Criminal Justice Issues in Indian Country - Tribal Law and...
Transcript of Criminal Justice Issues in Indian Country - Tribal Law and...
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Part of the NCJA/NCAI Tribal‐State Collaboration & Justice Capacity Building Project funded by the Bureau of Justice Assistance
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Kay Chopard CohenDeputy Executive Director, NCJA(202) 448 1722, [email protected]
Katy Jackman Staff Attorney, NCAI(202) 466‐7767, [email protected]
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Audio Participation Information:Call‐in Number: (800) 850 ‐ 4678 Conference ID#: 98670537
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1. Viewer Window 2. Control Panel
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1:00‐1:05p.m. – Introductions/Logistics 1:05‐1:40p.m. –The TLOA & Its Implications 1:40‐2:25p.m. –Question & Answer Session2:25‐2:30p.m. –Closing Remarks & Preview
of Upcoming Webinar
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John HarteMapetsi Policy Group
John DossettNational Congress of American Indians
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15 SCIA hearings (2007‐2010) confirm longstanding violence and related problems:Epidemic domestic and sexual violenceDeclinations and lack of federal responseNon‐Indian gangs/DTOs target reservations for drug smuggling and other crimesLow police presence, limited training, difficulties with recruitment & retention
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Primary Causes of Indian Country Violence:Broken and Divided System▪ Handcuffed tribal justice systems▪ Lack of federal accountability▪ Jurisdictional mazeUnderfunded tribal justice systems
Crafting a solution: Senator Dorgan introduced TLOA on April 2, 2009Comprehensive approach to reforming system
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Title I: Federal Accountability & CoordinationTitle II: State CoordinationTitle III: Empowering Tribal Justice SystemsTitle IV: Program ReauthorizationsTitle V: Indian Country Crime Data Collection &
Information SharingTitle VI: Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault
Investigation, Prosecution & Prevention
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Issue: Limited tribal authority to combat crimeSec. 304. Tribal Court Sentencing (amending ICRA)
Enhanced tribal court sentencing authority▪ 1‐3 years imprisonment, $15,000 fine, or both▪ 9‐year cap on stacked sentencingProtections for accused where subjecting D to 1+ year▪ Licensed counsel for indigent defendants▪ Licensed / law trained judges▪ Trial must be recorded (audio or video)▪ Must publish laws, rules of evidence/procedure▪ Sentencing options: tribal, BOP, state, alternatives
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Issue: Limited tribal police authority, training/recruitmentSec. 301. Tribal Police Officers
Enhances Special Law Enforcement Commission (SLEC) program▪ MOA procedures and minimum requirements (deadline: Jan. 25, 2011)
▪ Model MOA must acknowledge certified officer as federal officer with FTCA protection
▪ MOA must be signed 60 days after Tribe meets minimum requirements▪ BIA must conduct regional trainings to educate/certify candidates for SLECs
Mandates training options: tribal or local colleges, state academies Raises age level to 47 (from 37) for incoming officer candidatesExpedites background checks (60 days)
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Issue: High declination rates for alleged IC crimes
Sec. 102. Disposition Reports – ILERA section 2809U.S. Attorneys & Federal LE officials must coordinate with tribal justice officials when terminating investigations or declining to prosecute reservation crimes (status & evidence)LE and U.S. Attorneys required to maintain data, by Field Division and District: type of crime, suspect, victim, reason for declinationAttorney General must submit annual report to Congress containing investigation & prosecution data on federal declinations in Indian Country
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Issue: Some state and local governments cannot or choose not to meet their obligation to investigate/prosecute reservation crimes pursuant to P.L. 83‐280
Sec. 201‐202. State Criminal Jurisdiction & ResourcesAuthorizes tribes to request federal investigation / prosecution of alleged violations of General and Major Crimes ActTribal requests subject to consultation and consent by U.S. Attorney General / local U.S. AttorneyAmendment to ICRA (25 USC 1321) applies to all PL 280 jurisdictions
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Issue: Outdated and inconsistent data on reservation crime
Sec. 101. BIA‐OJS Responsibilities (25 U.S.C. 2802)TA and training for NCIC and other national crime information databasesCoordinating with DOJ to report national IC crime data annually Sharing data with DOJ on tribe‐by‐tribe basis to ensure eligibility for DOJ programs
Sec. 303. Access to National Criminal Information DatabasesGrants tribal law enforcement agencies the right to ACCESS and ENTER information from federal criminal info databasesTribal justice official = an authorized law enforcement official for purposes of NCIC access
Sec. 501‐502. Indian Country Crime Reporting‐Data CollectionRequires BJS with OJS and FBI in consultation with Tribes to report Indian Country criminal data to Congress annually (no later than July 29, 2011)Requires direct tribal LE access to National Gang Intelligence DatabaseTribes directly eligible for federal grants that promote data collection and crime reporting (Criminal History Record Improvement Program grants)
