CRIME SCENES. BASIC REASONS FOR CRIME SCENE Reconstruction Focus on key evidence Provide immediate...
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CRIME SCENES
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BASIC REASONS FOR CRIME SCENE
• Reconstruction
• Focus on key evidence
• Provide immediate investigative leads
• Present evidence to the trier of fact
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WHAT IS AT A CRIME SCENE
• Evidence of events, sequence and time
• Evidence from the suspect
• Evidence from the scene on the suspect
• Conclusive evidence
• Circumstantial evidence
• Interpretive evidence
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BASIC SCENE STEPS
• Arrival issues
• Stabilization issues
• Scene security
• Boundaries
• General survey
• Overview photos and sketching
• Collection and preservation
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CRIME SCENE ARRIVAL
• Safety of responding personnel• Check the medical condition of the
victim• List all responding units• Prevent loss of evidence due to:
– Medical aid– Suspect action– Environmental issues
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STABILIZE THE CRIME SCENE
• Protect the perishable evidence• Exclude all uninvolved personnel• Be aware of what can damage evidence:
– GSR– Heat on biological– Alcohol in the body
• Isolate the participants• Effects of weather
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CRIME SCENE SECURITY
• Use tape or guards
• Purpose is to restrict access to select few
• Log who enters and leaves the scene
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SET CRIME SCENE BOUNDARIES
• Better to over estimate
• Consider entry and exit
• Focus on three dimensions
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ASSESS THE CRIME SCENE
• Who needs to be notified– Supervision– Coroner– Crime lab– Sheriff/city investigators– Specialized assistance
• What is critical for immediate processing• Set priorities
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JOBS IN PROCESSING SCENE
• Photos/video
• Fingerprints
• Note taking
• Bagger/tagger
• Collector
• Security
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GENERAL SURVEY
• Limit to one or two persons
• Note likely entry/exit points
• Note misplaced, foreign objects
• Note locations of prints/trace
• Prevent contamination
• Organize
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ORGANIZE
• Designate trash areas, command center, smoking areas, equipment areas
• Where is the command center, restrooms, food/drink, phones
• If night is approaching, how much will be done
• Order of processing
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SCENE DOCUMENTATION
• Photography
• Sketches
• Note taking
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PHOTOGRAPHY
• Orientation/overalls– Outside and inside– All directions– All four walls/ all rooms– Doors/ windows– Orientation of evidence with and without
labels– Close-up
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ORIENTATION
• LOCATION ORIENTATION
• FRONT/SIDES/BACK OF BUILDING
• 360 DEGREES FROM EACH SIDE OF BUILDING
• 45 DEGREES FROM CORNER OF BUILDING/AREA
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360 Degree Overall
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EVIDENCE LOCATION
• AS IS
• ORIENTATION/ MIDDLE/ CLOSEUP
• MARKERS
• ORIENTATION/MIDDLE/CLOSEUP
• BEFORE AND AFTER SHOT WHENEVER SOMETHING IS MOVED IN ORDER TO SEE ITEM
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NOTE TAKING
• Detailed
• Chronological
• Information such as date/times– Scene description– Items collected, date, and times– Body descriptions– Etc..
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CRIME SCENE SKETCHING
• Definition: The rough notes and measurements one takes at a scene which shows the key physical measurements of the scene and its evidence location.
• Purpose– To document relationship of evidence– To illustrate to others the crime scene– To provide an overall perspective of the scene
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CRIME SCENE DIAGRAMS
• A diagram is the finished product that is included in the report and/or presented to an audience.
• This diagram can be:– Scaled or un-scaled– Hand drawn– Computer generated (CAD)– Animated 3D video clips
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Basic Tools for Field Sketching
• Tape measures - Preferably Inch/Metric combination
• Protractor• Level and string line• Compass with sighting capability• Others such as Optical range finders. Reel
measurement, Transits etc.
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SKETCH TYPES
• Rectangular
• Triangulation
• XY coordinates
• Angular displacement
• Grids
• Elevations
• Cross-projections and 3 D
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Rectangular Coordinates
• This consists of measuring the X and Y distance from two reference points or walls.
• If one is going to plot the data on a computer, this is the preferred method.
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1
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Triangulation
• A method of measurement traditionally taught to crime scene personnel
• Measurements are made directly to each of two permanent reference points
• Must have a baseline measurement between the reference points.
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Pole A Pole B
191'138' 57'199' 59'
60.5'202'145' 113'
99' 200'73' 147'4"74' 11" 147' 4"
165' 10'
158' 8"65'30'
Baseline with Distance Only
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Polar or Angular Coordinates
• Determine one reference point
• Measure items from this reference point by angle and distance
• Usually used for outdoor scenes
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XY Grid Techniques
• Set up a grid of lines of arbitrary size, can be 6”, 1’, 3’ square.
• Generally use numbers on one axis and letters on the other. This minimizes error.
• This technique is good for multiple evidence that would be too detailed to record by individual points, such as grave sites, bombings, airplane crashes.
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XY Grid PictureThe Grid System for Many Items
1311109876 1254321AB
CDE
FG
HIJKL
MN
14 15 16 17 18 19
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Transecting Baseline or Straight Line Coordinates
• Items are measured as above or below a baseline.• Usually used in outdoor scenes.• Used where the evidence is along a line and it is
easier to create an arbitrary baseline in order to simplify the measuring routine.
• Use one tape for the baseline and the other for the transection distance
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A B
32 7/8'
26 7/8'
33 5/8'
36 5/8'
63 7/8'
71 1/16'40 1/16'
11 7/8'
57 3/8'
75 1/16'
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Sketching Elevation
• Sketching in the outdoor environment can bring forth unique problems.
• One has to be able to illustrate elevation or contour change for a varying exterior scene.
• Tools for this technique can be a string line and level (Brick layer) or a Lock/Abney type level level.
• Usually one contour diagram is sufficient.• Making elevation measurements allows for 3D
diagramming.
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Elevation Measurments
LevelLine
Measurements of elevation over uneven surfaces
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Exploded Views
• This technique has the walls laying flat and attached to the floor plan.
• It makes it easier to relate measurements and evidence location to the adjacent floor.
• Problems that this can cause is that it can take up a lot of room on a sketch pad
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SEARCH AND LOCATE EVIDENCE
• Flag into entry areas
• Be systematic
• Mark, record, and collect
• Packaging and labeling
• Order of collection
• Preservation
• References
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WHAT HAPPENED?
• Likely theory
• Why?
• Alternative theory
• Where is pt of entry/exit?
• What are sources of contamination?
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WHEN DID IT HAPPEN?
• Record items like:– Light switch positions– Window/door positions– Curtain positions– Mail/newspaper– Dress of victim
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WHEN DID IT HAPPEN?
• Insect activity
• Rigor mortis
• Livor mortis
• Body temp
• Vitreous
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WHY DID IT HAPPEN?
• Motives
• Signs of struggle
• Sign of burglary
• Breaking and entry
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WHAT DID SUSPECT LEAVE BEHIND?
• Near body
• Point of entry/exit
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WHAT DID SUSPECT REMOVE?
• Property
• Trace
• Physiological fluids
• Exemplar collection
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WHAT TYPES OF DEFENSE ARGUMENTS TO EXPECT?
• Accident
• Suicide
• Homicide
• The other guy did it