Crime Scene & Evidence Manual 1997.docx

8/14/2019 Crime Scene & Evidence Manual 1997.docx

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CRIME SCENE AND EVIDENCEMANUAL


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REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTFrancisco Gold Condominium II, EDSA corner Mapagmahal St.

Diliman, Quezon City

Criminals and lawless elements are fast catching up with the speedyadvance in technology. They are getting bolder every day. In recent years,

we have been witness to countless tragedies brought about by the violenceof terrorist attacks and other criminal activities all over the world. In manycases, suspects have gone scot free, others have been meted sentenceslighter than they should have received, while some have easily posted bail

bonds and continued with their illegal endeavors. Oftentimes, these were the

result of bungled investigations, the seeming neglect to effectively preserveor collect the necessary evidence, and in certain instances, the failure ofinvestigators to properly follow procedures and regulations.

It is Worthy to note that the Philippine National Police is presentlyleaving no stones unturned in developing and implementing ways and means

to improve the performance of police personnel involved in the delicate taskof investigation. Making this Manual a reading requirement for police

personnel will better equip them with the necessary tools and provide themwith more confidence in carrying out their investigative tasks. There is

certainly no better way to effectively deal with lawlessness than with a policeforce that is well equipped, not only in terms of equipment and material

resources but more importantly, in terms of skills and knowledge as well.

It is hoped that this Manual serves as a constant guide and referencefor our police investigators in the conduct of their investigative tasks. With

more skilled and better equipped policemen, there can absolutely be novictory for those who stray from the law.

ROBERT Z. BARBERS

Chairman, NAPOLCOMSecretary, DILG


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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTNATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION

NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICECamp Crame, Quezon City

The Police National Police leadership realities the importance of

constantly reviewing and updating police procedures and regulations asamong the keys to efficient and effective law enforcement. For one,procedures on crime scene operations and evidence handling must beconstantly assessed, and revised if necessarily, in order to enhance

investigative work.

Investigative work takes a lot of patience, skill and intelligence. Ininvestigating a crime, an investigator cannot afford to lose even the

minutest of evidence for this may turn out to be the key to the success of

the whole case. Sometimes, it is the smallest of details that actually count.As such, it is imperative that each investigator be equipped with the

necessary skills and knowledge to efficiently carry out his investigative task.

Towards this end, this manual on Crime Scene and Evidence ispublished to guide our investigators on the proper rudiments of investigating

crime scenes and handling evidence. It is hoped that our investigators striveto understand and put to heart the contents of this Manual - for there is no

substitute to knowing by heart one's tasks and intelligently CaI1ying themout.

RECAREDO A SARMIENTO IIPolice Director GeneralChief, PNP


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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTNATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION

NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICEDIRECTORATE FOR HUMAN RESOURCE AND DOCTRINE DEVELOPMENT

Camp Crame, Quezon City

Investigating a crime scene takes more than just collecting evidence,bringing them to the laboratory, having them examined, and laterpresenting them in court to defend a case and prosecute a suspectedcriminal. It takes more than just securing the scene of the crime and

keeping the evidence intact.

Investigating a crime scene takes a lot of skill and some art, too.Often, a case is dropped, a suspected criminal is acquitted, or is released on

bail even with the presence of apparently strong evidence-all because the

method of investigation and the preservation of evidence were not done asprocedures and regulations require. In these instances, it is the victim that is

the hardest hit.

Perhaps, it is not so much the lack of knowledge on the part of theinvestigators and other personnel involved in crime scene operations and;

evidence handling that give rise to the problem, but their apparentcarelessness or even too much confidence in what they are doing. One

cannot be too confident in processing a crime scene or in handling evidence.We must realize that omitting or overlooking the smallest detail may spell

failure instead of success for a case.

It is with this in mind, that we are publishing this manual on CrimeScene and Evidence. It focuses primarily on the gathering, handling,

safekeeping, and transmittal of evidence. More imp0l1antly, it focuses on

the proper management of evidence associated with ten general crimescenes with the purpose of decreasing the incidence of evidence exclusionand' adulteration.

This Manual is meant for every police investigator and personnel

involved in the processing of a crime scene and the handling of evidence. Itis hoped that this will serve as a constant guide for our men and encouragethem to strive harder to attain the highest ideals of the investigation service.

WARIETO ALBIA CAPITAN, MNSA

Police Chief Superintendent


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Director

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The PNP Directorate for Human Resource and Doctrine Developmentwishes to acknowledge those who have contributed in one way or another to

the conceptualization and eventual publication of this manual on CrimeScene and Evidence.

We extend our special gratitude to the Federal Bureau of Investigation(FBI) Academy in the United States for providing our personnel, who havebeen given the opportunity to undergo training there, with the necessary

instructional materials which have been an indispensable source of data in

our researches.

We, likewise, wish to extend our gratitude and appreciation to the

members of the different PNP Directorial Staffs and other PNP uniformed and

non-uniformed personnel who have contributed in no small measure to the[mal format and production of this Manual, and who continue to provide us

with enough motivation to pursue our task of sharing with our personnel theinformation and knowledge necessary for effective and efficient law

enforcement.

We welcome any suggestions and comments to further improve thisManual.


