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Transcript of Credit, Fashion, Sex by Clare Haru Crowston
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7/29/2019 Credit, Fashion, Sex by Clare Haru Crowston
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7/29/2019 Credit, Fashion, Sex by Clare Haru Crowston
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Credit,
Fasion,sexm f d
d m f
Clare Haru Crowston
Duke university Press
Durham and London
2013
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2013 U
A d
d Ud S
A d- pp
d A R B
p M
I S, I.
L C C-
-
C, C H.
Cd, , x : d
Od R F / C H C.
p
Id p d dx.
isbn 978-0-8223-5513-7 ( : . pp)
isbn 978-0-8223-5528-1 (p. : . pp)
1. CdFH17 .
2. CdFH18 .
3. FFH17 .
4. FFH18 .5. SxE pFH
17 . 6. SxE p
FH18 . I. .
hg3729.82c76 2013
330.94403d23
2013013824
Duke university Press grateullyacknowleDges the lorence goulD ounDation,
which ProviDeD unDs towarD the
Publication o this book
Duke university Press grateully
acknowleDges the camPus research boarD
at the university o illinois at urbana-
chamPaign, which ProviDeD unDs towarDthe Publication o this book.
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to ali, lili, reza, and Kian BaniHasHem
W d
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Contents
illustrations anD tables x
Money anD MeasureMents x
acknowleDgMents x
introDuction 1
chaPter 1 Cd d Od R E Rd 21
chaPter 2 Cq d C Cd S 56
chaPter 3 Id S
Intertwined Circuits o Credit, Fashion, and Sex 96
chaPter 4 Cd F d
E-C 139
chaPter 5 F M
Managing Credit, Narrating Collapse 195
chaPter 6 Md d H M F
Sel-Fashioning and the Politics o Credit 246
chaPter 7 F A
Consumption, Credit, and the Marriage Bond 283
conclusion Cd I d! L L Cd! 316
notes 329
bibliograPhy 383
inDex 407
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aCKnowledgments
I hs been impossibe o hink nd wie bou cedi o moe hn de-
cde wihou incuing mei nd mo debs o n eve- wide cice o
insiuions nd individus. I m deighed o hnk hem hee pubicy, -
I p p . T pj d
unding om he Nion Endowmen o he Humniies nd he Meon
Fd U I U-Cp(uiuc) Ad Ep Ldp, C Add Sd,
d Cd H S p. A uiuc R-
Bd pdd p. I x-
emey geu o he nnci suppo o o hese insiuions, wihou
which his book woud neve hve eched edes. I so wmy hnk he
A , Bq , A d
, I d d , d H d p
L uiuc, d M S, xp . I p, ,
.
M d, , S L Kp,
d d d d d. R
is he dvise who vishes cose enion on evey wod his suden wies,
d d d p d ,
pd p, dd, d p.
I dp dd S d pp d - d M-C p
. I L H d
the years and or her wise and generous reading o the manuscript, which came
x p .
I hve been oune ove he yes o pesen my wok in muipe en-
vionmens nd o eceive commens nd ciicism om biin coegues
d d dp. I dd p p
S F H Sd, W S French History, and the Society or Eighteenth-Century Studies. For their work
z , d pp, d pd , I
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x acknowleDgMents
Jd B, J Hd, M K, J Lz,
LeGo, Toms Lucke, Jcob Meish, Kisin Neusche, Oded Rbinovich,
Judih Sikus, Dn Smi, Rebecc Spng, Co Symes, nd Chuck Won.
I dd C LM d C Z dd
E p d d z N-
Cq, q Mz, d Ad Sz
p p . I d pp p
E-C Sd Gp U M d
Moden Fnce Wokshop he Univesiy o Chicgo. My hnks o Den
Goodmn nd Ruh McAdms nd o Pu Cheney nd Eeno Rive, e-
p. I d d A Bd L B S
U d dd M V H C -
pj, d I M W-H p Ad E Md W C .
A U I, I dp d H Wp
and the Pre-Modern World Reading Group, which together read and responded
p . M
these groups include a long list o colleagues who never cease to amaze me with
d p: J B, B, A B-
, J B, Cp, K C, H, C H-
d, K H, Fd Hx, N J, K, C K-, M L, J L, B M, K Od, R,
L R, J Rdp, M S, C S, d M d-
. I jd d d d H L
bou he gif, wih John McKy bou economic hisoy, wih Susn Cuis
nd Huseyin Lebebici o ou Coege o Business bou hisoic enepe-
neuship nd ccouning, nd wih Doug Kibbee, he e Ly Sche, nd
M K F (d I M p
p pp). I d d p , d I d d
d p d . M E A,
J B, R B, M B, Ad E, F, K
Gd, d L L d . I p
Bd, J A d dd H-
p d d d d,
Ad M d I S O
pj, d F, S C, d A Lp hei wok s esech ssisns nd hep wih he edious choe o ceing
d. T p dp -
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acknowleDgMents x
p
uiuc d H p p. I d
d p. F p
, I R W, d C las
uiuc, pp , dp, d
I.
O , I d jd d d
discussions nd exchnges wih coegues in Noh Ameic nd Fnce. I
d d d R C d G
-V, d . T C-
pp Md pdd p d
my esech. Nch Coquey hs poven n excepiony geneous ine-
ocuo, mos eceny poviding me ccess o he ousnding mnuscip d p. O , I
ppecied ongoing convesions wih Dvid A. Be, Gye Bunee, S
Cp W, J C, J d, Hf, J Hd-
wick, Tomas Kaiser, David K. Smith, Jay Smith, and Allan ulchin. I am grate-
xp d pj p
dp. I A O d
d .
My edio Duke Univesiy Pess, Veie Mihond, hs my whoe-d d d p-
d d pd. I M A
p , pj d S A, pd Ax
W, d A R B, d dd-
s Duke who hve pyed oe in is pubicion. Te wo nonymous
edes povided by Duke gve me exodiniy useu edings o he
p, d I d . I d -
p J Rd, d p d (, ) p-
dd x d p d -
. I A R, B M F
As, Wddesdon Mno, nd he Repoducion Sevice he Bibiohque
d F d pd
.
p 5 d 6 ppd T Q d M
F: Gd, Cd d - R F, Genderand History14, . 1 (Ap 2002): 92116. I d K
C d d d. A -
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x acknowleDgMents
d p 7 ppd F A: W, Cd, Cp
d L Od R F, Family, Gender, and Law in Early Mod-
ern France ( S U , 2009). I d-
os, Suznne Desn nd Jeey Meick, nd he nonymous eviewes o
d d p z p p-
tions o that text. Portions o the books conclusion appeared in Credit and the
M Md, French Historical Studies 34, . 1 ( 2011):
719. I S z ppd
d d .
