CRIME PREVENTION IN THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC€¦ · Crime prevention in the Kyrgyz Republic is...

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Mission report CRIME PREVENTION IN THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC

Transcript of CRIME PREVENTION IN THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC€¦ · Crime prevention in the Kyrgyz Republic is...

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Missionreport

CRIMEPREVENTIONINTHEKYRGYZREPUBLIC

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Crime prevention in the Kyrgyz republiC

mission report

2-6 December 2013

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UDК 343BBК 67.99(2Ku)8О-88

О-88 MissionreportoncrimepreventionintheKyrgyzRepublic-Bishkek:2014, 55pages.

ISBN 978-9967-11-439-5

This publication contains the findings and recommendations of a crime preventionscoping mission to the Kyrgyz Republic undertaken by the United Nations Office onDrugs and Crime (UNODC)within the framework of the project “Support to CriminalJusticeandPrisonReformintheKyrgyzRepublic”.ThisprojectisimplementedbyUNODCwithgeneroussupportof theGovernmentof theUnitedStatesofAmericaandtheU.S.DepartmentofStateBureauofInternationalNarcoticsandLawEnforcementAffairs.

The publication is intended for use by all relevant stakeholders involved in crimeprevention in the Kyrgyz Republic, including representatives of government and civilsocietyorganizations,aswellasanyotherindividualsinterestedoractiveinthefieldofcrimepreventionandcriminaljustice.

The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views or policies ofUNODC,itsprojects/programs,donorsorgovernments.

О1203021100-14 UDК34347.9ISBN978-9967-11-439-5 BBК67.99(2Ku)867.99(2Ku)90

Copyright2014©UnitedNationsOfficeonDrugsandCrime.Allrightsreserved.

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table of Contents

GeneralAbbreviations.................................................................................................................................... 4

ExecutiveSummary......................................................................................................................................... 5

1.Introduction........................................................................................................................................... 7

2.Methodology.......................................................................................................................................... 8

3.CrimeandviolenceintheKyrgyzRepublic............................................................................11

3.1.Nationallevel.........................................................................................................................12

3.2.Jalalabad....................................................................................................................................18

4.ThelegalandregulatoryframeworkforcrimepreventionintheKyrgyzRepublic....................................................................................................................20

5.MissionOutputs.................................................................................................................................22

5.1.KeyObservations–NationalLevel...............................................................................22

5.2.Recommendations–Nationallevel..............................................................................27

5.3.KeyObservations–Jalalabad..........................................................................................30

5.4.Recommendations–Jalalabad.......................................................................................33

Annex1:Missionagenda..........................................................................................................................38

Annex2:ExpertMeetingonCrimePrevention,Bishkek............................................................40

Annex3:ExpertMeetingonCrimePrevention,Jalalabad.........................................................42

Annex4:VictimisationsurveyinJalalabad.......................................................................................43

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general abbreviations

SSEP State Service for Execution of Punishment under the Government oftheKyrgyzRepublic;

MIA MinistryofInternalAffairs;

NSC NationalStatisticsCommittee;

OSCE Organizationforsecurityandco-operationinEurope;

LCPC Localcrimepreventioncenter;

UNODC UnitedNationsOfficeonDrugsandCrime;

UNICEF UnitedNationsChildren`sFund;

USAID UnitedStatesAgencyforInternationalDevelopment.

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exeCutive summary

This report presents the findings and recommendations of a crime preventionscopingmissiontotheKyrgyzRepublicundertakenbytheUnitedNationsOfficeonDrugsandCrime(UNODC)withintheframeworkoftheUNODCprojectKGZ/T90“SupporttoCriminalJusticeandPrisonReformintheKyrgyzRepublic”.Theobjectivesofthemission,whichtookplacefrom2to6December2013,wereto:

• Discuss the concept of crime prevention with representatives from theGovernment of theKyrgyzRepublic, civil society and other stakeholders andgather informationonimplementationoftheLawonCrimePreventionoftheKyrgyzRepublicandexistingprogrammesand initiatives in theareaofcrimepreventionatthenationallevel;

• Discuss crime prevention needs and challengeswith representatives of localgovernment,lawenforcementandjusticeinstitutions,keypublicservices,localcrimepreventioncentresandcivilsocietyinthecityofJalalabad.

Themissionrecommendsthefollowing:

to the government of the Kyrgyz republic and other stakeholders at the national level:

• Assess the implementation of the Law on Crime Prevention and considerstrengtheningprovisionsforsituationalcrimeprevention,supporttovictimsofcrimeandcoordinationoncrimepreventionatalllevels

• Establishacoordinationcounciloncrimepreventionwiththe involvementofall relevant stakeholders, including civil society, and assign responsibility forcoordinatingandmonitoringimplementationofcrimepreventionprogrammestoaspecificGovernmentdepartment,suchastheGovernmentDepartmentforDefence,LawEnforcementandEmergencySituations

• Developanationalcrimepreventionstrategywithshort,mediumandlongtermobjectivesandrelatedmeasurestosupportimplementationoftheLawonCrimePrevention

• Undertakeanalyticalstudiesonrootcausesofcrimeandvictimizationsurveystoenhancedatacollectionandanalysisoncrimetrends

• Strengthensituationalcrimeprevention,inparticularinlocationsmostaffectedbycrime1

• Targetgroupsatriskofoffendingorvictimisationwithprogrammesoneducation,familyskills,structuredleisuretimeandemployment

• Enhance support to victims of crime, including by ensuring the sustainablefunctioningofnon-stateshelters,orphanages,crisiscentresandothertypesof

1 Situational crime prevention, which aims at reducing the opportunities for people to commit crimes, increasing the risks and costs of being caught and minimizing the benefits

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rehabilitationandsupportcentresforwomenandchildrenwhoarevictimsofviolence

• Improvethesocialreintegrationprospectsofoffendersbyexpandingin-prisonvocational training, income-generating and other rehabilitation activities, byensuring prisoners have identification documents, and by establishing socialrehabilitationcentresforreleasedoffenderscombinedwiththeimplementationofvocationaltraining,employmentandapprenticeschemesinpartnershipwiththeprivatesector

• Developnewinitiativestofosteracultureoflawfulness,involvingthemediaandwellknownpublic figures inanationalcrimepreventioncampaignandotherawarenessraisingandlegaleducationprogrammesfocusingonthepreventionofspecifictypesofcrime(e.g.theft)targetedatbothvictims(e.g.byprovidinginformation on self-protection techniques,ways to report crime, locations ofpolicefacilitiesorothersupportstructures)andoffenders(byraisingawarenessontheriskofapprehensionandrelatedpenaltiesforcrime).

to the mayor of Jalalabad and other stakeholders in the city of Jalalabad:• Strengthencoordinationoncrimepreventionbycreatingacoordinationcouncil

oncrimepreventionundertheMayor’sOfficeinvolvingallrelevantstakeholders,includingcivilsociety,theprivatesectorandmedia;

• Develop a local crime prevention strategy, which identifies concerns aboutcommunitysafetyandpriorityactionstopreventcrimeinthecity;

• Enhancedatacollectionandanalysisoncrimeandvictimisation, includingbyconducting local safety audits and population surveys to identify particularcrimeproblems;

• Strengthenpolicecapacitytoengagewiththepublicbymakingpolicestationsmore accessible, providing training topoliceofficersonhow to interactwiththe localpopulation,andstrengtheningcollection,analysisanddisseminationofofficialpolicestatisticsoncrimereportingduringregularreportingmeetingswithcitizens;

• Provide sustainable funding to local crime prevention centres, including forsituationalcrimepreventioninitiatives,publicawarenessraisingcampaignsoncrimeprevention,andthefacilitationofpolice-publicpartnerships;

• Target groups at risk of offending or victimisation with employment, familyskillsandleisureprogrammes;

• Enhance social reintegration of offenders by supporting applications foridentification documents, developing new income generating activities andpreparing individual training and rehabilitation plans in the Jalalabad penalcolonyandopen typeprisons in theprovince,andbysupportingshelters for

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releasedoffenders,settingupvocationaltraining,apprenticeandemploymentschemesandprovidingother formsof social supportupon release, includingaccesstohousingandhealthcare.

1. introDuCtion

Since 2009, UNODC has been implementing a technical assistance project aimedatadvancingprisonreformandpromotingoveralllawandpolicydevelopmentoncrimepreventionandcriminaljusticeintheKyrgyzRepublic.Withintheframeworkofthisproject(KGZ/T90“SupporttoCriminalJusticeandPrisonReformintheKyrgyzRepublic”),UNODCiscurrentlyimplementingaseriesofactivitiesaimedatstrengtheningcrimepreventioneffortsattheprovincial level intheKyrgyzRepublic. Theseactivitiesareimplementedwith fundingprovidedbytheGovernmentof theUnitedStatesofAmerica throughtheDepartmentofState’sBureauofInternationalNarcoticsandLawEnforcementAffairs.

BasedonajointassessmentmissionwithrepresentativesoftheMinistryofInternalAffairsconductedinJuly2013,twopolicestationswereselectedforrefurbishmentandtrainingworktoenhancecapacityofpoliceofficerstoengagewiththepublicandpreventcrime.OneofthesepolicestationsisintheSputnikdistrictinthecityofJalalabad.

Withaviewtosupportingtheimplementationoftheseongoingtechnicalassistanceactivities, from2 to 6December 2013, UNODC conducted a crime prevention scopingmissiontoassesshowUNODCcanprovideeffectivesupporttocrimepreventionefforts.Thespecificobjectivesofthemissionwereto:

• Discuss the concept of crime prevention with representatives from theGovernmentof theKyrgyzRepublic, civil society andother stakeholders andgather information on implementation of the Law on Crime Prevention andexisting programmes and initiatives in the area of crime prevention at thenationallevel;

• Discuss crime prevention needs and challengeswith representatives of localgovernment,lawenforcementandjusticeinstitutions,keypublicservices,localcrimepreventioncentresandcivilsocietyinthecityofJalalabad.

Themissionwas conducted by EstelaMáris Deon and Johannes de Haan, CrimePrevention and Criminal Justice Officers from the Justice Section in the Division forOperationsatUNODCHeadquartersinVienna(Austria)withthesupportofVeraTkachenko,InternationalProjectManager,KoenMarquering,InternationalProjectCoordinator,andMadinaSarieva,NationalProjectOfficer,fromtheUNODCProgrammeOfficeintheKyrgyzRepublic.

Themissionteamconductedadeskreviewofrelevantlawsandpoliciesandheldround table discussions and individual meetings in both Bishkek and Jalalabad (See

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Annexes1and2foralistofinterlocutors).InJanuary2014,acrimevictimizationsurveywasalsocarriedoutinJalalabadtogatheradditionalinformationonpeople’sexperienceswithcrime,theirperceptionsofsafetyinthecommunityandconfidenceinthepolice.

TheteamwouldliketoexpressitsappreciationfortheexcellentsupportreceivedfromtheGovernmentof theKyrgyzRepublicand inparticular theMinistryof InternalAffairs,whichgreatlyfacilitateditswork.Consultationswithseniorgovernmentofficials,policestaffandothercounterpartswereveryconstructiveandinformationonallinquirieswasreadilyprovided,includingrespectivedocumentation.

2. methoDology

The 2002 UN Guidelines for the Prevention of Crime2 define crime prevention ascomprising “strategies andmeasures that seek to reduce the riskof crimesoccurring,andtheirpotentialharmfuleffectsonindividualsandsociety,includingfearofcrime,byinterveningtoinfluencetheirmultiplecauses”.ThescopingmissionfocusedongainingageneralunderstandingofcrimepreventionpoliciesandpracticesintheKyrgyzRepublicbasedonthisdefinitionandrelatedcategoriesofcrimeprevention,whichinclude:

• Prevention through social development,whichaimsatdevelopingresilienceandsocialskillsamongchildrenandtheirfamilies;

• Community or locally-based crime prevention,whichtargetsareaswhererisksofbecominginvolvedincrimeorbeingvictimizedarehigh;

• Situational crime prevention,whichaimsatreducingtheopportunitiesforpeopletocommitcrimes,increasingtherisksandcostsofbeingcaughtandminimizingthebenefits;and

• Reintegration programmes,which focusonsupportmeasures foroffenders inordertoenhancetheirsuccessfulsocialreintegrationandtopreventrecidivism.

Effectivecrimepreventionhaslong-termbenefitsbyreducingthecostsassociatedwiththeformalcriminaljusticesystemandothersocialcoststhatresultfromcrime.Well-plannedcrimepreventionstrategiesnotonlypreventcrimeandvictimization,butalsopromotecommunitysafetyandcontributetothesustainabledevelopmentofcountries.Crimepreventionwastraditionallyconsideredaresponsibilityofthepoliceandbasedonthedeterrenteffectofthelawandrepressionofoffenders.

