Created by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005. Motivation versus Emotion Emotion, a subjective sensation...

Created by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005

Motivation versus Emotion

Emotion, a subjective sensation experiencedas a type of psycho-physiological arousal, is different from motivation in that it has no goalor direction connected with it.

Emotions result from the interaction of the (a) perception of environmental stimuli, (b) neural/hormonal responses to these perceptions (feelings), and (c) cognitive labeling of these feelings.

Motivation versus Emotion

Emotion, a subjective sensation experiencedas a type of psycho-physiological arousal, is different from motivation in that it has no goalor direction connected with it.

Emotions result from the interaction of the (a) perception of environmental stimuli, (b) neural/hormonal responses to these perceptions (feelings), and (c) cognitive labeling of these feelings.

There is a small core of emotions (6 to 8) that are uniquely associated with a specific facial expressions (Izard, 1992). This suggests that these are “hard-wired” in human beings. Izard, C. E. (1992). Basic emotions, relations among emotions, and emotion cognition relations. Psychological Review, 99 (3), 561-565.

Definitions of Motivation and emotion retrieved from Bill Huitt at http://chiron.valdosta.edu/whuitt/col/motivation/motivate.html

What is emotion?“Like so many psychological phenomena, emotion is easily recognized but hard to

define. Most theories hold that emotion is a syndrome or complex entity

with many components: physiological (autonomic nervous system), cognitive events, sensory input, behavioral

correlates.” Benoit, Anthony G. (2002). Emotion and Motivation. Retrieved from

http://environmentalet.org/psy111/motimotion.htm

What is emotion?“Like so many psychological phenomena, emotion is easily recognized but hard to

define. Most theories hold that emotion is a syndrome or complex entity

with many components: physiological (autonomic nervous system), cognitive events, sensory input, behavioral

correlates.” Benoit, Anthony G. (2002). Emotion and Motivation. Retrieved from

http://environmentalet.org/psy111/motimotion.htm

Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005

ANGERANGERJOYJOY FEARFEAR

SERIOUSSERIOUS

SADNESSSADNESS SURPRISESURPRISE

What good is emotion? Emotions (a) prepare us for action, (b) shape our behavior (emotions are reinforcing), (c) regulate social interaction, (d) facilitate communication nonverbally, (e) facilitate adult-child relations and thus development, (f) make life worth living by adding value to experience, and (g) allow us to respond flexibly to our environment (approaching good, avoiding bad).

Emotions are usually inseparable from their communication. Most people do not have a "poker face," and we generally find a person's emotional response to be obvious. Knowing how someone feels helps us evaluate how they will act. Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005

ANGERANGER SADNESSSADNESS SURPRISESURPRISE FEAR

MORE ABOUT EMOTIONS■ Emotions are largely a conscious phenomena.■ They involve more bodily manifestations than

other conscious states. ■ They vary along a number of dimensions:

intensity, type, origin, arousal, value, self-regulation, etc.

■ They are reputed to be “antagonists of rationality.”

■ They protect us from a “slavish devotion” to rationality.

■ They play an indispensable role in determining the quality of life and defining our priorities.

■ They have a central place in moral education and moral life through conscience, empathy, and many specific moral emotions such as shame, guilt, and remourse. The are inextrictably linked to virtues.

A paraphrased version of a list included in EMOTION by Ronald de Sousa.

Retrived from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy at http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/emotion/

Three Ways to Measure Emotion• Behavior – screaming, facial expressions, laughing,

aggression, approach/avoidance, activity level, smiling, attention/distraction, alertness, insomnia, anhedonia, etc.

• Body/Physical – blood pressure, tears, heart rate, neural images, lie detector readings, posture, perspiration, adrenaline, muscle activity when smiling, frowning, etc.

• Thoughts – observed indirectly through: spoken and written words on rating scales; answers to open-ended questions on surveys and during interviews; responses to projective instruments, sentence stems, etc. Emotion can interfere with many cognitive operations such as rational/logical thinking and the ability to objectively self-assess or perceive the behavior and intentions of others.


• Newborns show only pleasure and distress.

• Social smiles are first seen at 2-3 months.

• Anger is first seen between 4 and 6 months.– They are more fearful in unfamiliar places.– Fear depends on stranger’s behavior.

• Stranger wariness is first seen at 6 months.

• Begin to identify others’ emotions at 6 months.– Facial expression is associated with

emotions.

