BUMP, SET, SPIKEDemonstrate understanding of the function of the body as it relates to the performance of physical activity

Credits: 5

Functional Anatomy

- Skeletal System – the bone structure for support and protection of the organs

- Muscular System – muscles connect to bones to allow movement

- Respiratory System – lungs which take oxygen from the lungs and transfers it to the blood

- Cardiovascular System – heart and veins/arteries which pump blood for energy production

The body has 4 Major Systems:

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AXIAL SKELETON

Skull: Protects the brain and guards the entrance to the digestive and respiratory systems

Provides a framework that supports and protects the organs in the body.

Ribs: Protects the heart and lungs, and helps with the function of breathing

Vertebral Column: Provides a column of support to protect the spinal cord and keep us in an upright position

THE SPINE7 Cervical Vertebrae

12 Thoracic Vertebrae

5 Lumbar Vertebrae – Main weight bearing bones

5 Fused Vertebrae (Tailbone)

THE RIBCAGE12 Pairs of Ribs:

8-10 Join to the cartilage

11-12 are Floating Ribs

1-7 = True Ribs

8-12 = False Ribs

APPENDICULAR SKELETON

Includes the bones of the arms and legs and the joints that connect them to the Axial Skeleton.

It gives you control over your environment, changes your position in space and provides mobility

APPENDICULAR SKELETON

The bones of the Upper and Lower Limbs

Clavicle: For attachment of many muscles

Scapular: Shoulder blade for protection of the pectoral girdle (shoulder joint)Humerus: Main weight bearing bone in the arm for lifting objects

Radius: The larger forearm bone which helps in support and rotation of the forearm

Ulna: The smaller forearm bone which extends from the pinky. The top of the bone that attaches to the Humerus is shaped like a UCarpals: The 8 bones of the wrist which allow finer movementMetacarpals: The 5 bones of the handPhalanges: The 14 finger bones. The thumb consists of 2 phalanges while each finger has 3 phalanges.

UPPER LIMBS

LOWER LIMBSPelvis: For protecting the reproductive organs and sustain all the internal organsFemur: Main weight bearing bone in the body

Patella: For protecting the knee joint. It is a sesamoid bone as it is not attached to any other bonesTibia: (On Top) The shinbone for transfer of weight through the groundFibula: The smaller of the two bones for attachment of muscles to move the foot and toesTarsals: Bones of the ankle to allow for flexion when walkingMetatarsals: 5 bones of the foot for balance and walkingPhalanges: 14 bones of the toes

JOINING BONESIn order to keep our body together we need a number of connective tissues to be the glue for our body.

LIGAMENTS - these are a band of

tissues which connects Bone to Bone.

cartilage - this is a pad of fibrous tissue which separates bones or

provides a cushion to prevent rubbing.

MUSCULAR SYSTEM• Muscles attach to the bone to allow

movement to occur. They are in charge of pulling on bones in order to create movement. There are approximately 639 skeletal muscles in the body.

Muscles need a different type of tissue to attach to the bone –

it must be capable of withstanding tension (like a rubber band).

This tissue is called a Tendon.

DIRECTIONS OF THE BODY

ANTERIOR - front

POSTERIOR - back

INFERIOR - Bottom

SUPERIOR - Top

UPPER BODY - BACKTrapezius: Neck muscle

Deltoid: Shoulder muscle

Tricep: Muscle at the back of the arm

Latissimus Dorsi: Wing (back) muscles

Flexor Carpi: Forearm muscles

UPPER BODY - FRONTTrapeziusPectorals: Chest muscles

Abdominals: Core (trunk) muscles

Deltoid

Obliques: Side muscles

Extensor Carpi: Forearm muscles

LOWER BODY - BACKGluteus Maximus: Bottom muscles

Hamstrings: Back of the thigh

Gastrocnemius: Calf muscle

Soleus: Ankle muscle

LOWER BODY - FRONTQuadracep: Thigh muscle

Tibialis Anterior: Shin muscle

JOINTSThere are 3 types of Joints:

1. Immovable Joints

2. Slightly Movable Joints

3. Freely Movable Joints

Immovable Joints:These are joints that cannot move.

They are extremely strong joints where the bones are either interlocked (like a zip) or they are fused.

These joints are found in the head. They are:

• between the bones of the skull

• between the teeth and jaw

Slightly Movable Joints:

Ligaments attach bone to bone. One example is between the Tibia and Fibula.

Cartilage is a pad of fibrous tissue. It separates and provides a cushion for joining bones. It is found between the vertebrae and the two pubic bones

These are joints that have a small amount of movement. They are connected by either ligaments or cartilage.

