C R E A T E D B Y S A L LY R E N , E S L I N S T R U C T O R F O R E S L 1 5 A T P E N N S T A T E U N I V E R S I T Y

APA

General APA Format Covers the basic page layout for a typical APA manuscript, including everything from margin widths to the use of headings and visualsIncludes a general list of the basic components of an APA paper: title page, abstract, and reference pageAlso includes a PowerPoint slide presentation with detailed information about the APA citation styleTypes of APA PapersDescribes the two most common types of APA papers: the literature review and the experimental reportOutlines what sections must be included in each type of paper, from introductions to a methods sectionAPA Stylistics: Basics Describes three basic areas of stylistic concerns when writing in an APA field: point of view, clarity/conciseness, and word choiceExplains how poetic language and devices should be avoided in APA reviews and reportsSuggestions and examples are given for each stylistic issueAPA Stylistics: Things to AvoidIdentifies the risk of bias in language concerning gender, race, disability, and sexuality when writing up research in APA fieldsProvides links to APA's official guidelines on avoiding biasOffers suggestions on finding alternatives to gendered pronouns and using different descriptors when identifying people in your researchAPA Citations and Reference ListPerhaps the trickiest part to mastering APA Style is understanding the requirements for citing and listing secondary sources accurately. The following pages walk you through the details of writing citations and developing a reference page at the end of your paper. Read these guidelines carefully! It is important that you refer to your sources according to APA Style so your readers can quickly follow the citations to the reference page and then, from there, locate any sources that might be of interest to them. They will expect this information to be presented in a particular style, and any deviations from that style could result in confusing your readers about where you obtained your information.In-Text Citations: The BasicsAddresses the basic formatting requirements of using the APA Style for citing secondary sources within the text of your essayProvides guidance on how to incorporate different kinds of references to borrowed material, from short quotes to summaries or paraphrasesIn-Text Citations: Author/Authors Focuses on various details about referring to the authors of your sources within your essay, which can be difficult to do efficiently if the source has more than one author or has an unclear author (e.g. an organization)Describes how to cite indirect quotes, electronic sources, and/or sources without page numbersFootnotes and EndnotesRecommends using footnotes or endnotes to avoid long explanations in the textCovers two basic kinds of notes: bibliographic and digressiveReference List: Basic RulesGuides you through the general rules that apply to any reference list developed using APA StyleCovers everything from where the reference list appears to the capitalization of words in the titles of sourcesServes as a primer on formatting that will be followed in all of the following handouts on creating APA reference entriesReference List: Author/AuthorsWalks you through how to construct a reference entry for different text starting with a focus on authorNotes how the references are different depending on the number of authors or if there are multiple works by the same authorReference List: Articles in Periodicals Builds from the previous handout by looking specifically at how to refer accurately to a periodical sourceLists types of entries depending on the kind of journal (e.g. one paginated by volume), if the source is a magazine v. a newspaper, or the kind of article the source is (e.g. a letter to the editor)Reference List: BooksBuilds from the author handout by describing how to properly refer to book-length sources Addresses both the basic format as well as requirements for those unique book sources that require you to note specific details, such as whether it is a translation or part of a multivolume workReference List: Other Print SourcesOffers a short list of other less common print sources you might be citing in your manuscript and how to construct references for themCovers examples such as citing a source that is cited in another, or citing a government documentReference List: Electronic SourcesWalks through the requirements and unique qualifications (see the Notes throughout the page) for constructing references for electronic sources Covers sources from online periodicals and scholarly databases, to emails.Reference List: Other Non-Print SourcesFocuses primarily on how to reference video and audio texts that are used as sources, from movie clips to sound recordingsNotes that personal communication (e.g. an interview or conversation) is not to be included in the reference list.

