CPV- DRH SIDNA
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Transcript of CPV- DRH SIDNA
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Parvoviruses
(canine parvovirus -2)September 7-8, 2010
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First reports of CPV enteritisAn enteric disease of dogs resembling feline
panleucopenia.
W.R. Kelly, Aust. Vet Jn. 54:593. 1978
Canine gastroenteritis associated with a
parvovirus-like agent.
G.W. Thompson and A.N. Gagnon. Can. Vet Jn.
19:346. 1978
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W.R. Kelly. 1978. An enteric disease of dogs
resembling feline panleucopenia. A.V.J. 54:593
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Kelly, 1978
intestinal crypts
normal
suspected
viral
enteritis
bone marrow
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First reports of CPV myocarditis
Diffuse subacute myocarditis of possible viral aetiology:
A cause of sudden death in pups.
W.R. Kelly.Aust. Vet Jn 55:36. 1979
Sudden death in puppies associated with a suspected
viral myocarditis
R.B. Atwell et al. Aust. Vet Jn 55:37. 1979
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Kelly,1979
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The evolution of CPVFeline parvovirus
Fox parvovirus
Raccoon parvovirus
Carnivore (?) parvovirus
1970,74-76
CPV-2 CPV-2a CPV-2b
1979 1987
cats
?
?
?
?(10-20% of
cats with parvo
enteritis)
~1900
?
CPV-2c
2004
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The virus
dimple
canyon
neutralizing epitopes,
host-range mutations
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Kennedy et al. 1995. Virucidal efficacy of the newer
quarternary ammonium compounds. JAAHA 31:254
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Kennedy et al 95
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American Jn of Inf. Control2006, 34:269-273
1000 ppm is equivalent to approx. 2% solution of household bleach
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Parvovirus in the scheme of things
Circoviridae
Parvoviridae
porcine circovirus
canine parvovirus-2
feline panleukopenia virus
porcine parvovirus (SMEDI)
Viruses with single stranded DNA
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Replicative cycle
Attachment
Requirement for dividing cells
Intranuclear inclusion bodies
Release by lysis - death of cell
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CPV attaches to cells using
transferrin receptor (host tropism)The natural host-range shift and
subsequent evolution of canine
parvovirus resulted from virus-
specific binding to the canine
transferrin receptor. Hueffer et al.
2003 J. Virol 77; 1718-1726
transferrin receptor
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Pathogenesis
infection
fecal-oral route
Virus extremely stable (> 6 months) Inactivated by 4% solution of bleach
Most virucidal disinfectants not effective
access to lymphatic nodules in tonsils or gut
(M-cells)
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Entry at mucosal surfaces (M cells)
M cell
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Entry at mucosal surfaces(M cells)
M cellTransport across M cell
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Entry at mucosal surfaces (M cells)
Infected
Lymphoid cell
spread
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Spread of virus in the body
mesenteric, systemiclymph nodes, bone marrow
(lymphoid and myeloid precursors)
crypt cells
no epithelial replacement,
collapse of lamina propria
virus in feces
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Actively dividing cells in gut
Peyers
patches
crypt cells
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Damage to the gut
collapsed crypts
depleted Peyers patches
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Incubation period and duration of
shedding
infection
virus shedding
clinical signs
day 0
4-14 days
incubation period
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After challenge
incubation period
vaccination does
not provide sterile
immunity
Ron D. Schultz
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Response to infection -
asymptomatic ->death
Depends on:
immune status of dog
Immune or able to make antibodies
individual variation
Intestinal and lymphoid cell turn-over
genetic susceptibility
variation among virus strains
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Risk factors for parvovirus
enteritis season - 3 times more likely - July to Sept
breeds - Rottweilers, Dobermans,
Shepherds
sex - intact dogs four times more likely
no vaccination - 13 times more likely
Risk factors associated with parvovirus enteritis in dogs:283
cases - D. M. Houston et al. JAVMA 208:542-546. 1996
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Most likely clinico-path findings
lethargy and vomiting - 84-87%
diarrhoea - 60%
leukopenia (at some time) - 45% neutropenia (at some time) - 51%
fever (>39.5) - 24%
Risk factors associated with parvovirus enteritis in dogs:283 cases - D. M.