Tis book emphsizes he cossove o he soci nd he economic, he
pive nd he peson, nd hee coud be no bee poo o his gu-
men hn he pocess o is wiing. Coegues ecognized bove o hei
ineecu inpu mus eppe o be hnked sinceey o hei enduingdp . I p A B, K
Obedeck, nd Dn Rbin o he innumebe wys hey hve suppoed
me s I sugged o bing his pojec o cose. Anoinee, n inimibe
d p, pd, d d,
individu cpbe o convincing me o jus send he dmn hing in edy.
K d W M d d F d C pdd
d d B-C, d R
d nicu d d ups nd downs. I m so hnku o Msumi Iiye, Dvid OBien, Dinne
His, Ly Hmin, Jim nd Jenny Be, Don nd Loine Cummey,
K B, d J Rdz d
d pd d d. M d
riends Sara Beam, Martin Bruegel, Cynthia Koepp, Mary Gayne, Janine Lanza,
Emmnuee Suh, Sydney Ws, nd Miche Wison hve shed he ong
p d , d I dd dp.
Te wmes hnks mus go o membes o my miy, who hve shedhe buden o his book wih me o so ong. My pens, k nd Wce
C, C d d H, K,
-- M, d S Nx pdd d
support in the orm o regular amily vacations, phone calls, emails, and Skype.
M - Az d M B d R d M S d
d p, Fd, d R d pp
d d. Spd ddd
p A d . d A, d L, Rz, d K, p- A d
M, d xp I p d -
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acknowleDgMents x
, j d d . T pj d
d, d I
pd pd f d. I
d d Od R ,
pd d, I d d
xdd . N p-
d .
Note on translations: Uness ohewise indiced, quoions om Fench nguge
d .
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introduCtion
W 1783, L-S M pd - d credit, circulation. - d C dp ( -d p-), d F pp dd
role o collective belie in economics as well as in politics. As he put it: ell this
pp d d d z , d p dd d
, . T dd
p p M dd F pp,
, d d d jdd p -
p d p d. A , F d
p d d credit( crdit).
T d d d p
politics, social lie, religious aith, and cultural production. Tey were also quitemii wih pcices o economic cedi, hving conduced much o hei
d d pd d . Idd,
this books two central arguments are that credit was one o the most important
conceps peope hd in Od Regime Fnce o compehend he dynmics o
d dd, d , d dd
d, dd d.
Tus, the French people, at precisely the moment Mercier was writing, actu-
d d dp, -d, xp, d d q d d d p, d d
. I pp d
M, M , , d
pp. H d p
Le ableau de Paris p p d dd
. p F d d credit
zd p d-
d j p . O , dd, x-
p d d ,
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2 introDuction
p p pp d , d
d d ( p, , )
wee wy o govenmen- bcked eos o inevene in cedi mkes nd
pp pd xd . Ad d ,
p .
Tis book begn s n emp o wie bou he second wod Mecie
, circulation. M p x Od R
o cicuion: he cedi economy, he shion economy, nd he ibidin
. I pzd zd p-
dp d p. T
, I dd d
diecion. Using he y o onine dbses now vibe o eseches, I
discoveed h when ey moden Fench peope invoked he em crdit, f d p
.
T d . I
no book bou he discipine o poiic economy h emeged ove he
couse o he eigheenh cenuy nd hs ced ge de o enewed
. Id, I xp p-
d, d d d -
cions, boh in he poiics o diy ie nd s buyes nd sees in ei. T, I , , , d d-
vidus undesood nd used cedi beoe, duing, nd indeed o decdes
f p pd dd -
pirically existing, discrete, and coherent system. In contrast to the claims o po-
, pz F d
d xpd d , , p, d
cuue s ovepping nd insepbe. Much o hei concen in hei diy
ives ws wih gining ccess o vube esouces; howeve, o hem vue d . Id, d -
d . A p d
d d p, dp p-
, d p, , ,
d p.
N d ,
comes. Mkes hemseves wee ofen esiced, excuding eny o hose
p d p. M, d pp- d f d x d
d. p , f
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introDuction 3
d pdd, dd, d, d ddd.
d p. T, -
d xpd f qd d, -
d p, zd. T , , d
. C d d
p; p, ,
, d d .
T p
d Ep . W d p z F
d d p d d
d d. T d credit, d , -
d p p pd d
shows, in addition, that contemporaries themselves were ully aware how inu- d p pd p, , , d
d d d d d
. Idd, pp d
x d d
I dd d d pd.
Bsed on hese obsevions, his book wi nyze how conempoies
d d pd d , xp, d
p. H pj, d d pd p xd
: (d p-
) d d x x d d. B , -
p credit, p d x Od
R d d .
Defning Crdit in the Seventeenth Century
O F d, J N Tresor de la langue ranoyse
(1606), povides deniion o cedi in he om o hiy-ve exmpes o
conempoy usge. A he beginning o he seveneenh cenuy, o judge
om his diciony, cedi edy hed is cuen economic mening, bu
. O L q fdes,
exmpe o usge ssocies cedi wih epuion: Te cedi o beie nd
eseem h one hs o nohe. Te second exmpe pis cedi wih he
p d p: T d d . T xp d , qd
dd, d d xdd d. T d-
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4 introDuction
se h individus o goups coud hod cedi, h i coud be ge o
, d p d . Cd dd
d; d d ; d d p -
d. F p d xp p
xp, d d . . . d
d.
Tee dicionies pubished in he s decdes o he cenuy povide
d dp d .
T , R Dictionnaire ranois, pd 1680,
p d d, d
p . H xp: H d d
. G d. B d, d. W d
d d d. S, R p j d d pd. T d
d d d N: p, -
, p, .