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Sec. 101. BIA‐OJS ResponsibilitiesBIA‐OJS long‐term plan for incarceration in Indian Country▪ Coordinate with DOJ▪ Consult with tribal leaders and tribal justice officials
Sec. 401. IASA ReauthorizationCoordination among DOI (OJS/BIE)‐DOJ‐HHS (IHS) on a long‐term plan for juvenile centers and alternatives▪ Consult with tribal and BIA juvenile detention centers
Sec. 404. Tribal Jails ProgramDOJ long‐term plan to for incarceration in Indian Country▪ Coordinate with BIA‐OJS, IHS, BIE▪ Consult with tribal leaders and tribal justice officials*DEADLINE OF PLAN SUBMISSIONS TO CONGRESS: JULY 29, 2011
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Enhanced Federal and Tribal Prosecutions – Sec. 102, 103, 304Enhanced Tribal LE authority – Sec 301Sec. 601. Notification of Tribal Governments
Requires Bureau of Prisons & Office of U.S. Courts to notify tribal justice officials of released offenders that will live or work in Indian Country
Sec. 602. Domestic & Sexual Violence TrainingRequires BIA‐OJS to develop trainings for BIA/tribal officers to improve survivor/witness interviews and evidence collection and preservation
Sec. 603. Testimony by Federal EmployeesRequires OJS / IHS to approve tribal court subpoenas to testify unless testimony would violate Department impartiality policySec. 605. Sexual Assault ProtocolRequires IHS Director to establish/implement standardized SA protocol
Sec. 606. GAO study of IHS response capabilities
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KEY to successful implementation:• Federal –Tribal government‐to‐government consultation at every step of implementation process
• Active Tribal input / participation
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Department of InteriorBureau of Indian Affairs ‐Office of Justice Services (BIA‐OJS)▪ Sec. 101. ILERA Responsibilities▪ Developing emergency, dispatch, 911 services▪ Increased communication, consultation to direct service tribes▪ TA for NCIC other criminal history databases
▪ Sec. 301. Police training, recruitment, authority▪ Sec. 304. ICRA enhanced sentencing
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BIA‐OJS ▪ Sec. 305. Indian Law and Order Commission▪ Sec. 401. Indian Alcohol and Substance Abuse
Bureau of Indian Education (BIE)▪ Sec. 401. IASA – coordination on long‐term plan for juvenile centers and provision of services to BIA and tribal juveniles in custody
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Department of JusticeEstablishes Office of Tribal Justice to guide policyNative American Issues Coordinator to coordinate EOUSA (NAIS)Federal Bureau of Investigation▪ Case termination / evidence coordination▪ Data collection
Executive Office for U.S. Attorneys▪ Declinations / evidence coordination▪ Tribal Liaisons
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Drug Enforcement Administration. Sec. 302Bureau of Prisons▪ Sec. 304. BOP Pilot Project (deadline Nov. 26, 2010)▪ Sec. 601. Prisoner release and reentry – notify tribes
Office of Justice Programs▪ Sec. 401. IASA▪ Sec. 402. Tribal Courts Assistance▪ Sec. 404. Tribal Jails – removes matching requirement, provides that “AG shall reserve $35M” for FY 2011‐2015
Community Oriented Policing Services – Sec. 402▪ removes 3‐5 year grant limit and matching requirement, permits indirect costs
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Department of Health & Human ServicesIndian Health Service▪ Sec. 401. IASA▪ Secs. 603‐606. Testimony, protocols, GAO report
Substance Abuse & Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)▪ Sec. 401. IASA – Establishes coordinating role, Office of Indian Alcohol and Substance Abuse, youth programs and services
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Sec. 305. Indian Law & Order CommissionEstablishes commission of experts in the field
Appointments made within 60 days of enactment (Sept. 27, 2010):▪ President (3)▪ Majority & Minority Leader of the Senate (3)▪ Speaker of the House & Minority Leader of the House (3)▪ 9 Member Commission then selects Chair by October 12, 2010
Tasked with reviewing current justice system on Indian lands (jurisdiction, juvenile justice, detention/alternatives) & providing recommendations in 2 years (July 29, 2012)
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Longstanding / severe unmet funding needs for tribal police, courts, detention, alternative to incarceration, treatment, juvenile justiceDOJ tribal justice funding fluctuated between a high of $91M in FY 2000 to a low of $42M in FY 2006Recent increases give hope, but we need stabile funding:
FY2011 DOJ Budget Request: $448.8 millionProposed 7% OJP set‐aside offers stabilityHouse FY 2011 CJS Appropriations Subcommittee: $342 millionSenate FY 2011 CJS Appropriations Subcommittee: No increaseTLO reauthorizations begin in FY 2011
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• TLOA Implementation Website:• http://www.ncai.org/tloa
• Previous Tribal Sovereignty Webinar:• http://www.slideshare.net/NCAI1944/untangling‐the‐web‐understanding‐criminal‐jurisdiction‐in‐indian‐country‐and‐the‐role‐of‐tribal‐sovereignty/1/yes
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Intro to Law Enforcement Agreements:
Cross‐Deputization AgreementsMutual Aid AgreementsHot Pursuit AgreementsIssue‐Specific Agreements
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Kay Chopard CohenDeputy Executive Director, NCJA(202) 448 1722, [email protected]
Katy Jackman Staff Attorney, NCAI(202) 466‐7767, [email protected]