Yet, there are considerable limitations to the ability of the police, however welltrainedandequipped, toprevent crime. It isnowbroadly recognized thatmanyothersectorsofsocietyplayaroleincrimepreventionandthatcrimeandvictimizationaretheresultofavarietyofunderlyingfactors,whichinfluencethelivesofindividuals,families,communitiesandsocieties.Suchriskfactorscanincludethefollowing:

2 Guidelines for the Prevention of Crime - ECOSOC resolution 2002/13, annex

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• individual issues, includingearlyaggressivebehavior;• family and relationship issues, including violence, conflict, poverty or

unemployment;• school and local community factors,includinglackofaccesstogoodfacilitiesand

infrastructureorthepresenceofviolenceandgangs;and• wider national / global influences, includingincomedisparities,weakgovernance

andruleoflaw,economicrecession3,conflict,environmentaldisasters,orlargepopulationmovements.

ThemissionbroadlyassessedwhichofthesecrimeriskfactorsarepresentintheKyrgyzRepublic.ThesewillbepresentedinthenextsectiontogetherwithanoverviewofavailablestatisticaldataoncrimeandviolenceatthenationallevelandinJalalabad.Theresultsof thementionedvictimisationsurvey in Jalalabadarealso summarized in thissection.Section4givesanon-exhaustiveoverviewofkeylegislationandpoliciesintheareaofcrimepreventionintheKyrgyzRepublic.Sections5and6discusskeyobservationsandrecommendationstoenhancecrimepreventionactionatthenationallevelandinthecityofJalalabad,basedonthemeetingsandconsultationsheldinBishkekandJalalabadduringthemission.

3. Crime anD violenCe in the Kyrgyz republiC

TheKyrgyzRepublichasoneoftheyoungestpopulationsintheworld.Outofatotalpopulationofmorethan5.5millionpeople,over30%percentisbetweentheagesof0and14years,nearly20%isbetweentheagesof15and24,and39%between25and54.

30%

19%

39%

7%

5%

15 -24 years0- 14 years 25 -54 years

55 -64 years 65 years

Figure I - Population distribution by age group4

3 UNODC 2012 report on Monitoring the Impact of the Economic Crisis concludes that crime may increase during periods of economic stress, which is an indicator for exacerbated risk factors

4 Index Mundi 2013

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SincegainingindependenceafterthedissolutionoftheSovietUnionin1991,theKyrgyzRepublichasbeengoingthroughanattimesturbulenttransformationprocess.CivilunrestcausedbypopulardissatisfactionwithnepotismandcorruptioninMarch2005,knownasthe“TulipRevolution”,ledtotheremovalofthefirstPresidentAskarAkayev.In April 2010, violent clashes triggered by public anger at price rises and corruptionresultedintheousterofthesecondPresidentKurmanbekBakiyev.ThiswasfollowedbyanoutbreakofethnicviolenceinthesouthofthecountryinJune2010,whichleftatleast470peopledeadand400,000displaced,ofwho75,000fledtoUzbekistan.5Casesofrape,arsonandlootingwerealsoreported.

In2010,anewConstitutionwasadoptedsignallingthestartofatransitionfromapresidentialtoamoreparliamentarysystemofgovernance.Parliamentary,presidentialandmunicipalelectionstookplacein2010,2011and2012respectively.

Economically,theKyrgyzRepublicremainsalow-incomecountrywithapercapitagross national income of $2,009 in 2012.6 Over one third of the population lives inpoverty.Povertyratesincreasedfrom33.7%ofthepopulationin2010to36.8%in2011.7

Unemployment,whichofficiallystoodat8.5%in2011,butinrealityisestimatedbetween14-16%8,mostlyaffectsyoungpeople,inparticularthosebetween20and29asshowninFigureII.Over70%oftheemployedpopulationworkintheinformalsector.9

Lackofdecentemploymenthaspushedmanyskilledworkerstomigrateabroadinsearchofabetterlife.Thisalsoinvolvesso-called‘doublemigration’wherebothparentsmigratetowork,leavingchildrenbehindwithneighboursorrelatives,oftenwithlittleornosupervision.

Percentage of unemployed population by age group, 2011

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7%

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years30-39

years

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Figure II - Percentage of unemployed population by age group 201110

5 Peacebuilding Needs and Priorities Assessment in the Kyrgyz Republic, July 2013.6 Idem.7 Idem.8 National Sustainable Development Strategy 2013-2017.9 Development Partners Coordination Council, Paper on the Macroeconomic Sector presented at the

High Level Development Conference 10-11 July 2013.10 National Committee of Statistics of Kyrgyzstan, Publication

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Organizedcrime isconsidereda threat tosecurity in thecountry.According toaPeaceBuildingNeedsandPrioritiesAssessmentconductedin2013,“violentandcoercivemethodsforsolvingsocio-economicproblemshavebecomequitecommonindaily life(e.g.racketeering,crime,blockingroads,raid,violentprotests,etc.)”.Thisisalsorelatedtodrugtrafficking,astheporosityofsectionsoftheTajikandKyrgyzbordersisexploitedbyorganisedcrimegroupstotrafficdrugsoverland,mostlyusingOshcityasahub.FromOshtheopiatesaresmuggledtoKazakhstanandfurtherontotheRussianFederationeitherthroughtheNorthernTalasprovinceoralternativelyviaBishkek,asshowninFigureIII11.

Figure III - Main drug routes and transportation corridors in Kyrgyzstan12

Approximately10,000drugusersareregisteredwithgovernmentaldrugdependencetreatmentservicesintheKyrgyzRepublic.However,thetotalnumberofdrugusers(mostlymen)isthoughttobemuchhigher(e.g.atleast25,000accordingtosomeestimates).13

Around5%oftheprisonpopulation(9,832in2012)areregistereddruguserswithsomeestimatesplacingthetotalnumberofinjectingdrugusersat19%.14

11 UNODC, Opiate Flows through Northern Afghanistan and Central Asia – A Threat Assessment, 2012, pages 68, 72 and 73

12 Idem.13 Counternarcotics Programme of the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic, Decree No. 54 of the

Government of the Kyrgyz Republic, 27 January 2014.14 Idem.

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3.1 national level

Toanextent,theabovementioneddemographic,politico-securityandsocioeconomictrendsare reflected in thecrimesituation in thecountry.As reportedby theNationalStatistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic and reflected in Figure IV, the highestnumberofcrimesinrecentyearswerecommittedin2010withatotalof35,528crimesregistered.15MostseriouscrimesduringthatyearwerecommittedinOshprovinceandcity,aswellasinJalalabadprovince.16

Since2010,adownward trend in the levelofcrime isnoticeablewithregisteredrimesfallingfrom30,500in2011to28,847in2012and27,217in2013.17Thehighestratesofregisteredcrimesduringthese lastthreeyearsoccurredinthemajorcities, inparticularBishkekandtoalesserextentOsh,andintheChuiandIssukKulprovinces18.

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Figure IV – Crime registered in the Kyrgyz Republic

FigureVshows trends in selected typesof crimereported to thepolicebetween2010and2013.

15 National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic, Social Trends of the Kyrgyz Republic 2006-2010.

16 Idem.17 National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz, Socioeconomic Trends of the Kyrgyz Republic, annual

reports for 2011, 2012 and 2013. 18 Idem.

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Figure V – Trends in selected types of crime

Themostcommonlyreportedcrimesarepropertycrimes,whichamount toover60%ofallcrimesregistered.Thisincludesmostlytheft(approximately40%ofallcrimesreported)andasmallernumberofrobberies,armedrobberies,fraudandtheftofcattle.Personalcrimes,includingi.a.homicide,assaultsandrape,covernearly10%ofallcrimesregistered.Accordingtoaglobalstudyonhomicide,publishedbyUNODCin2011, thehomicide rate in the Kyrgyz Republic was around 6.5 per 100,000 habitants. This isslightlybelowtheworldaverageof6.9per100,000(2010),butaboveAsia’saverageofbetween3and4per100,000(2010).19

Publicorderrelatedcrimes,suchashooliganism,fluctuatearound10%ofthetotalnumberofcrimescommitted.Theshareofpublichealthrelatedcrimes(e.g.drugrelatedoffences)andeconomiccrimes(e.g.misappropriation,bribery,abuseofoffice)isslightlylower(between6and8%ofthetotaldependingontheyear).

offenDersTheoverwhelmingmajorityofoffendersintheKyrgyzRepublicaremale(seefigure

VI below). Out of a total number of offenders of 15,691 in 2012 and 16,875 in 2013,87%weremaleand13%female.20Menaremostlyinvolvedintheft(21.5%ofallcrimescommitted by men in 2011), hooliganism (11.1%), illicit drug trafficking (8.4%) and

19 UNODC Global Study on Homicide, 2011.20 National Committee of Statistics of Kyrgyzstan, 2013 Annual Report “Social and economic situation of the

Kyrgyz Republic”.

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robbery (7.9%).21Theft is also themost commoncrime committedbywomen (18.7%of all crimes committed bywomen in 2011), followed by hooliganism (17.4%), fraud(10.9%)andillicitdrugtrafficking(5.5%).22

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Figure VI - Offenders by gender23

AsshowninFigureVII,theagegroup30andabovetopsthecategoriesofoffenders(51%ofalloffenders),followedbythoseinthe18to24yearsagegroup(26%).15%ofallcrimesarecommittedbypeoplewhoarebetween25and29yearsold.8%ofoffendersarejuvenilesbetweentheageof14and17.AccordingtostatisticsprovidedbytheMinistryofInterior,thenumberofminorsregisteredbyjuveniledelinquencyinspectorshasbeensteadilyincreasingfrom1,975in2008to3,691in2012and3,799in2013.24Themostcommoncrimescommittedbyminorsaretheft,robberyandhooliganism.25

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18 to 24 years

25 to 29 years

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Figure VII - Offenders by age

21 National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic, Women and Men in the Kyrgyz Republic, 2007-2011.

22 Idem.23 Idem.24 Letter from the Ministry of Interior to UNODC dated 23 January 2014.25 Caritas France, Children in conflict with the law, 2013.

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Crime statistics (see figure VIII) further indicate that unemployment is stronglyassociatedwithoffending.In2013,77%ofalloffenderswerepersonswithoutajob.

employed

schoolchildren and students other

persons without a job or education

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4% 4%

75% 77%

7% 6%0%

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Figure VIII – Offenders by employment status

Asinothercountries,itislikelythatcrimeisunderreportedintheKyrgyzRepublic.Thismayberelatedtoarangeoffactors,suchaslackofawarenessonhowandwheretoreportcrime,lackoftrustinthepoliceandjusticeinstitutions,andsensitivity,fearandstigmaassociatedwithcertainoffences.ArecentsurveyconductedbyresearchcentreElPikirfoundthat36%ofatotalof1,200respondentstrustedthepoliceand64%donotoronlypartly.AnothersurveyconductedbytheInternationalRepublicInstituteinFebruary2013foundthat26%ofrespondentspositivelyevaluatedpoliceworkandthat59%gaveanegativeassessment.26Officialcrimestatisticsmaythusnotpresentthe fullscaleofcrimeproblemsinthecountry.

Domestic violence is an example of an underreported crime, as shown in FigureIX.Thepoliceregister2,000-2,500casesofdomesticviolenceeveryyear.However,thenumberofrequestsforsupportmadetothepoliceondomesticviolence(8,458timesin2011),aswellascomplaintsofdomesticviolencebroughttootherinstitutions,suchascrisiscentresandaksakalcourts(8,906casesin2011),ismuchhigher.27

26 El Pikir, The police in the eyes of citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic, 2013. Civic Union “For Reform and Results”, Trust through Public Accountability, 2014.

27 Association of Crisis Centres, Research report on domestic violence published within the framework of the EU/UN project „Strengthening good governance for social justice“, 2012. National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgz Republic, Women and Men in the Kyrgyz Republic, 2007-2011, Socioeconomic trends in the Kyrgyz Republic, 2012 and 2013

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Figure IX – Domestic violence

Asimilarsituationappliestohumantraffickingandthepracticeofbridekidnapping.Traffickingoccursmostlyforthepurposeofforcedlabourinagriculture,constructionorhousekeeping,aswellasforsexualexploitation.AsreportedbytheGovernmentoftheKyrgyzRepublictotheUNHumanRightsCommittee,in2012,60criminalcasesrelatedtohumantraffickingwerebroughttocourt.8ofthesecaseswereconsideredincourtagainst10suspects,resultinginconvictionsof7people.In2013(asperdatacoveringJanuary-November)40traffickingcaseswerefiled,ofwhich(uptoOctober)6cases

against8peoplewereconsideredincourtresultingin6convictions.28

According to data collectedby theNGOWomenSupport Centre, 11,800 cases offorcedabductionoccurintheKyrgyzRepubliconanannualbasis,withmorethan2,000womenandgirlsreportedlybeingraped.29NewlegislationapprovedbytheParliamentinDecember2012andsignedbythePresidentoftheKyrgyzRepublicinJanuary2013raisesthemaximumsentenceforbridekidnappingfrom3to10years.30However,onlyoneoutof700casesarereportedlypursuedincourtandonlyonein1,500casesofabductionare said to lead to a judicial sentence in the Kyrgyz Republic.31 In 2012, 27 criminal

28 United Nations Human Rights Committee, Answers of the Kyrgyz Republic to the List of Issues, www.ohchr.org.

29 UN Women, New law in Kyrgyzstan toughens penalties for bride kidnapping, www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2013/2/new-law-in-kyrgyzstan-toughens-penalties-for-bride-kidnapping.