Houston et al. JAVMA 208:542-546. 1996
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Vet Rec. 2010 Aug 7;167(6):196-201.
Epidemiology of canine parvovirus and coronavirus in dogs presented with
severe diarrhoea to PDSA PetAid hospitals.
Godsall SA, Clegg SR, Stavisky JH, Radford AD, Pinchbeck G.
Correlates with detectable CPV2 in feces of dogs
with diarrhoea:
Lack of vaccination in young dogs (
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Myocarditis
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Diagnosis of parvovirus enteritis
Clinical signs and clinico-pathological
parameters
why are these not sufficient to make a definitivediagnosis
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Some infectious causes of
enteritis in dogs Parvovirus
Distemper virus
Coronavirus
Rotavirus (
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Virus isolation
fecal suspension treated with chloroform
inoculate feline kidney cells
incubate 3-5 days
stain with parvo-
virus antibody+
fluoroscene
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Haemagglutination (HA)
virus No virus
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HaemagglutinationDilution
2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512
prozone titre
1024No
virus
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Comparison of sensitivity
dilution 0 1/10 1/100 1/1000 .... 10-7
IDEXX
Virus isolation
HA 1/8192 (HA titre during peak
clinical signs is 1,000 -
10,000)
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Incubation period and duration of
shedding
infection
virus shedding
day 0
4-14 days
incubation period clinical signs
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Haemagglutination inhibition
(HAI) heat to inactivate complement in serum
adsorb to RBC, then remove
dilute (1/20, 1/40 etc)
add virus
incubate
add RBC
incubate
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HAI Serumdilution
1/20
1/40
1/80
1/160
1/320
1/6401/1280
-ve control
1 wk8 wksVirusHA
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Protection of animals
(vaccination) by itself or as component of combined
vaccine (DA2PPv)
attenuated or inactivated
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Interference by maternal
antibodies
2 4 6 8 10 12
*
*
*
* *
*passive
antibody
weeks after birth
minimum
level needed
for
protection
interferes with
vaccination
window of
susceptibility
HAI - 80
HAI - 10 to 20Puppies can
Only be
Vaccinated
Below this level
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J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health. 2000 May;47(4):273-6.Immunization of pups with maternally derived antibodies to canine parvovirus (CPV)using a modified-live variant (CPV-2b).Pratelli A, Cavalli A, Normanno G, De Palma MG, Pastorelli G, Martella V, Buonavoglia C.
Passive antibody decreases vaccine
efficacy
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Strategies for reducing/overcoming risk
of maternal interference
biweekly vaccinations
low passage, high titre vaccines
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Low-passage, high-titre vaccines
Pfizer - Vanguard puppy
Schering-Plough - Galaxy
Merial - Canine Parvo XL
http://www.pfizer.com/ah/level13/tref/trbull/parbull.html -
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Vaccines should contain CPV2a and
CPV2bCPV vaccination:
comparison of
neutralizing antibodyresponses in pups after
inoculation with CPV2 or
CPV2b modified livevaccines. Pratelli et al.
2001. Clin. Diag. Lab.
Immunol. 8: 612-615
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Debate on frequency ofvaccination
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Parvovirus vaccines licensed in
Canada modified-live alone or in various combinations
CFIA
http://active.inspection.gc.ca/scripts/database/vetbio_submit.asp?lang=e&species=4&manufacturer=allhttp://active.inspection.gc.ca/scripts/database/vetbio_submit.asp?lang=e&species=4&manufacturer=allhttp://active.inspection.gc.ca/scripts/database/vetbio_submit.asp?lang=e&species=4&manufacturer=allhttp://active.inspection.gc.ca/scripts/database/vetbio_submit.asp?lang=e&species=4&manufacturer=all -
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Potential antiviral therapy
Vet Rec. 2003 Jan 25;152(4):105-8.