Awareness

WHAT IS CITATION?It is telling your readers that certain material in your work came from another source. It gives your readers the information they need to find that source again, including:

•information about the author

•the title of the work

•the name and location of the company that published your copy of the source

•the date your copy was published

•the page numbers of the material you are borrowing

http://www.plagiarism.org/plag_article_what_is_citation.html

PLAGIARISM

WHAT COUNTS AS PLAGIARISM?

turning in someone else's work as your own copying words or ideas from someone else without giving

credit failing to put a quotation in quotation marks giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation changing words but copying the sentence structure of a source

without giving credit copying so many words or ideas from a source that it makes

up the majority of your work, whether you give credit or not

http://www.plagiarism.org/

Consequences of Plagiarism

• Studentswarningprobationsuspensionexpulsion

• Advisors & Institutions

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7P-A5BdWzIc

http://tlt.its.psu.edu/plagiarism/facguide/policy

THE PENN STATE PENALTIES

Each college and campus has a specific policy for dealing with allegations of plagiarism with many intermediate steps.

XF grade 

It states that the student failed a class specifically because of Academic Dishonesty. The XF grade is a formal University disciplinary sanction and is reserved for the most serious breaches of academic integrity.

APA Style

academic format

APAWhat is Style

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

Chapter 1: Writing for the Behavioral and Social Sciences

Chapter 2: Manuscript Structure and Content

Chapter 3: Writing Clearly and Concisely

Chapter 4: The Mechanics of Style

Chapter 5: Displaying Results

Chapter 6: Crediting Sources

Chapter 7: Reference Examples

Chapter 8: The Publication Process

Chapter 1: Writing for the Behavioral and Social Sciences

Chapter 2: Manuscript Structure and Content

Chapter 3: Writing Clearly and Concisely

Chapter 4: The Mechanics of Style

Chapter 5: Displaying Results

Chapter 6: Crediting Sources

Chapter 7: Reference Examples

Chapter 8: The Publication Process

When using other sources in your work

Acknowledge

MLA Style APA Style

In-text Citatio

n

Reference List

Citing References in APA Style

• In-text citation• in the text of

your paper• authors’ last name(s) • year of publication• Page number if

applicable

•Reference List• at the end of your

paper• authors’ last names arranged alphabetically • year of publication• other bibliographical

information

Reference List

REFERENCE LIST – BASIC RULES:

• Function?• Provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and

retrieve source cited in the body of the paper.

• Where is it?• At the end of your paper

• Note:• Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your reference

list• Your references should begin on a new page separate from the

text of the essay• label this page "References" centered at the top of the page (do

NOT bold, underline, or use quotation marks for the title)• All text should be double-spaced

hanging indentation

Inverted author’s name

entries are alphabetized

In-text Citation

In-text citation

quotations

Short

LongSummary

or paraphrase

In-text Citation - Example

• Citing book, single author.

• Samantha Jones wrote “Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time” at page 199 in her book published in 1998.

• You want to cite this sentence in your work.

According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).

Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers?

"Students often had difficulty using APA style" (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but no explanation was offered as to why.

In-text Citation - Short Quotations

Author+YearAuthor+YearAuthor+Year

Page No.Page No.Page No.

• According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.

In-text Citation - Paraphrase or Summary

Angeli, E., Wagner, J., Lawrick, E., Moore, K., Anderson, M., Soderlund, L., & Brizee, A. (2010, May 5). General format. Retrieved from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/

“Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time” (Jones, 1998, p. 199).

Author’s name Year of

publication

Year of publication

APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998).

owl.english.purdue.edu

OTHER TYPES OF CITATION

• Citing book: • Single author• Two or three authors• Four or more authors• Unknown author• Unknown page number

• Multimedia sources:• Video or film• Lecture or Public address

CITING BOOKS

• A Work by Two Authors: • Name both authors in the signal phrase or in the

parentheses each time you cite the work. Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the text and use the ampersand in the parentheses.

• Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) supports...• (Wegener & Petty, 1994)

PRACTICE

Author's Name Example of Usage

Author's name part of narrative

Gass and Varonis (1984) found that the most important element in comprehending non-native speech is familiarity with the topic.

Author's name in parentheses

One study found that the most important element in comprehending non-native speech is familiarity with the topic (Gass & Varonis, 1984).