CRM 1204CREW RESOURCE

MANAGEMENT

LECTURE 1: Introduction to Crew Resource Management

Course1

Lecturer Introduction

• Name: Zuliana Ismail

• Consultation Hour: Anytime

• E-mail: zuliana.ismail@gmail.com

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Course Introduction

• Name: CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT• Course Code: CRM 1204• Credit Hour: 4• Timetable: Wednesday 3 pm-5.30 pm• Class Duration: 2.5 hrs per week (35 hrs per sem)

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Cont…

• Method of Evaluation:– Attendance: 5%– Test: 20%– Assignment/Project: 15%– Final Exam: 60%

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Course Outline

• Please pay attention to:– Learning Objectives– Learning Outcomes– Course Synopsis– Course Syllabus

These will guide you through the whole course

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Any question regarding course outline???

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How to be good learner??

• Give 100% attention to the lecture• Participate and active in class

– Ask question.– Try answer the question.

• Study in the group.– Teach your friend if you know better (don’t be stingy)

• Always see the lecturer to discuss any academic problem.

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Reminder

• Know your goal and plan properly. • Do revision/study before and after class time.• Eager to do research.• Put interest in the subject.• Discipline (e.g. always be punctual!!).• Always put academic as your priority.• Keeping good mental and physical health.• Spend some time for meditation (pray).• Train to have strong imagination.

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I’m here to assist you, but you are the one who will make a decision =)

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Learning Outcomes

• By the end of this session, we should be able to:– Realize the need of CRM training in aviation– Understanding the basic concept of CRM– Understanding the role of crew in CRM– Understanding the concept of error chain– List the elements in the CRM– Identify the resource in CRM

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WHY AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT HAPPENED?

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Percent of Accidents with Known Causes

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PrimaryFactor

Flightcrew

Airplane

Maintenance

Weather

Airport/ATC

Misc (other)

No. ofAccidents

Percent

10 20 30 40 50 60 70

PERCENT OF TOTAL ACCIDENTS WITH KNOWN CAUSES ('59-'90)

493

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34

37

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The Fact!!!

• In the 1970's investigators discovered that more than

70% of air crashes involve human error in a culture and work environment in the cockpit rather than failures of equipment or weather.

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11/24/2009 Zuliana AMC 14

ACCIDENT CAUSES (HUMAN VSMECHANICAL)

HUMAN FACTORS CAUSES

MECHANICAL CAUSES

TIME (31 YEARS)

RELATIVEPROPORTIONOFACCIDENTCAUSES(HUMAN VSMECHANICAL)

Before we proceed lets take a look to several major aircraft disasters….

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United Airlines DC-8Flight 173December 28, 1978

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The plane ran out of fuel and crashed, killing

10.CAUSES

•Loss of Situational Awareness

•Lack of Assertiveness

Tenerife airport disasterMarch 27th 1977

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Pan-Am Boeing 747 and KLM Boeing 747 collide on the

runway at Tenerife airport. (worst accident in history).

583 peoples killed. CAUSES

•Loss of Situational Awareness

•Poor communications•Poor Decision Making

•Stress

Mid-Air Collision November 12, 1996• Saudi Arabian airliner and a Kazakhstan plane

collided in mid-air near New Delhi, India. 349 peoples onboard both aircraft died.

CAUSES• Poor Communication due to language barriers

problem.

• As a result of some major air disasters, the concept of cockpit resource management, now called Crew Resource Management (CRM), was born.

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Human Error

• NASA research on the human error causes of air transport accidents:

–Interpersonal Communications–Decision Making–Leadership

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• Today, with crew performance the most significant threat to aviation safety, the industry has responded with an ambitious program to support effective crew coordination and performance:

Crew Resource Management training

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CRM History

• Originated from a NASA workshop in 1979 that focused on improving air safety.

• The workshop on “Resource Management on the Flight Deck” and the study of flight crew performance in a B747 simulator started the process.

• Now, CRM training for crew has been introduced and developed by aviation organizations including major airlines and military aviation worldwide.

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What is CRM?