Treatment of canine parvoviral enteritis with interferon-
omega in a placebo-controlled field trial.de Mari K, Maynard L, Eun HM, Lebreux B.
J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2010 Aug;33(4):352-6.
Hematologic improvement in dogs with parvovirus infection
treated with recombinant canine granulocyte-colony
stimulating factor.
Duffy, A, Dow S, Ogilvie G, Rao S, Hackett T.
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Other parvoviruses of veterinary
importance feline panleukopenia virus (related
carnivore parvoviruses)
porcine parvovirus
aleutian mink diseases
human parvovirus B19
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Feline parvovirus
normal
cerebellar
hypoplasia
from:
Veterinary Virology
Murphy et al.
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CzarMr. S brought Czar, a 7 month old Rottweiler, to the WCVM clinic on August 30. Czar had had severe
vomiting and diarrhea for the previous two days. He had vomited two or three times on the previous
evening and once that morning. The diarrhea was watery with no blood. Czar had not eaten in the two
days prior to presentation.
Czar did not have a history of raiding garbage cans and Mr. S thought it unlikely that Czar had eaten
anything unusual. The dog was fed a commercial puppy chow and there had been no change in his diet.
Czars vaccinations were up to date with extra parvovirus boosters up to 20 weeks of age. According to
the WCVM records Czar had been vaccinated at 8, 12, 16 and 20 weeks with a vaccine containingdistemper virus, parvovirus and adenovirus-2.
The attending veterinarian found Czar to be listless and quiet. The dog was anorexic and slightly
dehydrated. There appeared to be no discomfort on palpation.
His temperature was 39oC (N 37.239.2), pulse was 116 (N 70160) and respiration was 32 (N 10 -
30).
1 You suspect that Czar has parvovirus enteritis What tests would you request
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1. You suspect that Czar has parvovirus enteritis. What tests would you request
to confirm (or refute) your suspicions?
2. What are your reasons for requesting these tests? What would you expect the
tests to show?
3. Would you treat Czar with antibiotics? Why?4. If you requested a complete blood count (CBC) for Czar, what might the
CBC pattern be? How might you expect the pattern to change over the next
few days?
5. Which tissues is the parvovirus most likely to affect? What changes would
you expect in these tissues?6. Assume that Czar has parvovirus enteritis. Why do you think he became sick
despite your having vaccinated him against parvovirus?
7. Are any of Mr. Ss family members likely to be infected by Czars virus? Is
there a human parvovirus? How is it related to canine parvovirus 2?
8. Can Czar pass parvovirus on to the family cat?
9. What advise would you give Czars owner about disinfecting areas
contaminated with Czars feces?
10. Czar was hospitalized but a week later he had recovered and was sent home.
Would you expect Czar to be contagious at that time?
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Questions 1 and 2: Liz AndreeColleen Chan
Questions 3 and 4: Sydney ChowShannon Gruen
Questions 5 and 6: Amber HamiltonAngela Le
Questions 7 and 8: Ellen LittleyJanine RegehrQuestions 9 and 10: Dane RichardsonAnita Yee
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Blood was taken for CBC, a faecal sample was submitted for bacteriological
analysis and a ParvoCITE test was performed. On the basis of the ParvoCITE
test, which was strongly positive, a diagnosis of parvovirus enteritis was made.
Czar was put in an isolation ward and started immediately on IV fluids.
Ampicillin as well as gentamicin were administered. Over the next 3 days Czar's
condition deteriorated. Diarrhea became bloody. The IV fluids and antibioticswere continued. On the fourth day after admitting, the diarrhea appeared to stop.
Although weak, Czar seemed willing to walk around. The dog's condition
improved steadily over the next few days. By day 6 Czar was able to drink
without vomiting and a day later he ate small amount of Hill's I/D diet.
Once it was established that he could maintain his body's fluid levels he was
weaned off the I.V. fluids. Eight days after being admitted to hospital he was sent
home.
What happened
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