• Looks to mother or father for proper emotion in unfamiliar situations beginning at 9 months.

• Newborns show only pleasure and distress.

• Social smiles are first seen at 2-3 months.

• Anger is first seen between 4 and 6 months.– They are more fearful in unfamiliar places.– Fear depends on stranger’s behavior.

• Stranger wariness is first seen at 6 months.

• Begin to identify others’ emotions at 6 months.– Facial expression is associated with

emotions.

• Looks to mother or father for proper emotion in unfamiliar situations beginning at 9 months.

EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF EMOTIONSEARLY DEVELOPMENT OF EMOTIONS


Click to learn more

http://faculty.washington.edu/robinet/emotional.ppt

Fear

Delight

Excitement

Distress

Anger

Disgust

Elation

Affection for adults

Affection for children

Joy

Jealousy

Months 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27Bridges (1932) found that emotions are rapidly differentiated from an initial capacity

for excitement. Today, there is interest in genetically determined temperamental characteristics from which personality forms, such as sociability.

K. M. B. Bridges, (1932). Emotional development in early infancy. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 37.

Neural Pathways of Emotion• Joseph LeDoux (1998) found evidence

for two neural pathways in the processing of fear.

• The fast route is quick, inaccurate, life-saving:» Sight → Thalamus → Amygdala

• The slow route is precise, complex, sluggish:» Sight → Thalamus → Visual cortex →

Amygdala

• Route one allows for instant action and is relatively inaccurate; so it produces false positives.

• Route two is precise and can reduce the response to fear if the situation is appraised to be safe after all factors are considered.


Vaughan, Bell (2002). Motivation and Emotion. PPT slide retrieved from http://www.cf.ac.uk/psych/home/bellv1/conf/VaughanMotivationEmotionLecture2004.ppt#33 Related MS Word lecture at http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=fast+route+is+quick%2C+inaccurate&btnG=Search. Written permission for use granted.

http://www.cf.ac.uk/psych/home/bellv1/conf/VaughanMotivationEmotionLecture2004.ppt#Slide%2033

http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=fast+route+is+quick%2C+inaccurate&btnG=Search

So the Brain Executes an Emotional Shortcut In Crises

• We feel some emotions before we think.

• Some neural pathways involved in emotion bypass the cortical areas involved in thinking.

• Two such pathways run from the eye and ear via the thalamus to the amygdala, which is the emotional control center.

• This shortcut enables a quick, pre-thought emotional response before the intellect gets consciously involved.

• The thinking cortex can eventually override the “decision” of the amygdala to react.


Event Emotional Response

Appraisal

Zajonc / LeDoux

Lazarus / Schachter


11

2222

Do they operate separately? Concurrently? Or both?

2222

Two Routes to Emotion

Primary & Secondary Emotions• A distinction between primary and

secondary emotions has been proposed.• Primary emotions are probably innate and

universal and include fear, rage, surprise, happiness, joy, disgust (Ortony and Turner, 1990). Ortony, A., & Turner, T. J. (1990). What's basic about basic emotions? Psychological Review, 97, 315-331.

• Secondary emotions are more complex and appear to be acquired or learned (Damasio, 1999) and include optimism, love, humiliation, hope, vigilance, optimism.

• Damasio links secondary emotions with the orbitofrontal cortex (behind the eyes).

Damasio, A.R. (1999). The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness. Orlando: Harcourt Brace.

Vaughan, Bell (2002). Motivation and Emotion. PPT slide retrieved from http://www.cf.ac.uk/psych/home/bellv1/conf/VaughanMotivationEmotionLecture2004.ppt#21 Related MS Word lecture at http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=fast+route+is+quick%2C+inaccurate&btnG=Search. Written permission granted.

In 1937 emotion was linked to the limbic system by Papez. He stated that the hypothalamus, anterior thalamic nuclei, gyrus cinguli, and hippocampus elaborate functions of emotion. MacLean used the terms "limbic system" in 1952 and identified three specific subdivisions: the amygdala, septal, and thalamocingulate. He postulated that the limbic brain responds to inputs from internal and external sources. The closed circuit between the limbic system and the thalamus and hypothalamus is the Papez circuit. The fornix connects the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus, which project to the anterior nuclei of the thalamus. The nuclei of the thalamus complete the closed circuit through fibers to the hippocampus. These interconnections combine to form the neural basis of emotion.