• Management system (Non-Technical

Knowledge) which makes optimum use of all

available resources (equipment, people, and others)

to promote safety and enhance the efficiency of flight operations

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Resources of CRM

Elements of CRM

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Elements of CRM

Objectives of CRM

1. OPTIMIZE HUMAN PERFORMANCE

2. REDUCE HUMAN ERROR

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Why CRM?

• CRM training can enhance the ability to prevent and manage flight crew errors, and in maintaining continuity in flight crew performance of duties

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•Aircrew are the personnel who operate an aircraft while in flight.

•The composition of the crew depends on the type of aircraft as well as the purpose of the flight

Who is the Aircrew/Flight crew ??

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Role of Crew

Pilot Cabin Crew (Flight Attendance)

Administration•Schedule and monitor the operation and maintenance of aircraft

Cabin Service•Ensure passengers are comfortable•Informing and guide the passengers of the aircraft safety procedures•Making announcement on behalf pilot and answering passenger questions.•Reassuring passengers and ensuring passengers follow all safety procedures•Provide first aid to passenger if necessary.

Pilot aircraft•Make critical decision•Determine airworthiness•Plan the flight route, acquire and interpret current and forecast weather information.•Determine amount of fuel necessary•Operate aircraft communication and radios

Aircraft Maintenance•Inspect aircraft condition•Schedule aircraft maintenance and make sure maintenance is done according to FAA regulation.

Technical Assistance 29

CRM Goal

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The Error Chain

• In aviation “error chain” is a term referring to the concept that many contributing factors typically lead to an accident (mishap)

• Should any of the links be “broken,” then the mishap probably will not occur

• It is up to each crewmember to recognize a link and break the error chain.

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• For example, inadequate communications between crew members and other parties could lead to a loss of situational awareness, a breakdown in teamwork in the aircraft, and ultimately to a wrong decision or series of decisions which result in a serious incident or a fatal accident.

The Error Chain

Now please take a look the good example when CRM is applied….

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US Airways Flight 1549January 15, 2009

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• Flight crew reported that the aircraft had struck a flock of birds, and that both engines had failed.

•Successfully ditched in the Hudson River.

• All 155 survive.

This accident is the example of:•Good teamwork: practicing by all air crew in handling the difficult situations.•Good communication: among pilot, ATC & Ground crews to bring the aircraft to emergency landing and evacuation• Good decision making: done by pilot to solve the problems.

Conclusion

• Commercial aviation in fact is one of the safest forms of transportation.. Anyone who is involved with the aircraft’s mission,

anyone who is part of the crew, has his/her own role to play in CRM.

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Continue…

• Aviation observer has projected that this industry focus on crew performance has the potential to double system safety.

• CRM training is the regulatory component of the United Nations that required for all 185 countries by ICAO.

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Aviation in itself is not inherently dangerous. But to an even greater degree than the sea, it is terribly

unforgiving of any carelessness, incapacity

or neglect.37

Key Points

• Definition of CRM• Objectives of CRM• Resources in CRM• Importance of CRM training• Role and Goal of Crew in CRM• Elements of CRM• Error Chain

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References

• Driskell, E. Adams, J. (1992). Crew resource management: an introductory handbook. Washington DC.

• (2006). CAA CAP 737 Crew Resource Management Training

• http://www.airdisaster.com

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End of Presentation #1Q/A session

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Task

• Please do some research and find out the caused of these accidents and relate them with human error:

• United 727 at Salt Lake City: November 11, 1965 Crash during landing• Eastern L-1011 in Florida: December 29, 1972 Crash during approach• UAL Flight 173 near Portland: December 28, 1978 Crash during approach• Saudi Arabian Airlines L1011 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: August 19, 1980 Crash

during take-off• Air Florida 737 in Washington, D.C. : January 13, 1982 Crash shortly after take-

off• Air Canada DC-9 at Cincinnati International Airport : June 2, 1983 Crash while

cruising at 33000 feet• Air Ontario Fokker 28 at Dryden : March 10, 1989 Crash• American Airlines Flight 965 near Cali: December 20, 1995

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Quote of the Day

Man must rise above the Earth—to the top of the atmosphere and beyond—for only thus will he fully

understand the world in which he lives.— Socrates

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