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    AIR POLLUTION

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    Air pollution

    Air pollution occurs when the air contains gases, dust, fumes orodor in harmful amounts.

    It could be harmful to the health or comfort of humans and animalsor which could cause damage to plants and materials.

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    Pollutants

    The substances that cause air pollution are called pollutants. Pollutants that are pumped into our atmosphere and directly

    pollute the air are called primary pollutants.

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    Primary and Secondary pollutants

    Primary pollutant examples include carbon monoxide from carexhausts and sulfur dioxide from the combustion of coal.

    Pollution can arise if primary pollutants in the atmosphereundergo chemical reactions.

    The resulting compounds are called secondary pollutants.Photochemical smog is an example of this.

    Examples are gaseous discharges from industry and motorvehicles and wind-blown dust and smoke from fires.

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    Historical explanation of air pollution

    In the days before the proliferation of large cities and industry,nature's own systems kept the air fairly clean. Wind mixed anddispersed the gases, rain washed the dust and other easilydissolved substances to the ground and plants absorbed carbondioxide and replaced it with oxygen.

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    Historical explanation of air pollution

    With increasing urbanisation and industrialisation, humans startedto release more wastes into the atmosphere than nature could copewith.

    Since then, more pollution has been added to the air by industrial,commercial and domestic sources.

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    Main Pollutants in the Philippines

    Motor vehicles comprises 80% of the pollution jeepneys, buses, and tricycles-inefficient emission systems

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    Generally any substance that

    people introduce into theatmosphere that has damagingeffects on living things and the

    environment is considered airpollution.

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    The largest amounts of air pollutioncome from human activity

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    Air Pollution Causes:

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    IndustriesSector Air Pollutants Emitted

    Biofuel Combustion MostlyCO;

    also SO2 and NOx

    Industry & RefineriesMostly SO2 and NOx;

    also CO

    Power Generation

    Mostly SO2 and NOx;

    also CO

    Residential and CommercialSector

    Mostly SO2 and CO;also NOx

    Road, Rail, Air & OtherTransport

    Mostly NOx and CO;also SO2

    Air pollutants are basically the wasteproducts generated by the above

    mentioned economic sectors.

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    Carbon dioxide

    the main pollutant that is

    warming Earth

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    Widely considered to be a pollutant

    when associated with:

    cars

    planes power plants human activities that involve theburning of fossil fuels such as gasolineand natural gas.

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    Methane

    comes from such sources as:

    -swamps-gas emitted by livestock

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    Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

    used in refrigerants and aerosolpropellants

    they were banned because of theirdeteriorating effect on Earth's ozonelayer.

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    Sulfur dioxide

    a component of smog.

    Sulfur dioxide and closely related chemicalsare known primarily as a cause of acid rain

    Volcanic eruptions can spew massiveamounts of sulfur dioxide into the

    atmosphere

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    Power generation (public electricity & heatproduction) is by far the largest industry for global SO2emissions.

    Power plantsCoal Burning

    Industry (manufacturing industries & construction) isthe second biggest source of sulfur dioxide emissionsglobally.

    Non-ferrous metals production is the third largestsource of SO2 emissions.

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    Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)

    are produced by combustion of allfossil fuels including coal- and gas-fired power stations and motor

    vehicles.

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    Two main nitrogen oxides:

    nitric oxide (NO) -colorless gas

    nitrogen dioxide (NO2)-gas of reddish-brown color with a distinct sharp, bitingodor.

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    Road transport is the biggestglobal contributor of nitrogenemissions produced by motor

    fuel combustion.

    Others: Power generation

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    Carbon Monoxide (CO)

    Deforestation by means of fires(plus other wildfires) - biggest source of

    carbon monoxide emissions.

    Others: road transport

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    Other Air Pollutants

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    Airborne Particles- are tiny fragments ofsolid or liquid nature suspended in the air(aerosols).

    Inhalation of airborne particles may lead to

    asthma, lung cancer and other problems.

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    Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

    may include a wide range of organic airpollutants, from pure hydrocarbons topartially oxidized hydrocarbons to organic

    compounds containing chlorine, sulfur, ornitrogen.

    may affect human health directly (ex.,leukemia)

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    Persistent Organic Pollutants

    (POPs)

    - compounds which are resistant todegradation and persistent in theenvironment, and may include

    dioxins, furans, polychlorinatedbiphenyls (PCBs) andorganochlorine pesticides such as

    DDT.