For more detail see http://www.macalester.edu/~psych/whathap/UBNRP/Audition/site/anatomy%20of%20emotion%20in%20pain

Hippocampal Formation

Anterior Nuclei of Thalamus

Gyruc Cinguli

PAPEZ CIRCUITPAPEZ CIRCUIT

Mamillary Body

The AmygdalaLeDoux

Identified as crucial in fearFear conditioning in animalsTrace route from audition

LeDouxIdentified as crucial in fearFear conditioning in animalsTrace route from audition

Amygdala

Hippocampus

Basal Forebrain

Nuclei

Fornix

Mammillothalamic Tract

Cingulate Gyrus

Anterior Nucleus of Dorsal Thalamus

Parahippocampal Gyrus

Mammillary Body

Sensory Cortex

Sensory Thalamus

Hypothalamus, Midbrain, Pons,

Medulla

Main and Accessory

Olfactory Bulb

Medial Basal Forebrain and Hypothalamus


Face & Emotion: Paul Ekman

• Multicultural/Evolutionary Theory• 1 - Universal neurophysiology in the facial

muscles • 2 - Culture-specific variations in the

expression of emotion

• Seven Universal Facial Expressions of Emotion:Anger, Happiness, Fear, Surprise, Disgust, Sadness, and Contempt

Ekman, Paul (2003). Emotions Revealed : Recognizing Faces and Feelings to Improve Communication and Emotional Life. New York: Henry Holt & Company; Copy for the slide above taken from a PPT slide set by Evette Samaan available at

http://faculty.riohondo.edu/esamaan/EmotionsStressHealthPsych101.ppt#6. Slide arranged by Gordon Vessels 2005.

Hormones and Emotion• You perceive the sensory stimulus.• The adrenal gland sends out two

hormones: epinephrine and norepinephrine.

• They activate the sympathetic nervous system.

• That produces arousal or alertness that provides the body with the energy to act (pupils dilate, the heart beatraces, and breathing quickens.


Info for this slide taken from Evette Samaan at http://faculty.riohondo.edu/esamaan/EmotionsStressHealthPsych101.ppt#12

Theorist(s) Basic Emotions Basis for Inclusion

Plutchik acceptance, anger, anticipation, disgust, joy, fear, sadness, surprise

Biological Adaptation Related (Evolutionary)

Arnold anger, aversion, courage, dejection, desire, despair, fear, hate, hope, love, sadness

Relation to action tendencies

Ekman, Friesen, and Ellsworth

anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, surprise Universal Facial Expressions

Frijda desire, happiness, interest, surprise, wonder, sorrow

Forms of Action Readiness

Gray rage and terror, anxiety, joy Hardwired

Izard anger, contempt, disgust, distress, fear, guilt, interest, joy, shame, surprise Hardwired

James fear, grief, love, rage Bodily Involvement

McDougall anger, disgust, elation, fear, subjection, tender-hearted, wonder Relation to Instincts

Mowrer pain, pleasure Unlearned

Oatley and Johnson-Laird

anger, disgust, anxiety, happiness, sadness

No Propositional Content Requirded

Panksepp expectancy, fear, rage, panic Hardwired

Tomkins anger, interest, contempt, disgust, distress, fear, joy, shame, surprise Density of Neural Firing

Watson fear, love, rage Hardwired

Weiner & Graham

happiness, sadness Attribution Independent

Chart taken with permisson from Ortony, A., & Turner, T. J. (1990). What's basic about basic emotions? Psychological Review, 97, 315-331

The concept of emotion is applicable to all evolutionary levels and applies to animals as well as to humans.

Emotion serves an adaptive role in helping organisms deal with key survival issues posed by the environment.

There is a small number of basic primary or prototype emotions.

All other emotions are mixed or derivative states; they occur as combinations, mixtures, or compounds of primary emotions.

Primary emotions can be conceptualized as pairs of opposites.

All emotions vary in their degree of similarity to each other.

The concept of emotion is applicable to all evolutionary levels and applies to animals as well as to humans.

Emotion serves an adaptive role in helping organisms deal with key survival issues posed by the environment.

There is a small number of basic primary or prototype emotions.

All other emotions are mixed or derivative states; they occur as combinations, mixtures, or compounds of primary emotions.

Primary emotions can be conceptualized as pairs of opposites.

All emotions vary in their degree of similarity to each other.

Emotions have an evolutionary history and have evolved various forms

of expression in different species.

