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USE OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS INMANAGEMENT OF STORED GRAIN INSECT

PEST.

USE OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS INMANAGEMENT OF STORED GRAIN INSECT

PEST.

Janardan Saikia,

6th year ,1st sem,

Department of Entomology,

College of Agriculture,

AAU, Jorhat-13



INTRODUCTION :-

y Food grains and cereals form an important part of the

Indian diet.

y Grain production has been steadily increasing due to

advancement in production technology, but improper

storage results in high losses in grains.

y Post-harvest losses in India amount to 12 to 16 million

metric tons of food grains each year.



y The monetary value of these losses amounts to more

than Rs 50,000 crores per year .

y Natural contamination of food grains is greatly

influenced by environmental factors such as type of

storage structure, temperature, pH, moisture, etc .

y During storage, quantitative as well as qualitative

losses occur due to insects, rodents, and micro-

organisms.



y The stored food grains, seeds, fruits, nuts, etc. are

infected by the internal borer insects in the Kothis,

godowns and warehouses are most injurious of all insects.

y The grain weevils (pulse beetle, rice weevils), moths, Red

rust flour beetle, etc. cause a major damage to storedcereals (wheat, rice, bajara, barley, corn, oat, millets, etc.)

and pulses (lentils, peas, beans, gram, etc.) respectively.



y The grains get contaminated and result in undesirable odours

and flavours.

y The stored grain pest can be differentiated into two types:-

(i) Primary type : This group of pests causedamage to intact

grains. i.e. rice weevils, bean weevils , and lesser grain borers.

(ii) Secondary type: This group of pests feed or attack the broken

or crushed grains. i.e. flour beetles , sawtoothed grain beetles,

rusty grain beetles, and Indian meal moths.



y The pesticides should be applied only when the

threshold limits of the pest population is exceeded.

y However, the indiscriminate and unscientific use of

pesticides has led to many problems, such as,

y Pests developing resistance,

y

Resurgence of once minor pest into a major pest ,

y Environmental hazards.

y Food safety hazards.



e.g. Development of pest resurgence and resistance has

resulted in high cost of production and low income

especially to cotton farmers in AP, Maharashtra.

y Several disadvantages are associated with the

unscientific use of pesticides in agriculture, so there

is a need for minimising the use of chemical

pesticides in the management of insect pests.



Potential health hazards of synthetic

pesticides and steep increase in cost of cultivation ,

low profit making by farmers has led to the

exploration of eco-friendly pest management tactics

such as Integrated Pest Management (IPM).

IPM , pest management that uses a

combined means to reduce the status of pests to

tolerable levels while maintaining a quality

environment.

Integrated Pest Management:-



Tools of IPM:-

1. Monitoring.

2. Pest Resistant Varieties.

3. Cultural Pest Control.

4. Physical / Mechanical Pest control.

5. Biological Pest Control.

6. Chemical Control.



Biological control:-

A tool of IPM, include augmentation and

conservation of natural enemies of pests such as insect

predators, parasitoids, parasitic nematodes, fungi and

bacteria.

Trichogramma spp. are the most popular

parasitoids being applied on lepidopteran stem borers.

Some microorganisms such as Trichoderma spp.,

Verticillium spp., Aspergillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp.

that attack and suppress the plant pathogens have been

exploited as biological control agents.



Generally there are three t ypes of biological

control procedures that are adopted,

Conservation.

Classical Biological Control.

Augmentation.



Conservation:-

y The conservation of natural enemies is probably the

most important and readily available biological control

practice available to growers.

y Conservation of natural enemies is one of the most

important of all the biological control procedures

because eventually all pests are attacked by parasites

and predators.



Classical Biological Control:-

y Introduction of new species of parasitoids, predators,

disease causing microorganisms into areas where they

did not previously occur.

y E.g. In 1888, when the Vedalia beetle, Rodolia cardinulis,

was introduced from its native Australia to the orange

farms of California where it controlled the cottony

cushion scale, Icerya purchasi .



Augmentation:-

y Biological control which involves the supplemental

release of natural enemies.

y There are two type of releases ,

y Inoculative release:- Relatively few natural enemies may

be released at a critical time of the season.

y Inundative release:- when literally millions may be

released (inundative release).



Biological Control A gents:-

Predator

Parasitoid

Pathogen



Predators:-

y An organism feeding on its prey which may or may

not kill their prey prior to feeding on them.

Fig:



Table:- Important groups of pr edacious arthropods and vertebr ates(adopted from Driesche and Bellows, 1996).



Pathogen:-y Microbe or microorganism such as a virus,

bacterium, prion, or fungus that causes disease

in animal or plant host.

Fig:- Chalky white spores of Beauveria bassiana on brown

planthopper body.