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    Natural Air Pollution Causes

    -are mostly forest fires andvolcano eruptions but may alsoinclude vegetation (ex., forests),

    oceans and decay processes insoil.

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    Air Pollution Effects

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    Sulfur Dioxide

    Irritation of eyes, nose, throat; damage tolungs when inhaledAcute and chronic asthmaBronchitis and emphysema (as a resultof synergy between SO2 and suspended

    particulate matter)Lung cancer

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    Nitrogen Dioxide

    Increased incidence of respiratory illnessIncreased airway resistance (due toinflammation)

    Damage to lung tissueChronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD(narrowing of the airways)Emphysema (as part of COPD)Pulmonary edema (accumulation of excessivefluid in the lungs)Infant and cardiovascular death

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    Carbon Monoxide

    Toxicity of the central nervous systemand heart

    Headaches, dizziness, nausea andunconsciousnessLoss of visionDecreased muscular coordinationAbdominal pain

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    Severe effects on the baby of apregnant womanImpaired performance on simple

    psychological tests and arithmetic; lossof judgment of timeIn cases of prolonged exposure to high

    CO concentrations, unconsciousness,convulsions and death would occur

    O Eff t

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    Ozone Effects

    Burning nose and watering eyesTightening of the chestCoughing, wheezing and throat irritation

    Rapid, shallow, painful breathingSusceptibility to respiratory infectionsInflammation and damage to the lining of

    the lungsAggravation of asthmaFatigue

    Cancer

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    Ammonia Effects

    Livestock farming, animal waste and

    fertilizer application are the biggestsources of atmospheric ammoniaemissions

    On the respiratory system:

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    On the respiratory system:

    Nose & throat irritation and burns (their severity

    increasing with the increased ammoniaconcentrations)Swelling of the throat and airways; airways

    destructionPulmonary edemaChronic lung disease

    CoughAsthmaLung fibrosisInhaling large amounts of ammonia can be fatal

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    On the skin & eyes:

    Skin burnsSkin conditions, ex. dermatitis

    Burning sensation in the eyesUlceration & perforation of thecornea (can occur months afterexposure); blindnessCataracts & glaucoma

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    Volatile Organic Compounds

    Tiredness, vertigo, drowsiness,dizziness, nausea, confusion,unconsciousness

    Tiredness

    AnemiaBone marrow damage

    Liver damage

    Dysfunction of the central nervous system:

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    Dysfunction of the central nervous system:Behavioral problems

    Memory lossDisturbance of the circadian rhythmCardiovascular diseases

    Cancer; specifically leukemiaAbnormal changes in fetus development,birth defects

    VOCs also contribute to sick buildingsyndrome indoorsAs facilitators in ozone formation, VOCs may

    indirectly contribute to respiratory problems

    Ai b P ti l

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    Airborne Particles

    Increased respiratory symptoms (ex.

    irritation of the airways, coughing, difficultybreathing)

    Decreased lung functionAggravated asthmaChronic bronchitis

    Irregular heartbeatNonfatal heart attacksPremature death in people with heart or lung

    disease

    Th g h ff t

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    The greenhouse effect

    - is a life-threatening global phenomenon thatis the creation of air pollutants. Thisphenomenon is the result of the trapped

    greenhouse gases in the upper atmosphere.Accumulation of carbon dioxide gas, methane,nitrogen oxides, hydrofluorocarbons,

    perfluorocarbons and chlorofluorocarbonshave brought on a major climate change,increased acidity of ocean waters and major

    modifications in marine ecosystems.

    Glob l W i g

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    Global Warming

    The main cause of global warming is the burning offossil fuels, especially petroleum, in automobileand plane engines, and coal, in the manufacturingof electricity and as an industrial fuel source.

    The resulting gases, called greenhouse gases, riseinto the atmosphere, where they trap the sun's

    heat.

    A id R i

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    Acid Rain

    Acid rain is any precipitation that contains highlevels of nitric and sulfuric acid. Volcanoes androtting vegetation can cause acid rain, but the mainculprits, by far, are fossil fuels, especially coal andpetroleum.

    When these are burned, they release sulfur

    dioxide, nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide into theatmosphere. Winds can spread these acidshundreds of miles. When they fall as precipitation,

    they increase the acidity of lakes, rivers, streams

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    Many marine animals cannot live inacidic conditions, which affects theentire food chain.

