 Tests of Significance

Single Sample Tests involving Means & Proportions

Two Sample Tests: Difference of Means and Proportions

7 Estimation

Point Estimation

Interval Estimation

Confidence Intervals and Test of Hypotheses

8 Non-Parametric Tests

Chi Square Test

Other Non-Parametric Tests: The Sign Test, The Median Test, The Mann Whitney Test

9 Correlation and Regression

Regression Analysis

Person’s Correlation Coefficient

Rank Order Correlation

Partial and Multiple Correlation

10 The Analysis of Variance

One Way Analysis of Variance

Two Way Analysis of Variance

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Muhammad, F. 2005. “Statistical Methods and Data Analysis”, Kitab Markaz, Bhawana Bazar,

Faisalabad.

2. Walpole, R. E. 1982. “Introduction to statistics”, 3rd Ed., Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. New York.

SUGGESTED BOOKS

1. Muhammad, F. 2005. “Statistical Methods and Data Analysis”, Kitab Markaz, Bhawana Bazar,

Faisalabad.

CRM-503: APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER IN CRIMINOLOGY

This area of instruction provides content for knowledge and skills required in the technology-based

workplace specially in the field of social sciences research methods while analyzing data. The demand will

continue to expand for students prepared with knowledge of and skills in word processing, spreadsheets,

database, desktop publishing, and telecommunication. This training is vital for students planning to enter

the workforce or continue training for a career in research and evaluation or other related fields. Upon

successful completion of this course, students will be able to understand applications of computer and to

evaluate the use and abuse of computer technology.

CONTENTS

1. Introduction to Computers, Concepts, Functions, Applications, Hardware

2. Types of Computers

3. Input & Output Devices

4. Software

5. System Software

6. Application Software

7. Customized Software

8. Word Processing

9. Spreadsheet

10. Tools of Statistical Analyses Using Computer

11. Database Application

12. Internet Browser

13. E-mail: Personal Organizers

14. Multimedia Applications

15. Business Application

16. Payroll

17. Production

18. Market Planning

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Blalock Hubert. M. 1972. Social Statistics. Tokoyo: McGraw-Hill, Kogakusha, Ltd. (International

Students Edition)

2. Boniface, David R. 1995. Experiment Design and Statistical Methods. For Behavioral and Social

Research, London: Chapman & Hall

3. Calculations and Computer Techniques Using SPSS. London: Routledge

4. Cramer, Duncan. 1994. Introducing Statistics for Social Research. Step-by-Step

5. Edward, Allen L. 1960. Statistical Methods for Behavioral Science. New York: Rinehart and

Company, Inc.

6. Elifson, Kirk W. 1990. Fundamentals of Social Statistics. New York: McGraw Hill Book Co.

7. Hagood, Margaret Jarman and Daniel O. Price. 1952. Statistics for Sociologists. (Revised Edition)

New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston

8. Korin, Basil P. 1975. Statistical Concepts for the Social Sciences. Cambridge, (Mass): Winthrop

publishers Inc.

9. Long and Long (1999) Introduction to Computers

10. Peter Norton’s (2000), Introduction to Computers

11. Spiegel, Murray R. 1961.Theory and Problems of Statistics. New York: Schaum Publishing

Company

SUGGESTED BOOKS

1. Peter Norton’s (2000), Introduction to Computers

CRM-505: ACADEMIC WRITING AND PRESENTATION SKILLS

This course aims at sharpening the language learning skills of the students in order to cope with the

linguistic requirements of the students in Criminology. Moreover, the course enables the students to

engage in academic writing (particularly research oriented) and to compete the people in field. The

students will familiarize with the basic language skills which they can acquire and master by practicing by

going through this course in the respective semester. By the end of the course the students will have a better

comprehension and skillful knowledge of about the language.

CONTENTS

1. Paragraph Writing.

2. What is a paragraph? Types of Paragraph How to write a paragraph?

3. Essay Writing.

4. What is an essay? How to write an essay? Types of an Essay?

5. Precise Writing.

6. Presentation skills.

7. Engaging in Research: Writing a Research Proposal.

8. Report writing: Research Reports

9. Interview skills.

10. Discussion Skills.

11. CV Writing & Cover Letter.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. A Brief Guide to Writing. 6th Ed.

2. Aaron, J. 2003. The Compact Reader. New York: Bedford Axelrod, R. B and Cooper, C. R. 2002.

Reading Critical Writing Well: A Reader and Guide

3. Barnet, S. and Bedau, H. 2004. Critical Thinking, Reading and Writing:

4. Gardner, P. S. 2005. New Directions: Reading, Writing and Critical Thinking

5. George, D. and Trimbur, J. 2006. Reading Culture: Context for Critical Reading and Writing. 6th

Ed.

6. Goatly, A. 2000. Critical Reading and Writing: An Introduction Course.

7. HI Eastwood, J. 2004. Oxford Practice Grammar. New Ed., with tests and answers. O UP

8. Jordan, K. M. and Plakans L. 2003. Reading and Writing for Academic Success

9. Jordan, R. R. 1999. Academic Writing Course. C UP.

10. London: Taylor & Francis Grellet, F. Wrinting for Advanced Learners of English. C UP

11. Smith, L. C. 2003. Issues for Today: An Effective Reading Skills Text withrow, J. Effective

Writing. C UP

12. Wallace, M. 1992. Study Skills. C UP

SUGGESTED BOOKS

1. George, D. and Trimbur, J. 2006. Reading Culture: Context for Critical Reading and Writing. 6th

Ed.

CRM-506: JUVENILE DELINQUENCY

Juvenile Delinquency is intended to the study of norm-violating behaviour among youth. In its study,

primary emphasis is laid on basic concepts, understanding of juvenile justice system, theories of delinquent

behaviour and social control responses in youth misconduct. Upon meaningful teaching of this course, the

student will be able to:

1. Define juvenile delinquency from legal and sociological perspective and create and document

history of delinquency.

2. Extrapolate juvenile crime trends and measure rates of delinquency.

3. Differentiate among various theories of delinquency and discuss how culture, diversity, social

stratification, families, schools, neighborhoods and peers play role in delinquent behaviour.

4. Consider detailed account of classical and contemporary research on the etiology of juvenile

delinquency, with reference to original sources.

5. Assess the extent of juvenile law- breaking behaviour in contemporary society and trace its

development.

CONTENTS

1 History, Definitions, and Sociological Analysis of Juvenile Delinquency

History of juvenile delinquency

Problems in definition of juvenile delinquency

Age differentiates the "child" from a "juvenile."

Behavioral vs. legal definitions

Official statistics of juvenile delinquency

Sociological approach to delinquency

2 Causes of Juvenile Delinquency.

Causes and characteristics of those involved in delinquent acts

Classical theories.

Sociological theories.

Biological theories.

Social learning theories.

3 Juvenile Delinquency in a Social Context

Family and juvenile delinquency.

School system and juvenile delinquency.

Youth culture and juvenile delinquency.

Juvenile gangs and delinquency.

Gender and Delinquency.

Peers and Delinquency: Juvenile Gangs and Groups.

Drug Use and Delinquency.

Delinquency Prevention: Social and Developmental Perspectives.

4 Purpose and Scope of the Juvenile Justice System.

Police Work with Juveniles.

Official procedures & unofficial procedures.

Juvenile Court Process: Pretrial, Trial, and Sentencing

Training and competence of juvenile officers.

Role of Prosecutor, Defense Counsel, Juvenile Judge, Juvenile Probation Officer, Court Personnel

Role of juvenile correctional institutions.

Delinquency and Juvenile Justice Abroad

5 Prevention Programs and Apparent Needs to Cope with Current Problems in Juvenile Delinquency

Intent of preventive programs.

Philosophy vs. practice in the establishment of programs.

Need for unification and/or uniformity in programs.

Need for better cooperation between various agencies.

Implications and potential for progress both present and future.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Clemens F. Bartollas (2010) Juvenile Delinquency

2. Donald J. Shoemaker (2009) Juvenile delinquency

3. Henry Herbert Goddard (2010) Juvenile Delinquency

4. James Burfeind (2011) Juvenile Delinquency: An Integrated Approach

5. Larry J. Siegel (2010) Juvenile Delinquency: The Core

6. Larry J. Siegel, (2011) Juvenile Delinquency: Theory, Practice, and Law

SUGGESTED BOOKS

1. Larry J. Siegel, (2011) Juvenile Delinquency: Theory, Practice, and Law

CRM-507: PENOLOGY

While studying Criminology and Criminal Justice in this course of Penology, the field of making

corrections is fundamental. These corrections are one of the largest, the most complex, and the most gigantic

controversial components of the criminal justice system. This course will probe correctional practices,

reforms, and the consequences as well as the various theories of social control. Included in its interrogation

will be the cultural, social, and theoretical contexts from which various correctional reforms have emerged

over the past several centuries. The course provides insight of the nature of punishment, its theories and its

impact upon correcting offenders. The students are expected to analyze the role of correctional institutions

for improving behavior of offenders. Further, they are expected to develop rehabilitation and its role in the

process of re-integration of the offenders in their behaviour.