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No.Message i

Foreword iiPreface iii

Acknowledgement iv

CHAPTER I: CRIME SCENECRIME AGAINST PERSON 3

ARSON 4

BOMBING 5B REAKIN G & ENTERIN G 6CLANDESTINE OPERATION 7

COUNTERFEITING 8

HIT-AND-RUN 9NARCOTICS VIOLATION 10

QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS 11RAPE/HOMICIDE 12

CHAPTER II: GATHERING AND SAFEKEEPINGOF EVIDENCE

1. BODY FLUIDS 151.1 Blood 15

1.2 Saliva 161.3 Semen 16

1. 4 Sweat 171. 5 Urine 17

2. EXPLOSIVES ANDINCENDIARIES 18

2.1. Arson Debris 18

2.2. Explosive Debris 192.3. Explosive Substances and Devices 19

3. FABRICS 213.1. Large AItic1es 21

3.2. Small Altic1es 22

4. FINGERPRINTS 234.1. On Absorbent Materials 234.2. On Hard Surfaces 24

4.3. On Soft Surfaces 254.4. On Skin 26

4.5. On Other Surfaces 265. FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION 27

5.1. Gunshot Residue 27


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5.2. Small Fire at IDs 28

5.3. Serial Numbers 285.4. Shoulder Weapons 29

5.5. Fired Bullets 295.6. Fired Cartridge Cases 29

5.7. Fired Paper Shot Shells 305.8. Shot Pellets 31

5.9. Shot Wads 316. FOOD AND DRUG SPECIMENS

6.1. Liquids 326.2. Plant Material 32

6.3. Powders or Solids 33

6.4. Tablets and Capsules 33

7. GLASS7.1 Large Fragments

7.2 Small Fragments

7.3 How to Obtain A Comparison Standard

For Glass

8. HAIR AND FIBERS

8.1 On Individuals

8.2 On Other Surfaces

8.3 How To Obtain A Comparison StandardFor Hairs and Fibers

9.1 Footprints

9.2 Tire Prints

9.3 Tool Marks

9.4 Bite Marks9.5 How To Obtain A Comparison Standard

Impressions

10. LIQUIDS AND VISCOUSSUBSTANCES

10.1 Liquids 4210.2 Viscous Substances 43

11.1 Filings 44

11.2 Fragments 44

12.1 Chips and Smudges 46

12.2 Liquid 47

13. QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS(incl. Handwriting, Typewriting & Ink) 48

13.1 Burned

13.2 Fluid or Blood Soaked

13.3 Intact


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SOIL 52

14.1 Caked Mud 52

14.2 Dry Soil 52

14. 3 Mud 53

15.1 Cigarette Butts Tobacco 54

15.2 Jewelry 5515.3 Voice Identification ........................ 55

15.4 Small Objects .............................56

15.5 Writing Instruments............................. 57

Chapter III TRANSMITTAL OF EVIDENCETO A LABORATORY

General Procedure 61

Sample Transmittal Letter 62

Chapter IV LABORATORY ANALYSIS

1.BODY FLUIDS .........................................67

1.1 Blood .............................................. 67

1.2 Saliva............................................. 67

1.3 Semen ............................................ 67

1.4 Sweat ............................................. 671.5 Urine .............................................. 67

2.EXPLOSIVES AND INCENDIARIES ...........68

2.1 Arson Debris................................... 68

2.2 Explosive Debris ............................... 68

2.3 Explosive Substances and Devices ...... 683 . FABRICS 69

3.1 Large Articles ................................... 69

3.2 Small Articles ................................... 69

4.FINGERPRINTS .......................................70

4.1 On Absorbent Materials ..................... 70

4.2 On Hard Surfaces .............................. 70

4.3 On Soft Surfaces ............................... 70

4.4 On Skin ........................................... 70

5.FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION ................71

5. 1 Gunshot Residue.............................. 715.2 Small Firearms ................................. 71

5.3 Serial Numbers.. .............................. 715.4 Shoulder Weapons ............................ 71

5.5 Used Bullets..................................... 71

5.6 Spent Cartridge Cases ....................... 715.7 Spent Shotgun Shells........................ 72


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6.FOOD AND DRUG SPECIMENS ................ 736.1 Liquids ........................................... 73

6.2 Plant Material................................... 73

6.3 Powders or Solids ............................ 736.4 Tablets and Capsules........................ 73

7.GLASS .....................................................74

7.1 Large Fragments .............................. 74

7.2 Small Fragments .............................. 74

8.HAIR AND FIBERS ..................................75

8.1 On Individuals ..................................75

8.2 On Other Surfaces ............................75

9.IMPRESSIONS ........................................76

9.1 Footprints............................................. 76

9.2 Tire Prints............................................ 769. 3 To 0 1 Mark s .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 76

10.LIQUIDS AND VISCOUS SUBSTANCES.... 77

10. 1 Liquids........................................... 77

10.2 Viscous Substances ........................ 77

11.METALS................................................ 78

11. 1 Filings.............................................. 7811.2 Fragments .................................... 78

11. 3 Large Sections.................................. 78

12.PAINT.................................................... 79

12.1 Chips and Smudges ....................... 79

12.2 Liquids...... ................................... 79

13. QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS

14. (inc\. Handwriting & Typewriting,

Paper and Ink)....................................... 80

13.1 Charred .......................................... 80

13.2 Fluid or Blood Soaked ...................... 80

13.3 Intact. ........................................... 80

14.SOIL ...............................81

14.1 Caked Mud ........................... .........81

14.2 Dry Soil ............................... .........8114.3 Mud ............................... ............. 81

15.MISCELLANEOUS ..... ............................ 8215.1 Cigarette Butts-Tobacco .................. 82

15.2 Jewelry......................................... 82

15.3 Voice Identification ......................... 8215.4 Small Objects ................................. 82

15.5 Writing Instruments........................ 82


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Chapter V: Glossary of Terms

END NOTES

APPENDIX GUIDELINES FOR CONDUCTINGSCENE OF CRIME OPERATIONS


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CHAPTER I

CRIME SCENE

CRIME AGAINST PERSON

It is important that the weapon used during an armed assault be

retrieved, especially if it was a firearm. A firearm may reveal scratches,fingerprints or other distinguishing marks apart from its serial number. Thesefeatures if available can be used to confirm the FA's identity.In addition, look for projectiles and spent cartridges. If a projectile is found,determine its path or line of fire. If possible, try to determine the path of aprojectile to the entry hole by establishing the position of the offender. Then,look for physical evidence associated with the offender such as fingerprints, tom

pieces of clothing or cigarette butts.

To establish whether a person fired a FA, perform a gunshot residue testat the crime scene if possible. The test may be done on the attacker's clothingparticularly if it is not practicable for the test to be made on his hands. Likewise,the same test may be done on the victim's clothing to verify the distance fromwhich the shot was made. Gunshot residues at the entry hole may establish thisfact. Note the position of the spent cartridges and collect them as evidence.

Locate any cutting, stabbing, or blunt instrument used in the assault. Theinstrument may reveal blood stains, hairs or clothing fibers associated with thevictim. Fingerprints on the instrument may yield positive identification of the

attacker.