30 Office of the Secretary-General’s Envoy on Youth, accessed on 7 January 2014 (http://www.un.org/youthenvoy/news/new-law-in-kyrgyzstan-toughens-penalties-for-bride-kidnapping/)

31 Idem.

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casesrelatedtoforcedmarriageswereconsideredincourt,including15casesinvolvingchildren.In12casesaverdictwasreachedleadingtotheconvictionof15people.Duringthefirst9monthsof2013,22casescamebeforecourt(4involvingchildren).Halfofthesecasesledtoaverdictand31perpetratorswereconvicted.32

viCtims

Officialcrimestatisticsfocuslargelyonthenumberandtypeofcrimesregisteredandthecharacteristicsofoffenders.Littleinformationexistsonthevictimsofthemostprevalenttypesofpersonalandpropertycrime.Availableinformationonthenumberofusersofcrisiscentresandotherinstitutionsprovidingsocialandpsychologicalassistancetovictimsofviolence,offersapossiblegeneralindicationoftheprofileofvictimsintheKyrgyzRepublic.

With apeakof over20,000applicants in2009, the servicesof crisis centres aregenerallyusedbybetween10,000and15,000peopleeveryyear.Whilecrisiscentresarevisitedbypeoplefromallagegroups,educationallevelandoccupationstatus,mostusersarewomen(e.g.70%in2011,74.5%in2010),victimsofdomesticviolence(66%in2011,55%in2010),betweentheagesof18and39(57.5%in2010,49%in2011),mostlywithsecondaryeducation(43%in2010,42%in2011)andoftenunemployed(50%in2010,45%in2011).33

Total Women Men

Victims of domestic violence

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Figure X – Crisis centre users

32 United Nations Human Rights Committee, List of Issues in relation to the consideration of the second periodic report of the Kyrgyz Republic - Answers of the Kyrgyz Republic, CCPR/C/KGZ/Q/2/Add.1, 5 February 2014.

33 National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic, Women and Men in the Kyrgyz Republic, 2007-2011.

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3.2. JalalabaD

AfterBishkekandOsh,JalalabadisthethirdlargestcityintheKyrgyzRepublicwithapproximately 90,000 inhabitants. Located close to the borderwithUzbekistan in thesouthernpartofthecountry,Jalalabadhasadiversepopulation,includingasizableeth-nicUzbekminorityofalmost35%.34JalalabadwasoneofthesiteswhereviolentclashesoccurredbetweenethnicKyrgyzandUzbekresidentsinJune2010.

TheeconomyofJalalabadcityandthesurroundingprovinceisdominatedbyagri-cultureandfisheries,withoveronethirdofallemployedpeopleworkinginthissector.Wholesale and retail trade, vehicle repair and construction are the major sources ofemployment,aswellastoalesserextenteducation,transport,industryandpublicadmin-istration.

DuringconsultationsheldwithstakeholdersinJalalabad,thefollowingriskfactorsassociatedwithcrimeinJalalabadwereidentified:

• Factors related to the socioeconomic situation, includingpovertyand incomedisparities,populationmovementsfromruralareastothecity,weakgovernanceandruleoflawandexperiencesofdiscriminationamongstminoritypopulations.

• Factors related to family and relationships, including alcohol abuse,unemployment and limited parental control of children, which is partly theresultoflabormigrationofparents.

• Factorsrelatedtolocalcommunitiesandschools,includinglackofsocialcontrolinneighborhoodsandbullyingandracketeeringamongstschoolchildren.

Available socioeconomic data for Jalalabad province confirms some of these riskfactors.Forexample,povertyratesarehigh.Accordingtoa2012HouseholdFoodSecurityAssessmentconductedbytheWorldFoodProgramme,Jalalabadprovincehasthehighestrateoffoodinsecurityinthecountrywith48%ofhouseholdsfoundtobefoodinsecure.35ThelevelofunemploymentinJalalabadreflectsnationaltrendswith8.4%ofthepopulationoutofworkaccordingtoNationalStatisticsCommitteedata.36Theunemployedaremostlybetweentheageof20and34withnoeducationbeyondsecondaryschool.

InJalalabadprovince,2,744crimeswereregisteredin2012and2524in2013.Thisamountstoapproximately9-10%ofallcrimesreportedintheKyrgyzRepublic.37

34 Based on the 2009 census. See International Crisis Group, Kyrgyzstan: Widening Ethnic Divisions in the South, Asia Report Nr. 222, 29 March 2012.

35 World Food Programme, Monthly Price and Food Security Update, Kyrgyz Republic, February 2013.36 National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic, 2012 Study on Employment.37 National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic, Socioeconomic Trends in the Kyrgyz Republic,

2013.

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Inlinewiththeoverallsituationinthecountry,theftisthemostprevalentformofcrimereportedinJalalabadcity,withapeakof926reportedcasesin2010andadownwardtrendsincethenwith455theftsregisteredin2012.In2013,34homicideswerereportedtothepolice,35casesofrape,11casesofsexualassault,30armedrobberiesand18casesofvehicletheft(seeFigureXI).ThemissionlearnedthatcrimehotspotsinJalalabadcityarelocatedinandaroundthelargestmarketarea(bazaar)inthecentreoftownaswellasinareaswherethereislimitedsocialcontrol,suchasneighborhoodswithflatbuildingsandtherailwaystation.

0

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Homicide

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Figure XI - Reported crime in Jalalabad per crime and year38

A survey conducted by UNODC amongst a random sample of 400 inhabitants ofJalalabad city in January 2014 gathered additional information on the crime situationandpeople’sperceptionsofsafetyinJalalabad(seeannex3forthefullsurveyresults).Amajorityoftherespondents(57.5%)statedthatthecityissafeandthattheyfeelquitecomfortableoutdoorsintheevening.20.3%feltthatthecityissomewhatunsafeandafraction (0.8%)consider thecityunsafe.Relativelymorewomen(80%)wereamongstthosewhoperceivesuchalackofsafety.

38 Data provided by the Ministry of Interior to UNODC (January 2014)

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4. the legal anD regulatory frameworK for Crime prevention in the Kyrgyz republiC

Crimeprevention in theKyrgyzRepublic is regulatedby the2005LawonCrimePrevention.Thislawdefinescrimepreventionasencompassing“activities[…]aimedatidentifying,studying,removingandneutralizingthecausesandconditionsthat leadtocrime;providingsupporttogroupsatriskofoffendinginordertoincreasetheirstandardof living and level of individual education and personal development; promoting law-abiding behaviour of citizens; and developing and implementing legal, socioeconomic,organizational,educational,andotherspecialmeasurestopreventcrime”(article1).

The lawacknowledges the involvementofawiderangeof stakeholders incrimeprevention, including “state agencies, local governments, public organizations andassociations, enterprises, institutions and other entities, regardless of ownership,officialsaswellasindividualcitizensoftheKyrgyzRepublic,foreigncitizensandstatelesspersonsresidingintheterritoryoftheKyrgyzRepublic”(article6).Specificrolesoflawenforcementbodies,theeducationsystem,healthcare,socialprotectionandemploymentsectors, civil society, themedia, local self-government,privatebusinessand individualcitizensarealsosetoutinthelaw.

The law prescribes the establishment of coordination mechanisms on crimepreventionattheprovincial,district,cityandmunicipallevel.Lawenforcementbodiesareassignedtheleadroleinorganisingcoordinationmeetingstoplanandcoordinatecrimeprevention activities of all relevant stakeholders. Coordination meetings can be usedi.a.asaforumfortrainingandresearchoncrimetrends;development,implementationandmonitoringofintegratedcrimepreventionprograms;andtheorganisationoflegaleducationandlegalassistancetothepopulation.

Thecrimepreventionlawdistinguishesbetween“general”and“individual”crimeprevention.Generalcrimeprevention(article18)isaimedateliminatingcausesofcrimeinsocietyandinvolvesallrelevantstateandnon-stateactors.Specificmeasuresinthisarea can include the development of crime prevention strategies, legal education andpublicawarenessraisingandsupportto familiesandchildrenatrisk. Individualcrimeprevention(article19)targetsoffendersorthoseatriskofoffending.Actioninthisarea,which can include registrationof individualsat riskofoffendingandvarious formsofsupervision,istheexclusiveprerogativeoflawenforcementbodies.

InadditiontotheLawonCrimePrevention,theGovernmentoftheKyrgyzRepublichas adopted a range of policies that directly or indirectly support andpromote crimeprevention. The National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2013-2017 providesan overaching vision for the development of the country, including strengthening therule of law, inter-ethnic unity and socioeconomic development. Linked to this overalldevelopmentplanareothergovernmentstrategies,whichhaveabearingonaddressing

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riskfactorsforcrimeandimprovingcriminaljusticeresponses.Theseincludethe2012–2014Medium-TermDevelopmentPlan,the2012-2014SocialProtectionStrategy,the2012–2020GenderEqualityStrategy,the2012–2015YouthPolicy,the2012–2016PrisonReformStrategy,aswellastheConceptonInter-EthnicUnityandPoliceReformMeasures,whichwereadoptedin2013.AnewJuvenileJusticeStrategyfor2014-2018,whichincludesprovisionsforthepreventionofjuveniledelinquency,isawaitingapproval.

InNovember2013,theGovernmentoftheKyrgyzRepublicalsoadoptedanActionPlanforthePreventionofJuvenileDelinquency.ThisActionPlanforeseesawiderangeofmeasures,i.a.aimedat:39

• Enhancingthemoraleducationofyoungpeople,includingtrainingonlaw,ethics,healthylivingandpatriotism;

• Preventing unaccompaniedminors from visiting internet clubs and parks atnightwithoutadultsupervision;

• Providing psychological and legal assistance to childrenwho are abused andmistreatedbyteachers,parents,guardiansorotherchildren;

• Holdingmonthly inspections in public placeswith theparticipation of policeofficers,teachers,representativesofparents’associationsandthemedia;

• Developingasystemtomonitorjuvenileoffendersorchildrenatriskofoffending;

• Preventingtobacco,alchoholanddruguseamongstminors;

• Promotingsportsandotherleisureactivitiesforyoungpeople.

ThemainactorsresponsibleforimplementationoftheActionPlanaretheMinistryofEducationandScience,whichhasbeentaskedtoreportonimplementationtwiceayear,aswellastheMinistriesofInterior,HealthandJustice,headsofeducationalestablishments,localgovernmentsandthemedia.Thetimeframeforimplementationvariesinaccordancewiththeactionsenvisaged.Someoftheactivitiesarescheduledtotakeplaceinthefirsthalfof2014,whileothersareplannedtobeconductedonaquarterlyoronanongoingbasis.TheGovernmentAdministration,andinparticularthegovernmentalDepartmentonEducation,CultureandSports,theDepartmentonOrganisational-SupervisoryWorkandLocalSelfGovernment,andtheDepartmentonDefence,LawandOrderandEmergencySituations,havebeeninstructedtomonitorimplementationoftheActionPlan.

39 Informal translation from the Russian original.

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5. mission outputs5.1. Key ObservatiOns - natiOnal level

Crime prevention legislation.The2005CrimePreventionLawprovidesa solidlegalbasisforcrimepreventionwork,asthelawforeseesactionsaimedataddressingtherootcausesofcrimeandtheriskfactorsthatmakeindividualsmorepronetoengageincriminalactivityorbecomevictimsofcrime.Asmentionedinsection4,thelawprescribestherolesofawiderangeofrelevantstakeholdersandthuscounterstraditionalviewsofcrimepreventionasbeingprimarilytheresponsibilityoflawenforcementagencies.

