- :0" 1l"--~~ =~-.. ==O_ - '~:::~ ' ;'_ =-

,;" P ,

~ .b

CREEP, SHRINKAGE AND DURABILITY MECHANICS OF CONCRETE AND OTHER

QUASI-BRITTLE MATElUALS

ProceecUngs of the Sixth International Conference

CONCREEP-6@MIT

20-22 August 2001, Cambridge (MA), USA

Edited by

F.-J. Ulm Civil mul BnTlironmental Engineering, Mas8llChusetts Institute of Technology,

Cambridge, MA, USA

Z.P.BaZant Civil Engineering and Materials Scienre,

Northwestern University, EvansIPn, IL, USA

and

. F.H. Wittmann Institute for Building MateriDls,

Swiss Federal Institute o/Technology, Zurldl, Switzerland

ElSEVIER

2001 Amsterdam - London - New York - Oxford - Paris :- Shannon· Tokyo

PREFACE

The Proceedings comprise both the invited and contributed papers presented at the Sixth International Conference on Creep, Shrinkage and Durability Mechanics of .

. Concrete and other Quasi-Brittle Materials (CONCREEP-6), held at the Massachusetts Institute at Technology, Cambridge, U.S.A., from August 20 to 22, 2001. The tradition of internationai conferences on concrete creep Degan with the conference chaired and organized in Munich in 1958 by Hubert Ruesch. The second conference was held also in Munich. fn 1968, chaired again by Ruesch and or~ by Fol1:er H. Wift:!nann. The third conference followed in Leed!lln.l978, cha1rt:d and organized by Adam Neville. Although theSe three conferences, all held under the auspices of RILBM (International Union of Testing and Research Laboratoriell for Matedals and Structures, Paris), were not considered to oonsHtute any conferenCe Series, the conference held in Evanston}.n 1986 under the sponsorship of the U.s. National Science FO!Jl1dation, which was chaired and organized by Zden~ P. Baf.ant, was labeled as the fourth conference in order to initiate a serieil anchored in a tradition. RILBM was asked to co-sponsor that confeience scieqlifica1ly, and the proceedings, published by John Wiley &:: Sons, U.I<., were dedicated to the memory of Robert L 'Hermite, the founder of RlLEM and a leading early researcher in thefie1d. The acronym CONCREEP was created with the fifth conference, which was held In Barcelona in 1993. It was organizetlby Zden~ P. Bdant and Ignacio Carol, and its proceedings, published by F&:N Spen, London, were dedicated to Adam Neville. . .

Pursuant to this long tradition, CONCREEP-6 at MIT presents .agaln the latest results and implementation strategies of creep and shrinkage research at the fnterface of solid mechanics, materials science, experimental mechanics, computational mechanics of . concrete-like materials and structura1 engineering. It is organized with the-scientific c0-

sponsorship of RILEM, the Am-erican Concrete Institute, and the American Society of Ovil Engineers through the Committee of Material Properties of the Engineeting. Mechanics Division.

The increasing need for eValuation of the dilrability performance of concrete· structures has led recently to the development of advanced materii1l models and numerical approaches founded on applied mechanics and computational mechanics. At the same time, the recent and rapid development of new cement-based materials with properties far exceeding conventional concrete standards has been accompanied, in materials science, with new experimental techniques that allowed novel insight into the miCl'Ollliucture of cement-based materials. There is now a need to bridge the gaps betw:een materials science and advanced computational modeling and innovative concrete engineering on the multiple fronts of engineering ~cs, industrial . applications, and advanced engineering education. This is the unifying 1heme of the 109 conference papers in ~e CONCREEP-6 Proceedings. The Proceedings are subdivided . Into four parts: L MicromechanislI\S.and Micromechanics of Creep and Shrinkage; n .

. Creep, Shrinkage and Fracture Couplings; m. Durability Mechanics of Concrete Structures; IV. FromNew Concrete Materials to the Design of I:IIgh Performance Structures.