CONTENTS

1 The Contemporary Conceptualization of Criminology and its Critique

2 Punishment

Theories of punishment

3 Prisons

A general history of prisons

Penal heritage of Pakistan: Prisons in colonial India

Prisons

Women prisons

Juvenile detention

4 Prison reform: Case Study of the US Prison Reform Movement

5 The Dynamics of the Modern Prison Institution

Management model

Prison architecture

Use of technology in the modern prisons: Case study of the impact of CCTV in Australian

prisons

Prisons programs: Educational and vocational programs: Case study of the impact of prison

programs in the US

6 Prisons System in Pakistan and the Rights of Prisoners

7 Juvenile Detention in Pakistan and the Rights of Juvenile Detainees

8 Women Prisoners in Pakistan

9 Society of Captives: A comparative Look at Some Issues in Prison Life

Prison society

Prison violence

Corruption in prisons

10 Conditions in Pakistani Prisons

Prison condition

Prison Life

Heath care issues

11 Future of Prisons

Privatization of prisons

The penology of terrorism

12 Probation and Parole in Pakistan

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Avofeso, A. (2011). Disciplinary architecture: Prison design and prisoner’s health.

2. Cressery, D. (1961). The Prison Studies in Institutional Organization and Change. New York: Holt,

Rinehart and Winston, Inc.

3. Fairchild, E. S. (1993). Comparative Criminal Justice System. Belmont: Wordsworth Publications.

4. Farse, R.S. (2006). Punishment purposes. Stanford Law Review, 58: 67 – 84.

5. Garland D. (1991). Punishment and Modern Society. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

6. Garland, D. (1991) Sociological perspective on punishment. Crime and Justice

7. Giallomalrdo, R. (1966). Society of Women: A Study of Women Prison New York: John Wiley.

8. Johnston, N. (2009). Evolving function. Early use of imprisonment as punishment. The Prison

Journal

9. Khan, M. M. (2010). The Prison System in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Criminology

10. Korn, R. and McKorkle, L. (1996). Criminology and Penology. New York Holt, Rinehart and

Winston, Inc.

11. Malik, M.A., and Shirazi, R.A. (2010). An Analytical Review of Juvenile Delinquents In Jails of

Sindh Province: Some Problems And Suggestions to Over Come. Journal of Management & Social

Sciences, 4(1):43-54.

12. Robbert, J. (1992). Dictionary of Criminology. New York: Paragon.

13. Rushe, G. (1989). Punishment and Socila Sturcture. New York: New York University Press.

14. Saeed, M. (2009). A Critical Review of Juvenile Justice Law in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of

Criminology

15. Samaha, J. (1991). Criminal Justice. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing

16. Souryal, S. S. (2009). Deterring Corruption by Prison Personnel: A Principle-Based Perspective,

The Prison Journal,

17. Tappan, P. W. (1951). Contemporary Correction. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.

18. Walklate S. (1998). Understanding Criminology. Philadelphia: Open University Press.

SUGGESTED BOOKS

1. Khan, M. M. (2010). The Prison System in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Criminology

2. Souryal, S. S. (2009). Deterring Corruption by Prison Personnel: A Principle-Based Perspective,

The Prison Journal.

CRM-508: RESEARCH METHODS IN CRIMINOLOGY

Research in Criminology helps students to understand and learn the vital role of research it play in the study

of criminology by showing the students how to conduct and interpret statistics in real-world settings with

step-by-step approach to solving problems in field of criminology. This course introduces the students with

the basics of research and its application in criminology on the underlying research concepts, methodologies

and techniques appropriate for application in criminal justice environments, including the scientific method,

basic research designs and data collection techniques. The purpose behind teaching this course is that it will

prepare students to design effective, ethical investigations. Students will learn appropriate frameworks and

tools for qualitative and quantitative studies in criminology and sociology and other fields. In criminology,

as in any other science, theory plays an important role as a basis for formulating research questions and

later understanding the larger implications of one's research results.

CONTENTS

1 Introduction to Criminal Justice Research Methods: Theory and Method

i Scientific Research in Criminal Justice

ii Why Study Research Methods in Criminal Justice

iii Approaches to Theory and Method in Criminal Justice

iv Problem Formulation: Selection of Research Problem

2 Research Design: The Experimental Model and Its Variations

i Types of Research Design

ii The Experimental Model

iii Experimental Design

iv The Classic Experimental Design

3 Data-Gathering Strategies: The Experiment and Alternatives

i Advantages of Experiments

ii Disadvantages of Experiments

iii Alternative Data-Gathering Strategies

iv Social Surveys

v Uniform Crime Report

vi The Crime Index

4 Sampling and Survey Research: Questionnaires

i Types of Sampling

a Probability Samples

b Non-probability Samples

ii Survey Research

iii Some Guidelines for Questionnaire Construction

5 Survey Research: Interviews and Telephone Surveys

i Types of Interviews

ii Advantages of Interviews

iii Disadvantages of Interviews

iv Administration of the Structured Interview

v Probing

vi Victim Surveys in Criminal Justice

vii National Crime Survey

6 Participant Observation and Case Studies

i A critique of Experiments and Surveys

ii Participant Observation

iii Types of Participant Observation

iv Characteristics of Participant Observation

v General Procedures in Participant Observation

7 Unobtrusive Measures, Secondary Analysis, and the Uses of Official Statistics

i Major Types of Unobtrusive Methods

ii Physical Trace Analysis

iii Use of Available Data and Archives

8 Scaling and Index Construction

i Levels of Measurement

ii Scaling Procedure

iii The Uniform Crime Report as an Arbitrary Scale

iv Factor Analysis

9 Validity, Reliability, and Tabulation, and Data Management

i Ways of Determining Validity

ii Reliability and Validity of Self-Report Surveys

10 Data Analysis: Coding, Tabulation and Data Management

i Data Management

ii The Frequency Distribution

iii Graphic Presentation

iv Table Reading

a How to Construct Tables

11 Data Analysis: A User’s Guide to Statistics

i Why Study Statistics

ii Measures of Central Tendency for a Simple Distribution

iii Chi-Square-Based Measures of Association

iv Nature and Types of Statistics

v The t Test (Difference of Mean Test)

vi Correlation Coefficient (Pearson’s r)

vii Ordinal Level Measures of Relationship

viii Multivariate Analysis

12 Ethics in Criminal Justice Research

i The Researcher’s Role

ii A code of Ethics for Criminology/Criminal Justice Research

13 Policy Analysis, Evaluation Research, and Proposal Writing

i Policy Analysis

ii Evaluation Research

a A Systems Model of Evaluation Research

b Types of Evaluation Research

c Obstacles to Evaluation Research

RECOMMENDED BOOK

1. Bulmer, M. and D. P. Warwick. 1993 Research in Developing Countries Surveys and Censuses in

the third World. London, Routledge.

2. Cromwell, P. 1996. Criminals in Their own words, Los Angeles: Roxbury.

3. Garner, M., C. Wagner and B. Kawulich. 2009. Teaching Research Methods in the Social Sciences.

London, Ashgate Publishing limited.

4. Hagan, F. 2000. Research Methods in Criminal Justice and Criminology. Boston: Allyn& Bacon.

5. Hall, I. and D. Hall. 2004. Evaluation and Social Research, Introducing Small Scale practice. New

York, Palgrave McMillan.

6. Hancock, D.&Algozzine, B. 2006. Doing Case Study Research. NY: Teachers College Press.

7. Hess-Biber, S. N. and P. Leavy. 2004. Approaches to Qualitative Research, A Reader on Theory

and Practice. New York, Oxford University Press.

8. Laurel, B. 2003. Design Research, Methods and Perspectives. London England, The MIT Press.

9. Marvasti, A. B. 2004. Qualitative Research in Sociology, An Introduction. New Delhi, Sage

Publications.

10. McKenzie, G., J. Powell and R. Usher. 1997. Understanding Social Research: Perspectives on

Methodology and Practice. London, The Flame Press.

11. Miles, M. & M. Huberman. 1994. Qualitative Data Analysis. Thousand Oaks, Ca: Sage.

12. Neumen,L& B. Weigand. 2000. Criminal Justice Research Methods. Boston: Allyn& Bacon.

13. Somekh, B. and C. Lewin. 2005. Research Methods in the Social Sciences. New Delhi, Vistaar

Publications.