Anoine Fueies Dictionnaire universel, pubished in 1690, which pe-
d pp x, d-
d. T d p: B, -
q p , p, d , d . T G p
d ; R ; C- d d . T d -
pz pd q d p
, d public p. F
second deniion o cedi inoduces he noion o powe h my be ob-
d p: Cd d p, ,
q p qd. T
qd d d p. T
pd [ j ] p d p . T xp dp d p
p , p, d .
T d d , , d p d
d: Cd d -
mony in commece o he muu on mde o money nd mechndise,
d d p p d . F
d d : M
numbeed he op o he pge nd disinguished by debi o cedi. Tisbnke hs good cedi in he mkepce, his bnkupcy hs sccey di-
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introDuction 5
minished his cedi. Fueie so obseves h he shop cedi mechns
dd (grands seigneurs) q d .
F q dp -
dd p. A xp, d cr-
dit is o engge in uie civiy, one h is wihou oundion o o
p . F xp, p d d,
mening h no one ppecies he eos. When mechn sys h he
d d p, p .
Id d d x , F -
p d p: p -
, d.
d , d Dictionnaire de lAcadmie
franaise ppeed in 1694. Unike he wo ohe dicionies, i did no o-z p d pd d
d. T d crdit d p d d croire,
undeining once gin he oo o he em in conceps o ih nd beie.
L R, d d , p-
z p p d q d.
T ddd xp : Gd d, d,
d, d d p. I dd
dd d , d d d. H his cedi we, he peseves his cedi we. T i uined his cedi. In
dd xp, d d
d xd d: d, d, d-
d p .
T d pp x , d.
T , xp, F, d
d , , p d. F
xp, d d:
Cd , , p, d d
consideion on someone. He is in cedi, in ge cedi. He hs ge
d, d d p, , ,
. H p d . T p
d, qd d . H d p d. H d
d . H d p.
H d d, d. H d
d. H d dd. d.
d.
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6 introDuction
What may we conclude rom these dictionaries? ogether, they suggest that,
houghou he seveneenh cenuy, he economic nd he mo senses o
cedi coexised nd wee cosey inked. Fom Nico o he Dictionnaire de
lAcadmie ranaise, d d,
nd hee is ess inequiy beween he wo senses o he wod in he 1680s
d 1690 1606. S, pd , d
d x d d,
d p , p, -
d. T d d d
d q d d d p
. N , d p d
j dpd . I q -
: p d, d d xpd .
jd d, d
d d. I d, p-
d pd d p -
erred by credit is unwarranted. Tus a bankrupt merchants credit might our-
ish and a trusting girl might bear a child that no man would recognize. Further,
d d,
d d p d d. W
d , dd p p pd
. T d ppd d
onto distinct social groups. In discussing the inuence and power derived rom
social credit, they reerred to courts, princes, royal ministers, corporate groups,
d . F d, , d
d d . N-
, p ppd d d; p d d , F d , d
, d .
Od d, d f pp x -
teenth and eighteenth centuries as one hal o a set o paired terms, illuminating
x d p d. A
p : d d p, d d , d d p (
puissance dpouvoir), d d , d d dp, d
d , d d , d d , d d , dd, p d d, d d, d d , d d,
d d , d d d d. O d-p p
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introDuction 7
d : d d. , xp
credit once more within a spectrum o ideas about power, rank, reputation, and
; d d d d
. T p d
d d. I ,
p d xp
d d p d . W
d dd , d .
I p d, , -
. W xp
d p d , d-
d dd (, p, d pd) ,
xp d. W f d d p p d dd d
.
T d d d d q-
: H d d d
d ? x dd x
wod impy simi conceps nd pcices coss dieen domins o ie?
H dd d p p d p p,
, d ? H d d d p-p d d ,
opposiion beween he mo cedi o gnds seigneus nd he nnci
cedi o mechns posied by Fueie? O migh we moe consucivey
q d d d d -
ued o he consucion nd econsucion o soci goups nd ideniies?
d p d x,
?
Te issues ised by he dicionies hus hep o cysize he esechd p . T x p -
empoy wiing in ode o ese ou conceps nd uses o cedi coss
wide specum o ie, incuding he oy cou, mige, eigion, cuu
production, sexual relations, and monetary debt. Noting the potential or abuse
d -dd d d d d, I q
ehic connoions o cedi nd exmine he deveopmen om he e
seveneenh-cenuy onwd o ciique o cedi s cpicious nd bi-
d, p x p . T pd d
deniions by pying picuy cose enion o womens cpciy o c-
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8 introDuction
q d, p d d
p d d x d d d
d d d d
d p p.
Responding o Fueies emphsis on he pubic nue o cedi, he
q d jd d d. I -
pz dd d d p p
d pp dp d q . T d
d d; d, -
, f pp d d
. T
p d d p q p
beween he individu nd he soci goup. Eie womens consumpion o d xp pp pdd
individus o dey he nomive sicues o hei soci oe. Finy, nd
pp p, dp d dd
isocs, mgises, nd wehy mechnssuch s hose pesened in
d d -
p d pp d. A
d d d d
d - .Te book hus esponds o cim eceny mde by Wiim Sewe h
p d p
p . H d p-
ism in his e e incompehensibe i divoced om he dynmics o sh-
d p . B
esoing cedi o he muipe economic, cuu, nd poiic dimensions
pd , d p S
; I p , d d OdR , d p d
deveopmen. Indeed, i is cedi h povides cuci bidge inking hem
.
Fashion andLes Marchandes la Mode
d p d ,
hnd, nd economic cedi, on he ohe, his book ocuses on de h p p p.
F xd d
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introDuction 9
prominence in the second hal o the eighteenth century. Both male and emale
pciiones, hey sod dess decoions nd shionbe ccessoies, pi-
d d d, dd, -
, , d p. I 1776 zd d
p d f C G-
d p d .
Fshion mechns wee hus boh beneciies nd cyss o he con-
dd -
ern Europe and British North America in the second hal o the eighteenth cen-
. L , d
on shop cedi nd wee obiged, in un, o puchse hei own suppies on
. F pp (d
p) d p d , j . successu business, hey needed o exend nd obin cedi, so hey wee
consny engged in jugging incoming nd ougoing ccouns. Like ohe
mechns, hey eied on hei epuion nd hei newok o soci e-
ions o quiy s cediwohy. Tey heeoe dd impon deph o ou
dd credibilit pd d Od
R. M, d dpdd p
compeiive en o osenious consumpion nd ppences, hey wee
dwn ino he eie wod o poiic nd soci cedi. Wihou n unde-d d d dp, d .