    On land, soils are affected, in turnaffecting trees and plants, making it

    harder for them to take up water andwithstand cold, disease and insects.

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    Smog-comes from mixing the words

    smoke and fog.

    It is that darkish, lingering cloud that

    can be seen in big cities, especially insummer. It is a mixture of ozone fromburnt fossil fuels, water vapor and

    airborne particles.

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    Smog forms when these chemicals mixwith heat and sunlight.

    In winter, the smog is thicker, as the

    cooler winter air holds the particles andgases lower to the ground. This type ofsmog killed 4,000 people in a five-day

    period in London in 1952.

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    PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999 The State shall protect and advance the right of the people to a

    balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm andharmony of nature

    The State shall promote and protect the global environment to

    attain sustainable development while recognizing the primaryresponsibility of local government units to deal with environmentalproblems.

    The State recognizes that the responsibility of cleaning the habitatand environment is primarily area-based.

    The State also recognizes the principle that polluters must pay.

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    PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999 SEC. 19. Pollution From Stationary Sources.- The Department shall,

    within two (2) years from the effectivity of this Act, and every two(2) years thereafter, review, or as the need therefore arises, reviseand publish emission standards, to further improve the emissionstandards for stationary sources of air pollution.

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    PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999 SEC. 20. Ban on Incineration.- Incineration, hereby defined as the

    burning of municipal, biomedical and hazardous waste, whichprocess emits poisonous and toxic fumes is hereby prohibited

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    PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999 SEC. 21. Pollution from Motor Vehicles.- a) The DOTC shall

    implement the emission standards for motor vehicles set pursuantto and as provided in this Act. To further improve the emissionstandards, the Department shall review, revise and publish thestandards every two (2) years, or as the need arises. It shall

    consider the maximum limits for all major pollutants to ensuresubstantial improvement in air quality for the health, safety andwelfare of the general public

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    PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999

    Type of Vehicle CO (g/km) HC+Nox (g/km) Pma (g/km)Light 2.72 0.97 0.14Light Commercial (1250 but 1700)) 6.9 1.7 0.25Heavy 4.5 9.1 0.36

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    PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999 SEC. 24. Pollution from smoking.- Smoking inside a public building

    or an enclosed public place including public vehicles and othermeans of transport or in any enclosed area outside of ones private

    residence, private place of work or any duly designated smokingarea is hereby prohibited under this Act. This provision shall be

    implemented by the LGUs.

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    WATER POLLUTION

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    Environmental pollution is the contamination of the physicaland biological components of the earth/atmosphere system tosuch an extent that normal environmental processes areadversely affected.

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    Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into theenvironment that cause harm or discomfort to living organisms,or that damage the environment which can come in the form ofchemical substances, or energy such as noise, heat or light.

    Pollutants can be naturally occurring substances or energies, butare considered contaminants when in excess of natural levels.

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    History

    Throughout history, the quality of drinking water has been afactor in determining human welfare.

    Fecal pollution of drinking water has frequently causedwaterborne diseases that have decimated the populations of

    whole cities

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    Currently, waterborne toxic chemicals pose the greatest threatto the safety of water supplies in industrialized nations.

    In some areas, the quality of groundwater is subject to a numberof chemical threats.

    Since World War II, there has been a tremendous growth in themanufacture and use of synthetic chemicals. Many of thechemicals have contaminated water supplies.

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    CAUSES OF WATER

    POLLUTION

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    ELEMENTAL POLLUTANTS

    Trace element is a term that refers to those elements that occurat very low levels of a few parts per million or less in a givensystem.

    heavy metals are among the most harmful of the elemental

    pollutants and are of particular concern because of theirtoxicities to humans. These elements are, the transition metals,and some of the representative elements, such as lead and tin, inthe lower right-hand corner of the periodic table

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    Metalloids, elements on the borderline between metals and non-metals, are significant water pollutants. Arsenic, selenium, andantimony are of particular interest.

    Inorganic chemicals manufacture has the potential to

    contaminate water with trace elements.

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    HEAVY METALS

    Cadmium

    cadmium in water may arise from industrial discharges and miningwastes.

    The effects of acute cadmium poisoning in humans are veryserious. Among them are high blood pressure, kidney damage,destruction of testicular tissue, and destruction of red bloodcells.

