CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error...
-
Upload
maximillian-williams -
Category
Documents
-
view
227 -
download
0
Transcript of CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error...
![Page 1: CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error Thinking Product not completely determined by given.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c00a1a28abf838cc7b1e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
CREATIVE THINKING
Prof. V. Jha
IIM Calcutta
![Page 2: CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error Thinking Product not completely determined by given.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c00a1a28abf838cc7b1e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Divergent Thinking
• Variety of responses
• Trial and Error Thinking
• Product not completely determined by given information
![Page 3: CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error Thinking Product not completely determined by given.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c00a1a28abf838cc7b1e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Creative Thinking
• Divergent as well as convergent
• Grasping the problem
• After divergent
• categorization, logical thinking, evaluation, comparison, analysis
• Cycles of imaginative and rational
![Page 4: CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error Thinking Product not completely determined by given.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c00a1a28abf838cc7b1e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
A model of creative Intelligence
• Problem sensitivity, curiosity
• Sensing of problems, issues, opportunities
• Convergent thinking ability, cause guessing ability
• Structuring of problems
• Problem restructuring ability
![Page 5: CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error Thinking Product not completely determined by given.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c00a1a28abf838cc7b1e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
A model of creative Intelligence
• A new understanding of problem that facilitates interesting new approaches.
• Divergent thinking, search for alternative approaches, solutions
• Fluency
• Flexibility
• Originality
![Page 6: CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error Thinking Product not completely determined by given.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c00a1a28abf838cc7b1e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
A model of creative Intelligence
• Evaluation through convergent thinking
• consequence guessing ability
• elaboration ( idea, approach, solution)
• Refinement through convergent thinking ability
![Page 7: CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error Thinking Product not completely determined by given.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c00a1a28abf838cc7b1e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Creative Thinking Techniques
• Brainstorming
• Attribute Listing
• Synectics
• Checklist of questions
• Structure problem- well understood, identify key dimensions
• Separate idea production from evaluation
![Page 8: CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error Thinking Product not completely determined by given.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c00a1a28abf838cc7b1e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Creative Thinking Techniques
• Ideate copiously
• Create constructive psychological strain- familiar to unfamiliar and back.
• Force wide shifts
• Identify most potent idea
![Page 9: CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error Thinking Product not completely determined by given.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c00a1a28abf838cc7b1e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Creative Environment
• Stimulation
• Nurturance
• Low- tension
• Constructive Feedback
• Opportunity to learn
• Diversity of viewpoints
• Freedom with accountability
![Page 10: CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error Thinking Product not completely determined by given.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c00a1a28abf838cc7b1e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Creative Environment
• Creators as role models
• Facilities
• creative norms and expectations of boss figure
![Page 11: CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error Thinking Product not completely determined by given.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c00a1a28abf838cc7b1e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Creative Problem Solving
• Problem– goal not achieved– unwanted symptoms
• Mechanisms– habit– logical analysis– using analogies
![Page 12: CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error Thinking Product not completely determined by given.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c00a1a28abf838cc7b1e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Creative Problem Solving
• Problem– Why– constraints
• hidden• permanent
– ignorance• nature• procedure• solution
![Page 13: CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error Thinking Product not completely determined by given.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c00a1a28abf838cc7b1e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Creative Process
• Elaboration, setting aside
• several projects at a time
• envisioning
• read/hear creative masters
• reverie/stimulating experience
![Page 14: CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error Thinking Product not completely determined by given.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c00a1a28abf838cc7b1e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Creative Problem Solving
• Mechanisms– generating alternatives– evaluating alternatives– looking for information
• Creative– Use of fantasy and imagination– Playful connections– Viewing problem from unusual perspective– Brainstorming
![Page 15: CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error Thinking Product not completely determined by given.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c00a1a28abf838cc7b1e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Creative Problem Solving
• Process– preparation– incubation– illumination– verification
![Page 16: CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error Thinking Product not completely determined by given.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c00a1a28abf838cc7b1e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Process
• Regression
• Cycles of divergent and convergent
• diffused and scanning
• incubation- break, working on other problems, silent recess, setting aside, alternative work, many projects, envisioning, stimulating experience
• inspiration- sense of possession and compulsion
![Page 17: CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error Thinking Product not completely determined by given.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c00a1a28abf838cc7b1e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Brainstorming
• Defer Evaluation
• Quantity begets quality
• more fantastic ideas
• Hitch hike on previous ideas
![Page 18: CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error Thinking Product not completely determined by given.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c00a1a28abf838cc7b1e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Brainstorming
• Both groups as well as individuals
• Better ideas in second half
• for problems with multiple solutions
• concrete suggestions
• Specific topic
• Choosing ideas and developing them
![Page 19: CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error Thinking Product not completely determined by given.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c00a1a28abf838cc7b1e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Attribute Listing
• For designing/redesign specific product/service
• Building up, grafting , modifying
• List basic but modifiable attributes/properties/specifications
• Generate alternatives
• Grafting attributes of some other object
![Page 20: CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error Thinking Product not completely determined by given.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c00a1a28abf838cc7b1e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Attribute Listing
• Abstract/generic attributes– container, handling convenience, current
function
• More specific the better
• separate modifiable from unmodifiable
• List all attributes
![Page 21: CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error Thinking Product not completely determined by given.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c00a1a28abf838cc7b1e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Attribute Listing
• What may be altered without changing the main function
• State as more general/abstract attributes
• What functions the attributes perform
• How critical are they to main function
• prioritizing attributes
![Page 22: CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error Thinking Product not completely determined by given.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c00a1a28abf838cc7b1e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Checklist of questions