Ad p d d d , -
ion merchants thus provide a third perspective: the key role o cultural credit in
I d, A O, Od R d.
Tis was possible because o the distinct status o ashion in eighteenth-century
. A d p d p-
le monde dd d , p,
d rentiers, d d d . H-eve, he es shions wee no simpy vibe on demnd o hose wih
enough money o py o hem. Insed, shion innovion ook he om
o individu, cusom-mde pieces o picu ciens who designed hem
-f . A dd -
d xp d
. Aq , ,
qd d , pzd d
techniques that only ashion proessionals could provide. Increasingly the most marchandes de modes qd d
hei cpciy o cee iems cknowedged s he es sye. As esu, i
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10 introDuction
p d d -
d d d p -
ions. Tis unequ ecipociy opened new possibiiies o hose he pin-
p dp d
d . R B, ,
d .
Articulations o Credit
A key im o his book is o demonse he icuion o he sociopoii-
d d d d. I
pd d d -
. H d d p p . Id,
dd p d d dd
o esbish epuion o pobiy, sobiey, nd indusiousness, o keep-
d , q d, d, pp p,
p d . Ap d
, d d d. Sp-
d, d pd d
, d p d d. B , clients operated in a world o ostentatious luxury consumption involving lavish
expendiue secued hough cedi guneed by nded eses, nnuiies,
p, d .
T dp d -
d x q d ; -
product and bulwark o the corresponding gul in social status between the two
p. T q pp xpd -
d d ( , q),whie deb o desmn ws mee inconvenience. An ie desmn
could be the cause o humor, embarrassment, or even legal calamity but never a
d. W q d x
d d p .
Ad , dp, d d d
d px d d . F, d,
p , pdd d p
. N q d p d d d d . A dd , d
d d p dd. T pd p
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introDuction 11
d q,
d dpd , , d
innovion o he mos successu mechns. Mechns success depended
d p dd p d
soci powe, nd hey hd evey inees in demonsing hei cpciy o
pd p d. T d
d p d d d
in the millions would wait one year to satisy a bill o one hundred livres signals
shed occupncy o wod h emphsized eionships nd pocesses
d .
A d d d ,
he dieence in soci sce, boh hd o mnge muipe cedi eions.
T d x d d , d d d p ,
dd p , d q x-
d q d d d. T
, , d p d
p x, d
d .
Te win expnsion o shion nd de cedi in he second h o he
eigheenh cenuy hus oged new eions beween eie consume ndpebein puveyo; i so heped o bu diion soci boundies by
d dp d. Id p d
made possible by credit and, when purchasing on credit, Parisians sought items
, , , p, d, d d. T
vibiiy o shion o new secos o he popuce heped dissemine n
p - d p dp d
p. T dpd (xp
) p -ining cedi in is senses mong hei own pees. As commeny om
d d, d d d d d
pd d d
x.
Any historian amiliar with the world o work would be unsurprised to learn
, j , d d p
peson powe in sociey si domined by ponge eions. Whehe
d, p , , p , d d d , d
dd d p d
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12 introDuction
. A d p,
d d d , p d
d p.
Inormation Economies
In seeking o uncove inks beween economics nd ohe ems, his book
d d
d d . I d
p d d ,
which hs emphsized he muipe oms h pubicion coud ke. In
dd pd d d ,
incuded ees nd mnuscip exs s we s gossip, convesion, songs, , j, d . T d
p, d p x, p d
envionmens, hep us undesnd he cicuion o necdoes nd soies
d d d .
A p d d p
xp d , p -
. M dd
d zd genres o the novel and political economy. For Poovey, all three were important
d - E
Financial Revolution. She urther argues that the genres o the novel and politi-
d z d
d , -
pd. I B p
d d -
d p pd d p. L , I d p
value in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and the way that calculations
pd d dd d. I dp
hisoins, howeve, in consideing eigheenh-cenuy cos no s novices
d d d x-
p d d d.
Cd d d p-
d d x d , d, W S d ,
. Ad J-Y G, -
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introDuction 13
pd p Od R ,
p d . A p :
I p , , p dd, f
d d p p.T pd d
, [] zd d
necessary because the goods exchanged vary little and are well-codied, and
om indusi economies whee echniques o poducion nd o ino-
p p. T d -
d pdd d xd d p
d pd, d -
p pq d d .Ad qd p.
G pd p
privileged and uneven access to inormation, on the one hand, and the demand
d - q d p d
, . T ppd d p
inomion. Sudies on ey moden inomion sysems, ed h hs
d dd, pz d
p . F pp pd d d p-, p, d- , , d p, d
- p pd px
d, R .
News spread quickly, but it alsoas Grenier emphasizesspread unevenly.
, d (
nd immei oms) nd shion s sysems o inomion exchnge in
d d pd d
p--d . M, d d jd , dp
d. B d p p
d d .
Bourdieu: Capital or Credit?
M I d d B-
d d p qd p.I dd dd Bd, p ,
, d p x -
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14 introDuction
p d , pz
d , d d d
p p. A xpd, p p d-
: economic capital, d d d
d zd pp ; cul-
tural capital, , d, p-
d zd d q; d
social capital, d p (), -
, d, p d -
zd . Bd d p
d p
p d d p x-
p . I d Bd p,I dd p d p p
p d d .
H, I d Bd p
d p d
. A d x: pd
p p p d
d, dd p, d
d, pd p x conce (no es om hei possessos) he c h economic cpi is
, d
. I , Bd dd d d x-
, , d
d p d p,
on the one hand, and, on the other hand, indulging in a acile semilogism that
d x p d
d .T , , d d p
q d
itsel. Bourdieu argues against a notion o economics strictly reduced to money
d p, d p,
d x p x
. H, p dd
p, p p d
undemines he wys in which soci nd cuu cpi c s geneoso vue. Tis is picuy pobemic o he ey moden peiod, when
so mny pecious goods wee no o se on open mkes. Moeove, he
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introDuction 15
d Od R x
dynmics o symboic nd cuu cpi s descibed by Boudieu, in h
he pse o ime invoved in economic exchnge ws cose o he deeed
rhythms he describes or cultural capital than to the staccato rhythms o mone-
x. S x d
d, d -
q pd.