Details on the collection and preservation of evidence related to CrimeAgainst Person is found in Chapter II (Gathering and Safekeeping of Evidence)

as follows:

Blood (1.1) Serial Numbers (5.3)

Cigartte Butts (15.1) Shoulder Weapons (5.4)Clothing (3.) Fired Bullets (5.5)

Fingerprints (4.) Fired Cartridge Cases (5.6)

Gunpowder Residues (5.1 ) Spent Shotgun Shells (5.7)

Hand Guns (5.2)

ARSON

The main purpose of an arson investigation is to establish the pointof fire origin. Once established, the location may provide clues as to


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whether the fire was deliberately set or otherwise. At a possible point oforigin, the investigator should observe if there is or are any object(s)uncommon to the location. These uncommon objects may be in the formof traces or odors of combustible materials, e.g. petroleum. Search forunusually colored ashes or soot. Find out if the building's fire protection

devices have been modified or tampered with.

If petroleum or any related chemical was used to set the fire, it is

possible that the chemical's receptacle was left at the crime scene ordumped nearby. If the receptacle is not found among the fire debris, look

for possible locations of garbage repository in the area.

Probe electrical outlets, connections, fuse boxes and relatedelectrical devices to establish whether the fire was of electrical origin.Inspect bum patterns to establish the movement and intensely-heated

areas of the fire. Determine the criminal's entry route to the building,taking into consideration the possibility of a forced entry, i.e. door orwindow forcibly opened. Search for tool marks or any related evidenceleft behind.

Details about the gathering and safekeeping of evidence related to Arsonmay be found in Chapter II (Gathering and Safekeeping of Evidence) as

follows:

Arson Debris (2.1) Footprints (9.1)Carpet Gasoline (10.1)

Fabric Glass (7.1 & 7.2)Matches Metal Fragments (11.2)Tire Impressions (9.2) Tool Marks (9.3)

Wood

Fingerprints (4.)

BOMBING

Reaction to a bombing situation will depend on whether thereis a threatened bombing situation or a post-blast situation.

In a bomb threat situation, establish the legitimacy of thethreat and then call in the bomb disposal unit to do a search of theimperiled area. If a questionable package is found, a crowd controlunit should be dispatched to move people away from the suspectedbomb. If the threat was made through the phone, confer with the


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person who received the call to know more about the caller. If thethreat was made by letter, have the letter analyzed for fingerprints,typewriting, inks and handwriting.

In a post-blast situation, have the area searched by the bombdisposal unit for a second bomb. Then study the area to determinethe focus of the detonation and the resulting blast effects. Sort therubble for pieces of wire, triggering mechanism or explosivewrapper which may be traceable to its manufacture or dealer.Fingerprints may be yielded by the bomb's tape fragments. Collectthese for further analysis. If there are any suspects, test their handsusing ethanol or methanol-soaked swabs.

Details about the gathering and safekeeping of evidence

related to Bombing may be found in Chapter II (Gathering andSafekeeping of Evidence) as noted below:

Explosive Debris (2.2) Fabrics (3.)Explosive Substances Fingerprints (4.)and Devices (2.3) Metal Fragments(11.2)

Battery Parts Paper (13.)Blasting Caps Tool Marks (9.3)Clock Patts Voice tapes (15.3)

Wire

BREAKING AND ENTERING(TRESPASS TO DWELLING)

A lot of things should be considered when looking into a breaking any

entering case. First to consider is the manner by which the offender entered

the crime scene. Check the doors, metal doorknobs, and windows for torn

marks, and fingerprints. Collect glass fragments, clothing fibers or bloodresidue from a shattered window.

Second, consider the way by which the offender entered or left thecrime scene. Look for tire tracks and footprints in the vicinity of the crime

which may reveal the manner of entry.


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Third, ponder on what things inside the crime scene might have been

handled by the offender. Blush any available surface ill the room forfmgerpl1nts Lastly, search and collect for articles which are deemed to be

misplaced Collect for misplaced clothing, handkerchief, cigarette butts ormatches.

Consult victims to confirm which objects in the crime scene are out ofplace.

Details on the gathering and safekeeping of evidence may be found in

Chapter II (Gathering and Safekeeping of Evidence) as follows:

Blood (1.1) Hair (8.)

Cigarette

Butts(15.1) Metal Fillings (11.1)

Clothing (3.) Paint Chips (12.1)Fabrics (3.) Soil (14.)

Fingerprints (4.) Tools (11.3)

Footprints (9.1 ) Tool Marks (9.3)

Glass (7.)

CLANDESTINE OPERATION

A clandestine operation may be in the form of (but not limited to)the following: (a) narcotics laboratory; (b) counterfeiting plant; and (c)illegal weapons factory. In cases (a) and (b) it is important to collect allthe raw materials or ingredients that go into the production of the illegalcommodity. Likewise, collect samples of the finished products such asnarcotics, counterfeit currency or firearms.

Get a photo of the raw materials and the crime scene as they

appear before the seizure of said materials.

If possible collect evidence or samples which might have anythingto do with setting-up of the clandestine operation. Hence, collect samplesof hair, body fluids, clothing, eating utensils, tools, among others, which

may be connected to the offenders.

Details of the gathering and safekeeping of evidence on ClandestineOperation are found in Chapter II (Gathering and Safekeeping of

Evidence) as follows:


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Alcohol (10.1) Oil (10.2)

Fabrics (3.) Paint Chips or Smudges(12.1)Explosives (2.2) Paper (13.1)

Fingerprints(4.) Raw Materials (6.)Footprints (9.1 ) Soil (14.)

Fuel (10.1) Tire Impressions (9.2)Gasoline (10.1) Tools (11.2)Glass (7.) Tool Marks (9.3)Hair (8.) Wood Chips (2.1)

Metal (11.)

COUNTERFEITING

Counterfeiting is the fraudulent production of currency, e.g. paper ormetal, or negotiable instruments, e.g. bonds or checks. Investigation will

involve the collection of the questioned item, e.g. currency and inks, forlaboratory analysis to confirm the genuineness or spuriousness of the item

analyzed.If a clandestine counterfeiting operation is proven, search for and collect

equipment used in the operation. In addition, look for forged credit cards, driverlicenses, letters of credit, and blank bank checks which might linked thesuspects to other fraudulent commercial activities.