SUGGESTED BOOKS

1. Neumen,L& B. Weigand. 2000. Criminal Justice Research Methods. Boston: Allyn& Bacon.

2. Somekh, B. and C. Lewin. 2005. Research Methods in the Social Sciences. New Delhi, Vistaar

Publications.

CRM-509: CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY

This course pertains to an interrogation of psychology of human behavior relating to crime. The students

will be introduced to psychopathology, the sexually violent offence, and serial murder. They will also

interrogate violent juvenile offenders and the process of psychological conditioning which allows them to

commit violent criminal acts. The course intends to inculcate understanding of the role of inherent

biological, psychological and genetic factors underlying criminal behavior. The learners will be capable to

highlight various therapeutic models designed to help rehabilitate criminals

CONTENTS

1. Introduction to Criminal Psychology

i) Definition

ii) Perspective on Human Nature

iii) Approaches of Criminal Psychology

2. Mental Disorders and Criminality

i) Brain damage Criminality

ii) Psychosis and Criminality

iii) Neurotic Criminals

iv) Mentally Retarded Criminals

3. Personality

i) Definition

ii) Types

iii) Personality Disorders

iv) Antisocial Personality

4. Mental Health Issues and Criminal Justice

i) Evaluation of Competency

ii) Criminal Responsibilities & the Insanity Defense

iii) Civil Commitment of the Insane

iv) The Prediction of dangerousness

v) Aggression Potential

vi) Suicide

5. Psycho-Therapy of Victims

i) Typical Reactions after Assault: Fear, Surprise, Anger and Guilt

ii) Victimization: Facing Victimization, The Role of Popular Press

6. Avoidance, Escape and Anxiety Management

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. David, G. M. (1988). Social Psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.

2. Frank B. M. and McMahon, J. J. W. (1983). Abnormal Behaviour–Psychology’s View. Illinois.

The Dorsey Press, Homewood.

3. Hilgrd, E. R. and Atkinson, R. C. (1967). Introduction to Psychology.New York: McGraw – Hill,

Inc.

4. Leonand, G. (1995). Criminology. Toronto: Allyn and Bacon. Richard, R. B. and Joan, R. A.

(1988). Abnormal Psychology- Current

5. Richard, R. B. and Joan, R. A. (1988). Abnormal Psychology-Current

SUGGESTED BOOKS

1. Frank B. M. and McMahon, J. J. W. (1983). Abnormal Behaviour–Psychology’s View. Illinois.

The Dorsey Press, Homewood.

2. Weiner & Otto., Irving B. and Randy K. (2nd Edition, 2013). Handbook of Psychology, Forensic

Psychology, Volume 11 Forensic Psychology, John Wiley and Sons, Inc, Canada.

CRM-510: PATTERNS OF CRIME

The course familiarizes the students with the diversified patterns of crime. It helps to understand cultural

variations with respect to the patterns of crime and their implications. On the meaningful teaching of this

course, the students are intended to be able to reflect the following factors in their behaviour:

1. Acquire understanding of why societies punish certain behaviours in the first place, how the law

distinguishes between lawful and unlawful behaviours, and what legal safeguards have been

established in democratic societies against unfair and unreasonable patterns of crime;

2. Establish insight of how and why crimes are committed, and what means are adopted for individual

victim's rectification and safeguard of society;

3. Obtain understanding of the sequence of events that leads to guilt and/or innocence of an individual,

alleged to have committed a crime.

CONTENTS

1. Crime Against Person

a. Murder

b. Homicide

c. Genocide

d. Manslaughter

e. Suicide

f. Sexual Assault

g. Kidnapping

h. Battery

2. Crime Against Property

a. Dacoity

b. Robbery

c. Burglary

d. Larceny

e. Extortion

f. Fraud

3. Organizational Criminality

a. White Collar Crimes

b. Corporate Crime

c. Organized Crime

4. Crimes Against State

a. Treason

b. Sabotage

c. Espionage

d. Hate Crime

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

5. Abbanese, J.B., Criminal Justice System

6. Adler, Freda, Criminology

7. Barlow, H. D. (1984). Introduction to Criminology. Toronto: Little, Brown and Company.

8. Blork, Richard, Violent Crime 1977

9. Cavan, R. S. (1934). Criminology. New York: Thomas Y. Grow Company.

10. Felson, R. B., Patterns of Aggressive Social Interaction

11. Hagan, J. (1987). Modern Criminology; Crime, Criminal Behaviour, and its Control. New York:

McGraw

12. Hill Book Company.

13. Korn, R. Richard, Criminology and Penology

14. Mannheim, H. (1960). Pioneers in Criminology. Chicago: Quadrangle Books.

15. Roberts, A. R. (1994). Critical Issues in Crime and Justice. California: Sage Publications.

16. Seigel, L. (1989). Criminology. St. Paul, M. N.: West Publishing Company.

17. Sutherland, E. and Cressey, D. (1966). Principles of Criminology, New York: Lippencott.

18. Vold, G. (1958). Theoretical Criminology. New York: Oxford University Press.

SUGGESTED BOOKS

1. Brookman, Maguire, Pierpoint & Bennett, Fiona, Mike, Harriet and Trevor (Edt.) (2010).

Handbook on Crime, Willan Publishing, USA.

CM-600: CRIME PREVENTION

This course is about the teaching of the methods to prevent crime before it occurs. The objective is to teach

criminologists that crime can be prevented at an initial stage with the help of various techniques, strategies

and actions. On meaningful completion of this course the learners are expected to manifest the following

knacks in their behaviour:

1. Summarize, analyze and evaluate governmental as well as community-based approaches to crime

prevention.

2. Communicate principles of situational crime prevention and rooted security management as these

relate to real world settings.

3. Apply principles of situational crime prevention and adopt security managements in real

environments of the society.

CONTENTS

1 Introduction and the Field of Crime Prevention

i Conceptualizing Crime Prevention

ii The politics of crime prevention

iii Social, Political and Cultural Contexts of Crime Prevention

2 Approaches to Prevention

i Situational crime prevention

ii Social and Developmental crime prevention

iii The role of community in crime prevention

iv Partnerships in crime prevention

v Science and crime prevention

3 Strategies of Crime Prevention

i Evidence-based and risk-focused crime prevention

ii Crime Prevention through Urban Design and City Planning

iii Crime Prevention and the Media

iv The role of the police

4 Prevention in Practice-Select and Broader Issues

i Corporate crime prevention

ii Responses to fear of crime

iii Security through Privatization

iv Drugs, Crime and Crime Prevention

v Schools and Crime Prevention

vi Incapacitation and Incarceration

vii Rehabilitation

viii Effectiveness of crime prevention programs

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Adam (1998) “Conceptualizing Crime Prevention and Community Safety” in Crime Prevention

and Community Safety: Politics, Policies and Practices (New York: Longman), pp. 5-28

2. Clarke, R. (2005) “Seven Misconceptions of Situational Crime Prevention” pp. 39-70.

3. Crawford, Andrew (1998) “Community-focused Preventive Measures” in Crime Prevention and

Community Safety: Politics, Policies and Practices (New York: Longman), pp 124-160.

4. Crowe, Timothy and Zahm, Diane (1994) “Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design”

Land Development, Fall, 1994, pp. 22-27.

5. Farrington, David; Welsh, Brandon: Saving Children from a Life of Crime: Early Risk Factors and

Effective Interventions, Oxford University Press, 2007.

6. Felson, Marcus (2002) Crime and Everyday Life, pp. 1-35

7. Garland, David (2000) “The New Criminology of Everyday Life: Routine Activity Theory in

Historical and Social Context” in Ethical and Social Perspectives on Situational Crime Prevention

(Portland, OR: Hart), pp. 215-224.

8. Garland, David (2001) “The New Culture of Crime Control” in Culture of Control: Crime and

Social Order in Contemporary Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), pp.167-192.

9. Haggerty, Kevin (2003) “From Risk to Precaution: The Rationalities of Personal Crime

Prevention,” in Ericson, R. and A. Doyle (eds.) Risk and Morality (Toronto: University of Toronto

Press), pp. 193-214.

10. Jacobs, Jane (1961) “The Uses of Sidewalks: Safety” The Death and Life of Great American Cities,

pp. 29-54.

11. Jeffery, C. R. (1977) “Crime Prevention and Criminology” Crime Prevention through

Environmental Design (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage), pp. 33-47.

12. Lab, Steven (2014). Crime Prevention, 8e. Cincinnati: Anderson. ISBN: 1455731374

13. Newman, Oscar (1995): “Defensible space - A new physical planning tool for urban Revitalization”

Journal of the American Planning Association; vol. 61, no. 2 pp. 149-155.