O p p
, , d pp ,
pd. A x d d p
d q
p d d .
H, I : , p, , p, . I pd d p-
d
dd. I d
d p ,
d I d . T d , ,
Boudieuin ems h we shoud spek o economies o cpi cquisiion
d p.
By using he wod credit coss poiic, soci, cuu, nd economicd, d dd Bd
dd d d.
T, I p d d d
he hn cpi, wih is ssumpion h he boom o exchnge y
d p d d
.
Te Political Economy o Credit vs. Credit as Practice
A d Bd,
M d C, p dd d p-
. M d x-
d, , d d
p, pp - d p -
omy, h ech consiued discee nd uonomous cicui h coud be
comped wih he ohes. Insed, I woud now emphsize he consuced - d d,
controlled, and rational circuit. Tis discovery drew on the prestige o scientic
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16 introDuction
d d
d, d H d d 1628. A dd
L d, p , dd
d d d p
p x. F Rd
C d F Q, Ad S dd
, dd
, , d dd
pp pp. T d xp S d
j d ,
j xp dd p d.
Tis conception o the economy represented a rationalization and reication
o a system experienced in practice as considerably less coherent or predictable.E- xp
o he humo sysem descibed by Bb Duden hn o he cicuion
d dd H. Ad d, -
Gemn womens pecepion o hei body ws o muiude o vi uids
. T d p ,
, d p d d
. E xd d d ,
d . T , , , d I d
dd - ; , p -
d, , d d d S
d p p .
T, p d -
p d. A
pd pdd , I p d
wih om concepuizions o economy mong eie ineecus. In his, d p J-Cd
, J S, M S, d C,
p dd . I d d,
pz d p q-
pd d pd Od R dd
muipe domins o ie. Expici heoies o his concepion o cedi, how-
, d. Cd d
Od R; Bd , p dd d dd p q xp z. T
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introDuction 17
, I , dd pd z (
xp p C Considra-
tions sur les moeurs de ce sicle) d pp p d
f dd . O d, ,
q pp q d d xp
p qd d xd.
Tese commimens ise signicn mehodoogic pobem. How
is i possibe o econsuc undeying conceps h e no heoized nd
p pd? I dpd d d p-
p p. T d pd
sources available online, specicallyEighteenth-Century Collections Online and
Te Making of the Modern World (boh vibe hough subscipion om
Ge-Cengge), he Pojec o Ameicn nd Fench Resech on he e-suy o he Fench Lnguge (artl; nohe subscipion- bsed dbse
pdd U C), G (
d Bq d
F), H L, G B, d . I p-
d crdit d pdd d
d p. I d x
d d, -dp,
d .T d p p. F, d
no consiue discee copus, dened eihe by conempoies o by me.
T d p d d d p d
any analysis incoherent and scattershot. Moreover, given the number and range
o souces consued, I cnno cim he eve o ciic eding o compex
x d . M d
d d -
d p I , d p d-
ary literature devoted to each o the texts in question. I decided, nonetheless, to
d d p d d d
p pd d
d p p crdit.
M d d pp d d ,
d . I pd ( d d
d ) d pp d p , I ( d d
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18 introDuction
suden bo) eneed ino compueized dbses. Gdue sudens nd
U I S O pd -
.
T pj d , d p-
, d . I d
d p
d d d . p x-
p, I d d R B
p 5 d 6 p (f q) d -
. R p B
pd d, I x -
p d, d p , d
, d -chiv ecods. Indeed, i is his inesecion beween Beins eusive nd
d p p I
d. U, d ppd
d d pd
gps beween dieen eds o hisoy nd hopeuy chenges he he
dd p.
Te Chronology o Credit
O x q q
o chnge ove ime. In n impon ice guing o he du mo nd
d d , J S p
d f d.
He nds h, whees e seveneenh-cenuy dicionies gve pioiy o
p d j d ,
during the eighteenth century successive dictionaries downgraded the status o d d ddd d. B
1771, S p , x d d d
p .
S p f d pd d
soci nsiion om se o vues h emphsized peson connecions
d d . A , -
p d d dd
nd pemnen, wih he monchy seving s xed poin he cene o p x. T x d d d d -
d p d zd d dd pd. T
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introDuction 19
xd p d dd
d p d
which they could be transerred and exchanged or other useul assets.40 Tus,
rom adeptly symbolizing the personal bonds at the heart o elite culture, credit
q dp d p d q p -
d .
S d F R
d I xp grands
valets V; d pd, I . W -
brils o the French Revolution wheeling onstage, we look back through the lens
d d , p
p d dz ,
j , d z .While there is much to appreciate in this analysis o shifing attitudes toward
d, I d . F,
q - d
sense o cedi suvived o es wo cenuies beyond he evouion. As
d, d d x-
p p
N A d F R d
R. F d dd . Sd, I d
dd S d d
. I d dp d d-
d ,
d . I I d
q -
d . A d ,
d d dd . Td, d d, L iv. I d
hieenh-cenuy Mseies, Dn Smi discusses he impon economic
d d ddd d ,
d d, , p. C pd,
F R, j xp, d
d .
H d j L iv
, I d, , d S p pd p d d d- -
, d p dp p ,
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20 introDuction
d, d p d ,
. Cd dd p
, p
pp p d p d -
d d p, p p d.
Cp 2 dp, x
p d p p d d d -
p d , p, p q. S,
I d p p Od R F,
descibed by Jon Lndes nd ohes, s nohe esponse o pecepions o
p dp d p p d. Cp 6 x-
p M-A d
R B p d , - d , d p dd p-
tacular ashion. In the midst o all o these crises, however, it is important to re-
p d p, , d d
d, f d p
p. A d C p 2
d 3, d p d
p ; qd pd
o igh-heed wiings commonpce nd widey ecognized cegoy o .