Details on the gathering and safekeeping of evidence related toCounterfeiting are found in Chapter II (Gathering and Safekeeping of Evidence)

as follows:

Dies (11.2)Fingerprints (4.)Ink (10.2 and 13)Paper (13.)

Solder (11.2)Tools (11.2)

Tool Marks (9.3)

HIT-AND-RUN

In the aftermath of a hit-and-run incident, the only evidence that

may link the offender to the crime scene is the physical evidencescattered in the vicinity or found on the victim's or on the offender'svehicle. Hence, inspect the area and the victim's clothing for broken

glass, chrome fragments, decorative metals or paint chips which mayhave been removed on impact. Observe the tire imprints and foot prints

left on the scene.


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Collect evidences like clothing fibers, bloodstains, among others,which may be used to confirm the identity of the suspect vehicle as theactual vehicle that caused the impact. If the suspect vehicle is foundabandoned, search for personal effects, papers, fingerprints, hair andfibers which may be used to determine the suspect's identity;

Details on the collection and preservation of evidence associatedwith Hit-and-Run are found under Collection and Preservation Section as

follows:

Blood (1.1) Hair (8.)Clothing (3.) Metal (11.)

Fabrics (3.) Mud (14.3)Fibers (8.3) Paint (12.)Glass (7.) Tire Impressions (9.2)

Grease (10.2) Fabric Impressions (3.2)

NARCOTICS VIOLATION

In certain occasions, finding evidence of narcotics violation such as

syringe, paper wrappings, heroin powder, and marijuana cigarettes during

an inquiry over an unrelated offense may not be farfetched. However,narcotics evidence is best achieved through planned narcotics raids or

through direct purchase by undercover officers.

Narcotics are commonly hidden in drawers, books, shoeboxes,mattresses or behind picture frames and seldom in light fixtures, heating

ducts, secret panels, tape cartridges, etc. When seeking, remember to brushthe hiding places for fingerprints.

Collect a fingerprint sample of the offender since this may be the only

tool for suspect identification. Dust the crime scene for prints specially thesurfaces which the offender might have touched.

Be on the lookout for stolen property during the search since mostnarcotics offenders finance their purchase through theft.

Details on the gathering and safekeeping of evidence related to

Narcotics Violation is described in Chapter II (Gathering and Safekeeping ofEvidence) as follows:

Drug Paraphernalia (6.) Powders or Solids (6.3)Fingerprints (4.) Spoon (15.4)


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Liquids (6.1) Syringe (15.4)

Paper ( 13.) Tablets/Capsules (6.4)Plant Material (6.2)

QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS

Under this category, stolen checks and bonds bearing forged

signatures make up the majority of false documents. Likewise, promissory

notes, commercial checks, wills, income tax returns and other legaldocuments may also be questionable documents.

Submit any document in question for an authenticity test. If

practicable, secure samples of handwriting, typewriting fonts and writinginstruments for laboratory analysis.

When examining document authenticity be on the lookout for: an unnatural signature; a paper not ordinarily used for such documents;

presence of more than one typewriting styles;

fraudulent date of preparation;

misaligned typewriting;

mechanical or chemical erasure;

questionable spacing of words, letters or lines; and

different types of paper used for a multi paged document.

Details on the gathering and safekeeping of evidence linked to

Questioned Documents may be found in Chapter II (Gathering and

Safekeeping of Evidence) as follows:

Fingerprints (13.) Typewriting (13.)

Handwriting (13.) Watermarks (13.)

Ink ( 13.) Writing Instruments (15.5.)

Paper (13.)

RAPE AND/OR HOMICIDE

When the crime is being committed, a struggle may arise between thevictim and the offender. It may be possible for the victim to have pulled


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the offender's hair, scratch his face or even tear his clothes. Hence, focuson evidence such as tissue, dried blood or cloth fibers which may beunder the victim's fingernails. Get samples of seminal stains, bloodstainsand other evidence from the victim's clothing. Medical inspection mayconfirm the presence of bite marks or foreign pubic hair from the victim.

Search the crime scene for evidence that may have been dropped by theoffender.

If the victim is deceased, determine the kind of weapon possiblyused, Look for a knife, rope, wire or brick which the offender might have

used to kill.

Determine how the offender and the victim arrived at the crimescene. Be on the lookout for footprints specially if the victim was forcedto walk or , dragged to the area. Otherwise, be observant for tire marks if

it is assumed' that the offender used a vehicle to bring the victim to thearea.

Details on the gathering and safekeeping of evidence C01l1lected to

Rape and/or Homicide are reflected in Chapter II (Gathering andSafekeeping of Evidence) as follows:

Blood (1.1) Seminal Stains (1.3)

Fabrics (3.) Small Objects (15.4)

Fiber (8.) Sweat (1.4)

Fingerprints (4.) Tire Tracks (9.2)Footprints (9.1) Bite Marks (9.4)Grease (10.3) Tools used as Weapons( 11.3)Hair (8.) Urine (1.5)

Saliva (1.2)


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CHAPTER 2

GATHERING ANDSAFEKEEPING OF EVIDENCE

Body fluid stains are important evidence. Whether they are bloodstains or seminal stains, they can be employed to determine if aperson is associated with a clime or not. The succeeding paragraphs

would show how blood, saliva, semen, urine and the comparison

standards are gathered and preserved.

1.1. BLOOD

It is a must that before collecting blood stains, a precisedescription of the extent and pattern of blood spatters should bemade. This means that close-up scaled photographs of blood stains

should be done.

If materials with blood stains can be sent to the laboratory:

1.1.1. Air dry the material on a Glean paper.

1.1.2. When dried, put the material inside a paper bag. Mark the bag

with your initials, the date and art exhibit number before fastening it.Do not bag items if they are not thoroughly dried.

1.1.3. If the material has to be folded, cover the stained area with

clean paper. Avoid folding across the stained area.

1.1.4. Blood stained materials should be packaged individually.

1.1.5. Collect a comparison standard. The comparison standard is 5 cc

of blood each taken from the victim and the suspect which are placedin separate vials. A qualified physician is tasked with extracting the

blood. The vials are marked with the donor's name, doctor's name and

other pertinent information.