-=.;..~

v

' 1

il I :

~ 11 l vi

We would like to thank themember8 of ~e International Scientific Advisory Board (Graham &,ker, Jim Beaudoin, Amon Bentur, Neal Berke, Nenad BiCanic, Oral Buyukozturk. Ignacio Carol, Luigi Cedolin, Mario Oliorino,Onvier COUS8Y, Henri van Damme, Walter Dager, Bhushan Kaiihaloo, Herbert Mang, ~d Mueller, Gilles Pijaudier-Cabot, Jaime Planas, Hans Reinhardt, Pierre Rossi, Jan Rots, Surendra Shah, 0 Tada-,ald Tanabe" Kaspar Wi1Iai:n, Yunping Xi) for their support and substantial efforts in the rigorous reviewing of the 145 submitted abstracts, which ensured the excellent quality of-the 109 accepted papers. We are proud about a strong graduate student participation in CONCRBBP-6, which was made possible through the competitive Industry Sti~ of Excellence for Graduate Students, generously sponsored and awarded by the Lafarge Group and ElectridM de FranCe (BDF). We are grateful to the Industry Stipend of Excellent Award Committee (Paid Acker, Bruno Gerard, FolJ<er H. Wittmann) for the merit-based selectio)l of the BWardees. This highlights the close link betweert lndustrlalleaders in Cement and Concrete Engineering and academia, which has always been a great success of CONCREEP-conferences.

To recognize one of the founders of Materials Science of CemeRt and Concrete, the Sixth IntematlonalSymposium on Creep, Shrinkage and Durability Mechanics of 0 Concrete and Other Quasi-Brittle Materials will be dedicated to the legacy of Treval C. Powers (1900 :-1997). Dr. Powers earned recognition through his resear$es as one of the foremost authorities On the structUre and properties of Portland cement pastes and concrete. Dr. Powers was born in Palouse, Washington, and grew up in Oregori. After majoring in chemistry at Willamette University in 1925, he jojIled The Oregon State Highway Commission as acllemist in the materials testing laboratory. In 1930, he joined the Portland Cement Asspciation in Olicago, wha:e he stayed until his retirement in° 1965. His unequaled understanding of the structure of Portland cement paste and concrete was an incentive and a driving force for generations of concrete sdentists and engineers. As far as the topic of this cOnference is concerned, his ideas on the thermodynamics of volume change and hindered adsorbed water laid the foundation for the modem theory of cre'ep and shrinkage mechanisma and its applications in constitutive modeling.

As thefuture of our built infrastructure is at stake, we trust that the conference papers In the CONCREEP-6 Proceedings will significan~y contribute to Concrete Science and Engineering in the 21st century.

Franz-Josef Ulm - Zden~k P. Bda!lt - Folker H. Wittmann

Cambridge--Evanston-Zurich, May 2001.

" _____ 0 __ 0" __ 0

...

Ix

CONTENTS

Preface v

Part I: MicromechaiUsD18 and Micromechanics of Creep and Shrinkage 1

Mechanisms and mechanics of shrinkage F.H. Witbnann°- Symposium Keynote Lecture 3

1-Micromechani!l1l18 of Creep and Shrinkage 13

MicromechanicaI analysis of creep and shrinkllge mechanisms P. Acker - Topical Keynote Lecture 15

Beam-bending metlwd for permeability and creep characterization of cement paste and mortilr 0

W. Vichit-Vadakan and G.W. Scherer 27

Chemical Aging and the colloidJIl structure of the C-S-H gel: implications foro creep and shrinkage J.j. Thomas and H.M. Jennings 33

Influence of composition ofporeo solution on drying shrinkllge F. Beltzung, F.H. Wittmann and L. Holzer 39

Damping be1utoiour of hardened cement paste (hcp) in a temperature range betwe~ 20"C and 8D'lC: effect of the q.isjoining pressure 0

X.Xu, L. Lohaus and M.J. Setzer 49

Assessment of the short-term creep of hardening cement paste at enrly age by AC impedJInce spectroscqpy tea,niques B.T. Tamtsia and J.J. Beaudoin 55