14. Waller, Irvin: Less Law More Order-The Truth about Reducing Crime; Manor House Publishing

Incorporated.

15. Wilson, J. and G. Kelling (1982) “Broken Windows: The Police and Neighborhood Safety”

SUGGESTED BOOKS

1. Tilley & Sidebottom, Nick and Aiden (2nd Edition, 2017). Handbook of Crime Prevention and

Community Safety, Routledge, New York.

CRM-601: CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

The main objectives of this course Criminal Justice System is understanding how we prevent the occurrence

of crime, punish the transgressors and the criminals, rehabilitate the transgressors and the criminals,

compensate the victims as far as possible, maintain law and order in the society & to deter the offenders

from committing any criminal act in the future. The course also examines the patterns of crime and

victimization; police operations, discretion and decision making; the criminal courts, including sentencing;

the corrections system, including correctional institutions and community-based models; the youth justice

system. At the end of this course, the students are expected to reflect the following abilities in their

behaviour:

1. Apply critically the core criminological studies and Criminal Justice System Principles to the

situations related to crime, criminal justice, and the related areas of practice;

2. Communicate effectively in writing and speaking in the presentation of ideas and their application

to issues and situations related to Criminal Justice System.

CONTENTS

1. Introduction

i What is Criminal Justice System

ii Components of Criminal Justice System and its process

iii Functioning of Criminal Justice System in Pakistan

2. Police in Pakistan

i History and development of Police in Pakistan

ii Police System (local, provincial and federal) in Pakistan. Its administrative and operational

structure.

iii Police authority, its abuse and police corruption.

iv Police practices and constitutional safeguards.

v Police accountability and Police-Community Relations.

3. Prosecution in Pakistan

i Historical development

ii Prosecutorial functions and system in Pakistan

iii New rules in Criminal Procedure

iv Adversarial system of Prosecutional in Pakistan

v Islamic Values of evidence/Witnesses in Pakistan

vi Debatable issues in Prosecutorial system of Pakistan

vii Bail system and pre-trial detentions

4. Judicial System in Pakistan

i History of Islamic Adjudicature in the Indo-Pak and the development of Anglo-American System

of Criminal Justice

ii Types and levels and administration of judicial institutions in Pakistan

iii The Courtroom at work (judges and magistrates)

iv The Criminal Trial:

a Trial by Judge/Magistrate/Jirga

b Adversarial System

c Ple-Bargaining. PSI and Sentencing

d Probation as an alternative to incarceration

v Juvenile Justice System in Pakistan: Need & Prospects.

5. Prison Administration in Pakistan

i Imprisonment as sentence

ii Prison administration and its management

iii Prison classification and rehabilitative programs in prisons of Pakistan

iv Prison population and problems of overcrowding

v Community-Based Corrections (Parole)

vi Future of contemporary prison in Pakistan

6. Comparative Criminal Justice System

i Criminal Justice System of the world today

ii A Comparison among Pakistan. The British, the Japanese, the Chinese, the Saudi. and the American

Criminal Justice Systems

iii The Future directions of Criminal Justice System in Pakistan

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Auolakh. A. Majeed. Crime and Criminal Justice System in Pakistan, Lahore: Kausar Bros.

Pakistan.

2. Harry R. Dammer (2010) Comparative Criminal Justice Systems

3. Hudson, Barbara A. 2003. Understanding Justice: An introduction to ideas, perspectives and

controversies in modern panel theory. 2nd edition. Buckingham: Open University Press.

4. Mark Jones (2011) History of Criminal Justice

5. Nadeem, Azhar. Police System of Pakistan.

6. Senna. Joseph J. and Siegel. Larry J. Introduction to Criminal Justice system. St. Paul: West

Publishing Co. Current Edition

7. Sieh, Edward W. 2006. Community Corrections and human dignity. Boston: Jones and Bartlett

Publishers.

8. Usmani. Sultan Alam. Juvenile Delinquency Among male. A Social Economical Survey, Bureau

of Police Research and Development, Ministry of Interior. Islamabad, Pakistan.

9. Wrobleski. Henry M. and Hess. Karen M. Introduction to Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice.

St. Paul: West Publishing Co. Current Edition.

SUGGESTED BOOKS

1. Saima, Akif & Asif Manzoor (Engr.) (2011, 2nd Edition). Police in Pakistan (A Research Book of

Readings), March. lulu.com (UNITED STATES).

2. Saima, Akif, Manzoor (2015, 2nd Edition). NATIONAL HIGHWAYS AND MOTORWAY

POLICE IN PAKISTAN: AN ILLUMINATIVE STUDY, June. lulu.com (UNITED STATES).

3. Saima, Manzoor (2014). WOMEN POLICE UNFURLED IN PAKISTAN: PERSPECTIVE,

STATUS AND PROSPECTIVE, June. lulu.com (UNITED STATES).

CRM-603: APPLIED CRIMINOLOGY

The course attempts to provide practical understanding about crime, criminals, criminal behavior and

criminal justice system. The applied aspects of policing, forensic science and related dimensions will be

focused. The course is designed to provide the students with the skills and hands-on-training with regard to

practical issues. This course would also provide insight into the ethical issues related with criminal

investigation and criminal justice system. On accomplished teaching of this course, the students are

motivated to be able to reflect the following factors in their behaviour:

1. Analyze the nature, prevalence and patterns of crime and its links to criminological theory;

2. Exhibit knowledge of criminal justice policy and factors affecting its formulation;

3. Formulate solutions to the current crime problems.

CONTENTS

1. Introduction to Applied Criminology

i Concept and definition

ii Applied aspects of crime

iii Role of criminologist in crime prevention

2. Areas and Institutions

i Role of detective agencies

ii Role of forensic laboratories

iii Restorative justice and victim – offender’s mediation

3. Strategies and Approaches

i Problem solving policy

ii Criminal investigation analysis

iii Crime mapping and geographical crime analysis

iv Role of Citizen Police Liaison Committee (CPLC) in crime prevention

v Forensic evidence and justice system

4. Implications

i Individual Protection

ii Community Protection

iii Society Protection

iv Professional Justice for Inmate

v Criminology as Crime Solving Science

vi Professional Research

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Ashwoht, Andre, Sentencing and Criminal Justice, 5th ed. 2010, Cambridge University, Cambridge

2. Bennett, James, Crime investigation; the ultimate Guide to Forensic Science, 2007 Parregon Books,

London.

3. Brian Stout, Joe Yates, Applied Criminology, 2008, Sage Publications

4. Dutelle, Aric W., An introduction to Crime Scene Investigation, 2011, Jones and Bartlett

Publishing, Boston

5. Fido, Martin, True Crime, Notorious Villains of the modern worlds and their horrendous crime,

2007, Carlton Books London.

6. Goswami, B.K, A Critical study of Criminology and Penology, 1987, Allahabad law Agency,

Allahbad.

7. Horwell, John, The Practical of Crime Science Investigation, 2004, CRC Press, London

8. Kiely Terrence F. Forensic Evidence; Science and the Criminal Law, 2006, Tylor and

Francis,London

9. Melossi, Dario, Controlling Crime, Controlling Society, 2008, Polity Press, Cambridge

10. Paynich, Rebecca; Fundamentals of Crime Mapping, 2010, Jones and Bartlett Publishing, Boston

11. Schneider, Stephen, Crime prevention; Theory and Practice, 2010, Talor and Francis Group, New

York

12. Smith, Susan J., Crime, Space and Society, 2010, Cambridge University, Cambridge

SUGGESTED BOOKS

1. Stout, Yates & Williams, Brian, Joe and Brian (Edt.) (2008). Applied Criminology, Sage

publication, London.