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1.2 SALIVA

1.2.1. Air dry the material on a clean paper.

1.2.2. When dried, put the material inside a paper bag. Mark thebag with your initials, the date and an exhibit number beforefastening it. Do not bag items if they are not thoroughly dried.If the material has to be folded, cover the stained area with cleanpaper. Avoid folding across the stained area.

1.2.3. Blood stained materials should be packaged individually.

1.2.4. Collect a comparison standard. The comparison standard is acotton swab each from the victim's and the suspect's mouths. The

swabs are dried and packaged separately in paper envelopes. Theenvelopes are marked with your initials, the donor's name, the date,exhibit number and other pertinent information.

1.3. SEMEN

1.3.1. Air dry the material on a clean paper.1.3.2. When dried, put the material inside a paper bag. Mark thebag with your initials, the date and an exhibit number before

fastening it. Do not bag items if they are not thoroughly dried.1.3.3. If the mateIial has to be folded, cover the stained area withclean paper. Avoid folding across the stained area.1.3.4. Blood stained materials should be packaged individually.1.3.5. Collect a comparison standard. Get blood and saliva samplesfollowing steps 1.1 and 1.2.

1.4. SWEAT

Obtain sweat evidence following steps shown in 1.3.

1.5. URINE

Obtain urine evidence following steps shown in 1.3.

2. EXPLOSIVES AND INCENDIARIES


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Extreme care is needed when searching for bomb- or arson-related

evidence. For instance, the presence of large volume of debris, their smallsize and the possibility of their being washed away when fire is extinguished

make this type of evidence hard to find. The succeeding paragraphs wouldshow how arson and explosive debris are gathered and preserved.

2.1. ARSON DEBRIS

Glass

a) Collect glass splinters and dust them for fingerprints if the evidence

indicates that a Molotov Cocktail device was used.

b) Package the glass splinters in a clean, Fastenable metal can. Mark themetal cans with your initials, the date, exhibit number and other

pertinent information.

Wood and Fabricsa) Collect materials which may appear to have traces of gasoline or anyother incendiary. Follow the steps shown above for glass.

b) Obtain comparison standards. Materials similar to the collectedevidence which appear to be free from gasoline or any other incendiaryshould be collected as standards. Though not always necessary,

comparison standards are required specially if the floor or groundworkis chemically similar to the incendiary used.

Suspected Flammable Liquids

a) Put an ounce of the suspected fluid in a small, seable, clean can.

b) Fasten the can and mark it with your initials, the date, exhibit numberand other pertinent information.

Foreign Objects

a) Put objects foreign to the crime scene in separate plastic bags.

b) Fasten the bag and mark with your initials, the date, exhibit numberand other pertinent information.

2.2. EXPLOSIVE DEBRIS

2.2.1. Find the focus of the blast and then get loose debris from it.Consequently, remove additional material up to 3-5 inches deep. 2.2.2. Put

the evidence in separate clean, unused metal cans. Fasten and mark thecans with your initials, the date, exhibit number and other pertinent

information.

2.2.3. Put objects thought to be in close proximity with the blast in metalcans. Mark them.


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3. 1.1. Make sure that the correct position of any large material such as

upholstered chair or mattress is recorded prior to its removal and collection.ApaI1 from the drawing a sketch of the crime scene, show how a large

material, e.g. mattress, is positioned relative to another material, e.g.headboard.

3.1.2. Air dly wet smfaces before packing.3.1.3. When folding a fabric, make sure the ripped edges are protected.Put the fabric in a clean bag then fasten and mark. Avoid packaging

petroleum-laced materials in plastic bags or bottles.3.1.4. If cutting the fabric can not be avoided, be caI'eful not to cut across

vital areas such as bullet holes or knife wound areas. Never stretch or tear

fabrics.3.1.5. Put large aIticles such as mattresses and upholstered chairs in large

crates or boxes.3.1.6. Mark all the evidence with your initials, the date aIld an exhibit number.3,1. 7. If possible, collect a compaI'ison standard.

3.2.1. Search for small alticles of fabric on the victim's mouth, feet or

hands. Use tweezers to pick up small fibers so that ripped edges are

protected.

3.2.2. Air dly the wet surface of the fabrics before packaging. Make surethese surfaces are covered with non-abrasive material before sending them.

3.2.3. Put small fabrics in containers large enough so that they would not be

folded. Folding can cause alteration of threads.

3.2.4. Be extra careful when handling fabric impressions on paint, metalsUlfaces and putty. Refer to sections 4.3., 9.3 and 12.1. when collectingimpressions from putty, metal sUlface and paint impressions, respectively.

3.2.5. Package fabric impressions separately in glass or plastic vials or anyappropriate container. Fasten the container and mark with your initials, the

date and an exhibit number.

3.2.6. Collect a comparison standard.

Comparison Standard - Fabrics

Comparison standards would be fabric articles which are found at the crimescene which could be compared with fabric or fibers found on the suspect.

For instance, a fiber found on the victim may be similar to the fiber found onthe suspect. Refer to sections 3.1. or 3.2 when packaging these small

materials.


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Latent impressions, regardless of the area of the ridges present, are of the

greatest importance to the criminal investigator as their identification maysolve the crime and result in successful prosecution of the subject.

Consequently, every effOlt should be made to preserve and identify them.

It is imperative that fmgerprints hidden on non-porous sUlfaces should be

collected immediately and sent to the laboratory since they disintegraterapidly. When packaging fingerptints, be sure that these are shielded fromsmudging or deterioration. The succeeding paragraphs would show howfingerprints from non-porous and absorbent sUlfaces should be gathered andpreserved.

4.1.1. Put the absorbent material in a plastic bag. Mark the bag with your

initials, the date and an exhibit number.4.1.2. Do not directly handle the material with your fingers. Wear a pair oflightcloth gloves. Handle an object only by its edges or sUlfaces, insofar as it isnecessary.

4.1.3. Avoid processing the fingerprints on absorbent surfaces unless you

are trained to perform such a function.4.1.4. Collect standard fingerprints which were properly and legibly taken forcomparison.