During themission, the teamwas informed that concrete implementation of thelawstartedonlyfrom2008onwardswiththecreationoflocalcrimepreventioncentres(LCPCs).553LCPCscurrentlyexistinthecountrybringingtogether12,611membersofwomen’scommittees,youthcouncilsandelderlycourts.40

AlthoughtheLawonCrimePreventionforeseestheallocationofbudgetfundsandotherfinancialassistancetoLCPCs,thishasnotmaterialisedinpractice.TherearepositiveexamplesofLCPCs,whichhavebeenabletoresolveadministrativeviolationcases,familyconflictsandotherissuesandhaveundertakencrimepreventioninitiativeswithsupportfromlocalgovernmentsandexternaldonors.41Atthesametime,LCPCsareconsideredineffective inmany places because they lack funding, proper facilities and equipmentandableormotivatedstafftoperformtheirfunctions.LCPCshavealsolackedcapacitytoplayacoordinatingroleindevelopingpolice-publicpartnerships,forexamplebyhostingconsultationsbetweenthepoliceandthepubliconcommunitysafety.42

Duringtheconsultationswithvariousinterlocutors,itwassuggestedthatthestatusofLCPCscouldberaised,eitherbyamendingthe2005LawonCrimePreventionorbydevelopingaspecificlawonLCPCs,whichwouldallowLCPCstoreceiveNGOstatusandhencehavethepossibilityofaccessingvarioussourcesoffundingbeyondthoseprovidedfrom local statebudgets.43 If anamendment to the law is considered, thisopportunitycouldbeusedtoincludebetterprovisionsforsituationalcrimepreventionandsupporttovictimsofcrime,whicharecurrentlylacking.

Crime prevention policies. TheKyrgyzRepubliccurrentlydoesnothaveadedicatednationalcrimepreventionstrategyinplacetoadvancetheimplementationoftheLawonCrimePreventionandtackleitscrimechallengesinacomprehensivemanner.

The adoptionof thePlanofAction for thePreventionof JuvenileDelinquency inNovember2013isausefulsteptocoordinatecrimepreventionamongstyouth.During

40 Civic Union “For Reforms and Results”, The Population and the Police: Partnership through Dialogue, 2013.

41 Idem.42 Idem.43 Idem.

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consultations held in Bishkek, some interlocutors expressed concern that the ActionPlandoesnotallowforinnovativeapproachestocrimepreventionamongstyouth.Themeasuresareconsideredrepressiveinnature(e.g.inspectionsofpublicplaces,internetclubsetc.).Moraleducationmaynotbeeffectiveifthisisdoneonlyintheformoflectures,whichdonotattracttheinterestofyouthtargeted.

Someoftheothernationalpoliciesmentionedinsection4containcrimepreventionobjectives, such as the provision of assistance to groupsmost at risk of offending orvictimisation.TheNationalSustainableDevelopmentStrategy2013-2017andthe2012– 2014Mid-Term Development Plan prioritise social protection and employment andcan thus play a key role in supporting crime prevention through social development.The2012-2014SocialProtectionStrategyhasamajorfocusonsupportingfamiliesandchildrenlivinginpoverty,aswellasspecificvulnerablegroups,suchasminorswholeaveorphanages,releasedoffenders,andinternalmigrants.The2012–2016PrisonReformStrategyprioritisessocialreintegrationofoffenders.

CrimepreventionisalsoamajorobjectiveofthePoliceReformMeasures,adoptedby theGovernment of theKyrgyzRepublic inApril 2013.Measures proposed include:strengthening the role of neighbourhood police and juvenile delinquency inspectors;introducing the so-called “Safe city” system, which involves the installation of videocameras to monitor traffic and the establishment of an efficient road patrol service;providing law enforcement services and other assistance to the population, includingthroughmobilepolicereceptionsandotherformsofpolicepatrolling;gathering,analyzingand applying operational information related to public safety, in cooperationwith thepopulation; enhancing and developing newmechanisms of cooperation between civilsocietyinstitutionsandlawenforcementagenciesforassessmentofpoliceactivities;andcreatingeffectivemechanismsforstrictcomplianceofpoliceofficerswiththenormsofprofessionalethicsandhumanrights.

Whilethesepoliciesformasoundbasisfortheimplementationofcrimepreventionmeasures, their implementationneeds tobemonitoredandanalyzed in termsof theirimpactoncrimeprevention.

Crime prevention coordination. Asmentioned in section 4, the Law on CrimePreventionincludesspecificprovisionsfortheestablishmentofcoordinationmechanismsfor crimeprevention at the province, district, city andmunicipality level. Themissionreceived information that coordination meetings, which include discussion on publicorder, are held under the aegis of theMayor’s Office inmany locations, although theeffectiveness of these coordination meetings for the purposes of crime prevention isunclear.RegionalCoordinationCouncilsalsoexisttodiscussarangeofregionalproblems.These are organised by the representatives of the Prime Minister in each province.

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In addition, Community SafetyWorkingGroups have been established in a number ofdistrictsinBatken,JalalabadandOshwiththesupportofSaferworldandACTED.44

The lawdoesnotprovide for a crimeprevention coordinationmechanismat thenational level. This gap should be addressed in order to strengthen monitoring andsupervision and to report regularly on implementation of the law, which is currentlylacking. Provisions for coordination of crime prevention at the local level could alsobe amended to transform the “coordinationmeetingsof lawenforcement” intobroad-basedlocallevelcrimepreventioncoordinationcouncilsundertheauspicesoflocalself-governmentbodies.

Crime data collection and analysis. YearlydataoncrimeisbeingpublishedbytheNationalStatisticsCommitteeoftheKyrgyzRepublic(NSC),basedonavarietyofsources,includingtheMinistryofInterior,theprosecutionservices,thejudiciaryandtheprisonservice.TheCommitteealsoreceivesdatafromsourcesoutsidetheformalcriminaljusticesystem, includingondomesticviolence, forexample fromcrisis centers, elderly courtsandhospitals.Challenges facedbytheNSCandothernational institutions incollectingdata,asmentionedduringconsultations,includethelackofmodernequipment,absenceofunifiedelectronicdatabasesandthesubmissionofdatatotheNSCinhardcopyratherthanelectronically.NSCoffices intheprovincesreportedly facedifficulties inaccessinginformationdirectly,thushamperingdatacollectionandanalysesatthelocallevel.

Official crime statistics mostly focus on the level of crime with breakdowns bytypes of crime and geographic location. Data on the number and profile of offendersisalsoincluded.Thereisnoestablishedpracticeofcollectingdataonvictimsofcrime.Nationwidevictimisationsurveysor localsafetyauditsaimedatgathering informationrelatedtothelevelandnatureofcrimeandvictimisation,aswellaspeople’sperceptionsofsafetyinthecommunityandtheirconfidenceinlawenforcementagenciesandotherstatebodiesarenotconducted.

Children and youth. During the consultations held, a general sense emergedthatmoreactionneedstobetakentopreventcrimeamongstyouth.Someinterlocutorsexpressed concern about unresolved issues, such as school racketeering and childrendroppingoutofschool.OthersindicatedthatprogresshasbeenmadeinaddressingyouthcrimeandnegativebehavioursincetheadoptionoftheNationalYouthStrategyandothercrimepreventionrelatedpoliciesandmeasures.TheestablishmentofYouthCentresandYouthHousesafterthe2010eventswerementionedasagoodpractice.Thesecentres,whichweresetupjointlybytheMinistryofYouthandlocalauthoritieswithfundingfromUSAID,offerciviceducation,computerclassesandotherleisureactivitiesforyouth.

44 Civic Union “For Reforms and Results”, The Population and the Police: Partnership through Dialogue, 2013

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Theimportantroleofpoliceinspectorsforjuveniledelinquencywasstressed.Theseinspectorsfaceconsiderablechallengesastheyhavetocoveralargeterritorywithmanyschools(e.g.inBishkek13schoolsperinspector)andlackneededofficespace,vehicles,phonesandotherequipmenttocarryouttheirwork.Thejuveniledelinquencyinspectorswere felt by some as performing punitive rather than preventivework. This is due tothecurrentperformanceevaluationsystem,whichprioritisescrimedetectionandthusreducesthemotivationoftheseinspectorstofocusonpreventiveaction.Inadditiontoamendingperformanceevaluationcriteria,professionalrequirementsfortheseinspectorsshould be adapted in order to include the need for pedagogical knowledge and skills.Capacitydevelopmentandimprovementofworkingconditionsarenecessarytoenablejuveniledelinquency inspectors togivemoreattention to therootcausesofcrimeandyouthatrisk.Morecooperationwithlocalself-governmentbodiesandnon-governmentalorganizationsatthelocallevelwouldbehelpfulforthispurpose.

Therewasapleaformoreattentiontoprimaryprevention(beforethecrimeoccurs),includingattentiontotobaccoandalcoholconsumptionbyyouth,worktosupportfamilies,andestablishmentandexpansionofpublicleisurecentresandclubswherechildrencangoafterschool. Itwas indicated thatmoreworkwith themedia isneeded topromotepositivevaluesandtocommunicatethatitisshamefultobepartofacriminalgroup.Rolemodelsforyouth,suchassingersandotherwell-knownpublicfigures,shouldbeinvolvedinsuchawarenessraising.Moreworktodisseminatelegalknowledgeisalsoneeded,assomedonotknowwhatisagainstthelawandthereforedonotreportwrongdoingsandcrimetothepolice.

health, social development and vulnerable populations. The health sectorcontributes to crime preventionwith education on health issues, the identification ofchildrenwhoabusedrugs,theorganisationofparentsmeetings, lecturesandseminarsonhealth,andtheestablishmentofcentresonhealthandlifestyle.Themissionwastoldthataround16,000childrenhaverecentlybeenidentifiedasneglected,including7,000fromsingleparentfamilies.Alcoholabuseamongyouthisthoughttohaveincreasedsince2010,mostlyinthecapital.Intheconsultationsheld,itwasobservedthatactivitiesfromthehealthperspectiveareinsufficientoutsidethecapital. Itwasindicatedthatdoctorshavelittleknowledgetoidentifyanddocumentabuseofchildrenandthatthereisalackofmedicalpersonnelatthelocallevel.

TheMinistry of Social Development noted that regulations have been developedon how to identify families in vulnerable situations. It was reported that the numberof working children from poor families not attending schools is 10,662. TheMinistryofSocialDevelopment isalsoresponsible formeasurestosupportsocialrehabilitationofchildrenincontactwiththelaw.Aspartof itscrimepreventionefforts,theMinistrysupportscentresforchildrenwhoarevictimsofviolenceinpartnershipwithUNICEF.

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Variousinterlocutorsstressedtheneedtoincreaseeffortsatthelocalleveltoimprovesocialprotection.Itwasfeltthatpovertyallowanceswereverylowandthatchildreninvulnerablesituationsshouldbegivenpriority.Inaddition,itwaspointedoutthatadoptionmeasuresofchildrenbeingneglectedbytheirfamilieswerenotappropriateanddidnotaddresstherootcausesoftheproblemofchildneglect(e.g.socialandeconomicexclusion,extremepoverty,alcoholism,singleparents, internalmigration,andexternalmigrationofoneof theparents towork inneighboringcountries).Tools todetectcrimesagainstchildren, suchashotlinenumbersandbetterchildsupport servicesat local levels, aredeemednecessary.

preventing recidivism. Therecidivism(re-offending)rateisestimatedataround40%intheKyrgyzRepublic.45Thisimpliesthatfromtheover15,000identifiedoffenderseveryyear,morethan6,000arerepeatoffendersandfromthe9,000firsttimeoffenderssome3,600arelikelytore-offend.Comprehensivecrimepreventioneffortsneedtoincludethepreventionofre-offendingasakeyobjective.

TheGovernmentoftheKyrgyzRepublichasinrecentyearspaidgreaterattentionto social support, including through drug and alcohol abuse treatment for prisoners.Professionaltrainingopportunitiesforprisonstaffhavebeenstrengthenedandasocial-psychological support unit has been established within the prison service. Prisoners,nevertheless, continue to face a number of structural obstacles, which hamper theirprospectsforsocialreintegration.First,possibilitiesforprisonerstoengageinproductiveactivities are limited due to a lack of funds, equipment and infrastructure. Vocationaltrainingandothersocialrehabilitativeworkreachesfewprisoners.

Thenumberofreleasedprisonersfloatsaround1,000annually.InaccordancewithArticle150oftheCriminalExecutiveCode,releasedprisonersareentitledtoreceivefood,clothes,shoes,atickettotheplaceofresidenceandaone-offsubsistenceallowance.Inpractice,however,noneofthesebenefitsareprovided.46

Inclosedtypeprisons,over95%ofprisonersdonothaveapassport.Thosewhodonothaveapassportinthefirstplaceorhavetoapplyforanewone,struggletocollecttherequireddocumentation,inparticularbirthcertificatesincasetheyareregisteredinotherpartsofthecountry.Thecostassociatedwithapassportapplicationalsodiscouragesex-prisoners.

Thelackofidentificationdocumentseffectivelyblocksex-prisonersfromreceivingsocialbenefitsandaccessingsocialsupportservices,includinghousingandhealthcare.Withoutanysuitablevocationaltrainingorworkexperience,findingajobisalsodifficultforex-prisoners.