CRM-604: FORENSIC CRIMINOLOGY

Forensic science is application of scientific methods involving public matters. One of its principle

applications is the scientific analysis of physical evidence generated by criminal activity. This course will

cover the basic concepts in forensic science that are applied in criminal justice system. Topics will include

physical evidence collection, analysis, fingerprints, impression evidence, firearms, questioned documents,

pathology, entomology, anthropology, and forensic science and law and ethics. On successful completion

of this course a student will be able to:

1. Understand the institutional collaboration of forensic psychology, criminal investigation and the

law and the characteristics of professionalism within each sector;

2. Understand the practical skills and technologies used in applied forensic criminology;

3. Identify key organisations and processes involved in criminal investigations;

4. Apply problem solving skills to the miscarriage of justice cases;

5. Grasp crime scene behaviours and the gathering of evidence for courtroom prosecution.

CONTENTS

1. Introduction to Forensic Science

i Definition and Scope of Forensic Science

ii History and Development of Forensic Science

iii Branches of Forensic Science

2 Crime Scene Investigation

i Crime scene investigation procedures

ii Methods for collection and preservation of physical evidence from crime scenes

iii Role of forensic science in crime scene investigation

3 Forensic Science Laboratory and Scientists

i Forensic science laboratory concepts

ii Fundamentals of crime laboratory culture and organization

iii Job functions of a chemist in a forensic science laboratory

4 Evidence

i Identify, characterize, and individualize evidence

ii Types of physical evidence and classify them by type

5 Ethics, Quality Assurance, Quality Control and Law in Forensic Science

i Ethics in the analysis of forensic evidence

ii Ethics in presentation of expert testimony in court

iii Quality assurance and control used in forensic science laboratories

iv Rules of evidence that apply to scientific and physical evidence

6 Pathology

i Role of a forensic pathologist in criminal investigations

ii Physical evidence analyzes by forensic pathologists

7 Anthropology and Odontology

i Role of a forensic anthropologist and odontologists in criminal investigations

ii Physical evidence analyzes by forensic anthropologists and odontologists

8 Entomology

i Role of a forensic entomologist in criminal investigations

ii Physical evidence analyzes by forensic entomologists

9 Friction Ridge Patterns

i Types of fingerprint patterns

ii Characteristics of fingerprints

iii Introduction to biometrics

10 Impression Evidence

i Types of impression evidence analyzes

ii Recognize the application of impression evidence such as tire treads and footwear and firearm and

tool mark analysis used in forensic science

11 Questioned Documents

i Describe forensic techniques used on questioned documents from an examiner’s analysis

12 Computer Forensics

i Key terms used in the computer forensic field

ii Role of a computer scientist in forensic investigation

13 Research in Forensic Science

i Fundamentals of research in forensic science

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Annas, G. J. and Elias, S. (1992). Gene Mapping: Using Law and IllicsasGuides. New York:

Oxford University Press.

2. Becker RF. Criminal Investigation 3rd Edition, Jones and Bartlett, Sudbury, Massachusetts, 2009.

3. Fisher BAJ, Tilstone WJ, Woytowicz C. Introduction to Criminalistics The Foundationof Forensic

Science, Elsevier, 2009.

4. Grifitts, I. J. F., Gelbart, W. M., Miller, J. M. And Lewontin, R. C. (1999). Modern Genetic

Analysis. New York: W. H. Treana.

5. Litken, C.G.G. (1995). Statistics And The Evaluation Of Guidance For Forensics Scientists. New

York: John Wiley.

6. Weir, B. S. (1995). Human Identification. The Use of DNA Markers. Netherlands: Kluwer

Academic Publishers.

SUGGESTED BOOKS

1. Saferstein & Hall, Richard and Adam B. (Edt.) (3rd Edition; 2018). Forensic Science Handbook,

Volume 1, CRC Press, USA.

CRM-606: CYBER CRIME

This course prepares students to become effective cybercrime investigators. Students will identify, evaluate,

classify, and demonstrate proficiency in investigating computer related crimes. Upon purposeful teaching

of this course, students will be able to reflect in their behaviour:

1. Understanding of the different theoretical and cross-disciplinary approaches (criminological,

political, legal, money laundering & information security/management) to the study of cyber-

security and the regulation of the Internet and the Internet of Things.

2. Grasping of structure, mechanics and evolution of the Internet in the context of emerging crime

threats, technological and other trends in cyberspace.

3. Distinguishing and classifying the forms of cybercriminal activity and the technological and 'social

engineering' methods used to undertake such crimes.

4. Investigating assumptions of the behaviour and role of offenders and victims in cyberspace and use

basic web-tools to explore behaviour on-line.

5. Evaluating the effectiveness of cyber-security, cyber-laws and other countermeasures against

cybercrime and cyber hybrid warfare.

CONTENTS

1. Introduction

i Meaning and Definition

ii Significance

iii Causes

2. Types of Cyber Crime

i Theft by computer

ii Embezzlement

iii Harassment/Extortion

iv Bank Fraud

v Hacker Harassment

3. Computer Related Crimes

i Damage to Software/Hardware

ii Data Alteration

iii Software Pirating

4. Computer and Problem of Morality

i. Gambling

ii. Pornography

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Bogus Software, USA Today (August 30, 1991). p. ID

2. Brendan Koerner, Can Hackers be Stopped, U.S. News, Word Report (June 14, 1991), pp 46-52

3. Carroll Bogert, Newsweek (May 26, 1997), p. 82

4. Computer Bomb, USA Today (November 27, 1995), p.3

5. Computer Security a Mess, Report Says, USA Today (December 6, 1990), P.3; see also “Arrest in

Hacking at NASA, “New York Times (March 19, 1998), p. 19

6. Cyber wars, USA Today (April 24, 1998), p.8

7. David S. Wall (2007) Cybercrime: The Transformation of Crime in the Information Age, Polity

Press, Cambridge, UK

8. Hoag Levins, “Hackers Devastate Texas newspapers, Servers, Editor Publisher (June 28, 1997),

p.45

9. Koerner, Can Hackers be Stopped, pp. 46-52

10. Laura DiDio, Computr Crime Coasts on the Rise, Computer world (April 20, 1998), p. 55

11. Mark Lewyn, “Computer Verdict Sets ‘Present’, USA Today (September 21, 1998), p.1

12. Susan W. Brenner (2010) Cybercrime: Criminal Threats from Cyberspace

13. Wendy R. Leibowitz, Low Profile Feds Fashion Laws to Fight Cybercrime, The National Law

Journal (February 2, 1998), p. 1

14. William F. Skinners and Anne M. Fream, a Social Learning Analysis of Computer Crime among

College Students, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 34 (November 1997), pp. 495-

519

SUGGESTED BOOKS

1. David S. Wall (2007) Cybercrime: The Transformation of Crime in the Information Age, Polity

Press, Cambridge, UK.

2. Susan W. Brenner (2010) Cybercrime: Criminal Threats from Cyberspace.

CRM-607: COMMUNITY JUSTICE AND CRIME PREVENTION

This course will focus and discuss set of crime theories that emphasize the role of community in crime

generation and prevention. Upon meaningful teaching of this course, the learners are intended to explain

the origins of criminal behaviour, society's response to crime, and the consequences of crime to society,

utilizing multiple perspectives and the prevention there-of in their behaviour:

1. Explain social injustices and social harms within criminal justice systems;

2. Compare theoretical frameworks to the causes and prevention of crime, the processes of

criminalization, and the impact that crime has on society;

3. Discuss the relationships between the courtroom and its procedures, the criminal law, and issues of

criminal procedure i.e., due process vs crime control;

4. Document police-related activities through effective report writing;

5. Differentiate and explain the key roles in the core criminal justice areas i.e., law enforcement, law

and corrections.

CONTENTS

1. Community Justice

i Introduction

ii Definition and Concept

iii Importance

2. Role of Community in Crime Prevention

i Concept

ii Models of Crime Prevention

iii Theories of Crime Prevention

3. Community Justice System in Pakistan

i Concept of Community Justice

ii Relationship between Community and Justice Professionals

iii Restorative Justice and Crime Prevention

iv Rural / Urban Justice System in Pakistan

v Role of Religious Institutions in Crime Prevention

4. Models and Theories of Social Control

i Norms, Values and Socialization

ii Types of Social Sanctions

iii Value Consensus

iv Peaceful Conflict Resolution

5. Community and Rehabilitation

i Crime and Social Conferencing

ii Right of Crime Victim

iii Rehabilitation of Crime Victim at Community level

iv Victim Compensation and Rehabilitation

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Beyer, L.R.(1993). Community Policing: Lessons from Victoria, Australian Institute of

Criminology: Canbera

2. Brake, M. & Hale, C. (1991). Public Order and Private Lives: The Politics of Law and Order,

Routledge: London

3. Brathwait, J and Petit, P. (1990). Not Just Deserts: A Republical Theory of Criminal Justice,

Clarendon Press: Oxford

4. Brodeur, J.P. (ed) (1995). Comparisons in Policing: An International Perspective, Avebury:

Aldeshot

5. Brown, D.W. (1995). When Strangers Cooperate: Using Social Conventions to Govern Ourselves,

Free Press: New York

6. Brycett, K. (1994). An Introduction to Policing, Butterworths: Sydney

7. Dolling, D. & Felts, T (1992). Community policing: Comparative Aspects of Community Oriented

Police Work, Felix Verlag: Holzkirchen

8. Ellem, B. (1995). Beyond Catching and Keeping: Police, Corrections and the Community, Centre

of Policing and Justice Studies, Monash University, Melbourne

9. Lilly, J.R., Cullen, F.T.(1989). Criminological Theory: Context and Consequences, sage

Publications: Newbury Park

10. Rosenbaum, D.P. (1994). The Challenges of Community Policing: Testing the Promises,

Sage Publications: California.