Te oowing chpes inoduce seve ses o mched pis: he eud-
B-R d Md d S (Cp 1); -
nd imginy shion consumes, Angique he noys wie nd Mie-
Angique Fnoise de Becy, obe nobe (Chpe 4); nd he queen Mie
A d M-J, s Mdemoisee Bein (Chpe 6). Tese pis iuse he unikey cou-
plings produced by the bonds o credit as well as the social inequalities they en-
dd d pdd d
p. Cd Od R F d d;
dd p d- , F R
d .
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notes
Abbreviations Used in the Notes
an Ars ols d Fr
mc Mur rl
et Eud
aP Ars d rs
inha Isu ol d lsor d lr
Introduction
1 Lous-Sbs Mrr, Le ableau de Pas, d. J-Clud Bo (rs: Mr-
ur d Fr, 1994), 1: 1212.
2 Mercier, Le ableau de Paris, 1213. Te Caisse descompte was a government-backed
proobk rd by Corollr Grl urgo 1776, w sso o -
couraging trade by purchasing commercial paper in exchange or its own bank
os.3 As lwys w Mrr, rr kg lu w sould rd s
s s dologl projo, prps sg ro s osly o
ysors d r ss o ld s sol sour o oo lu. O
s l o Mrr, s S Lur Kpl, Bead, Poltcs and Poltcal
Economy n the Regn o Lousxv(T Hgu: Mrus Njo, 1976), 1: 591, 603.
4 rading in shares o the Caisse descompte underwent a series o speculative
boos d buss 1780s s los ord o Css by royl gor-
udrd sor od. I 1785, Mrbu doud Css
s or spulo. O Css dsop, s Robr Bgo, La
Casse descomte (17761793) et les ognes de la Banque de Fance (rs: rsss
ursrs d Fr, 1927).
5 Aog os por xs Fr or ps wy yrs b
J-Clud rro, Une hstoe ntellectuelle de lconome oltque:xviixvii ie
(rs: Edos d lEol ds us uds ss sols, 1992); d J-
Ys Grr, Lconome dAncen Rgme: Un monde de lchange et de lncettude
(rs: Alb Ml, 1996). I Egls, s Ml Sosr, Sans-culottes: An
Eghteenth-Century Emblem n the French Reoluton (Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press, 2008) and Before the Deluge: Public Debt, Inequality, and the Intel-
lectual Ogns o the Fench Reoluton (ro, NJ: ro Ursy rss,1990); ul Cy, Reolutonay Commece: Globalzaton and the Fench Mon-
achy(Cbrdg, MA: Hrrd Ursy rss, 2010); Jo Sol, Te Polt-
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32/36
330 notes to the introDuction
cal Economy o Vtue: Luuy, Patotsm, and the Ogns o the Fench Reoluton
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006); and Emma Rothschild, Economc
Sentiments: Adam Smith, Condorcet, and the Enlightenment(Cambridge, MA: Har-
rd Ursy rss, 2001).
6 J No, Teso de la langue anoyse (rs: Dd Douur, 1606), cdt.7 S Brg Lp, ros dors du vii sl, ros rs d-
rs d lyolog: Rl (1680), Furr (1690), Ad (1694), Les
Maques dusage dans les dctonnaes:xviie-xvii ie scles, d. Dll Bouro
d Ml Glgy (Vllu dAsq: rsss Ursrs Spro, 1990).
8 Pierre Richelet, Dctonnare franos (Geneva: Chez Jean Herman Widerhold,
1680), cdt.
9 Antoine Furetire, Dictionnaire universel(Te Hague: A. and R. Leers, 1690), crdit.
10 Dctonnae de lAcadme anase (rs: z l u Cogrd, 1694), cedt.
11 Dctonnae de lAcadme anase.
12 I oer in the ollowing notes a short selection o examples o these pairings but
have limited mysel to only a ew cases. Many more could be cited or each ex-
pl. For pr o rd d rpuo, s, or xpl, Ml d Mo-
g, Les essas, d. rr Vlly d V.-L. Sulr (rs: Cz Ml Sous,
1595), 276, 778; Gbrl Nud,Aologe ou tous les gand hommes qu ont est ac-
cusez de mage (rs: Esr, 1669), 16, 456; J-Lous Guz d Blz,Aste
ou de la Cou Oeues (rs: . Jolly, 1665), 2: 144.
13 See, for example, Saint-Evremond, Oeuvres Mesles de Mr. de Saint-Evremond(Lon-
do: Cz Job oso, 1705), 1: 447; Al R L Sg, Les aantues de Gl Blas
de Santllane (Lodo: Cz J Nours, 1749), 3: 224. Of wo words robd wy o suggs o (r) sould b gug o or
(rd). S, or xpl, Mosquus rrk orrspod: I ry
plsd o r o s rd [Du] Sdoldrs our; rs o-
d y (Crls d Sod, bro d Mosquu, Coeson-
dance de Montesqueu, d. F. Gbl d A. Morz, [rs: Cpo, 1914], 438).
Ors r s spr s, s w s o by Abb r-
os, o rdly doubs rd o s ly d s ow r wll l
o dy o purpl [ s, o obly] (Abb ros, Nouelles lettes
angloses ou Hstoe du cheale Gandsson [1755; Asrd, rs, 1784], 285).14 See, or example, Balthasar Baro, La concluson et dernre parte dAstre (1627;
Geneva: Slatkine, 1966), 91. In a play set at the ancient Persian court, Jean Ro-
rous rrs opl, w rgrd o qu, o sol powr
her credit gives her (Jean Rotrou, Cosros: ragde, ed. J. Scherer [1649; Paris:
Ddr, 1950], 15). J-Bps d Boyr, rqus dArgs, dps rlo-
sp oppos ss, rrrg o prss, wo publly owd powr
to hunt demons, and to whom this power gave a great credit (Argens, Lettres
jues [T Hgu: . up, 1738], 181). S lso Args, Lettes jues, 126, 348, or
or rrs o powr o rd. Or wrrs rrrd o rd d powr
as essentially equal. For example, with reerence to the enemies o the Arnauld
ly d sur y d prourd gs ly Sorbo, J
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notes to the introDuction 331
Racine comments: they also thereby gave a great idea of their power and the credit
y ld our (J R,Abg de lHstoe de Pot-Royal, Oeues, d.
. Msrd [rs: H, 1865], 4: 464).