Manual on Crime Scene and Evidence

DEVELOPING OF LATENT PRINTS

4.2.1. No attempt should be made to blUsh or apply powder to prints in

dust, and to greasy or bloody prints since this will smely. destroy them.Objects which have been wet or immersed in water may still bear identifiable

latent impressions. Before any examination is attempted, however, the

object must be dried.4.2.2. When the latent print is plainly visible, it should be photographed

before any effOlt is made to develop it.

4.2.3. Remove dust and other foreign matters by blowing or fmming thesuspected sUlface.4.2.4. Place a quantity of powder on a clean sheet of paper. 4.2.5. Have

a control test by applying different powder on the smface similar to thesurface of the suspected object or on the same object palt which has not

been touched by the culprit by using . your fmgerprints.

4.2.6. Place the handle of yom blUsh between the palms of both hands androll it back and forth. This will separate, spread and prepare the hair or

bristles.4.2.7. Dip the blUSh into the powder, stroking all ends of the bristles ..

Tap the handle slightly to remove surplus powder from the blUsh. Don't putthe blUsh into the powder jar or container.

4.2.8. BlUsh the suspected surface lightly in a swirling or circular motion,

with the bristles of the blUsh barely touching the smface ..


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4.2.9. With the appem'ance of the impressions, powder yom blUSh and go

over the print once or twice, then tap off surplus powder r from the blUshand touch up the print by removing the surplus powder on and around the

prints.

Unwind a piece oflifting tape from the roll without cutting. Do not jerk, but

pull slowly and gradually, not straight out from the roll but back anddownward.

Hold the roll in one hand and the tape in the other. Place the end of the tape

about lIz inch in front of the print and fmnly press the tape evenly over theprint by sliding your thumb over it.

Remove the tape from the surface by pulling slowly until the tape is almost

entirely clear from the surface.

Cut off the section used and mount the lifted print on a Crime Scene SearchData Form.

During the entire operation, never touch the gummed side of the tape.

--Mark fingerprint evidence collected, properly with your initials, the date,

location and have it initialed by at least two witnesses.

Collect standard fingerprints which were properly and legibly taken for

comparIson.

4.3.1. Be extra careful when extracting fingerprint impressions on softsurfaces such as putty. Permit as much excess material . sUlTounding the

fingerprint as possible.4.3.2. Paste the material ,with the fingerprints on a stiff cardboard sUlface.Mark the cardboard with your initials, the date and an exhibit number.4.3.3. Tape a paper cup or glass baby food jar on the evidence for

protection. Do not touch the fingerprint.

4.3.4. Collect a comparison standard. Submit the tape containing thefingerprint impressions to the laboratory in the condition when it was found.

4.4.1. Fingerprints may be found on the victim's skin specially ifh~ was held

by the suspect. Collect the prints inunediately sinc~ fingerprints on the skindeteriorate rapidly. When extracting the prints, use methods like dusting,chemical, electronic or photographic techniques. Avoid washing the skin area

prior to processing of the fingerprints.

4.4.2. Collect a comparison standard. Gather and identify the

fingerprints of the suspect and the victim and those who touched anobject under investigation. Put the fingerprint evidence in an envelope


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and Fasten. Mark the envelope with your initials, the date and an

exhibit number.4.5.1. For firearm. Twine the muzzle near the front sight where examinationindicates the absence of latent prints.

4.5.2. For glass jalousies. Construct a crate and anange the glass

jalousies properly to prevent shifting and to avoid breakage andtouching of any sides bearing latent impressions.4.5.3. For large bottles. Construct a crate that will fit the bottle. Youcan constl1lct the crate so that no paxt of it will touch the prints.

4.5.4. For hunting knife on which the prints have been located on theblade. The knife should be inselted between pieces of wood held in

place by a string or cord.

Bullets and cartridges have the unique markings of the fireanll from which

they were fired. In addition, fireatms leave a visible residue on the shooter'shands. The succeeding paragraphs would show how gunshot residue,

fireanns, serial numbered items, weapons, spent bullets and spent cartridgesare gathered and preserved.

5.1.1. Wash your hands or wear a pair of gloves.

5.1.2. Get swabs of the back of the suspect's left and right hand using

cotton swabs moistened with 5 percent nitric acid. Do the same

Ifor the suspect's light and left hand palm areas. 'IPut the swabs in a plastic bag and mark with your initials, thedate and an exhibit number.

5.1.3. Get swabs of the right and left facial cheek areas if a rifle or shotgunis involved.

5.1.4. Do not attempt to collect swabs if a .22 caliber was involved; if morethan six hours have elapsed; or if the suspect has washed his hands.

5.1.5. Make a control swab by wetting a cotton swab with dilute acid.

Then put the swab inside a plastic bag marked as "control swab". 5.1.6. Get

a swab of the interior ofa spent casing using water, instead of acid. Put the

swab in plastic bag marked as "casing".5.1. 7. Put clothing evidence intended for gunshot residue testing inside a

plastic bag. Marked the bag with your initials, the date and an exhibitnumber.

Send the fire ann to the laboratOlY to detennine the distance from the bullet

hole to the fireatlll muzzle. If the ammunition is available, send it with theweapon.


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5.2.1. 5.2.2. 5.2.3. 5.2.4.

5.2.5.Photograph the weapon before conducting the examination. Dust the

weapon for fIngerprints.

Remove magazine from autoloading weapons. Do not operatemechanism except to unload.Sketch the relative position of the spent casings and live roun with

respect to the barrel.Affix an identification tag to the weapon which will containl brief

description of the firemID, make, model type caliber gauge destination

serial number, your initials, the date and an exhibit number.Scratch initials or marks of identification on side of fraIm ' receiver,

backstrap, bmTel, etc.

Do not use 'x' to mark stocks, side plates or any pmt that can bereadily removed or replaced.Record the absence or presence of round in the chamber. Om! the

outer sUlface ofthe clip for prints. Put the clip in an envelope .. then

mark.Put the weapon in a plastic bag or paper bag. Mark the bag with your

initials, the date and an exhibit number.Do not send a loaded firearm through the mail.

5.3.1. If the serial number has been erased, put an identifying

mark on the weapon.