SUGGESTED BOOKS

1. Saima, Akif & Asif Manzoor (Engr.) (2011, 2nd Edition). Police in Pakistan (A Research Book of

Readings), March. lulu.com (UNITED STATES).

2. Tilley, Sidebottom (Edt), Nick and Aiden (2nd Edition, 2017). Handbook of Crime Prevention and

Community Safety, Routledge, New York.

CRM-608: POLICE AND COMMUNITY POLICING

During this course, the students acquire understanding of the professional demands and professional ethical

principles of police work, as well as the importance of multiculturalism and development of

internationalisation in police work. Additionally, they will acquire basic understanding of various schools

of thought in criminology. After purposeful completion of this course, the students will be able to:

1. Deal with operating environmental tasks, organisations, values and ethical foundations of policing.

2. Analyse and reflect in their own actions, as well as the significance of their attitude in professional

situations requiring interaction with policing.

3. Meet with different types of customers and customer groups and assess the importance of

multiculturalism in policing from social perspective.

4. Define the basic concepts of various schools of criminology, the theoretical reasons for crimes and

the general characteristics of crimes in Pakistan.

5. Describe the impact and possibilities of the development of internationalisation regarding their own

field.

CONTENTS

1 Policing

i Introduction

ii Definition

iii Types of policing

iv Role and functions

2 The Idea of Community Policing

i A History of Communities and Policing

ii The Changing Meaning of Community

iii Distinctive Community Policing Programs

iv Community Policing and Special Populations

v The Ten Principles of Community Policing

vi Understanding and Involving the Community Police History Relevant to Community Policing

vii Concepts, Strategies, Experiments, and Research Findings That Have Influenced Community

Policing

3 Understanding Police Culture

i The Police and Community Perception

ii Community Policing and Fear of Crime

iii Crime Prevention and Community Policing

iv Police Discretion, Police Misconduct, and Mechanisms to Control Police Misconduct

v Problem Solving: Proactive Policing.

4 Implementing Community Policing

i Problem-Oriented Policing

ii Community-Oriented Policing

iii Organizational Change and Community Policing

iv Planning the Implementation of Community Policing

v The Future of Community Policing

5 Police Reforms

i Improvement in selection and training procedure

ii Organizational restructuring

iii Job redesigning

iv Emphasis on community/problems-oriented policing

v Emphasis on human resource development programmes

vi Strengthening the system of internal and external accountability

vii Raising financial/occupational status

viii Stress management training

ix Introducing police cadet programme

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Bowes, S. (1966). Police and Civil Liberties. London: Lawrence and Wisnart.

2. Callison, H. G. (1983). Introduction to Community Based Corrections. New York: McGraw Hill

3. Chaudhry, M. A. K. (1997). Policing in Pakistan. Karachi: Vanguard Books Pvt. Ltd.

4. Elmer, F. (1962). The Police as a Carrier. London: Batsford.

5. Fink, J. (1974). The Community and the Police Conflict or Cooperation? New York: John Wiley.

6. Fox, V. B. (1977). Community Based Corrections. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc.

7. Government of Pakistan (1981). Crime in Pakistan 1947–80. Islamabad: Ministry of Interior,

Government of Pakistan.

8. Government of Pakistan, (1991). Bureau of Police Research and Development. Islamabad:

Government of Pakistan.

9. Hale Charles, D. (1971). Fundamentals of Police Administration, Boston: Halbroak.

10. Lerman, P. (1975). Community Treatment and Social Control. Chicago: University of Chicago

Press.

11. Linda S. Miller (2010) Community Policing: Partnerships for Problem Solving, Delmar Pub

12. McCarth, B. R. (1987). Intermediate Punishments: Intensive Supervision, Home Confinement and

Electronic Surveillance. New York: Criminal Justice Press.

13. Michael Palmiotto (2011) Community Policing: A Police-Citizen Partnership Routledge Taylor &

Francis

14. Victor E. Kappeler (2009) Policing: A Contemporary Perspective

15. Westley, W. H. (1970). Violence and the Police: A Sociological Study of Law, Custom and

Morality. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press.

SUGGESTED BOOKS

1. Saima, Akif & Asif Manzoor (Engr.) (2011, 2nd Edition). Police in Pakistan (A Research Book of

Readings), March. lulu.com (UNITED STATES).

2. Saima, Akif, Manzoor (2015, 2nd Edition). NATIONAL HIGHWAYS AND MOTORWAY

POLICE IN PAKISTAN: AN ILLUMINATIVE STUDY, June. lulu.com (UNITED STATES),

pages 59-94.

3. Saima, Manzoor (2014). WOMEN POLICE UNFURLED IN PAKISTAN: PERSPECTIVE,

STATUS AND PROSPECTIVE, June. lulu.com (UNITED STATES), pages 19-35.

CRM-609: ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVES ON CRIME & PUNISHMENT

This course will focus on the understanding of criminal procedure and human rights. It aims to build the

clear understanding of Islamic source of criminal law and punishment. After completion of this course

students will be able to critically discuss the way in which religion influences: criminal and antisocial

behaviour, punishment and the law, intergroup conflict and peace-making, and the rehabilitation of

offenders.

CONTENTS

1 Introduction

i Definition

ii “Crime” and “Sin” Differentiated

iii The Concept of Crime in Secular and Islamic System

2 Sources of Islamic Criminal Law

i The Quran

ii The Sunnah

iii Ijtehad (Consensus)

iv Qayas (Judicial Analogy)

v Customs and Cultural Traditions

3 Legal Structure of Punishment

i Hudood (Fixed Punishment)

ii Qisas– o–Diyat (Retaliation or Bloodmoney)

iii Tazeer (Chastisement or Discretionary Punishment)

iv Flexibility of Punishment in Islamic Law

v The Purposes of Criminal Sanctions

4 Islamic Criminal Procedure

i Equality and Islamic Justice

ii Modes of Proofs for Conviction

iii Islamic Law of Evidence

5 Human Rights in Islam

i The last Sermon of The Prophet (S.A.W.W)

ii Universal Islamic Declaration of Human Right (Islamic Council 1981)

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Abdullah O. Naseef (1982). Encyclopedia of Seerah, Pak Book Corporation, Aziz Chambers,

Lahore

2. Afiya, S. Z. (1994). Sex and Crime in Islamic Context, Rape, Class and Gender in Pakistan. Lahore:

ASR Publications.

3. Ansari, M. F. (1977). The Quranic Foundations and Structure of Muslim Society. Karachi: Trade

and Industry Publication Ltd.

4. Jehangir, A. and Jilani, H. (1990). The Hudood Ordinance. A Divine Sanctions Lahore: Rhotas

Books.

5. Sherif, F. (1985). A Guide to the Contents of the Quran. London: Ithaca Press.

SUGGESTED BOOKS

1. Saima, Akif & Asif Manzoor (Engr.) (2011, 2nd Edition). Police in Pakistan (A Research Book of

Readings), March. lulu.com (UNITED STATES).

CRM-610: CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION METHODS

This course presents the fundamentals of criminal investigation, the duties and responsibilities of

investigators both in the field and in the courtroom. Emphasis is placed on techniques and procedures that

investigative personnel commonly use to analyze various types of crimes in an attempt to solve them. After

studying this course, the student is expected to be able to:

1. Explain and discuss relevant investigative theory(ies).

2. Describe and discourse the collection and preservation of evidence.

3. Identify and give an account of sources of information.

4. Explain and discuss techniques of interview and interrogation.

5. Describe the uses of forensic sciences.

6. Determine with discussion some case for trial preparation.

CONTENTS

1 Introduction

i Evolution

ii Legal aspects of investigation

2 The Investigative Process and the Crime Scene

i Organization of the crime scene investigation

ii Types of crime scenes

iii Search procedures and documentation

iv Role of the investigator during the trial process

3 Organization and Facilities of an Investigative Unit

i Principles of Criminal Investigation

ii Preliminary Investigation’s Manual

iii Intelligence Operations

4 Legal and Ethical Guideline for Investigators

i Stop and Frisk Operation

ii Arrest Procedure

iii Search and Seizure

5 Physical Evidence

i Common types, identification and comparison

ii Class vs. individualization

iii Collection, preserving, packaging

6 Interviewing and Interrogation

i Objectives and techniques for interviewing and interrogation

ii Time, place, and setting for interviewing

iii Understanding witnesses

7 Field notes and Reporting

i Importance of note-taking

ii Incident reports

8 Follow-up Investigation

i Special techniques and resources

ii Intelligence gathering, analytical and investigative tools

9 Injury and Death Investigations

i Establishing cause, types and manner of death

ii Post-mortem observations

iii Wound identification

10 Sex-Related Offenses

i Classification of sex offenses

ii Rape and sex offense investigation including physical evidence

11 Crimes Against Children

i Assaults against children

ii Child abuse and molestation

iii Sudden infant death syndrome

iv Infant abduction

12 Robbery Investigations

i Elements of the crime

ii Typology of robberies

iii Follow-up investigative procedures

13 Burglary/Theft Investigations

i Elements of the crimes

ii Follow-up investigative procedures

iii Vehicle thefts

14 Other Types of Crimes

i Drug abuse

ii Arson and Explosion investigation

iii Computer crimes

iv Terrorism

15 Technological Advances

i Intelligence Gathering Aerial Investigation

ii Data Base Investigation

iii Electronic Investigation

iv Forensic Investigation

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Arne, S. and OTTO, W. (1955). Crime Detection Modern Methods of Criminal Investigation.