15 S Jqus Abbd wo dsusss rd d uory Jws doors
ld or r popl (Jqus Abbd, at de la t de la elgon chtenne[Rord: R. Lrs, 1684], 157). Wl Abbd rs wo s osur,
the Abb Dubos places authority above credit. With reference to Clovis, the ancient
Frks kg, wrs: Tus s rd w s subjs d bo bso-
lu uory rsd o s ldr (Abb Dubos, Hstoe ctque
de ltablssement de la monache anose dans les Gaules [rs: Nyo Fls, 1742],
23). Nols Lgl Dursoy srlly rrsd s ordr: Ad bus lg-
ws so u rd, w uory dos srss o possss? Ts
s b ll gors gr o o ll gr rs. O gs sl
plsur ordg o s srss w would l by duy oblgd o rus
o w (Nols Lgl Dursoy, De lusage des omans, o lon at o leu
utlt et leus dfents caactes [Asrd: Vu d olrs, 1734], 101).
16 T o d Cylus suggss rdsp produs grr rd orl
ls. H rous l o rs sprd wo d rulously
gained the avor o the king: Finally, his continual liberality and his eloquence
g su gr rd or kgs d, sorg d zr
so as to never be separated rom him; however, the condence and the riend-
sp kg sowd , g or rd rg ws
wrdd (A Clud lpp, o d Cylus, Noueau contes oentau,
ues Badnes Comlettes [rs: Vss, 1787], 7: 313).17 S, or xpl, r-ury wrr Rubu: Topl Sl, y
bror, gs o o su pss you kw s or o r
y rk, y rg, y rd, I would do yg (Rubu, ues comltes,
d. Ml Zk [rs: Bords, 1990], 252). Volr rs s ds, o s
ol l o powr d sod s ru oldr o powr: b-
us s obl or bus s prs, s o xp r ro pyg r
taxes, all taxes are regulated by a House o Commons, which being [only] sec-
od rk s rs rd (Volr, Lettes hlosohques, d. Gus Lso
[rs: H, 1915], 106).18 S, or xpl, Bls sl, Les oncales, ou Les lettes ctes a Lous de
Montalte un oncal de ses ams et aurr . pp . Jsutes (1657; rs: Grr,
1965), 220. T Abb ros obd rdsp, rd, d glory ollow-
ing example: Even his compatriots take glory in his friendship; they make use of it
o sbls rd o r oygs d r rs, splly Fr, wr
he is no less respected than in Italy (Abb Prvost, Nouelles lettres angloses,
356). See also Jean-Jacques Barthlemy, Voyage du jeune anacharsis (Paris: De Bure,
1788), 555.
19 S, or xpl, Aruld dAdlly, ll or d rd pssd o o
Mosur d Luys (Robr Arud dAdlly,Mmoes, Collecton comlte
des mmoes elats lhstoe de Fance [rs: Fouul, 1824], 33: 371). J d
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332 notes to the introDuction
l Bruyr ord rpr oposo o or, rd, d gr wl. S
J d L Bruyr, Les caactes ou les mus de ce scle, ues comltes,
d. Jul Bd (rs: Gllrd, 1951), 233.
20 S, or xpl, rr Nols Essas de moale, ol. 1 (1671; rs: G. Dsprz,
1701), 253: I w l w o rd d s ssry o ourwrgs wll rd, w sould usully bl God dspss us ro sy-
g w w k bou gs ppr bl-wory. Mu lr, r-
qus dArgso, wo ws rl o dds o rd sys, ld:
My so works w glss d ss o o b o bd rs w yo d
o d ll by ll rd d s w royl ly. O w dl
o oury, wr s su ll g o do os duy (R-Lous d Voyr,
marquis dArgenson,Journal et mmoires 17551757[Paris: Renouard, 1867], 9: 144).
21 See, or example, Madame Laayettes rendition o this pairing: Te queen, my
dugr--lw, proud o r buy d o rd o r uls, rdrs o
duy o (Mr-Mdl o d l Vrg, Md d Ly, La n-
cesse de Cles, d. El Mg [1678; rs: Droz, 1946], 105).
22 Wll Swll, T Epr o Fso d Rs o Cpls Eg-
Cury Fr, Past and Pesent206, o. 1 (Fbrury 2010): 119.
23 Avner Oer, Between the Gif and the Market: Te Economy o Regard, Eco-
nomc Hstoy Reew 50, o. 3 (Augus 1997): 45076. For Or, egads u-
brella term for the rewards from personal interaction that was one goal of exchange
(alongside material benet) in the premarket gif economy and included such
ors s p, rsp, rpuo, sus, powr, y, lo, rdsp,
ksp, sobly. Ulk pr oyous rks, rgrd-dr xgours bw sp dduls w prsol rlosp, d s d-
viduals strive or successul interaction at the cost o exclusion rom exchange.
Terefore, real regard is typically not for sale. He argues that the search for regard
survives in the market economy in the orm o holiday gif exchange and other
oory rproy. I bl Ors lyss would b ro xpl
osdro o oo o rd, logsd gf, s sruurg log or
prrk xg; owr, I r ro s xrly lpul orulo
ss o rg o orl bs rug ro xg. I lso dd
pld pu o Fr egade(o look), o suggs por o p-prs d dsply sr or bs ro prsol ro Old
Rg soy.
24 Te pioneering article establishing inormation as an issue o concern or eco-
os ws Gorg Sglrs T Eoos o Ioro,Jounal o Poltcal
Economy69, o. 3 (1961): 21325. Ts rl dsussd oss o sr, w
Stigler dened as the eort to acquire inormation about variance in price or a
g oody d rous ods, su s rks, drsg, d spl-
zd brokrs, dopd o rdu d os o sr. Aloug rl
dos o dsuss quly xsly, dos o rpuo s word w
dos prss o quly, d rpuo ods pr (or xs
ply) bus oozs o sr (224).
25 See Delphine Denis, Le Parnasse gallant: Insttuton dune catgore lttrare au
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notes to the introDuction 333
xviie scle (Paris: Honor Champion, 2001); and Christian Jouhaud and Alain
Vl, d., Goue de echeches ntedsclnaes su lhstoe du lttae. De la
ublcaton: Ente Renassance et Lumes (rs: Fyrd, 2002).