• Questions- Divergent thinking
• ASARAMOMONA
• add
• subtract
• alter
• rearrange
• adapt
![Page 23: CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error Thinking Product not completely determined by given.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c00a1a28abf838cc7b1e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Checklist of questions
• magnify
• opposite
• minify
• other
• new
• alternative
• Dissatisfaction with status quo
![Page 24: CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error Thinking Product not completely determined by given.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c00a1a28abf838cc7b1e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Fluency
• Generating more ideas• Resourcefulness• More ideas- some good ideas• associative thinking• Censorship- silly/impractical• Generate, then evaluate• Fluency- flexibility, originality• Practice situations in daily life
![Page 25: CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error Thinking Product not completely determined by given.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c00a1a28abf838cc7b1e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Flexibility
• A change– meaning, interpretation, use, understanding,
strategy
• Looking from many angles
• implications of multi-dimensional situations
![Page 26: CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error Thinking Product not completely determined by given.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c00a1a28abf838cc7b1e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Problem restructuring
• Hawthorne Experiment
• Contingency
• naturopathy
• Discarding old ways of looking
• Creative use of deviance
• internal debate
![Page 27: CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error Thinking Product not completely determined by given.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c00a1a28abf838cc7b1e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Problem restructuring
• data
• going to roots- slums
• A habit of looking for opportunities in problem situations– Shoes, garbage
![Page 28: CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error Thinking Product not completely determined by given.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c00a1a28abf838cc7b1e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Convergent thinking• classificatory mechanisms
– verbalizing– listing the components– analogy and comparisons– display
• Analytical– factoring– seeking relationships among components– identifying steps to possible solutions– abstraction
![Page 29: CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error Thinking Product not completely determined by given.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c00a1a28abf838cc7b1e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Convergent thinking
• Analytical– formally defining– imposing constraints– establishing criteria– selecting by comparison of alternatives– working backwards– model building– symbols and classification– stereotyping– aphorisms
![Page 30: CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error Thinking Product not completely determined by given.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c00a1a28abf838cc7b1e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Convergent thinking
• Synthesis– seeking patterns– aggregation– incubation– juxtaposing inconsistent/extreme– broad model
• Optimization– refining till acceptable solution reached
![Page 31: CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error Thinking Product not completely determined by given.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c00a1a28abf838cc7b1e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Convergent Thinking
• substitution of parts
• addition/deletion/modification/alteration
• formalizing criteria
![Page 32: CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error Thinking Product not completely determined by given.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c00a1a28abf838cc7b1e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Creative thinking
• sensitivity
• guessing ability
• originality
• convergent thinking ability
![Page 33: CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error Thinking Product not completely determined by given.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c00a1a28abf838cc7b1e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Creative Organization
• Growth Strategy• Competitive Strategy• innovative scanning• structure to facilitate innovation• control to facilitate innovation• culture building for innovation• motivation• conflict resolution
![Page 34: CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error Thinking Product not completely determined by given.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c00a1a28abf838cc7b1e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Creative Organization
• External Factors– Turbulent environment– unexpected change– sophisticated and demanding customers– vulnerable– ambitious and conflicting goals– organization doing very well
![Page 35: CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error Thinking Product not completely determined by given.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c00a1a28abf838cc7b1e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Creative Organization
• internal factors– ambitious and high operating targets– conflicting goals– desire to make organization unique and distinctive– diverse output– customized products– preference for new products, sophisticated and off
beat, calculated risks, operating flexibility, innovative and expert orientation
![Page 36: CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error Thinking Product not completely determined by given.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c00a1a28abf838cc7b1e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Synectics• Unconscious
– instincts• self preservation, reproduction, enormous energy, little self
regulation
• Pre- conscious– Creativity– fantasizing
• wish fulfillment
– imagining • associative thinking and playful elaboration of images
![Page 37: CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error Thinking Product not completely determined by given.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c00a1a28abf838cc7b1e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Synectics
• Conscious– orderly, logical, evaluative, analytical
• combinatorial play
• free association
• ability to create scenarios
• dropping of real life constraints
• Analogy– direct, personal, fantasy, symbolic
![Page 38: CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error Thinking Product not completely determined by given.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c00a1a28abf838cc7b1e/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Creative Organization
• Expertise– technical– procedural– intellectual
• Creative Thinking Skills– flexible, imaginative, challenging status quo,
persevering through dry spells
• Intrinsic Motivation– passion and interest
![Page 39: CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error Thinking Product not completely determined by given.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c00a1a28abf838cc7b1e/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Managerial practices
• Challenge– matching right people with right assignment– stretch– good information
• Freedom– concerning process not necessarily ends– stable and clearly defined goals– false autonomy
![Page 40: CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error Thinking Product not completely determined by given.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c00a1a28abf838cc7b1e/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Managerial Practices
• Resources– time and money
• fake or impossibly tight deadlines
• sufficient resources
– physical space
![Page 41: CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error Thinking Product not completely determined by given.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c00a1a28abf838cc7b1e/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Managerial Practices
• Work Group Features– mutually supportive– diversity of perspectives and backgrounds– shared excitement to team’s goal– willingness to help others in difficult times– appreciation of other’s knowledge and
perspectives
![Page 42: CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error Thinking Product not completely determined by given.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c00a1a28abf838cc7b1e/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Managerial Practices
• Supervisory encouragement– recognition– lack of negativity– no premature evaluation– acting as role models
![Page 43: CREATIVE THINKING Prof. V. Jha IIM Calcutta. Divergent Thinking Variety of responses Trial and Error Thinking Product not completely determined by given.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c00a1a28abf838cc7b1e/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Managerial Practices
• organizational support– leader’s role– systems and procedures– recognition and reward– mandating information sharing and
collaboration– tackling politics