London: Cleaver Hume Press.

2. Bennett, W. & Hess, K. (2010). Criminal investigation, 9e. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth

3. Berg & Horgan, Criminal Investigation, published by Pearson, Prentice Hall

4. Bloch, P. B. (1992). The Chemical Investigation. Washington, D. C.: National Institute of Law

Enforcement and Criminal Justice.

SUGGESTED BOOKS

1. Mauriello, Thomas P. (2018). Criminal Investigation Handbook (formerly Police Investigation

Handbook), LexisNexis publishers, New York.

2. Saima, Akif & Asif Manzoor (Engr.) (2011, 2nd Edition). Police in Pakistan (A Research Book of

Readings), March. lulu.com (UNITED STATES).

CRM-611: MONEY LAUNDERING

This course aims to recognize the consequences of financial crime on the individual, firm and society as a

whole and state the details of money laundering and counter-terrorist financing laws and regulations. Also,

it aims to know the money laundering offences and penalties. After completion of this course, students will

able to:

1. Understand the techniques used by money launderers;

2. Be fully aware of the vulnerabilities of different products and services to criminal abuse;

3. Understand the risk-based approach and apply in practice;

4. Apply customer due diligence (CDD) procedures to identify and manage key risk indicators within

customer relationships;

5. Profile, monitor and appreciate expected relationship activity reporting obligations.

CONTENTS

1 Introduction

i Definition of Organized Crime

ii Distinction Between Organized Crime and other Crimes

iii Fallacies of Organized Crime

2 History of Organized Crime

i Organized Crime in Past and Present

ii Religions Sanctions against Organized Crimes

iii Organized Crime: A Product of Materialistic Trends

3 Types of Organized Crime

i White Collar Crimes

ii Corporate / Syndicated Crimes

iii Drug Addiction

iv Smuggling

v Gambling

vi Kidnapping for Ransom

4 The Survival of Organized Crime

i Role Imperatives within Organized Crime

ii Labour Racketeering

iii Pseudo–Legitimate Enterprises

5 Money Laundering

i Meaning of the Laundering

ii Methods, Forms and Techniques

iii Black Money and Money Laundering

iv Impact of Money Laundering on Society

v Means and Control of Money Laundering.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Abadinsky, H. (1990). Organized Crime. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.

2. Alexander, H. E. and Gerald, E. C. (1985). The Politics and Economics of Organized Crime.

Lexington Massachusetts: Lexington Books.

3. Block, A. A. and William, J. C. (1981). Organized Crime. New York: Elsevier.

4. Clinard, M. B. (1990). Corporate Corruption: The Abuse of Power. New York: Praeger.

5. Edelhertz, H. and Overeast, T. (1990). A Study of Organized Crime Business – Type Activities and

Their Implications for Law Enforcement. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office.

6. Groves, W. B. (1986). Punishment and Privilege, Albany. New York: Harrow and Heston.

7. Husk, D. (1992). Drugs and Rights. New York: Cambridge University Press.

8. Melntosh, M. (1975). The Organization of Crime. London: Macmillan

SUGGESTED BOOKS

1. Lin, Oliver (2018). Money Laundering - A Handbook for CDD Compliance, Notion Press,

Chennai.

CRM-612: DRUG ABUSE AND SELECTED CRIMES

This course aims to develop an understanding and extent of drug use in society. It promotes understanding

of the impelled relationship between drug use and crime and help to grasp multidisciplinary understanding

of the reasons why people use drugs and further augments thinking about different strategies to reducing

drug related crimes and their allied effectiveness. After completion of this course, the students will be able

to explain models of addiction, reasons as to why drug use or abuse is a more serious problem, and why the

genetic and biophysiological theories to use drug often lead to abuse in terms of addictive disorders, drug

addiction with various types of mental disorders, reinforcement or learning theory and some of its

applications to drug use and abuse, sensation-seeking individuals and drug use, primary and secondary

deviance, master status, retrospective interpretation, low-risk and high-risk drug choices which directly

affect drug use.

CONTENTS

1 Introduction

i Definition

ii Concepts

2 Culture and Drug Abuse

i The History of Drug Abuse

ii Types of Drug and their effects

iii Culture and Drug Abuse

iv Patterns / Types of Drug Abuse

v Causative Factors

vi Drug Abuse and Health Issues

vii Drug Abuse in Pakistan

3 Theoretical Perspectives

i Biological and Genetic Explanations

ii Psychological Explanations

iii Socio–Cultural Explanations

4 Drug Abuse and Crime

i Drugs, Crime and Corruption

ii Drugs and Sexual Morality of Offenders

iii Drugs and Violence / Terrorism

iv Drugs and Pornography

v Drugs and Homicide

vi Drug Trafficking

5 Drug Abuse and Law

i Criminalization

ii De–Criminalization

iii History of Legalization

6 Prevention and Control

i Strategies for Control

ii Treatment Modules

iii Role of Community in Prevention

iv Rehabilitation of Drug Addicts

v Policy and Prevention

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Adler, F., Mueller, Gerhard O. W. and Laufer, W. S. (1995). Criminology. New York: McGraw

Hill Inc.

2. Ahmed, M. (1973). Munshiat, Jinsi Azadi Aur Nai Nasal, Karachi: Safeena Publication.

3. Ashraf, M. M. (1987). Menace of Opiate Abuse in Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan Narcotics Control

Board.

4. Clutterbuck, R. (1995). Drugs, Crime and Corruption. New York: NewYork University Press.

5. Coleman, J. W. (1976). Addiction, Crime and Abstinence, An Investigation of Addict Behviour.

Michigan: Bell and Howell Information Company.

6. Cox, T. C. (1983). Drugs and Drug Abuse. Toronto: Addiction Research Foundation.

7. Girdano, D. A. and Dusek, D. (1980). Drug Education. London: Addison

8. Leech, K. (1983). What Everyone should know about Drugs. London: Sheldon Press., Wesley

Publishing Company.

SUGGESTED BOOKS

1. Karch, Steven B.MD (Edt.) (2006). Handbook of Drug Abuse Prevention, Springer, USA.

CRM-613: GENDER AND CRIME

This course examines the relationship among gender, crime and criminal justice system. Drawing upon

feminist historical, criminological and socio-legal relationship, the course studies the way in which gender

affects patterns of offending, victimization and imprisonment and in particular, attention is paid to the

treatment of women inside and outside the criminal justice system. On completing the course, the learners

are intended to be able to:

1. Identify the key concepts and issues in the relationship between gender and crime.

2. Explain and differentiate the major criminological theories related to gender and crime.

3. Assess the strengths and weaknesses of criminological theories in explaining gender.

4. Evaluate the differential treatment of men and women in the criminal justice system.

CONTENTS

1. Introduction

i) Women and crime

ii) Issues related to women and crime

2. Female in Criminology

i) Crimes committed by women

ii) Women theft

iii) Women in drug trafficking

iv) Women and sex-related crimes

3. Crime Against Women

i) Rape

ii) Dowry death

iii) Honor killing

iv) Bride burning

v) Women battering

vi) Female infanticide/fanaticized

vii) Sexual harassment

viii) Kidnapping/abduction

ix) Women trafficking

4. Causes and Consequences

i) Social/cultural

ii) Psychological/personal

iii) Economic

iv) Legal

v) Compulsion

5. Women and Justice

i) Female crimes under P.P.C

ii) Female crime under special laws

iii) Juvenile girls under P.P.C

iv) Women and victimless crime

Women in prison

vi) Women policing

Islamic perspective on female criminality

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Eileen, M. (1982). Woman Working Prostitution Now. London: Biddles Ltd.

2. Feinman, C, (1986). Women in the Criminal Justice System. New York: Preager Publication.

3. Frances, M. H. (1985). Women and Crime, London: Macmillan Education Ltd.

4. Frances, M. H. (1985). Women and Crime. New York: New York University Press.

5. Hohn, R, and Frances, H. (1995). International Feminist–Perspectives in Criminology:

Engendering a Discipline. Philadelphia: Open University Press.