45 National Prison Reform Strategy 2012-2016.46 Idem.

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5.2. recOmmendatiOns – natiOnal level

recommendation 1: assess the implementation of the law on Crime prevention Themission recommends that the level of implementation of the Law on Crime

PreventionisassessedbytheParliamentorotherrelevantstakeholders.Thiscouldleadtoamendmentstothelawinordertoaddresscertaingaps,suchasthelackofspecificprovisions to regulate situational crime prevention, support to victims of crime andcoordinationoncrimepreventionatthenationallevel.Provisionsforcoordinationofcrimepreventionatthelocallevelcouldalsobemadeclearerbytransformingthe“coordinationmeetingsoflawenforcement”intobroad-basedlocallevelcrimepreventioncoordinationmechanismsundertheauspicesoflocalself-governmentbodies.

recommendation 2: strengthen coordination on crime preventionThemissionrecommendsthatcoordinationoncrimepreventionisstrengthened.

This can be done by regularly discussing crime prevention in existing coordinationmechanisms,suchastheCoordinationCouncilonPoliceReform,theCoordinationCouncilonHumanRights,theCoordinationCouncilonPrisonReformandotherfora,suchastheDefenceCouncilunderthePresidentoftheKyrgyzRepublicortheSecurityCouncilundertheGovernmentof theKyrgyzRepublic.As thesebodiesoftenhaveanarrowfocusonsecurity and law enforcement and do not necessarily involve all relevant governmentministries and agencies involved in crimeprevention, consideration can alsobe givento theestablishmentofadedicatedcoordinationcounciloncrimepreventionwiththeinvolvement of all relevant stakeholders, including the law enforcement and judicialsector,but also those responsible forhealth,housing, education, socialprotectionandsupport to vulnerable groups, including civil society. The mission also recommendsassigning responsibility for coordinating andmonitoring the implementation of crimepreventionprogrammestoaspecificGovernmentdepartment,suchastheGovernmentDepartmentforDefence,LawEnforcementandEmergencySituations.

recommendation 3: Develop a national crime prevention strategy The mission recommends the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic to develop a

national crimepreventionstrategyandactionplanwith short,mediumand long termobjectives for crime prevention, accompanied by concrete indicators of achievementtosupport implementationoftheLawonCrimePrevention.Thestrategyshouldmakeappropriatelinkagestorelevantcrimepreventionmeasuresinexistingpolicydocuments,asnoted insection4.Theabovementionedcoordinationcouncilorothercoordinationmechanismcanbeusedtofacilitateaparticipatoryconsultationprocesstodevelopthestrategy.

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recommendation 4: enhance data collection and analysis on crime and victimisationThemission recommends that the National Statistics Committee, in partnership

with theMinistry of Interior and other interested stakeholders, takes the lead in theproduction of analytical studies on root causes of crime to inform crime preventionpolicies and programs. This includes the organisation of crime victimization surveysamongstthepopulationtocomplementcriminaljusticeandhealthstatistics.Suchsurveysshouldbeconductednationwideandinprovincesandcitiesmostaffectedbycrime.ThemissionalsorecommendsthatcrimestatisticsarenotonlysubmittedtotheNSC’sheadoffice inBishkek,butalsosharedwith theNSC’sregionaloffices.Thiswouldallow forcityandoblastlevelinformationoncrimetrendstobemorereadilyavailableforanalysisanduseasabaselineforthedevelopmentoflocallevelcrimepreventionmeasuresandprogrammes.recommendation 5: strengthen situational crime prevention

The mission recommends the mainstreaming of situational crime preventionobjectivesinthecountry’ssocio-economicandurbandevelopmentplanswithaparticularfocus on locations,which aremost affected by crime. Suchmeasuresmay include theinstallationofstreetlightsandtherestoration,improvementandmaintenanceofpublicspaces,suchasparks,roads,andsidewalksandotherpreventivemeasuresto improvesafety in selected neighbourhoods. This could be done in partnership with privatebusinesseswithintheframeworkoftheircorporatesocialresponsibilityactivities.Crimepreventionmeasuresattheindividual,householdandbusinesslevel,suchassecuredoorlocks,couldbelaiddowninbuildingregulationsandotherrelevantnormativeacts.

recommendation 6: target groups at risk of offending or victimisationThemissionrecommendsthemainstreamingofsocialcrimepreventionobjectives

inthecountry›ssocio-economicplans.Thisshouldleadtothedevelopmentofvocationaltraining and work placement programmes targeting those most at risk of offending,such as unemployed men between 18 and 30 and above. These programmes shouldactively involvepeople living in themostvulnerablecommunities ineducation, familyskills training, entrepreneurship and job creation, in order to build resilience againstinvolvement in crime (as offenders or victims) by providing people with alternativelifestylesandlivelihoods.

recommendation 7: enhance support to victims of crimeThemissionrecommendstheGovernmentoftheKyrgyzRepublictoconsiderways

andmeanstoincreasestatesupporttomeettheneedsofvictimsofcrime,inparticularvulnerablegroupssuchaswomenandchildren.Considerationcouldbegiventocreatingor strengthening partnershipswith the private sector and increasing state support toexistingnon-stateshelters,orphanages,crisiscentresandother typesofrehabilitation

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andsupport centres. Support tovictimsof crimeshouldbe includedasakeyelementoftheproposednationalcrimepreventionstrategy.Womendeserveparticularsupportgiven theprevalenceofdomestic andother formsof violence targeting them.Supportto vulnerable children is also crucial as this contributes to the prevention of repeatvictimizationandofvictimsbecomingoffendersastheygrowup.Thisisparticularthecaseforvictimsofsexualabuseandviolence.

recommendation 8: improve the social reintegration prospects of offendersThemissionrecommendsthatpriorityattentionisgiventoremovingkeyobstacles

tothereintegrationofoffendersintosocietyfollowingrelease,suchastheirlackofaccesstoidentificationdocuments.Thisshouldbecombinedwithadditionaleffortstoimplementthe National Prison Reform Strategy 2012-2016, which includes the development ofincome generating activities, vocational training and other rehabilitation activities forprisoners.Progressontheestablishmentofaprobationserviceandincreasedapplicationof alternative forms of punishment to avoid the harmful effects of incarceration andincreasechancesofrehabilitationisalsoacorepriority.ActionoutsideprisoncouldfocusonimplementationofrelevantprovisionsoftheLawonCrimePrevention,inparticularasrelatedtotheestablishmentofsocialrehabilitationcentresforreleasedoffenders,incombinationwithvocationaltraining,employmentandapprenticeschemesinpartnershipwith the private sector. The National Social Protection Strategy also includes usefulmeasurestosupportreleasedoffenders,whichshouldbeprioritised.

recommendation 9. Develop new initiatives to foster a culture of lawfulness Themissionrecommendsthatnewandinnovativeapproachestoraisingawareness

oncrimepreventionamongstthepopulation,andinparticularyouth,areexplored.Thetraditionalmassmedia(TV,radio,newspapers)andnewweb-basedsocialmediashouldbemuchmoreinvolvedinsuchefforts,astheskillsandexpertiseofmediaprofessionalsinreachingouttogroupsinsocietywithtargetedmessagesthatspeakthelanguageoftheaudiencecanbeanimportantelementinchangingperceptionsaboutwhat isrightandwrongandpromoting lawabidingbehaviour.Youngpeople, inparticular,need tohavepositiverolemodelsthattheycanidentifywith.Thesecanbepeoplewhosucceededinlifeduetohardworkanddedication.Inthisregard,theimplementationofanationalmediacampaignforacountrywithoutcrimeandviolencewiththeinvolvementofpositiverole-models (singers, actresses/actors, and sports personalities) could be considered.More specific campaigns could focuson thepreventionof specific types of crime (e.g.theft)andbetargetedatbothvictims(e.g.byprovidinginformationonself-protectiontechniques,waystoreportcrime,locationsofpolicefacilitiesorothersupportstructures)andoffenders(byraisingawarenessontheriskofapprehensionandrelatedpenaltiesforcrime).

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5.3. Key ObservatiOns - Jalalabad

Crime prevention policy and coordination. InJalalabad,theMayor’sOffice,thepolice,variouslocalgovernmentdepartments(e.g.socialdevelopment,education,healthcare)andLocalCrimePreventionCentresareallinvolvedincrimeprevention.However,nocomprehensivelocalcrimepreventionactionplanexiststocoordinatetheinterventionsoftheseandotherrelevantstakeholders,suchastheprivatesector,civilsocietyandmediapresentinthecity.

TheMayor’sOfficehostsweeklycoordinationmeetingsofallrelevantlocalgovernmentdepartments,includingthepolice.Thesemeetingsfocusontheimplementationoflocalgovernmentpoliciesandplansandcanincludeissuesrelatedtopublicorderandsafety.In addition, regular meetings between representatives from the Mayor’s Office, thecity police department and local crime prevention centres representatives take place,whichofferanopportunitytodiscusscrimetrendsandcrimeprevention.Nodedicatedcoordinationmechanismforcrimeprevention,whichwouldbringtogetherallrelevantstateandnon-stateactors,currentlyexistsinJalalabad.

police. In linewithofficial crimedatapresented in section3, consultationsheldin Jalalabad confirmed that the crime situation in Jalalabad is considered relativelystablewithcasesoftheftandburglarymostprevalentandlowerlevelsofseriousviolentcrimesandhooliganism.Thecapacityofthepolicetopreventandresolvethesecrimesishamperedbyalackofstaffandproperfacilities.Duringthemission,theteamlearnedthatfundingforthepostsof12policeofficersfromthelocalstatebudgethadbeencutin2013.Thisdecisionwasmadenotduetolackoffundsbuttocomplywithlegalrequirements,whichnolongerallowfundingofthepolicefromlocalgovernmentbudgets.

Trafficaccidentshavebeenontherise in Jalalabad,asaresultof thepresenceofincreasingnumbersofvehicles,badroads, limitedroadsignsandother infrastructure,lowstandardsandcorruptioninissuingdrivinglicensesandrelatedpoordrivingskillsandlackofrespectfortrafficrules.Withatotalof63trafficpoliceofficersservicingthewholeprovince, thepolice are struggling to address this challenge, although there areplanstoinstallvideocamerasaspartofthe“safecity”initiative(acoreobjectiveofthePoliceReformMeasures,mentionedinsection4).

The team visited the Sputnik police station, which serves an area of around30,000 inhabitants. 10 police officerswork at the police station,which is temporarilyhousedinauniversitybuilding.4neighbourhoodpoliceofficersarestationedinspecificneighbourhoods,eachcoveringaround7,500inhabitants.Interlocutorsnotedthattrustinthepolicehadgonedownasaresultofthe2010eventsandthateffortswerenowmadetoregainthistrust,inparticularincooperationwiththeLCPCs.Examplesofengagement

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withthepublicincludetheorganisationofopendays,reportingmeetingswithcitizens,educational activities in school, and involvement in sports events and other leisureactivitiesforyouth.

ThevictimisationsurveyconductedbyUNODCinJalalabadinJanuary2014showedthatmostof400respondentsweresatisfiedwith theworkof thepolice.However, thesurveyalsorevealedthatvictimsdonotnecessarilyreportcrimetothepolice,indicatingthatfurtherstepsmaybeneededtostrengthenpoliceengagementwithcommunitiesandtoincreasepublictrustinthepolice.

local Crime prevention Centres. LCPCs in Jalalabadplayacrucialrole incrimepreventionandbroadereffortstorestoretrustandpreventconflictfollowingthe2010events.TheLCPCshaveinrecentyearsreceivedfundingfromthelocalstatebudgetandadditional financialsupport fromOSCEandother internationalorganizations,enablingthemtofosterinteractionamongthepolice,localauthoritiesandcommunitiestopromotepublicsecurityandcrimeprevention.Thecentresi.a.resolvedisputesamongstresidents,addressbullyingandracketeering inschools, conduct legalawarenessraisingamongststudentsinuniversities(e.g.onhowtopreventorrespondtobridekidnapping),providesupport to victims of domestic violence and implement situational crime preventionactivities.

IntheSputnikdistrict,theLCPCishousedatthepolicestation.Thishasprovedtobeapositivemodel,allowingtheLCPCtocloselycollaboratewiththeheadofthepolicestationanddesignatedpoliceofficers,whotransferscertaincasestotheaksakalcourtsor the women’s council. The Sputnik LCPC has been instrumental in developing andimplementingconcretecommunitysafetyinitiatives,whichhaveplacedsituationalcrimepreventiononthepoliticalagendainJalalabad.Examplesofthelatterincludeinitiativestoimprovestreetlighting,toplacenewhousenumberplatesonbuildingsandtoinstallnew traffic signs, road bumpers and zebra crossings. These efforts are particularlycommendable,astheyhavetargetedspecificproblemscausedbythe2010events(e.g.many facadeswithhousenumbersweredestroyed;people continue tobeafraid togoout,inparticularatnightwhenthestreetsarepoorlylit),aswellasemergingcommunitysafetyconcerns,suchasthementionedincreaseofroadaccidents.