Pest of Stored grain:-

Order:- Coleopterans

Family:- Curculionidae(SnoutBeetles)

Common name:-The Rice Weevil

Sc. Name:- Sitophilus oryzae



y Family:- Curculionidae (Snout Beetles)

y Common name:- The Maize W eev il

y Sc. Name:- Sitophilus zeamais



yFamily:- Curculionidae (Snout Beetles)

y Common name:- The Granary W eev il

y Sc. Name:- Sitophilus granarius



y Family:- Tenebrionidae

y Common name:- The R ed-R ust Flour Beetle

y Sc. Name:- T ribolium castaneum



y Family:- Tenebrionidae

y Common name:- The Yellow Mealworm Beetle

y Sc. Name:- Tenebrio molitor



y Family:- Bostrichidae

y Common name:- The Lesser Grain Borer

y Sc. Name:- Rhizopertha dominica



Family :- Chrysomelidae

Common name:- Cowpea weevil

Sc. name:- Callosobruchus chinensis



y Family:- Bostrichidae

y Common name:- The Larger Grain Borer

y Sc. Name:- P rostephanus truncatus



y Family:- Bruchidae

y Common name:- Seed Beetles

y Sc. Name:- Callosobruchus maculatus



Common name: Khapra beetle

Sc. name: Trogoderma granarium

Family: Dermestidae



Common name: Flat grain beetle

Sc. name: C ryptolestes pusillus

Family: Laemophloeidae



Order:- Lepidoptera:-

Family:- Pyralidae

Common name:- Indian Meal Moth

Sc. Name:- P lodia interpunctella



Family:- Pyralidae

Common name:- The Tropical War ehouse Moth

Sc. Name:- E phestia cautella



Family:- Gelechiidae

Common name:- The Angoumois Gr ain Moth

Sc. Name:- S itotroga cerealella



Family:- Gelechiidae

Common name:-The Potato Tuberworm

Sc. Name:- P hthorimaea operculella



Order Acari: Mites

Family:- Acaridae

Common name:- The Flour Mite

Sc. Name:- Acarus siro



Biocontrol agents:-

Sl.No. Sc. Name

1. C hilocorus kuwanae

2. C occinella septempunctata

3. Stethorus punctillum

4. Rodolia cardinalis

5. Harmonia axyridis6. C oleomegilla maculata

Predators:- Lady beetles



F ig:- Rodolia cardinalis f eeding upon Aphids.

Fig:- Coccinella septempunctata



Predators:- Bugs

Sl.No. Sc. Name

1. C ampylomma verbasci

2. Deraeocoris nebulosus

3. Geocoris spp.

4. Orius spp.

5. P odisus maculiventris

Predators:- Flies

Sl.No. Sc. Name

1. Syrphid fly ( Allograpta obliqua )



Predators:- Harvestmen

Sl.No. Sc. Name

1. P halangium opilio

Characteristics:-

Harvestmen will f eed on many soft

bodied arthropods in crops, including

aphids, caterpillars, leafhoppers,beetle larvae, mites, and small

slugs.



Parasitoids:- Wasps

Sl.No. Sc. Name

1. Anaphes flavipes

2. C atolaccus grandis

3. Bathyplectes anurus and B. curculionis

4. Encarsia formosa

5. Lysiphlebus testaceipes

6. Trichogramma spp.



y In stored products, parasitoids are mainly applied againststored-product P yralid moths and stored product beetles(Stengård Hansen, 2005; Schöller et al., 2006).

Parasitoids:- Flies

Sl.No. Sc. Name

1. P seudacteon spp.

2. Trichopoda pennipes



Pathogens:-Type of pathogen Sc. Name

Bacteria P aenibacillus popilliae

Viruses Baculoviruses

F ungi E ntomophaga grylli

E ntomophaga maimaiga

Metarhizium

Nematodes Deladenus siricidicola

Mermis nigrescens

P hasmarhabditis hermaphrodita

Protozoa (Algae) Lagenidium giganteum



List of effective biocontrol agents against insect pest:-

Sl.No. Insect Pest Biocontrol Agent

1. Red rust flour beetle(T ribolium castaneum)

1) Predatory mite

(C heyletus malaccensis)

2) Acarophenax lacunatus.

3) Pirate bug

2. The Mediterranean flour moth Habrobracon hebetor & Trichogramma spp.

3. Storage mite(Lepidoglyphus destructor),(Aleuroglyphus ovatus)

Predatory mite

(C heyletus malaccensis)

4. The Rice weevil(Sitophilus oryzae)

Anisopteromalus calandrae




1. The Maize weevil Anisopteromalus calandrae

2. Sawtoothed grain beetle Pirate bug

3. The Lesser Grain Borer(Rhizopertha dominica)

Anthocorid bug

4. Flat grain beetle(C rytolestes pusillus) Anthocorid bug

5. Cowpea weevil(C allosobruchus chinensis)

Dorylus labiatus




6. Indian meal moth Trichogramma pretiosum

7. Seed Beetles(C allosobruchus maculatus)

Anisopteromalus calandrae

8. The Larger Grain Borer

( P rostephanus truncatus)

Teretriosoma nigrescens

9. The Tropical Warehouse Moth

(E phestia cautella)Bracon hebetor &

Nemeritis canescens

10.

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