5.3.2. Attach an identification tag to the weapon with your initials,the date mId an exhibit number.

5.3.3. Put the weapon in a paper or plastic bag.5.3.4. Do not attempt to retrieve the serial number using acid-etch

solutions.

5.4.1. Photograph the weapon before conducting the examination. 5.4.2.

Dust the weapon for concealed prints.

5.4.3. Do not clean or fire.

5.4.4. Record the absence or presence of round in the chamber. 5.4.5.Attach an evidence tag to the weapon with the weapon'sdescription and serial number

5.4.6. Dust the outer swface of the clip for hidden fingerprints. 5.4.7. Put

the clip in an envelope and mark.

5.4.8. Put the unloaded weapon in a wooden or rigid cardboard box andFasten. Mark the box with your initials, the date and an exhibit number.


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..~5~ FIRED BULLETS

5.5.1. Photograph the bullets before conducting the examination 5.5.2.Extract the used bullet from the object excluding the material around it.

5.5.3. Do not wash or clean.5.5.4. Cover the bullet with cotton then place it in an unbreakable container.

Pack the bullets separately.

5.5.5. Mark the container with your initials, the date and an exhibit number.

5.6.1. Photograph the fired metallic cartlidge case before conducting theexamination.

5.6.2. Do not mar mutilate, scratch or nick head of shell.

5.6.6. 5.6.7.5.6.9. 5.6.10. 5.6.11. 5.6.12.

If recovered in revolver cylinder, mark chambers to conespond with shelldesignation.

Note as to mark of identification used. Head designation of maker.

Sketch showing relative position of shells if recovered on floor, or street.

Transmit the information to laboratOly.

Scratch initial or mark of identification near mouth of shell, preferably insidethe mouth.

Do not scratch, or mutilate head or rear p0l1ion of cartridge case.

Roll individually in paper.Place rubber band around paper.

Place wrapped cartridges in a heavy paper envelope.

Forward to laboratOly. Mark the bag with your initial, the date and an exhibitnumber.

5.7.2. 5.7.3. 5.7.4.

5.7.5. 5.7.6.5.7.7. 5.7.8. 5.7.9. 5.7.10.Photograph the fired paper shot shells before conducting examination.

Do not mar, mutilate, scratch or nick head of shell. Note as to mark ofidentification used.

Sketch showing relative position of shells when recovered on floor or streets.Transmit the infOlmation to the laboratOly.

With ink or indelible pencil, mark inside of shells using initials of person

recovering.

Do not scratch, nick, mar or mutilate brass head of shell. Roll individually inpaper.

Place wrapped cartridges in heavy paper envelope.


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Food and dlUg specimens may link a suspect with the crime or conoborateother evidence. The succeeding paragraphs would outline the steps for

gathering and preserving liquid, powder, solid or plant material specimens.

6.1.1. Gather a minimum of one pint of the liquid using a leak proof

container.6.1.2. Fasten the container with adhesive tape and mark with your initials,the date and exhibit number.

6.1.3. Mark glass containers with "fragile".


6.2. I. Air dly samples by putting it on brown paper for 24 hours. 6.2.2.When thoroughly dried, put the evidence in a pillbox or a vial

and fasten with tape.6.2.3. Package each sample separately. 6.2.4. Weigh the contents.

6.2.5. Mark the container with your initials, the date and exhibit number.


G.3.1. 6.3.2. 6.3.3.6.3.4. 6.3.5. 6.3.6.

Put in a container such as a pillbox or a vial. Weigh the contents.

Fasten the container and mark with your initials, the date and an exhibit

number.

Refrigerate the evidence if required.

Do not attempt to add preservatives to solid food samples. Collect acomparison standard.

G.4.1. 6.4.2. 6.4.3.Put the evidence in a plastic vial or a pillbox. Record the contents.

Fasten the container and mark with your initials, the date and an exhibitnumber.

Collect a comparison standard. Search the refrigerator or cupboard for

similar materials which are marked. Avoid removing the samples from theiroriginal containers. Put them in sterile, clean containers and refrigerate to

inhibit the growth of bacteria. Similarly, comparison standards for drugs are

collected following the same procedure. Do not mix specimens in a singlebag even if they were found close to each other or even if they are similar in

appearance.

Glass may contain hidden fingerprints and should be packaged properly. If

glass fragments are found in shoes or clothing, collect these and send tolaboratOly for analysis. The succeeding paragraphs indicate how large orsmall glass fragments are gathered and preserved.


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7.1.1. Search for concealed fingerprints using the dusting method. 7.1.2. In

order to prevent the damage on the thin, protmdillg edges of the glass, putthem in modeling clay or putty.

7.1.3. When picking up glass, use tweezers to minimize scratching of the

glass sUlface and to protect the glass edges. Avoid breaking the fragments.

Mark the glass fragments with adhesive tape for identification by clearlywriting your initials and the date on the tape.7. 1.4. After marking, wrap each fragment with cotton and secure all

fragments in a fastened box. Mark each box with your initials, the date, andexhibit number.

7.1.5. Place in a separate package all questionable glass fragments. 7.1.6.

In case you are using the glass fragments in fractme analysis such as whendetetmining the direction of a bullet's impact, fragments should be tagged

whether these were found inside or outside the building. In addition, markthe sUlface of the glass which was facing outside.

7.1.7. Do not forget to collect a comparison standard.

7.2.1. Inspect articles of clothing and footwear for the presence ofglass fragments.7.2.2. Use tweezers or other similar instruments to gather the glass

shards, making sure that the edges and smfaces of the glass are notaccidentally scraped in any way.7.2.3. Using clean paper or plastic bags, carefully wrap each article

of clothing where glass pieces were found.7.2.4. Put in a separate bag all questioned glass fragments, separate

from the known glass pieces.7.2.5. Securely fasten each bag and mark the same with yourinitials, the date, and exhibit number.7.2.6. Place footwear and other solid objects in separate containerssuch as shoe boxes. To prevent rattling and damaging the glass, tapeeach object to the bottom of the box.7.2.7. Do not pack articles containing microscopic glass pieces in

cotton or other soft materials.7.2.8. Secure each package thoroughly. Check if there are holes

through which glass pieces might be lost.7.2.9. Keep loose glass fragments in pillboxes, plastic or glass vialsand Fasten them completely. To prevent rattling and chipping of glass,

place cotton inside the receptacle. Do not use envelopes as containers.7.2.10. Make sure that you tag all packages with your initials, the date,and exhibit number.