Despitethevoluntaryandunpaidnatureofthework,theSputnikLCPChasbenefitedfromthepresenceofproactiveandmotivatedrepresentativesofwomen’scommitteesandaksakals.Themissionwasinformed,however,thatcentres,suchastheoneintheSputnikdistrict,continuetorelyonlimitedadhocfundingfromlocalstatebudgetsorexternaldonors,whichdoesnotguaranteesustainability.

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aksakal courts. AksakalcourtsareembeddedinLCPCsandcomprisebetweenfiveandninecommunityelders,electedforthree-yearterms.Inaccordancewiththe2002lawontheaksakalcourts,thecourtsjudgeonfamily,land,propertyandemploymentrelateddisputes,orothermattersreferredtothembythecourt,prosecutor›sofficeorpolice.A2012researchreportbytheEurasiaFoundationsuggeststhattheuseofaksakalcourtsisdecliningwithmostcourtsreceivinglessthantencasesayear.47However,acourtmemberintheSputnikneighbourhoodofJalalabadinformedthemissionthathiscourtdealswithapproximately200casesperyear.Thissuggeststhatthere isstilla fairly largepartofthepopulationmakinguseoftheaksakalcourts.Thecourtsprovidefreemediation,andthuswidenaccesstojustice,especiallyforthepoor.Atthesametime,aksakalcourtshavesignificantshortcomings,ascourtmemberslacklegalknowledge,basicguaranteesofafairtrialarenotinplace,andenforcementofrulingsispoor.Thereareconcernsrelatedtothecapacityofaksakalstoguaranteetherightsofthemostvulnerablepersonswhentheyareaccusedoforarevictimsofwrongdoings.Theextenttowhichaksakalsareabletorecognisecertainacts(i.e.violenceagainstwomenandchildren)ascrimes,whichshouldbehandledbytheregularcriminaljusticesystem,isalsoofconcern.48

Children and youth. Reflectingdemographictrendsatthenationallevel,Jalalabad’spopulationisveryyoung.InJalalabadprovinceover470,000people(approximately44%of thepopulation)arebetween0and19yearsold.Another350,000people,overonethirdofthetotal,arebetweentheageof20and39.49

During consultations in Jalalabad, the mission was informed that the city hostsapproximately1,000familiesaffectedbylabourmigration,over500singleparentswithchildren,and646orphans.Thesechildrenareconsideredat-riskofbecominginvolvedinviolenceandcrime.Ofparticularconcerntotheauthoritiesarechildrenworkinginandaroundthemarketarea(bazaar),schoolchildreninvolvedinracketeeringandbullying,youthgatheringattherailwayandotherhotspotareaswheretheymaygetintofights,aswellasyoungstersvisitingInternetcafes(especiallyduringtheeveningandatnight)wheretheyareexposedtoviolentgamesandpossiblygetacquaintedwithpettycriminals.

To address the aforementioned issues, preventive activities are implementedin linewith the 2013Action Plan for Prevention of JuvenileDelinquency, focusing onschool-basedeventsandmoral (andpatriotic)education, themonitoringofyouthandpreventingthemfromvisitinginternetclubsandparksatnightaswellasmeasurestoprovide immediatepsychological and legal assistance to childrenwhoare abusedand

47 Azita Ranjbar, ‘The declining use of aksakal courts in Kyrgyzstan’, Eurasia Foundation (May 2012). 48 With regard to the latter, the primary goal of the aksakal courts, is maintaining the family structure

and encouraging reconciliation, which can place undue pressure on the wife to stay within an abusive marriage.

49 National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic, Annual demographical report, 2013.

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mistreatedby teachers,parentsandguardians.Various localgovernmentdepartments(e.g.responsibleforeducation,socialdevelopment)areinvolvedintheseefforts,aswellasthecitypolice(inparticularjuveniledelinquencyinspectors),LCPCsandcivilsocietyorganisations.

Despite theactivities foreseen in theActionPlan, it isclear thatmoreeffortsareneededtoaddresstherootcausesofchildneglectandyouthcrime.Duringconsultations,counterpartscalledforadditionaleffortstodevelopsafeandstablerelationshipsbetweenchildren and their parents (including attention for alcohol and drugs abuse amongstparents) and for a revival of youth clubs offering free after-school enrichment andrecreationalactivitiesforat-riskchildrenandyoungsters.Itwasalsoindicatedthatyouthoftenconsidercriminalsasrolemodelsandthatthisneedstochange.Mediacampaignscouldhelptoofferalternativerolemodelsthatpromotepositivevaluesandemphasizethatcrimedoesnotpay.

preventing recidivism. A penal colony No.10 accommodating 612 first timeoffendersforseriousandviolentcrimesislocatedinthecityofJalalabad.Intheprison,some limited work opportunities exist, including the production of bricks, furnitureandbread.In2012,273offendersweretransferredfromthepenalcolonytoopentypeprisonsand182offenderswerereleasedonparole.In2013,156offendersweremovedtoanopentypeprisonand71offendersweregrantedparole.50 Themission learnedthatrecidivismisconsideredaprobleminJalalabad,whereunemploymentishighandmanyformeroffendershavedifficultiesmakingaliving.Inlinewiththeoverallsituationin the country, there is a shortageofpre- andpost-release services forprisoners thatsupportthemtoreintegrateinthecommunity(e.g.vocationaltraining,workplacements,substanceabusetreatmentandpsychosocialassistance).ThereisanexampleofanNGOrunshelter,butthisshelterisinneedofsupporttooperatesustainably.Reintegrationisfurtherhamperedbythefactthatmanyofthereleasedprisonersdonothaveidentificationdocuments.

5.4. reCommenDations - JalalabaD

Recommendation 1: Strengthen coordination on crime preventionThemissionrecommendsthecreationofacoordinationcouncilorotherdedicated

coordinationmechanismoncrimepreventionundertheMayor’sOffice.Thiscoordinationmechanismshouldinvolveallrelevantstateandnon-stakeholders,includingcivilsociety,theprivatesectorandmedia,andwouldcomplementexistingcoordinationmechanisms,whicheitherhaveabroaderfocusonsocioeconomicdevelopment(suchastheweekly

50 Data provided by the Prison Service of the Kyrgyz Republic.

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coordinationmeetingsofallrelevant localgovernmentdepartmentscurrentlyheld)orarenotfullyinclusive(e.g.regularmeetingsbetweenrepresentativesfromtheMayor’sOffice,thecitypolicedepartmentandlocalcrimepreventioncentres).Theestablishmentof such amechanismwould provide for a consultative platformwhere information isshared and crimepreventionwork is coordinated between communities anddecisionmakersatthecitylevel.

Recommendation 2: Develop a local crime prevention strategyThe mission recommends the development of a comprehensive local crime

preventionstrategy,which identifiesandprioritizesconcernsaboutcommunitysafetyandcrimeprevention in thecity,and identifieskeyactionareasandresponsibility forthese actions. This strategy could be developed under the leadership of the Mayor’sOffice,usingtheabovementcoordinationmechanismoncrimepreventionasaforumforinclusiveandtransparentconsultations.

Recommendation 3: Enhance data collection and analysis on crime and victimisationThemissionrecommendsthateffortsaremadetostrengthendatacollectionand

analysisoflocalcrimetrends,asabasisforthedevelopmentoftheabovementionedlocalcrimepreventionstrategy.Thiswillservetoidentifyparticularcrimeproblemsandhotspotareas(e.g.railwaystation,residentialareaswithflatbuildings)andanalysetheprofileofoffendersandvictims.Basedonthisinformation,objectivesforcrimepreventioncanbesetandtailoredtoidentifiedneeds.Suchdatacollectioncantakethefollowingforms:

• Localsafetyaudits:Localsafetyauditsaimtoprovideadetailedpictureofthecrimesituation inacity, socialproblemsandotherrisk factors forcrimeandviolence,andwhoaretheoffendersandvictims.Suchsafetyauditsarebasedonbothqualititativeandquantitativedata,includingavailablepolicestatisticsandstrategicplansof localgovernmentdepartments,aswellasconsultationsandinterviewswithrelevantstakeholdersinordertoassesstheeffectivenessofpublicservicesinrelationtopreventionandtoidentifyopportunitiesfordevelopingpreventiveaction. In Jalalabad, such consultations couldbe conductedwithinthe framework of the proposed coordinationmechanism and bring togetherthemayor, thepolice, thoseresponsibleforhousing, infrastructure, transport,health,educationandsocialservicesaswellascivilsociety,theprivatesectorandmedia.

• Victimisationandself-reporteddelinquencysurveys:Victimisationsurveys,suchastheoneconductedbyUNODCforthepurposeofthisstudy,helptounderstandpeople’sexperienceswithcrime,theirperceptionsofsafetyinthecommunityandconfidenceinthepoliceandotherstatebodies.Self-reporteddelinquencysurveysstudyspecifictypesofcrimeanddeviance,suchasjuveniledelinquency,schoolviolenceandsubstanceuse.InJalalabad,thelattercouldbecarriedout

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inschoolstoexaminetheprevalenceofdifferenttypesofdelinquentbehaviorandriskfactorsforyouthdelinquency,suchasalcoholanddruguse,thequalityof parent-youth relationships, parental supervision and peer pressure fromdelinquentfriends.

Recommendation 4: Strengthen partnerships between the police and the population Themissionrecommendsenhanced investment inpolicecapacity toengagewith

the public. This could involve refurbishment aimed at improving the accessibility ofneighborhoodpolice stations to thepublicand theprovisionof specialized training topoliceofficersonhowtointeractwiththelocalpopulation,includingsessionsonurbanpolicingconceptsandstrategies,specificcommunity-andproblem-orientedapproachestopolicing,andrespectforhumanrightsinpolicematters.Trainingactivitiescouldalsofocus on police responses to violence against women and children, including specificvulnerabilityandneedsofvictimsandfirstresponseconsiderationstoensureeffectiveservicedeliveryandreferralofcases.

Themissionalsorecommendsthatpolicecapacitytoanalyzecrimedataisenhanced,aimedatdevelopingadeeperunderstandingofspecificcrimeproblemsandtheirrootcausesandassessingresourcesavailabletoaddressthem.Suchpolicedataandstatisticsoncrimeshouldbemorewidelydisseminatedanddiscussedduringreportingmeetingswith citizens, open days at police stations, educational activities in schools and otherexistingformsofpoliceengagementwiththepublicinJalalabad.ReportingmeetingsbyneighbourhoodpoliceofficersandotherpubliceventsorganisedbythepoliceinJalalabadshouldbeusedtodiscusscrimeproblemswithcitizensandtomobilisepublicsupportforcrimepreventionanddetection.51

Recommendation 5: Provide sustainable funding to local crime prevention centresThe mission recommends that regular funding is allocated from the local state

budgetforthesustainablefunctioningofLCPCsinJalalabad.Suchfundingshouldbepartlyearmarkedforsituationalcrimepreventioninitiatives.Thesecanincludecampaignstoraiseawarenessofpersonalandhouseholdsecuritymeasures,improvingstreetlightingand other infrastructural changes, and organising community events and culturalprogramstohelpbuildasenseofcommunity.SupportshouldalsobeprovidedtopublicawarenessraisingcampaignsbyLCPCsonsensitiveissues,suchasdomesticviolenceandbridekidnapping.

51 Civic Union “For Reforms and Results”, Trust through Public Accountability, 2014. See this briefing for a comprehensive analysis of reporting meetings conducted by neighbourhood police officers.

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Given the presence of LCPCs at police stations, as is the case in the Sputnikneighbourhood,LCPCscouldbeaskedtofacilitatebroaddiscussionsoncommunitysafetybetween the heads of police stations and neighbourhood police officers and the localpopulation.RegularsupporttoLCPCsisalsointendedtoimprovethemediationfunctionoftheindividualaksakalcourts,women’scommitteesandyouthgroups.Thisshouldbecombinedwith investment in legaleducationofmembers to improve theircapacity toresolvedisputes ina fairmanner.Thesystemofreferralsbythepoliceorprosecutorsshouldalsobereviewedinordertoclarifywhichcasescouldbehandledbyaksakalcourtsandwomen’s committees andwhich cases should be handled by the regular criminaljusticesystem.

Recommendation 6: Target groups at risk of offending and victimisation with employment, family skills and leisure programmes

The mission recommends that the city of Jalalabad works towards increasedemployabilityofthosewhoaremostofriskofoffending(e.g.unemployedmenover30andyoungadultsbetween18and30) andvictimisation, including throughvocationaltraining,coursesonmoregeneralhealthylifeskills,andworkplacementprograms.