6. Ian, B. (1985). Investigation Rape New Approach for Police. London: Croom Helm Ltd.

7. Loraine, G. and Allison, M. (1994). Feminist Perspectives in Criminology. Philadelphia: Biddles

Ltd.

8. Pat, C. (1980). Women, Crime and Poverty. Philadelphia: Open University Press.

9. Shobra, S. (1995). Criminal Against Women and Protective Law. New Delhi: Deep and Deep

Publications.

SUGGESTED BOOKS

1. Gartner & McCarthy, Rosemary and Bill (Edt.) (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Gender, Sex, and

Crime, Oxford University Press, New York.

2. Saima, Manzoor (2014). WOMEN POLICE UNFURLED IN PAKISTAN: PERSPECTIVE,

STATUS AND PROSPECTIVE, June. lulu.com (UNITED STATES).

CRM-614: CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS

This course intends the students to develop critical awareness of the correctional institutions and their role

in reformation and rehabilitation of offenders. It creates understanding of how prison systems operate, and

the inmates are kept. Upon meaningful teaching of this course, the student are expected to be able to:

1. Provide a detailed account of the evolution of the correctional system.

2. Distinguish between parole and probation.

3. Explain the legal issues and liabilities that relate to offenders and corrections personnel.

4. Differentiate among public, private, federal, and local correctional systems.

CONTENTS

1. Introduction

i Definitions and nature

ii History of correction

iii Models of correctional system

iv Modern trends

2. Need of Institutionalization of Offenders

i Defining therapeutic process

ii Institutional and non-institutional treatment

iii Techniques for individual treatment

iv Techniques for group therapy

3. Prison System

i Early history of imprisonment

ii New trends in prisons regimes and structures

iii Types of prison

iv Prison reforms with reference to Pakistan

4. Probation

i History, development and definition

ii Probation as a treatment process

iii The place of probation in the correctional program

iv Difficulties and inconsistencies

v Advantages and disadvantages

vi Rehabilitation and re-integration of criminals

5. Parole

i History, development and definition

ii Importance and methods

iii Parole process

iv Supervision in parole

v Advantages and disadvantages

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Bartollas, C. and Conrad, J. P. (1992). Introduction to Corrections. New York: Harper Collins.

2. Couklin, J. E. (1996). New Perspective in Criminology, Manchester: Allyn and Bacon.

3. Finckienauer, J. O. (1984). Juvenile Delinquency and Corrections: The Gap Between Theory and

Practice. Florida: Academic Press.

4. Henry, S. (1996). Constitutive Criminology: Beyond Postmodernism. London: Sage Publications.

5. Jappan, P. W. (1951). Contemporary Correction. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.

6. Plamer, S. H. (1990). Deviant Behaviour: Patterns, Sources and Control, New York: Plenum Press.

7. Wolfgang, M. E. (1970). The Sociology of Crime and Delinquency. New York: John Wiley.

SUGGESTED BOOKS

1. Abadinsky, Howard (13th Edit. 2017). Probation and Parole: Corrections in the Community, 6th

January, Pearson, London.

2. Singer, Das & Ahilin, Jennie K., Dilip K. and Eileen (Edt.) (2013). Trends in Corrections:

Interviews with Corrections Leaders Around the World, CRC Press, New York.

CRM-615: CRIME AND MEDIA

This course intends the students to develop critical awareness of the ways in which crime and criminal

justice agencies have been and are portrayed by different media; it also paves way to understand the effect

of the media on the making of public opinion. Lastly, it provides more in-depth analysis and understanding

of the crime-politics-media nexus, through a critical investigation of the development and nature of ‘law

and order politics’ and the media's fascination with crime. Upon meaningful teaching of this course, the

students are expected to be able to:

1. Identify ways crimes are represented in different media forms;

2. Describe key concepts and theories that help explain how media shapes ideas and responses to

crime;

3. Project understanding of a particular chosen crime issue by engaging in intensive, independent

researched reflective writing;

4. Analyse and assess as to why the chosen crime issue is portrayed in a particular way.

CONTENTS

1. Introduction

i Understanding media and crime

ii Researching media

2. The crime-media relationship

i Theorizing crime and the media

ii The construction of crime News: News Values, Newsworthiness and News Production

iii The media and Moral Panics

3. The Media Portrayal

i The Media Portrayal of crime and criminals

ii The Media Portrayal of Victims

4. The Media and Criminal Justice System

i New Media Technology and Crime

ii The Media, Punishment and Public Opinion

iii Crime, entrainment and creativity

iv Police and the Media

v Courts and the Media

vi Diversity, Crime and the Media: Victims and Offenders

vii Media and the Fear of Crime

viii Crime Surveillance and Risk

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Chris Greer (2010) Crime and Media, Published by Rout ledge

2. Criminology Surette, R. (2007). Media, Crime and Criminal Justice 3rd ed. Belmont: Thomson

Wadsworth

3. Jewkes, Y. (2004) Media and Crime 1st ed. London: Sage Publications

4. March and Melville (2008) Crime, Justice and the Media, Published by Rout ledge

SUGGESTED BOOKS

1. Barak, Gregg (1994). Media, Process, and the Social Construction of Crime: Studies in News

making Criminology, Garland Publications, New York.

2. Greer, Chris (2010). Crime and Media: A Reader, Routledge, London.

CRM-616: TERRORISM AND COUNTER TERRORISM

This course introduces students to the study of terrorism and political act. It takes detailed account of the

difference among state and oppositional terror, and terror by non-state actors; and focuses less on

substantive examples of terrorism, more on theories that can help explain terrorism. This course enables

the students to analyze the complex and ever-changing phenomena of terrorism in terms of:

1. Creating awareness leading towards terrorism and counter-terrorism research and allied theories;

2. Conducting, writing and presenting in-depth research proposals on this phenomenon;

3. Deliberating about difficulties and dilemmas in terrorism and counter-terrorism researches.

CONTENTS

1. Introduction

i) Meaning and definition

ii) Forms of terrorism

iii) The structure and dynamics of terrorism

iv) Causes of terrorism

2. Historical Perspectives of Terrorism

i) Origin / Genesis of Terrorism

ii) Human Society and Terrorism

iii) Terrorism as a Global Phenomenon

3. Terrorism and Violence

i) Definition / Concept of Violence

ii) Terrorism and other Forms of Violence

iii) Terrorism and Mob Violence

4. Political Terrorism

i) History of Political Terrorism

ii) Terrorist Movements in South Asia

iii) Public and Official Perspectives of Political Terrorism

5. Political Violence

i) Introduction

ii) Politics as an Indicator of Political Climate

iii) Categories of Political Violence

iv) Sub – Culture of Political Violence

6. Terrorism and the Media

i) Introduction, Projection of Terrorist Activities in Media

ii) Media as a Controlling Source of Terrorism

iii) The Problem of Media Intrusion

7. Terrorism / Violence and Government Policies

i) Legislative Measures for the Control of Terrorism / Violence

ii) Preventive Measures

iii) Punitive Measures

iv) Counter Terrorism

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Alexander, Y. and Kilmarx, R. A. (1979). Political Terrorism and Business: The Threat and

Response. New York: Preager Press.

2. Alexander, Y., Carlton, D. and Wilkinson, P. (1979). Terrorism: Theory and Practice, Boulder.

Colorado: Westview Press.

3. Alexeander, Y. (1976). International Terrorism: National, Regional, and Global perspectives. New

York: Preager Press.

4. Bell, J. B. (1975). Transnational Terror. Stanford and Washington D.C.: Hoover Institution and

American Enterprise Institute.

5. Conquest, R. (1968). The Great Terror. New York: Macmillan, Inc.

6. Dallin, A. and Breslauer, G. W. (1970). Political Terror in Communist System.Stanford: Stanford

University Press.

7. Feierabend, I., Feierabend, R. L. and Gurr, T. R. (1972). Anger, Violence, and Politics: Theories

and Research. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. Prentice Hall.

8. Government of Pakistan, (1981). Crime in Pakistan 1947 – 1980. Islamabad: Ministry of Interior,

Government of Pakistan.

9. Hugh, D. G. and Gurr, T. R. (1970). Violence in America: Historical and Comparative Perspectives.

New York: Bantam Books.

10. Walter, E. V. (1969). Terror and Resistance: A Study of Political Violence. New York: Oxford

University Press.

SUGGESTED BOOKS

1. Silke, Andrew (Edt.) (2018). Routledge Handbook of Terrorism and Counterterrorism, Taylor &

Francis, UK.