Despite different forms of expression of emotions in

different species, there are certain common elements, or

prototype patterns, that can be identified.

Primary emotions are hypothethical constructs or idealized states whose

properties and characteristics can only be inferred from various kinds of evidence.

Each emotion can exist in varying degrees of intensity or levels of arousal.

Plutchik, R. (1980). A general psychoevolutionary theory of emotion. In R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.), Emotion: Theory, research, and experience:

Vol. 1. Theories of emotion (pp. 3-33). New York: Academic.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10 Plutchik's Psycho- Evolutionary Theory

of Basic Emotions Has Ten Postulates

Plutchik's Psycho- Evolutionary Theory

of Basic Emotions Has Ten Postulates

Differential Emotions Theory (Izard & Malatesta, 1987)

Slide modelled after Farmer, Marion (2002) http://psychology.unn.ac.uk/marion/webdevptl%20files%5Clec07%5Clec07.ppt#12 & #13

Nine basic emotions: interest, joy, sadness, surprise, anger, fear, disgust, contempt, and shame.

Three components for each: • Neural: each emotion is linked to a particular neural substratum.• Motor-expressive: each is expressed in a distinct manner.• Mental: each is associated with a specific feeling tone.

• For each emotion the three components are innately linked and are initially organised in a rigid, stereotypical manner.

• Basic emotions all have unique adaptive value, biological functions, and social functions.

• Emotions emerge when they first become adaptive to the individual; some are present at birth e.g. disgust.

• Development of emotions takes place in synchrony with perceptual, motor and cognitive development, but the link is indirect. The need for new emotions emerges with new cognition, mobility, and perceptions.

• The regulation of affect also moves through a development process.• Emotions constitute the primary motivation for human behavior.

Izard, C. E., & Malatesta, C. Z. (1987). Perspectives on emotional development I: Differential emotions theory of early emotional development. In J. D. Osofsky (Ed). Handbook of Infant Development. New York: Wiley Interscience.

■

■


Physiological changes occur before the emotion and create the feelings we label as emotions: stimulatingsituation → physiological changes → emotion labeling. A visceralexperience (gut reaction) is labeledas an emotion. We have some autonomic reactions to stimuli. We observe these physicalsensations and label them asfeelings.

2. Research suggests that some visceral responses are not interpreted as emotions.

3. The range of emotions is broader and more complex than the range of gut reactions. But recent PET scans

suggest physiological correlates of emotional states are more specific

than once thought.

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

This theory has

4 problems.

This theory has

4 problems.

4. Even though James predicted that the loss of bodily sensation through spinal injury would depress emotions, this is not the case. Some report an increase in emotional intensity.

Sight of oncoming

car(perception

ofstimulus)

Pounding

heart(arousal

)

Fear(emotion

)

1. The visceral response may not occur quickly enough to account for sudden emotions

1. The visceral response may not occur quickly enough to account for sudden emotions

Benoit, Anthony G. (2002). Emotion and Motivation. Retrieved from http://environmentalet.org/psy111/motimotion.htm Slide arranged by Vessels 2005.

This theory proposes that emotion-eliciting stimuli are relayed simultaneously to the cortex and organs of the sympathetic nervous system. When stimuli reach the thalamus, this part of the midbrain activates a physical reaction and an emotional response.

Cannon-Bard theory

Cannon-Bard theory

The thalamus is a crossroads for sensory pathways, and it simultaneously signals the autonomic nervous system and the cerebral cortex. But the rest of the limbic system, particularly the hypothalamus and amygdala, are known to play a role in emotional responses. A physiological response and an emotional reaction may not be simultaneous.

PoundingHeart

(Arousal)

Fear(Emotio

n)

Sight of Oncoming

Car(Percepti

on of Stimulus)


Cere

bra

lC

OR

TEX

Au

ton

om

ic

Nerv

ou

s

Syste

m

•

First ExposureFirst Exposure

Later ExposureLater Exposure

StimulusStimulus

Negative After ImageNegative After Image

A Response

A - Response

B - Response

B - ResponseB - Response

}

}

Richard Solomon’s Opponent Process Theory states that once a particular emotional reaction has been activated, the brain

tries to regain homeostasis by initiating the opposite reaction.

Stimulus

AdaptationAdaptation

A Response


APPRAISAL THEORIES

Arnold (1960) introduced appraisal into psychology by describing it as the process by which a person determines the significance of their situation.

Appraisal gives rise to attraction or aversion, and emotion is equated with a "felt tendency toward anything intuitively appraised as good (beneficial), or away from anything intuitively appraised as bad (harmful)."

Lazarus (1991) said appraisals are necessary and sufficient for emotion, and he saw each emotion as being completely determined by the patterns of appraisal giving rise to them.

Appraisal theorists think the cognitive processes underlying emotion are conscious or unconscious, and propositional or non-propositional.

Cognitivists say emotions involve propositional attitudes: one can't be angry unless another is guilty; one can't be envious unless another has something good.

By Ronald de Sousa, Retrived from the Stanford Encyclopedia of

Philosophy 3-05

Physiology: ArousalExpression: Overt

Cognition: Appraisal

EMOTION

Created by Dr. Gordon Vesselss 2005

Appraisal Theory: Schachter-Singer

“two factor” or “social-

environmental context and

arousal” theory

Appraisal Theory: Schachter-Singer

“two factor” or “social-

environmental context and

arousal” theory

CognitiveLabel After Appraising

Social-Environmental

Context:“I’m afraid”

Fear(emotion)

Sight of Oncoming

Car(Perception of Stimulus)

PoundingHeart

(Arousal)

This is the theoretical basis for canned laughter. A stimulus causes physiological

arousal; this stimulus is considered in light of environmental and social cues. The

arousal is then interpreted as an emotional state based on these cues. In other words, the environment, particularly the behavior

of other people, is used to explain the physiological state. Events relevant to one’s

well-being are important factors in determining their emotional response.

This is the theoretical basis for canned laughter. A stimulus causes physiological

arousal; this stimulus is considered in light of environmental and social cues. The

arousal is then interpreted as an emotional state based on these cues. In other words, the environment, particularly the behavior

of other people, is used to explain the physiological state. Events relevant to one’s

well-being are important factors in determining their emotional response.

Benoit, Anthony G. (2002). Emotion and Motivation. Retrieved from http://environmentalet.org/psy111/motimotion.htm Slide arranged by Vessels 2005.

Appraisal Theories• Arnold (1960) was concerned with the missing piece

of the puzzle in explaining emotion.

• What causes the reaction in the first place ?

• He concluded there must be some sort of appraisal process by which we analyze a situation.

• This produces an action tendency (bear → run).

• Emotion is the outcome of this process.

• He proposed that this is unconscious as it happens, but we should be able to reflect back on the appraisal process afterwards to examine what happened.

Vaughan, Bell (2002). Motivation and Emotion. PPT slide retrieved from http://www.cf.ac.uk/psych/home/bellv1/conf/VaughanMotivationEmotionLecture2004.ppt#26 Related MS word lecture at http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=fast+route+is+quick%2C+inaccurate&btnG=Search. Written for use permission granted.

OCC ModelEvent, Agent,

or Object of Appraisal

appraised in terms of

Goals (events)

Norms/Standards (agents’ actions)

Tastes/Attitude(objects)

joy

distress

hope

anxiety

relief

optimism

anger

gratitude

gratification

remorse

vigilance

pride

shame

admiration

reproach

guilt

love

hate

Loathing

awe

interest

GOAL-BASED EMOTIONS

COMPOUND EMOTIONS

STANDARDS-BASED EMOTION

ATTITUDE-BASED EMOTIONS

Ortony, Clore and Collins's theory proposes that the emotions we experience depend on what we focus on in situations. Emotions are seen as pos. or neg. reactions to things. They are descriptions of a person's reaction to events, people, and objects in the environment. These appraisals are reactions to the environment.

This theory yields different types of

emotions represented by token words. It makes a

distinction between examining emotion words

and examining the emotions. This circumplex

approach focuses on emotion words and how

they are used rather than on emotions and

how they are created.

Ruebenstrunk, Gerd (n.d.). PPT slide found at http://www.schooldays.de/ruebentemp/presentation4.ppt#21 used as a model by Vessels 2005.

Life events

Health Illness

Personal appraisal

Challenge Threat

Personality type

EasygoingNon-Depressed

Optimistic

HostileDepressedPessimistic

Personality habits

NonsmokingRegular ExerciseGood Nutrition

SmokingSedentary

Poor Nutrition

Close, Enduring Lacking

Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels

Tendency toward

Level of social support

Created by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005. Motivation versus Emotion Emotion, a subjective sensation...

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