CRITICAL MINERALSpubdocs.worldbank.org/en/836821608226101591/2020-12-09... · 2020. 12. 9. ·...
Transcript of CRITICAL MINERALSpubdocs.worldbank.org/en/836821608226101591/2020-12-09... · 2020. 12. 9. ·...
NOTICE
LAST EDITED
The information contained in this documents is confidential, privileged and
only for the information of the intended recipient and may not be used, published
or redistributed without the prior written consent of Tesla, Inc.
CRITICAL MINERALS
Battery Supply Chain
November 2020
2C O P Y R I G H T 2 0 2 0 T E S L A , I N C . P R O P R I E T A R Y A N D C O N F I D E N T I A L , D I S C L O S E D U N D E R N D A
Major components of Li-Ion Batteries
Anodes are commonly made of carbon and store
Li+/e- on charge
Cathodes are commonly made from metal oxides
with a layered structure and store Li+/e- on
discharge
Li+ ions carry the charge between the anode and
cathode
Electrolyte conducts Li+ ions between the
electrodes – ions move between the interstitial
space between layers of electrode material
Separator is placed between the electrodes and
allows ionic conduction (Li+) while preventing
electric short circuiting (e-)
e-
ANODE
E.g.: Layered carbon
(graphite)
CATHODE
E.g.: Layered metal
oxides
Li+
Discharge
Li+
Charge
1
2
3
4
5 1 2
3
5
4
3C O P Y R I G H T 2 0 2 0 T E S L A , I N C . P R O P R I E T A R Y A N D C O N F I D E N T I A L , D I S C L O S E D U N D E R N D A
Critical Minerals are major cell cost drivers
Other
Production
costs
Raw material
costs
Housing
Anode
Cathode
Electrolyte
Separator
Lithium
Nickel
Cobalt
Other
Processing
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Lithium Graphite Aluminum Cobalt Copper Nickel
Year
s
Reserve life of major battery materials
Higher prices required to
deliver increase in global
reserve base
Battery costs driven by
raw material costs…
Raw materials driven by
cathode costs…
Cathode costs driven by
lithium, nickel and cobalt
Battery metals supply are geologically
constrained
Maintains stability during
charge/discharge and
improves battery safety
Enables higher energy
density and longer range
Carries the charge
between the anode and
cathode
4C O P Y R I G H T 2 0 2 0 T E S L A , I N C . P R O P R I E T A R Y A N D C O N F I D E N T I A L , D I S C L O S E D U N D E R N D A
Demand for battery-grade lithium and nickel to increase by ~8X and ~19X respectively
Global battery capacity driven by EV growth in China
… which will increase demand for battery-grade lithium and
nickel by ~10X and ~21X respectively
364
1,348
1,928
66
93
103
27
256
424
46
145
226
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
2019 2024 2029
GW
h
Planned cell capacity
China Asia (excl. China) Europe North America
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
Lithium Nickel Cobalt
To
nn
es
(‘0
00
s)
Cathode raw material demand
2019 2024 2029
~10X
~21X
~5X503 GWh
1,846 GWh
2,696 GWh
Global battery capacity to grow ~5X from 500 GWh to 2.7 TWh
by 2029, driven by EV growth in China…
Source: Benchmark Minerals
5C O P Y R I G H T 2 0 2 0 T E S L A , I N C . P R O P R I E T A R Y A N D C O N F I D E N T I A L , D I S C L O S E D U N D E R N D A
Quality sourcing, manufacturing, and recovery
Value In = Value Out
• 100% of original battery materials remain at end of life
• Metals have infinite closed loop recycling potential
• Recycling technology will enhance knowledge in battery materials processing further fueling innovation
• Continuous iteration of R&D loop will result in reduced costs and improved sustainability of battery life cycle thus reducing mining requirements for resources
• Combines principle of industrial ecology in our factory design
Cathode (Nickel,
Cobalt, Aluminum,
Lithium)
Steel
Copper
Aluminum
Graphite
Plastics
Electrolyte
Closed loop
recycling
potential
Recovered
material
Not currently
recovered
Knowledge
Innovation
Technology