Movable Joints:These are joints that have movement

in one (i.e. elbow)two (i.e. wrist)

or three (i.e. shoulder) different planes or directions.These joints are also known as:

SYNOVIAL JOINTS

SYNOVIAL JOINTSArticular Cartilage: Cover the bony surfaces so the bones cannot touch each other. It is slick and smooth to reduce friction during movement

Synovial Fluid: Found in the joint cavity, it is a fluid that has three purposes: 1. Lubrication – to reduce friction

when moving 2. Nutrient Distribution – moves

nutrients around and collects waste 3. Shock Absorption – acts as a

cushion when the joint is squashed

Joint Cavity: The gap between the two bones which contains the synovial fluid

TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS• Multiaxial – slide across a surface in

many directionsGliding Joint – they

have a flat surface where one bone can slide across the surface of another. The movement

is only very small. e.g. Sacroiliac Joint

(Between the sacrum and the pelvis)

Intercarpal Joints (Between the carpal (wrist) bones)

Claviculosternal Joints (Between the clavicle and the

sternum)

TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS• Monoaxial – Joints that move in one

direction Hinge Joint – allow a

bending motion like the opening and closing of a door

e.g. Elbow Joint Ankle Joint Phalangeal Joints (fingers) Knee

Joint Pivot Joint – only allow rotation (turning) of a joint

e.g. Atlas/Axis Vertebrae

TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS• Biaxial – Joints that move in two

directions Saddle Joint – Shaped like a horses saddle that can move back and forth and side to side.

e.g. Thumb Joint Ellipsoidal Joint –

Shaped like a herb/pesto bowl that can move back and forth

and side to side.e.g. Finger Joints

Wrist Joint

TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS• Triaxial – Joints that move in three

directions

Ball and Socket – Shaped like and egg in a cup, they can move back and forth, side to side, and round-and-round

e.g. Shoulder JointHip Joint

DESCRIBING MOVEMENT• Movement is described by looking at the way the

joints are positioned when a movement occurs.

• The main joints involved in movement are the Shoulder, Elbow, and Wrist (in the upper body), and the Hip, Knee, and ankle (in the lower body).

When the muscle pullon the bones that surround these joints, movement occurs.

TYPES OF MOVEMENT – Angular

MotionFLEXION – to reduce the

angle between the two bones

EXTENSION – to increase the angle between the two bones

HYPEREXTENSION – to increase the angle further than the normal position

ABDUCTION (ab, from)– To move away from the longitudinal axis of the body

(normal standing position)

ADDUCTION (ad, to)– to move back toward the normal position

TYPES OF MOVEMENT – Angular Motion

CIRCUMDUCTION – to draw a large circle

TYPES OF MOVEMENT – Angular Motion

ROTATION – to turn around an axis. It may be:

- Left or Right- Inward or Outward

TYPES OF MOVEMENT – Rotational

Motion

PRONATION – turns the wrist and hand from palm facing front to palm facing back

SUPINATION – turns the wrist and hand from palm facing back to palm facing front

TYPES OF MOVEMENT – Rotational

Motion

INVERSION – to twist the foot inward (side to side)

EVERSION – to twist the foot outward

TYPES OF MOVEMENT – Special

Movement

DORSIFLEXION – to lift the foot and flex at the ankle joint i.e. when you dig your heel

PLANTAR FLEXION – to point your foot and extend your ankle joint i.e. plant your foot on the accelerator

TYPES OF MOVEMENT – Special

Movement

Humerus

Ulna

Radius

CarpalsMetacarpals

Phalanges

Pelvis

Sacrum

TarsalsMetatarsals

Phalanges

SkullClavicle

Sternum

Scapula

Ribs

Vertebrae

FemurPatella

Tibia

Fibula

SKELETAL SYSTEM - Practice

MUSCULAR SYSTEM - Practice

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MUSCULAR SYSTEMDeltoidsTricep

Latissimus Dorsi

Gluteus Maximus

Hamstring

Gastrocnemius

Trapezius

Pectoral

Bicep

Abdominals

Quadricep

MOVEMENT AT THE JOINTS• When we break movements down, we can

think about which movement happens at each Joint.

• We can also think about how many different directions they can travel in.

• These directions include:Direction 1: Forward and

BackwardDirection 2: Side to SideDirection 3: Around (circle or

rotation)

MOVEMENT • Forward and Backward movement is known as Flexion and Extension

• Side to side movement is known as Abduction and Adduction

• Around movement is known as Circumduction OR Rotation.

MOVEMENT AT THE JOINTSJoint Number of

Directions it moves (1,2,3)

Type of Movement (Flexion/Extension, Abduction/Adduction, Circumduction, Rotation)

Wrist

Elbow

Shoulder

Hip

Knee

Ankle

MUSCLE PAIRS• When muscles create movement they must work

in pairs for this to happen. Impulses from nerves cause muscles fibers to contract (muscle contraction). This causes the muscles to become shorter and thicker. This causes the bone to move.

• For this to happen, the opposite muscle must relax to allow for this movement. This causes this muscle to become longer and thinner.

• For the muscle to return to its normal position, these pairs swap over.

The muscle contracting and causing the movement is called the Agonist.

The relaxed muscle that allows the movement to occur is called the Antagonist.

The End