26 On the rise of the novel and its relation to the credit economy, see Michael McKeon,
Origins of the English Novel, 16001740 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,1987); Mry ooy, Genes o the Cedt Economy: Medatng Value n Eghteenth-
and Nneteenth-Centuy Btan (Cgo: Ursy o Cgo rss, 2008); d
I Buo, Sectes o the Atlantc: Fnance Catal, Slaey, and the Phlosohy
o Hstoy(Dur, NC: Duk Ursy rss, 2005).
27 J-Ys Grr, Lconome dAncen Rgme, 418. Grr pprs o b drwg
o Bourdu, prulrly s os o oo oro Te Logc o
Pactce, rs. Rrd N (lo Alo, CA: Sord Ursy rss, 1992), 64.
28 Robert Darnton, An Early Information Society: News and the Media in Eighteenth-
Cury rs,Amecan Hstocal Reew 105, o. 1 (Fbrury 2000): 135.
29 rr Bourdu, T Fors o Cpl, Handbook o Teoy and Reseach o
the Socology o Educaton, d. J. Rrdso (Nw York: Grwood, 1986), 243.
30 Bourdu, T Fors o Cpl, 253.
31 Bourdu, T Fors o Cpl, 242.
32 S rr Bourdu, Te Logc o Pactce d Outlne o a Teoy o Pactce, rs.
Rrd N (Cbrdg: Cbrdg Ursy rss, 1977); Ml d Cru,
Te Pactce o Eeyday Le, rs. S Rdll (Brkly: Ursy o Cl-
or rss, 1984).
33 odd Lowry, T Arology o Crulo Cop Eoo Tory,
Jounal o the Hstoy o Ideas 34, o. 3 (JulySpbr 1974): 42944.34 Ad S,An Inquy nto the Natue and Causes o the Wealth o Natons (Lo-
don: W. Strahan and . Cadell, 1776), 1: 346. In ableau conomque, published
1758, Fros Qusy xplly okd qulbru o rulo o
blood u body s logy o rulo o oy.
35 I sprd r by Mry ooy d r dsowl o odl o oolo-
gs or udrsdg g-ury dspls. I s ollowg r ld
I pr opy w Ml Fouuls rdg Te Ode o Tngs o r-
losp bw sgyg sys o lgug d os o or s
dspls, ludg poll ooy. S Ml Fouul,Te Ode o Tngs:An Achaeology o the Human Scences (Nw York: Vg Books, 1994).
36 Barbara Duden, Te Woman beneath the Skn: A Doctors Patents n Eghteenth-
Century Germany, trans. Tomas Dunlap (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
rss, 1998).
37 O bus d s rlo o pr, s Bourdu, Te Logc o Pactce, p. 3.
38 T srl ppro o ulurl sory dopd by drs o Als sool
1960s d 1970s s b srply rzd. S, or xpl, Rogr Cr-
tier, Cultural History: Between Practices and Representations, trans. Lydia Cochrane
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1988). In attempting to read historical actors
o d lus roug qu lyss, I drw o work Old
Regime labor history. See Steven L. Kaplan,Te Bakers of Paris and the Bread Ques-
ton, 17001775 (Dur, NC: Duk Ursy rss, 1996); d So Cru,
-
7/29/2019 Credit, Fashion, Sex by Clare Haru Crowston
36/36
La Ville et les mtiers. Naissance dun langage corporatif (urin, 17e18e sicle) (Paris:
Edos d lEol ds us uds ss sols, 1990).
39 I rg s poso bw gd d rl, I gudd by work
o ubr o solrs, ludg Dl Ro, Rogr Crr, Nol llgr,
d, or rly, Ao Ll. As Dl Ro od splly w rgrd otexts describing clothing and appearances: Certainly the works never coincide with
gz dr world d gs, rly ow go or r, by r-
rs pu o wrg or oo sg. . . . For sor o soy d ulur,
it is less a matter of achieving an illustrative metatext on the basis of the original text
of the novels, or of assembling from between them the realia, than of understanding
sgyg ls o sory d r log. Tus rly rrogs o
(Daniel Roche, Te Culture of Clothng: Dress and Fashon n the Ancen Rgme ,
rs. J Brrll [Cbrdg: Cbrdg Ursy rss, 1994], 19).
40 Jy S, No Mor Lgug Gs: Words, Bls, d oll Culur
o Erly Modr Fr,Amecan Hstocal Reew 102, o. 5 (Dbr 1997):
1434.
41 S, No Mor Lgug Gs, 1440.
42 Dl Lord Sl, Te Consumton o Justce: Emotons, Publcty, and Legal Cul-
tue (I, NY: Corll Ursy rss, 2003), 146. For log-r ropo-
logical perspective on debt and credit, see David Graeber, Debt: Te Frst 5,000
Yeas (Brookly, NY: Mlll Hous, 2011).
Chapter 1: Credit and Old Regime Economies of RegardEpgraph: Louis-Sbastien Mercier, Le ableau de Pars, ed. Jean-Claude Bonnet
(rs: Mrur d Fr, 1994), 1: 631.
1 Pierre Carlet de Chamblain de Marivaux, La Double nconstance, in Oeures de
Maau: thte comlet, d. Edourd Fourr (rs: Grr rrs, 1878), 286.
2 As Roger Chartier put it in his study of the term civilit: Each use of the word, each
do o oo, , sds us bk o u srgy s lso
a representation of social relations. A truly rigorous analysis, Chartier reminds us,
would rqur , or usg o r lk cdtor clt, w rosru
r wb o xs w ws produd d o w rrs, prsdo o uor sol d ulurl rs, d rg o rdr r-
sponses. For this chapter, even more so than Chartiers article, the analysis . . . can-
o possbly ssy ll s dds (Rogr Crr, Fro xs o Mrs:
A Concept and Its Books: Cltbetween Aristocratic Distinction and Popular
Appropro, Te Cultual Uses o Pnt n Ealy Moden Fance, rs. Lyd
Cor [ro, NJ: ro Ursy rss, 1987], 73). I s wor og
here that civilit, as analyzed by Chartier, is tellingly dierent as a concept than
crdit; it was a normative concept that inspired long and elaborate treatment in
uls xplly dod o urg ruls d xpos srbd o oul bors d prs. Crd by ors sprd o uls or rss;
ws o l o b kowldgd d gd, o lbrd or ug s