The influence of pore stress on creep ofhardened cement paste I.J. Brooks 61

Drying creep of stress-induced shrinkage? K.Kovler 67

x

o 2 - Micromechanics of Creep and Shrinkage 73

Bffict of aggregate size and paste volume on drying shrinkage microcracking ill

cement-based cmnposites J. Bisscbop, 1.. Pel and J.G.M. van Mier 75

Shrinkage and microcracking in the crnnposite structure of normal and high strength

cemcrete H. Sadouki and F.H. Wittmann 81

Inclusion interaction effects on Clmcrete creep J. Bolander,S. Berton and E. Emerick 89

Numerical simulation of the effect oJ microstructural derJelopment on creep oJllilrdelting

concrete 0

K. vanoBreugel and S.]. Lokhorst 95

Mesostructurall1UJdeling oJ basic creep at various stress levels

C.L6~LtarolandJ.Munia 101

Multi-resolution analysis of heterogeneous concrete materials at two scales of pbservation 0

K. Willam and 1. Rhee 107

3D Lattice modelfur dynamic simulations of creep, fracturing and rate effect in concrete

G. Cusatis, z.P. Baiant and 1.. Cedolin 113

Part II: Creep, Shrinkage and Fracture Couplings 119

Asymptotic temporal and spatial scaling oJ coupled creep, aging, diffusion and fracture

processes Z.P. Bdant and D. Ferretti. - Symposium Keynote Lecture 0

121

3 - Multiphase Approach 147

Concrete as a mUltiphilse material, with applications to high temperatures, durabUity and

concrete at early ages B.A. Schrefler, D. GawiI'umd F. Pesavento - oTOpical Keynote Lecture 149

o MultiScale modeling of the coupled l1Wisture diffusion and drying shrinkage of concrete

A.Ababneh, Y.XiandK. WilIam 159

Numerical simulation uf coupled thmno-hygro-mechanical processes within concrete

S. Grasberger and G. Meschke

Elastoplasticity and anisotropic damage due to drying shrinkage in concrete

F. Bourgeois, N. Burlion andJ.F. Shao

4 - Creep and Fracture of Concrete at High Temperatures and Below

Creep oJ concrete at high temperature G.A. Khoury and C.E. Majorana

Volumetric transient thenna! strains oJhigh-strength concrete at high temperatures

J. SeIcombe, J.-c. Rouffignac,5. Durand and G. Ranc

Temperature effect em concrete creep modeled by Microprestress-Solidijication theory

Z.P. BaZant, L. Cedolin and G. Cusatis

Befuwiur of a TJJet crack submitted to heating up to high temperature

A. Feraille-Fresnef, A. Ehrlacher, and P. Tamagny

Creep of old Dam Concrete at ambient temperature and above

A. Bengougam, A. Guidoum B!ld C. Huet

5 - Constitutive and Numerlcal Modeling

Creep-cracking interaction of ccmcrete - three-dimensional finite element model

J. azbolt and H.W. Reinhardt

A rate-dependent l1UJdel fur analysing the interaction between creep and fractUre

G'p.A.G. van Zij'J. and G.N. W~ 0

Continuous relaxation spectrum of ccmcrete °creep and its incorpurationointo Micrtiplane

ModelM4 G. Zi and Z.P. BaWlt

On the prediction uf delayed strains fur concrete subjected to-drying and loading

simultaneously F. Benboudj~1 G. Heinfling, F: Meftah, A. semer and J.M. Torrenti

Creep rupture in ccmcrete structures. a new space and time integratitirr. scheme

F. BarpiandS. Valente

xi

165

171

~79

181 .

189

197

205

21~

219

221

229

239

24?

251

Ii i \i ! ,I

,II ) 1 .1

~ i ~, I

II ' ~

xii

Experimenfal study of non-l~near creep of concrete at high stress level C. Mazzotti 'and M. Savoia 259

CllIlrIu:terizJlfion of creep and crack growth interactions in the fracture be1urvior of concrete . E. Denarieand c. Ctkot 265

Modeling of the non linear creep and cracking combined effects on concrete structures A. Berthollet, J.P.. Georgin, L. Granger and J .M. Re}'I\Ouard 271

Numerical.",otleling of tensile creep of concrete under variable humidity and relative temperatUre M.T. BOudjelal,,M. Fwd, B. Bissonnette and M. Pigeon 277

6 - Model-Based Monitoring of Cracking in Early-Age Concrete Structures 283

Shotcrete creep properties - review of material tests'and structural analyses of tunnels J. Macht, R. Lackner, Ch. Hellmich and Ii.A. Mang - Topical Ke1fltote Lecture 285

Preventing and controlling concrete early age cracking: a key point towards enhancem!!Rt of structure durability . P. Aristaghes andF. Guimbal 301

Numerical simulation of temperature and strain development in real concrete structures D. Bosnjak and T. Kanstad . . 307

Stresses induced during construction of segmental, cast-In-place high perfonnance concrete bar girder bridges J. Gilliland and W. Dilger

Minimizing autogenous shrinkage and early age cracking in high performance concrete · structures

313

M. Lachemi, H. Mesbah, N. Petro v and P.-C. Ai'tcin 319

Sensiti{Jity analysis of the early-age properties of high-performance concrete - a case study on bridge ~r UJalls D. C~n· 325

7 - Large-Scale Monitoring o~ Creep, Shrinkage and cracking in Structures 331

Modelling cracking and creep in Amsterdam architectural city heritage J.G. Rots - Topical Keynote Lecture 333

A high performance code for mass concrete viscoelastic problems D.M. Viana, E.M.R. Fairbairn and A.LG.A. Coutinho

Short-time and long-time deformations of record span concrete cantilever bridges P.F. Takacs andT. Kanstad

Transverse cracking due to drying shrinkage of the new layer of hybrid structural elements O. Bernard and. E. Brtlhwiler

In situ measured creep and shrinkage of concrete bridges L.O. Santos, F. Virtuoso and J.A. Fernandes

Time-dependent behavior of a railway prestressed composite bridge deck S. Staquet, H. Detandt and B. Espion

Concrete slabs on grade: be1uzrJiou1' under environmental conditions P. De Pauw, G. De Schutter and L Taerwe

xiii

349

.355

361

367

373

379

Modeling of crack development in concrete structures exposed to imposed defonnaiions D. Pettersson and S. ThelanderSson 385

Part m: Durability Mechanics of Concrete Structures

Elements of duraln1ity mechanics of concrete structures O. Coussy and F.-T. Ulm.- Symposi~lm Keynote Lecture

'391

393

8 - Deterioration Kinetics Of Concrete Structures in Aggressive Environments 411

Cathodic/anodic rate ratio: how to measure it for modelling corrosion impa~t on concrete structures containing steel iiners? . I.Petre-Lazar and B .. Gerard 413

Internal relative humidity of concrete submitted to natural 'Weathering . C. Andrade, A. Castillo and C Alonso 419

A numerical model for reactiTJe transport in concrete A. Steffens and D. Diilkler 425

A model for predicting concrete deterioration due to the compound effect of chloride ions ingress and carbonation T. Saeki, S. Ueki, Q. Yu and J'. Shima 431

xvi

12 - Core Pr.operties of Early-Age Concrete Creep and Cracking

Compr.ehensive approach to prediction and control oj early-age cracking in cementous materials A. Bentur - Topical Keynote Lecture

Tensile creep oj concrete repair materials: recent experimentalfindings towards optimizatiDn B. Bissonnette, D. Boily, J. Bastien and M. Fafard

Early ag!? tensile creep and stress relaxation in Portlond cement cOncrete - effects of cement replacement with mineral additWes I. Pane and W. Hansen

Creep deformations due to self-stresses in h{lrdening concrete, effect of temperature D. Atrushi. 0. Bjlimtegaard, D. Bosnjak, T. Kanstad and E. J. Sellevold

Creep and relaxation of early-age concrete A.-W. Gutsch

Influence PI ongoing hydratiDn pn basic cr~ep ofhardening concrete G. De Schutter

Autogenous shrinkRge -from experiments to the understanding of physical origin H. Mitani, I.-P. BoumazeI and N. Rafar

Possibilities of reinforcement to control crac1dng caused by autogenmls shrinkage in view of designing durable concrete structures

587

589

599

605

613

619

625

631

M.s. Sule and K. van Breugel 639

Restrained shrinkage testing: the impact of specimen geometry on quality control testing . for materisll performance assessment W. J. Weiss and S. Ferguson 645

Tensile creep in restrained shrinkRge B.K. Attiogbe, H.T. see and M.A. Miltenberger 651

On the strain capacity and cracking mechanisms of high strength concrete at very early age T.A. Hammer 657

Specialized creep and tihrinktlge test for concrllte and shotcrete lining OJ motorway tunnel in heauily squeezing ground L. Turanli, C. O. Menkiti, BR. Uslu and S. Isik

13 - Shrinkage Reducing Methods and Agents

Efficts of shrinkage reducing admixtures on shrinkage and cracking of concrete N.S. Berke, J. Malone,KA. Rieder and W.Yang

Evaluation of the performance of concretes incorporating a shrinkRge reducing chemical admixture R. Gettu, J. Roncero and M.A. Martfn

Early age tensile creep and shrinkage of concrete with shrinkage reducing admixtures M.D. D'Ambrosia, S.A. Altoubat, C. Park and D.A. Lange

Effict of superplasticizers on shrinkage and weight loss of cement mortars subjected to drying J~ Roncero, R. Gettu and I. Carol

Influence of wet lightweight fine aggregate on autogenous shrinkage of concrete at early ages S. Zhutovsky, K. Kovler and A. Bentur

14 - From Creep and Shrinkage Tests to the Design o.f Concrete Structures

xvii

663

669

671

679

685

691

697

703

Experimental repeatability of creep anil shrinkage concrete tests. - datil stlltistical analysis and modelling . J.-L. Otmlent and F. I.e Maou - Topical Keynote Lecture 705

Evaluation method for datil of creep and shrinkage of concrete T. Tsubaki and M. Nakamura

Concrete creep and shrinkRge at t;'Qriable ambient canditions L Vandewalle

On Variability afmeasured strains in creep and shrinkRge tests S. Staquet and B. Espion

Prediction model for'shrinkage of cancrete including autogenous shrinkage S. Miyazawa and E. Tazawa

715

721

729

735

xviii

Validation ofFediration Iitfernational de Beton, FIB, 2000 model for shrinkage in normal

and high-performance concrete, HPC

B.Persson 741

Concrete creep .function by analytical integration o/IM system of ODE's of an ageing.

Kelvin-Chain J. Ha'nnawal4 and W. Btameshuber 747

. .

Prediction equations of creep and.drying shrin1cage for witle-ranged strength concrete

K. Sakata, T. Tsubaki, S. Inoue and·T. Ayano . 753

Creep and shrinkage o/modern ~crete T. Yamamoto and K. Imamoto 759

15 - Sliucfura.l MeJ:hanics of Creep and Shrinkage 765 .

. Casting sequences analysis on steel-concrete composite bridges

. L.Dezi. G. Leoni and A Vitali 767

Creep analysis of concrete members emphasizing the e.tJects of early age-shrinlalge and

load history . R !lato, K. Kawai. T. Kondo and N.M. H1l5Bein 773

Creep analysis o/large span prestressed concrete structures with additional delayed

restraints M.A. CUorinO and G. Lacidogna 719

MutupI effocts between creep, connection dejoT1/'lQbi1ity and shear-lag in steel~ete

composite bridges F. Gara, G. Leoni and A.M. Tarantino 785

Delayed behaviour of thin-walled precast roof elements

F. Mala and A. Palermo 791

Application 0/ an incremental methori to creep buckling analysis

B. Jurkiewiez and M. Muller ' 79,7 .

Stress redistribution· in RIC beams and columns W.A.M. Alwis 803

Author Index 809