7.2.11. Do not forget to collect a comparison standard.


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To obtain a comparison standard for glass, collect comparison samplesfrom the area nearest the point of impact. Samples should at least the

size of a onepeso coin. Clearly tag each comparison sample with adhesivetape bearing your initials, the date, and exhibit number. Wrap eachcompaIison fragment according to the proper procedures outlined above.When the direction of force will be analyzed, always collect a glass

standard from any remaining glass in a window or door frame as close aspossible to the point of breakage.

In climes involving physical contact, pal1icles are often transfened among

the victim, suspect, and weapon or other objects. Most common of these

evidentialY pa11icles are hairs and fibers. These items of evidence can beextremely valuable to an investigation. Knowledge on the proper collection

and handling of these evidentialY items are therefore highly necessaly.

8.1.1. To collect hair samples from an individual, pullout about twenty hairswith tweezers or a clean comb. This is the more desirable method. Anothermethod is to cut off hair as close to the scalp or skin as possible. In this

case, care must be taken because misleading information can result,especially if hair has been recently dyed.

8.1.2. Collect samples of hair (pulled, combed or cut) from different parts of

the body such as the head, arms, armpits, chest, legs, and pubic area andhair surrounding any wounds on the body. Store separately according to

location and mark each receptacle with your initials, the date, and exhibitnumber.

8.1.3. If a pillbox is used as receptacle, take care that the entire length of

the hair is securely placed inside the box and not entangled by the lid. Ifpaper is used as a receptacle, avoid twisting the hair or fiber when folding

the paper.

8.1.4. Submit also at1icles of clothing of the individual from whom yougathered a hair sample. Pack each at1icle separately. Fasten and mark each

with your initials, the date, and exhibit number.

8.2. t. If possible, let the laboratOlY teclmicians remove hairs and fibersfrom other smfaces. If not, remove suspicious hairs or fibers from smfaces

with a pair of tweezers. Take care not to crush hairs or fibers.

8.2.2. Keep these palticles in a pillbox or folded piece of clean paper.


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If paper is used, avoid twisting the hair or fiber when folding the paper.

Place the pillbox or folded paper in an envelope for transpOltation to thelaboratOly.

8.2.3. Secure and mark the package with your initials, the date, and exhibit

number.

8.2.4. When using an evidence sweeper or vacuum, remove the palticlesthat collected in the filter and the filter paper. Place both in a plastic bag.Secure and mark the evidence bag with . your initials, the date, and exhibitnumber. Do not use envelopes for keeping filter sweepings or for very small

particles. 8.2.5. Obtain a comparison standard.

8.3. HOW TO OBTAIN A COl\1PARISON STANDARD FOR HAIRS ANDFIBERSObtain and preserve hairs as outlined in 8.1. If possible, collect and submit

at least 20 hairs in each sample. Gather as comparison standards anymticles of clothing or fabric which might have come in contact with the

suspect. Also, take samples of lUgS, draperies, fumiture, or upholstelYmateIial which might have transfelTed fibers to the suspect's clothing.

Obtain hair standards from pets found nem' the crime scene.

Impressions made by footprints, tires, and tools can easily bedestroyed during a preliminary crime scene search. To prevent the loss

of or damaging such evidence, immediately secure the crime sceneand conduct the collection and preservation of impressions forthwith in

the following manner:9.1.5. 9.1.6.

Take a photo of each footprint that you have observed. First, place aruler or other instruments for scale determination beside the print.Then, photograph each print directly above the impression while

illuminating the print with a detached flash light, holding it low and to

the side of the print.Prepare plaster and make a plaster impression of each footprint. It iswell to practice first with your own footprint, since casts destroy

impressions when they are removed. Reinforce the cast with wire or

any appropriate material.

After dlying, mark your initials, the date, and exhibit number on theback of the cast. Also indicate a directional' alTow poillting

to the North. ~I

Package each cast separately in a well-padded container. Use old

newspaper for padding. Do not remove the dirt sticking to the cast.Secure and mark box indicating the contents. Obtain a comparison

standard.


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9.2.1. 9.2.2.

Follow the same procedure as those outlined in 9.1. Do not forget to

collect a comparison standard.

9.3.1. Preserve the tool marks as they were found at the crime scene, Securethe intact object bearing the tool marks and submit this to the laboratOly

9.3.2. If you cannot submit the whole intact object bearing the toolmarks, detach that pOltion of the intact object bearing the tool marks

such as a fender of a car or a door jamb and submit this to the laboratOlYBut, before a portion of tile intact object bearing the tool marks isremoved, take a photo of the entire object. Submit this photograph along

with the detached portion of the intact object to the laboratOly9.3.3. Ifremoval of the pOltion bearing the tool marks is not possible,then make a casting of the impression with any applicable reproduction

material and submit the same to the laboratOly. 9.3.4. Fasten anevidence tag and mark it with your initials, the date, and exhibit number.

9.3.5. Obtain a comparison standard.9.4.1. Take a photo of the bite marks from a distance enough to show the locationon the body. Then, also take a close-up photo with the lens axis perpendicular tothe sUlface to avoid distol1ion. Place a scale beside the mark before taking a photo.

9.4.2. Swab the bite area with cattail saturated with distilled water.9.5. HO\V TO OBTAIN A COMPARISON STANDARD FOR IMPRESSIONS

9.5. I. FOOTPRINTS: Take the footwear wom by the suspect and submit

them to the laboratolY according to the procedures

described in 14.1. Preserve any dilt adhering to the footwear.

9.5.2. TIRE PRINTS: Obtain any tire used by the suspect and submit this tothe laboratOlY for comparison with the plaster cast. Also send any dilt

sticking to the tires. Package soil particles following the steps outlined in14.1.

9.5.3. TOOL MARKS: Gather any tools found at the crime scene that might

have been used by the susr ctor those found in the possession of a suspect,e.g. garaf: 'ar, etc. Package these as desclibed ill 11.2. and submit these tv

e laboratOly as standards.

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