Themissionrecommendsthedesignandimplementationof familyskills trainingprogrammesfocusingonvulnerablefamilies,suchassingleparenthouseholdsandfamiliesaffectedby labourmigration.Theseprogrammesare intendedtohelpprotectchildrenfromriskybehaviour,suchasdruguseanddelinquency.Thisisdonebypromotingactiveparental involvement, developing adolescents’ social skills and responsibility amongchildrenandadolescents, involvingyouth in familyactivitiesandstrengthening familybonds.

Themissionrecommends theorganisationofconsultationsandsurveysamongstJalalabad’s youth on crimepreventionwith a focus on their preferences andneeds intermsofafterschool leisureactivities.Basedon theresultsof theseconsultationsandsurveys,cultural,sportsandotherleisureprogrammesshouldbedevelopedfor,withandbyyouth.

Recommendation 7: Enhance social reintegration of offenders Themission recommends that the prevention of recidivismbecomes an integral

partoftheproposedlocalcrimepreventionstrategyandaregular itemontheagendaof coordination meetings hosted by the Mayor’s Office and any future coordinationmechanismoncrimeprevention.Action inside the Jalalabadpenal colonyand inopentypeprisonsintheprovincecouldincludesupporttoapplicationsforidentificationcards,thedevelopmentofnewincomegeneratingactivities,andthepreparationofindividualtrainingandrehabilitationplans,withafocusonliteracy,vocationaltrainingandsocialskills development. Action outside prison could include setting up employment and

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apprentice schemes and vocational training, where possible in partnership with theprivate sector, and other social support, including access to housing and health care.Existingcivilsocietyledprojectsontherehabilitationofoffenders,includingthroughashelter for releasedoffenders, shouldalsobe supportedand further expanded, in linewiththerequirementsoftheLawonCrimePrevention.

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annex 1: mission agenDa

2December2013,Monday

09:00–09:45 BriefingwithUNODCProgrammeOfficestaff UNODC Programme Office

10:00–11:00 Meeting with Mr. Mamyrkulov Alik Beishenovich, Head ofthe Government Department for Defense, Law Enforcementand Emergency Situations Government Administration, 207, Abdymomunov Str., Bishkek

11:00–12:00 MeetingwithMr.MuratovAbdimannapAttokurovich,Headofthe GovernmentDepartmentforeducation,cultureandsport Government Administration, 207, Abdymomunov Str., Bishkek

12:00–13:00 Meeting with Ms Djoldosheva Nuriyla Kimsanovna, Head of theGovernmentDepartmentforsocialdevelopment

Government Administration, 207, Abdymomunov Str., Bishkek

14:30–17:30 Roundtablediscussionamongstgovernmentbodies,lawenforcementagencies, prosecutors, judiciary, international organizations andcivilsociety

Park Hotel, 87, Orozbekov Str., Bishkek

3December2013,Tuesday

09:00–10:30 Meeting with Mr. Orozbekov Bolot Tentievich, Head of theInformationandAnalyticalCenterandMr.MoldokmatovAlmazbekMoldokmatovich,Headof theDepartmentonCommunityPolicing,MinistryofInterioroftheKyrgyzRepublic

UNODC office, 31-2 Razzakov Str., Bishkek

11:00–12:00 MeetingwithMr.OsmonalievAkylbekSharipovich,ChairpersonoftheNationalStatisticsCommittee(NSC)

premises of NSC, 374, Frunze str., Bishkek

12:00–13:30 LunchwithMs.SabineMachl,RepresentativeofUNWomenin Kyrgyzstan

14:00–15:30 VisittoChildRehabilitationCenterinBishkek

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4December2013,Wednesday

11:30–12:30 MeetingwithMr.ArapbaevMukhtarbekAbdullajanovich,MayorofJalalabadcity

Mayor’s Office

14:00–15:00 MeetingwithMr.DjorobekovJenishbekMamayunusovich,HeadofJalalabadOblastPoliceDepartment

Jalalabad Oblast Police Department

15:30–16:30 Visit to Sputnik neighbourhood andmeetingwith representativesfromtheSputnikPoliceStationandLocalCrimePreventionCentre

-Mr.NasyrkulovNurdinKadyrbekovich,HeadoftheJalalabadCityPoliceDepartment

-Mr.DalievSabyr,HeadofSputnikPoliceStation -Ms. Kudaiberdieva Gulmira, Representative of the Sputnik Local

CrimePreventionCentre

17:00–18:00 MeetingwithMr.LjubisaDraskovic,CommunitySecurityInitiativeRepresentative,OSCEJalalabadFieldOffice

OSCE Field Office

5December,Thursday

09:30–13:00 Roundtablediscussionamongstgovernmentbodies, lawenforce-ment agencies, prosecutors, judiciary, international organizationsandcivilsociety

Provincial Government Administration

6December2013,Friday

09:30–10:30 DebriefingwithUNODCProgrammeOfficestaff UNODC Programme Office

11:00–12:00 Mission results meeting with the representatives of theGovernment Department for Defense, Law Enforcement andEmergencySituations

14:00–17:00 Steering Committee of the Project KGZ/T90 “Support to PrisonReformandCriminalJusticeintheKyrgyzRepublic”

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annex 2: expert meeting on Crime prevention, bishKeK

Dateandtime:2December2013,2:15pmVenue:ParkHotel,(87OrozbekovStreet,Bishkek)

Time Activity

Moderator:Ms.VeraTkachenko,UNODCInternationalProjectManager

14:15–14:30 Registrationofparticipants

14:30–14:45 Welcomingremarks

14:45–15:00 Presentation:Ms.EstelaMarisDeon,CrimePreventionandCriminalJustice

Officer,UNODCDiscussion

Implementation of the 2005 Law on Crime Prevention – Overview of general andindividualcrimepreventionmeasurestargetingadultsandminors

15:00–16:20 Presentations(5-7min):

• Mr.MoldokmatovAlmazMoldokmatovich,HeadoftheDepartmentoncommunitypolicingoftheMinistryofInteriorofKR

• Ms.KylychbekovaRozaAkmoldoevna,Headofthedepartmentonminors,oftheMinistryofInteriorofKR

• Ms. Abdyldaeva Gulshan Kushubekovna, Key specialist ofDepartmentonschooleducationoftheMinistryofEducationandScienceofKR

• Mr.KolotovIliaysSeksenbaevich,KeyspecialistoftheDepartmentonfamilyandchildprotectionoftheMinistryofSocialDevelopmentofKR

• Ms. Duishenbekova Kanyshai, Specialist on law aw provisiondepartment,MinistryofLabour,MigrationandYouthofKR

• Ms.IbraevaGulmiraAbitovna,DeputyHeadoftheDepartmentonorganizationofmedicalserviceandlicensing,MinistryofHealthofKR

• Ms.GuljanBekembaeva,DirectorofPublicFoundation“Generation–Insan”

• Representativesofinternationalorganizations

Discussion

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Crimepreventionatthelocallevel–ExperiencesfromBishkek

16:20–16:50 Presentations(5-7min):• RepresentativeofBishkekMayor’sOffice• RepresentativeofBishkekCityKenesh(Parliament)• RepresentativeofChuiObalstStateGovernmentAdministrationDiscussion

16:50–17:15 Recommendations

17:15–17:30 Wrapupandclosure

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annex 3: expert meeting on Crime prevention, JalalabaD

Dateandtime:5December2013,09:30amVenue:JalalabadOblastGovernmentAdministration

Moderator:Ms.VeraTkachenko,UNODCInternationalProjectManager

09:30–10.00 Registrationofparticipants

10:00–10:20 Welcomingremarks:• Mr. Djorobekov Jenishbek Mamayunusovich, Head of

JalalabadOblastPoliceDepartment• Ms.EstelaMarisDeon,CrimePreventionandCriminalJustice

Officer,UNODC

10:20–10:35 Presentation:• Mr.JohannesdeHaan,CrimePreventionandCriminalJustice

Officer,UNODC,Vienna

10:35–10:45 Discussion

Implementation of the 2005 Law on Crime Prevention – Overview of general andindividualcrimepreventionmeasurestargetingadultsandminors

11:00–12:20 Presentations(5-7minutes)anddiscussions:• JalalabadMayor’sOffice• JalalabadCityKenesh(Parliament)• JalalabadCityPoliceDepartment• JalalabadCityDepartmentofEducation

11:40–12:20 Presentations(5-7minutes)anddiscussions:• JalalabadCityDepartmentofHealth(5-7min)• JalalabadCityDepartmentofsocialdevelopment(5-7min)• Jalalabad City Department of labor, employment and youth

(5-7min)• Representativeoflocalcrimepreventioncenter(LCPC)

12.20–12.35 Recommendations

12:35–12:45 Wrapupandclosure

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annex 4: viCtimisation survey in JalalabaD

introDuCtion

This report presents the findings of a crime victimization survey carried out inthecityof Jalalabad in January2014.Theaimof thesurveywastogather informationrelatedtothelevelandnatureofcrimeinJalalabad,whichisthethirdlargestcityintheKyrgyzRepublicwithapopulationof89,000people.Thesurveyalsofocusedonpeople’sperceptionsofsafetyinthecommunityandtheirconfidenceinJalalabad’spolice.

ThesurveywasconductedbyconsultingcompanyM-Vectorwithintheframeworkof theUNODCKGZ/T90project ‹Support toCriminal Justice andPrisonReform in theKyrgyz Republic›. With funding provided by the US Department of State’s Bureau ofInternationalNarcoticsandLawEnforcementAffairs,thisprojectaimstoenhancemulti-agencycoordinationandpolicydevelopmentoncrimepreventionandcriminaljusticeatthecentrallevelandimproveintegrityandtransparencyofselectedpolicestationsatthelocallevel,inparticularinJalalabad.ThefindingsofthevictimizationsurveywillserveasasourceofinformationforacrimepreventionneedsassessmentandthedevelopmentofacrimepreventionstrategyforthecityofJalalabad.

methoDology

Thesurveytargetedasampleof400respondents.67%ofrespondentswerefemaleand33%male.71%ofrespondentswereofKyrgyzethnicorigin,25%wereUzbekand4%fromotherethnicities.

Householdswerechosenusinga randomwalkprocedure focusingon the largestmicrodistrict“Sputnik”(200respondents)andcovering20otherprecinctsaroundthecity (200 respondents). Respondentswere chosen using the birthdaymethod (that is,thepersonwasselectedwhosebirthdaywasnext).Anintroductoryletterwaspresentedto each respondent describing the general purpose of the survey. Respondents wereinterviewedface-to-faceintheirownhomesusingaquestionnaire,whichhadbeenpilotedwithasampleof12respondentsinDecember2013.

Thesurveyfocusedonaselectednumberofhouseholdandpersonalcrimes(vehicletheft,burglary,kidnapping,robbery,theft,assaultsandthreats,andfraud).Dataontheprevalenceofthesecrimes,thelevelofcrimereporting,opinionsaboutpolicework,feelingsofsafetyandcrimepreventionmeasuresispresentedbothfortheperiodbetween2010and2013andforthelast12months.Ahighrefusalrate(i.e.atotalof698householdswerevisitedtointerview400respondents)andgeneralreluctanceofrespondentstoanswerall

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questionsindicatethatissuesrelatedtocrimeandhowitaffectspeople’slivesofpeoplearesensitive.Giventhissensitivityandthelimitedsampleofinterviewsconducted,theresultsofthesurveymaynotaccuratelyreflectvictimizationratesinthecityofJalalabad.

summary of main findings:

• Fraud(i.e.lendingmoneywhichisneverreturnedorparticipationinfraudulentpyramid schemes) was the most commonly cited crime by respondents, inadditiontoaverysmallnumberofburglaries,personaltheft(pickpocketing),assaultsandtheftofvehicles.

• Withtheexceptionofvehicletheft,mostcrimesarenotreportedtothepolice.Themostcommonreasonfornotreportingisthatthecrimecausedlittledamageandwasnotworthreportingor that therespondentsmanagedtoresolvetheproblem on their own (e.g. fraud cases). Some respondents noted that theydidnotreportacrimebecausetheydonotbelievethatthepolicewouldtakesufficientactiontofindtheperpetrators.Casesofassaultswerenotreported,asvictimswereafraidanddidnotwantanyonetoknowaboutit.

• Most respondents are satisfied with the work of the police. Those who aredissatisfiedmostlybelievethatthepoliceservice iscorruptorthatthepolicedoesnotdoagoodjob.

• Mostrespondentsstatedthatthecityissafeandthattheyfeelquitecomfortableoutdoors in the evening. Nevertheless, public drunkennes and fights appearrelativelycommon.Respondentsalsomentionthattheftsfromvehicles,robbery,burglary,assaultsbasedonraceorethnicityofthevictim,andvehicletheftsdooccur,albeitnotfrequently.Sexualassault,domesticviolenceanddistributionofdrugsareconsideredrareoccurrencesbyrespondents.

• Most respondents use affordable crimepreventionmeasures, such as specialdoors.Manypeoplealsohavearrangementswiththeirneighborstowatcheachother’shouses.Advancedtechnologies,suchasburglaralarms,securityguardsandCCTVarenotused.

rates of viCtimization

Table1showstheprevalenceratefordifferenttypesofcrimeduringthelastthreeyears(2010-2013).Atotalof47crimeswerenotedbyrespondents,24ofwhichoccurredduringthe12monthsprecedingthesurvey.

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Almost36%ofrespondentsownedavehicle.4ofthemor2.8%hadtheirvehiclestolen, while 6 people or 4.2 % experienced theft from their car or car vandalism.Burglarieswerereportedby6respondents(1.5%of the totalnumberofrespondents)withthefinanciallosscausedbystolengoodsestimatedintherangefrom600to1500Euroinmostcases.

One incidentof kidnapping (i.e. bridekidnapping)wasacknowledgedduring thesurvey. Amongst personal crimes, fraud is most common with 20 respondents (5%)indicatingthatthishadhappenedtothem.Mostoften,respondentsindicatedthatmoneytheyhadlenthadnotbeenreturnedorthattheyhadparticipatedinfraudulentfinancialpyramidschemes.Most(13outof20)ofthefraudcaseshappenedduringthe12monthsprecedingthesurvey(2013).

Personaltheft(e.g.pickpocketing)occurredto8respondents(2%).3ofthesecaseshappenedduringthelastyear.Victimsstatedthattheywererobbedindifferentplaces,particularlyinpublictransport,atwork,onthestreet,orinthemarket.

2respondentssaidtheyhadbeenassaultedorthreatened.Boththesecasesoccurredduring the last 12monthspreceding the survey (2013) and related to conflicts in thepersonalsphere,oneofwhichtookplacedirectlyatthehouseofthevictim.Noneoftherespondentswerethevictimofpersonalrobbery(usingforce).

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Table 1– Prevalence of victimization in Jalalabad (2010-2013; and during the past 12 months preceding the survey)

type of crime (3 years) (12 months)

household crimes frequency percentage frequency

Theftofvehicle(car,motocycle,bycicle) 4 2,8* 2

Theftfromcar/carvandalism 6 4,2* -

Burglary 6 1,5 4

Kidnapping 1 0,3 -

Crimes against the individual respondent

Robbery 0 0,0 0

Personaltheft 8 2,0 3

Assault/threat 2 0,5 2

Fraud 20 5,0 13

note: * Prevalence rates for theft of vehicle and theft from car/car vandalism are calculated as the number of respondents experiencing these crimes as a percentage of the total number of respondents owning a vehicle (i.e. 36% of respondents).

Outofthetotalof47crimesnotedbyrespondents,22occurredintheSputnikmicrodistrictand25inotherprecinctscoveredbythesurvey.Noparticularhotspotsofcrime,i.e.partsofthecitywherecrimeprevalenceappearstobehigherthaninotherparts,wererevealedbythesurvey.

reporting Crime to the poliCe

Table2reflects theextent towhichvictimsreportedcrimetothepolice.Theftofavehiclewasthemostfrequentlyreportedcrime,with3outof4cases(75%)reportedtothepolice.2outof6burglarycases(33%)werereportedtothepolice,aswellasthekidnappingcasementionedbyonerespondent.Thiswasacaseofbridekidnapping,in

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whichtheperpetratorwasreportedlycaughtandpunished.Fraudwasreportedonlyin4out20cases(20%)withonlyonecaseresultinginaconvictionoftheperpetrator.Othercrimes(i.e.theftfromcar/carvandalism,personaltheft,assaultsandthreats)werenotreportedatall.

Table 2– Crime reporting rates amongst Jalalabad respondents (2010-2013)

type of crimenumber reported

to the policepercentage

household crimes

Theftofvehicle(car,motorcycle,bicycle) 3 75%

Theftfromcar/carvandalism 0 0%

Burglary 2 33%

Kidnapping 1 100%

personal crimes

Robbery 0 0%

Personaltheft 0 0%

Assault/threat 0 0%

Fraud 4 20%

Reasonsfornon-reportingvarydependingonthecrime.Themostcommonreasonisthatthecrimecausedlittledamageandwasnotworthreporting.Thisisparticularlythecasewiththeftfromvehiclesandpersonaltheft,suchaspickpocketing.Victimsofthesecrimesalsostatedthattheydonotbelievethatthepolicewilltakesufficientactiontofindtheperpetrators.

Theabilitytoresolvetheproblemwithoutpoliceinterventionisanothermainreasonnottoreportacrime.Thismostlyconcernsfraudcases,suchasunpaiddebts,wherethevictimsnormallyknowthepersonwhoborrowedmoneyandmaybeabletorecoverthedebtontheirowneventually.Thetwocasesofpersonalassaultswerenotreportedtothepolice,becausethevictimsdidnotwantanyonetoknowaboutthis.

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Table 3 – Reasons for not reporting crime in Jalalabad (2010-2013) (multiple answer)

type of crime frequency percentage of all unreported cases

Thelosswasnotserious 12 32,4%

Solvedtheproblemmyself/Iknowwhodidit 11 29,7%

Useless/Thepolicewillnotdoanything 6 16,2%

Idonotwantanyonetoknowaboutit 4 10,8%

Donottrust/Donotwanttoinvolvethepolice 3 8,1%

Afraidtoreport 1 2,7%

Other 3 8,1%

opinions about poliCe worK

Mostrespondentsaresatisfiedwiththeworkofthepolice.4.1%ofsurveyparticipantsratedtheworkofthepoliceasverygood.44%ofrespondentsevaluatedtheworkofthepoliceasgoodandanother38%asnormal.

38,4%

9,7%

44,4%

4,1%

3,4%

badvery bad good

very good normal

Figure 1 – Attitude towards police force, Jalalabad (2010-2013)

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As reflected in Figure 1, approximately 13% of the respondents are dissatisfiedwiththeworkofthepolice.Intermsofage,dissatisfactionisproportionallysimilarforallgroups,exceptforsurveyparticipantsbetweentheageof25and35,whoarerelativelymoresatisfiedwiththeworkofthepolice.

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Satisied Unsatisied

18-24 36-6525-35 36-45

64,9% 22,8% 76,4% 15,0% 63,8% 25,7% 64,0% 24,3%

Figure 2 – Attitude towards police force by age, Jalalabad (2010-2013)

Corruptionwasmentionedmostoftenasreasonfordissatisfactionwiththepolice.42%ofrespondentsbelievethatthepoliceserviceiscorrupt.Nearly35%ofrespondentsgenerally feel that thepolicedoesnotdoa good job,whilst another10%criticize thepoliceforitsinabilitytofindandarrestallegedcriminals.

12,5%

42,2% 35,2%

23,4%

10,2%

3,9%

Refuse to answer

Corruption

N/A

Other

Police does not work properly

Cannotindcriminals

Figure 3 – Reasons for dissatisfaction with the police in Jalalabad (2010-2013) (multiple answer)

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Although corruptionwas recognized as themain reason for dissatisfactionwiththepolice,onlyoneincidentofbriberyduringthepast12monthswasnotedbysurveyparticipants.Accordingtotheconcernedrespondent,this incidentwasnotreportedtothepoliceorotherauthorities,duetotheinsignificantamountofthebribe.

safety

Amajorityoftherespondents(57.5%)statedthatthecityissafeandthattheyfeelquitecomfortableoutdoors intheevening.20.3%felt thatthecity issomewhatunsafeand a fraction (0.8%) consider the city unsafe. Relatively more women (80%) wereamongstthosewhoperceivesuchalackofsafety.Alsopartofrespondents(24.4%)mainlyconsistingofwomen,generallydon’tgooutintheevenings.

20,3%

51,0%

21,4%

6,5%

0,8%

Safe enough Slightly unsafe

Very unsafe Absolutely safe

Don`t go out in the evenings

Figure 4 – Perception of safety on the streets in Jalalabad (2010-2013)

In relation to safety and fear of crime, respondents acknowledged that someoffencesoccurfromtimetotimeintheirneighborhoods.Forinstance,publicintoxication,ordrinkinginpublicplaces,happenssometimesaccordingtoover60%ofrespondentsandoftenaccordingtoalmost20%ofsurveyparticipants.Fightsalsoappearrelativelycommon,with43%ofrespondentsdeclaringthatfightshappenfromtimetotimeintheirneighborhoods.Respondentsalsomentionthatthefts fromvehicles,robbery,burglary,assaultsbasedonraceorethnicityofthevictim,andvehicletheftsdooccur,albeitnotfrequently. Sexual assault, domestic violence and distribution of drugs are consideredrareoccurrencesbyrespondents.

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Table 4 – Perceptions of crime, Jalalabad (2010-2013)

Typeofoffence Often Sometime Never Don`tknow

Total

Fight 2,8 42,7 32,0 22,5 100%

Vandalism 0,3 84,7 15,0 100%

Burglary 0,3 12,5 60,7 26,5 100%

VehicleThefts 5,0 76,5 18,5 100%

Theftsfromautomobiles 0,3 18,5 52,0 29,2 100%

DomesticViolence 4,5 78,5 17,0 100%

Publicintoxication 19,5 60,5 14,5 5,5 100%

Distribution/useofdrugs 1,0 61,5 37,5 100%

Robbery 1,3 13,0 60,0 25,7 100%

Sexualassaultorrape 1,3 84,0 14,7 100%

Assaultsbasedontheraceoreth-nicityofthevictim

0,3 11,5 80,5 7,7 100%

Additionally,respondentswereasked,iftheyfeelsafewhentheystayathomealoneintheevening.Itisworthnoting,thatthemajorityofrespondentsdonotfeelsafeathome.Thisisespeciallycommonamongstmalesurveyparticipants.Morethan70%ofthemareuncomfortablestayinghomealoneintheevening.

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19,7%

55,8%

23,5%

1,0%

Safe enough

UnsafeAbsolutely safe

N/A

Figure 6 – Perception of safety at home, Jalalabad (2010-2013)

Crime prevention measures

In order to prevent crime and burglary in particular, people can use specialmeasurestoprotecttheirhomes.PeopleinterviewedduringthesurveyinJalalabadhaveapreferenceformoreaffordableandatthesametimeeffectivemeasures,suchasspecialdoors(55%).38%ofsurveyparticipantshaveanarrangementwiththeirneighborstowatcheachother’shouses.Highfencesarefairlycommonwithnearly27%ofrespondentshavingthis.13%ofthesurveyparticipantshavespecialwindowswithbarsinstalledand6.8%keepadog.Someofthesemeasures,suchasplacingahighfenceistypicalmostlyforprivatehouses.Advancedtechnologies,likeaburglaryalarm,securityguardandCCTVarenotusedatall,probablyduetoexpensivenessofsuchmeasures.

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Table 5 – Prevalence of the security measures, Jalalabad (2010-2013)

Measures Presence Absence Refucetoanswer

Total

Burglaralarm 0,0 97,7 2,3 100%

Specialdoor 55,0 42,7 2,3 100%

Specialwindow/grilles 13,0 84,7 2,3 100%

Dog 6,7 91,0 2,3 100%

Ahighfence 26,7 71,0 2,3 100%

Acaretakerorsecurityguard 0,0 97,7 2,3 100%

Friendlyarrangementswithneighborstowatcheachother`shouses

38,2 59,5 2,3 100%

CCTV 0,0 97,7 2,3 100%

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Demography

Figure7showsthat33percentofrespondentsweremaleand67percentfemale.Femalerespondentsmorewillinglyagreedtoparticipateinthesurvey.

Male Female

67%

33%

Figure 7: Distribution of respondents by sex

Allagegroupswererepresentedinapproximatelyequalproportions.

18-24 25-45 36-45 46-65

26%

32%

14%

28%

Figure 8: Distribution of respondents by age

Almost 40% of respondents indicated their income per person in a range from5000-10000sompermonth.NB.Theaveragesalaryinthecountryisabout11000som.

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5 000 - 10 000 KGS 10 001 - 20 000 KGS

Over 20 000 KGS Up to 5 000 KGS

Refuse to answer / NA

0

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

39% 21% 3% 20% 17%

Figure 9: Distribution of respondents by income per month per person

MostrespondentsareofKyrgyzethnicorigin.Almost25%ofrespondentsareUzbek,1%Russianand3%otherethnicities.

Kyrgyz Uzbek Russian Other

71%

1%

25%

3%

Figure 10: Distribution of respondents by ethnic origin