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    Lead

    Inorganic lead arises from a number of industrial and mining sources.

    In addition to pollutant sources, lead-bearing limestone contribute leadto natural waters in some locations.

    Acute lead poisoning in humans may cause severe dysfunction ofthe kidney, reproductive system, liver, brain, and central nervoussystem leading to sickness or death.

    Mild lead poisoning causes anemia. The victim may haveheadaches and sore muscles, and may feel generally fatiguedand irritable.

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    Mercury

    Mercury enters the environment from the human use of the element.These include discarded laboratory chemicals, batteries, brokenthermometers, amalgam tooth fillings.

    The toxicological effects of mercury are neurological damage,including irritability, paralysis, blindness, or insanity;chromosome breakage; and birth defects.

    The milder symptoms of mercury poisoning such as depressionand irritability have a psychopathological character.

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    INORGANIC POLLUTANTS

    Cyanide

    Cyanide is widely used in industry.

    It is also one of the main gas and coke scrubber effluent pollutants fromgas works and coke ovens.

    Cyanide is widely used in certain mineral-processing operations.

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    Ammonia

    Excessive levels of ammoniacal nitrogen cause water-quality problems.

    Itis the initial product of the decay of nitrogenous organic wastes, andits presence indicates the presence of such wastes.

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    Hydrogen sulfide

    a product of the anaerobic decay of organic matter containing sulfur.

    produced in the anaerobic reduction of sulfate by microorganisms andis evolved as a gaseous pollutant from geothermal waters.

    Wastes from chemical plants, paper mills, textile mills, and tanneriesmay also contain H2S

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    carbon dioxide

    is frequently present in water at high levels due to decay of organicmatter.

    It is also added to softened water during water treatment as part of a

    recarbonation proces. Excessive carbon dioxide levels may make water more corrosive,

    therefore, damaging to water distribution systems, and may be harmfulto aquatic life.

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    ORGANIC POLLUTANTS

    Sewage

    From domestic, commercial, food-processing, and industrial sourcescontains a wide variety of pollutants, including organic pollutants.

    Some of these pollutants, particularly oxygen-demanding substances

    oil, grease, and solidsare removed by primary and secondary sewage-treatment processes.

    Salts, heavy metals, and refractory (degradation-resistant) organics, arenot efficiently removed.

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    Waterborne diseases caused by polluted water

    Rashes, ear ache, pink eye

    Respiratory infections

    Hepatitis, encephalitis, gastroenteritis, diarrhoea, vomiting, andstomach aches

    Conditions related to water polluted by

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    Conditions related to water polluted bychemicals

    Cancer, incl. prostate cancer and non-Hodgkins lymphoma

    Hormonal problems that can disrupt reproductive anddevelopmental processes

    Damage to the nervous system

    Liver and kidney damage Damage to the DNA

    Exposure to mercury (heavy metal):

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    Water pollution may also result from interactions between waterand contaminated soil, as well as from deposition of aircontaminants (such as acid rain)

    Damage to people may be caused by fish foods coming from

    polluted water (a well known example is high mercury levels infish)

    Damage to people may be caused by vegetable crops grown /washed with polluted water.

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    DOH Policies

    Republic Act 9275: The Philippine Clean Water Act

    Enacted in 2004

    The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 aims to protect thecountrys water bodies from pollution from land -based sources(industries and commercial establishments, agriculture and

    community/household activities).

    It provides for a comprehensive and integrated strategy toprevent and minimize pollution through a multi-sectoral andparticipatory approach involving all the stakeholders

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    Other policies

    AO 18A s. 1993 Standards of quality and Requirements for theProvision, Packaging and Labeling of Bottled Water

    AO 2007 0012 Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water

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    DOH Programs and Projects

    Sagana at Ligtas na Tubig Para sa Lahat (Salintubig) Project

    In December 2010, the DILG entered into a Memorandum ofAgreement (MOA) with DOH and NAPC for the implementation

    of the Provision for Water Supply, also known as the Sagana atLigtas na Tubig Sa Lahat Program.

    The Program is designed to provide water supply systems for the455 waterless municipalities, waterless barangays, waterlesshealth centers, and waterless resettlement sites; and enhancethe capacity of the LGUs/water service providers in the planning,implementation, and operation of water supply facilities

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    Other Programs and Projects

    Water and Sanitation Programs

    Water Safety Plan Project

    Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage