Cover Nature Science 2 · 2016-11-17 · 7eoe 7eoe 7eoe czodko9afxtlq[dkolt[a[oUIP[IP’0Bo grn...

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(ສວສ

)

6

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7

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(ສວສ

)

8


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9


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(ສວສ

)

10


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|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqkF vkmyfmu ! ,NmuG !

11


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oqd[yo Xo?D$D oa[9eo;oI6[rk[c8j!{!WD

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|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqkF vkmyfmu ! ,NmuG !


(ສວສ

)

12


sq;0= hG 8af{8yfg9hpgxaoI6[rk[fvdw,hsq;0= hG 8af{8yfg9hpgxaoI6[rk[fvdw,hsq;0= hG 8af{8yfg9hpgxaoI6[rk[fvdw,hsq;0= hG 8af{8yfg9hpgxaoI6[rk[fvdw,hsq;0= hG 8af{8yfg9hpgxaoI6[rk[fvdw,hI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd0Ao8vo.odko8af{8yfg9hpgxaoI6[rk[fvdw,hhwfh4nd8hv’D@D g/ydxtlkflerao]ts;jk’,n da[ 8k.sh7jv’c7h;D#D ,u7;k,vqfmqo.odko8af{8yfI6[rk[fvdw,h.shleg]afD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dko8afg9hpgxaoI6[;q’,qoF I6[lujc9c]h;8yfgxaoI6[rk[fvdw,h

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D dk;leg]afI6[ sn dk;g0Qk|P;8Q,D@D ,uf8afxkp,qoF g9hpluF g9hp0k;F -k,oEF lt[6 c]t zhkg-af,nD#D g9hpc[[I6[fvdw,hmuj8yfc]h;D$D [qfgr’ lyj’muj,u-u;yfD

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpIhv’gr’ lyj’muj,u-u;yf xtdv[mjkmk’D@D .shgfadohvpla’gdfg9hpc[[I6[fvdw,hmuj8yfc]h;F lqomtokdjP;da[[aofkI6[mujgvqk,k8yfgxao

I6[fvdw,h c]t 0Ao8vodko8af{8yfD#D okp76cotoeF lkmyf;ymu c]t 0Ao8vodko8af{8yfg9hpgxaoI6[rk[fvdw,hD$D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af8q;9y’F okp768yf8k,-j;pgs^nvgfadohvpD&D .shgfadohvpltg|uzqo’ko c]t g;Qk7nodjP;da[0Ao8vodko8af{8yfI6[rk[fvdw,hD*D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[7;k,vqfmqo c]t dko-j;pgs^nv\6jgrnjvoD

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd0Ao8vodko8af{8yfg9hpgxaoI6[rk[fvdw,hhD@D 7;k,7jv’c7h;.odko8af{8yfg9hpgxaoI6[rk[fvdw,hD#D 7;k,vqfmqo.odko8af{8yfI6[rk[fvdw,h.shleg]afD

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqk vkmyfmu ! ,Nmu !

13

dyf9tdedkos^Yodk’c9h’dyf9tdedkos^Yodk’c9h’dyf9tdedkos^Yodk’c9h’dyf9tdedkos^Yodk’c9h’dyf9tdedkos^Yodk’c9h’

sq;0=hG c[[s^Yoc,;9a[\6sq;0=hG c[[s^Yoc,;9a[\6sq;0=hG c[[s^Yoc,;9a[\6sq;0=hG c[[s^Yoc,;9a[\6sq;0=hG c[[s^Yoc,;9a[\6I. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd0Ao8vo c]t dt8ydkdkosYoc[[sYoc,;9a[\6wfh4nd8hv’D@D s^Yoc[[s^Yoc,;9a[\6wfh4nd8hv’D#D g[ud[ko,j;o-njo.og;]ks^YoD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8= dkos^Yoc[[s^Yoc,;9a[\6D

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D dtc-ad c]t dv’D@D [qfgr’ lyj’muj,u-u;yfD#D ;ymus^Yo Xg[yj’xB,76j,n76?D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpIhv’gr’ lyj’muj,u-u;yf xtdv[mjkmk’D@D okp76ltg|uc[[sYo c]t lkmyf;ymusYoc[[sYoc,;9a[\6D#D .shgfadohvpsYoc[[sYoc,;9a[\6F okp768yf8k, c]t -j;pcotoeD$D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[dkos^Yoc[[s^Yoc,;9a[\6D&D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpG ]t,af]t;a’.og;]ks^YoF [=jp6hdao]Q,D ]q[s^ud.shfugrnjv[=j.shc,;9a[dyowfhD*D .shgfadohvpgvqk,n7Ecv;xyfwx0hk’-kp{0hk’0;k-hkM sa’9kdoAoxjvp.shgfadohvps^Yo8k,.9D

V DDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd0Ao8vo c]t dt8ydkdkosYoD@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkos^Yoc[[s^Yoc,;9a[\6D#D 7;k,g[ud[ko,j;o-njo.og;]ks^YoD



(ສວສ

)

14


sq;0=hG gd,9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[lyj’muj,u-u;yf X7qoF rnfF laf?sq;0=hG gd,9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[lyj’muj,u-u;yf X7qoF rnfF laf?sq;0=hG gd,9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[lyj’muj,u-u;yf X7qoF rnfF laf?sq;0=hG gd,9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[lyj’muj,u-u;yf X7qoF rnfF laf?sq;0=hG gd,9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[lyj’muj,u-u;yf X7qoF rnfF laf?I. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd-njgd, c]t I6[rk[muj,u16j.ogd,wfh4nd8hv’D@D 9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[lyj’muj,u-u;yf X7qoF rnfF laf? wfh4nd8hv’D#D gda[,hPoczjogd,D

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dko9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[lyj’muj,u-u;yf X7qoF rnfF laf?G gfadohvpF -k;|5j,F z6hg4QkF c,’dtg[NvF xkF

oqdF 7;kpF 8QozadF 8Qofvdw,hD

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D czjogd,9a[76jI6[rk[7qoF lafF rnfG gfadohvpF -k;|5j,F z6hg4QkF c,’dtg[NvF xkF oqdF 7;kpF ’q;F

xkwdjF 8QozadF 8Qofvdw,hF 8Qow,hD Xle]a[okp76 c]t gfadohvp?D@D czjogd,gdqjk gd,9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[dkolts^v’;ao[5ogfadohvpG gfadohvpIhv’gr’F 2hvo]e;q’F

g8t[koF Ia[0v’0;aoF d;fl50trk[F wxmjP;l;olafD#D [qfgr’ lyj’muj,u-u;yfD

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpIhv’gr’ lyj’muj,u-u;yfD@D .shgfadohvpla’gdfI6[rk[F okp76lqomtokdjP;da[-njgd, c]t I6[rk[muj,u16j.ogd,D#D okp766cotoe c]t lkmyf0Ao8vodkosYogd,D$D .shgfadohvpsYogd,.\jF gd,gdqjk c]t okp7668yf8k,-j;pgs^nvD&D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[-njgd,F I6[rk[ c]t dkos^Yogd,9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[lyj’muj,u-u;yfD*D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[dkogda[,hPogd,sa’9kds^Yoc]h; c]t dkogda[,hPoczjogd,D

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd-njgd, c]t I6[rk[I6[g]0k7toyfmuj,u16j.ogd,D@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko9af9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[lyj’muj,u-u;yf X7qoF rnfF laf?D#D dkogda[,hPoczjogd,D


15


sq;0=hG ,5,g7njv’s^Yolezaf c]t ,5,lu]txtlhk’laosq;0=hG ,5,g7njv’s^Yolezaf c]t ,5,lu]txtlhk’laosq;0=hG ,5,g7njv’s^Yolezaf c]t ,5,lu]txtlhk’laosq;0=hG ,5,g7njv’s^Yolezaf c]t ,5,lu]txtlhk’laosq;0=hG ,5,g7njv’s^Yolezaf c]t ,5,lu]txtlhk’laoI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd-nj,5, c]t ;ymus^Yo8k,,5,D@D sYog7njv’fqo8u c]t ry,I6[1jk’,j;o-nnjoD#D 8afF 8yfg9hpgxaoI6[fvdw,h c]t Ihvplyj’8jk’M8k,9yo8tokdkoD$D c[j’xaog7njv’s^Yo.sh\6jgrnjvoD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=!D -nj,5,;ymusYo8k,,5,g7njv’sYolezaf c]t ,5,ly]txtlhk’lao@D dkosYog7njv’fqo8uG 8udv’F lajodtc-adF 8u]tokf c]t gxqjkc7o c]t dkory,I6[8Qow,h.ljvjk’

fyo-kpD#D dko8afg9hpI6[;q’,qo c]t I6[lujc9c]h;8yfgxaoI6[fvdw,h c]t Ihvplyj’8jk’M8k,9yo8tokdkoD

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D ,5,g7njv’sYolezafG g7njv’fqo8u0v’9y’ sn 9e]v’G dv’F dtc-adF ]tokfF c7oF c[[ry,I6[8Qow,hD

c]t vjk’fyo-kpD@D ,5,ly]txtlhk’laoG ,uf8afxkp,qoF dk;F g9hpluc[[I6[fvdw,hF \kd85h,F w,hxjv’F m+1k’ c]t

vnjoMD#D [aflaopt]adg0Qks^Yo8k,,5, c]t [qfgr’ lyj’muj,u-u;yfD

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpIhv’gr’ lyj’muj,u-u;yfxtdv[mjkmk’8k,9yo8tokdko@D okp76cotoe;ymusY^oF .shgfadohvpg]nvd[aflaopt]adg0Qks^Yo,5,g7n jv’s^Yolezaf c]t ,5,ly]t

xtlhk’laoD#D .shgfadohvpg0QksYo8k,,5,F okp768yf8k,cotoe c]t -j;pgs^nvgfadohvpD$D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[dkos^Yo8k,,5,g7njv’s^Yolezaf c]t ,5,ly]txtlhk’laoD&D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[dkoc[j’xaog7njv’s^Yo.sh\6jgrnjvoD

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D dko[vd-nj,5, c]t ;ymus^Yo8k,,5,D@D 7;k,,j;o-njo.odkosYog7njv’fqo8u c]t ry,I6[.ljvjk’fyo#D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko8afF 8yfg9hpgxaoI6[fvdw,h c]t Ihvplyj’8jk’M8k,9yo8tokdko$D dkoc[j’xaog7njv’s^Yo.sh\6jgrnjvoD



(ສວສ

)

16


sq;0= h G g7n jvows;8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[dkooa[sq;0= h G g7n jvows;8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[dkooa[sq;0= h G g7n jvows;8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[dkooa[sq;0= h G g7n jvows;8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[dkooa[sq;0= h G g7n jvows;8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[dkooa[I. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D ltcf’mjkmk’8k,okp76vvdc[[pjk’xtdv[dkooa[wfh4nd8hv’D@D vqfmqo.og;]kltcf’mjkmk’D

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dkoltcf’mjkmk’8k,okp76vvdc[[pjk’xtdv[dkooa[ !{!&D

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D I6[rk[laf c]t 8Qow,h !{!WD@D mjksafdkpt[=]ysko,n c]t cv; Xg[yj’xB,76j,n76?D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpsafdkpt[=]ysko,n c]t cv;G mjk\6o7+,nF mjkg[afcv;wxg[Nv’-hkp{0;kD@D .shgfadohvpg8Aog0Qk;q’,qoD#D okp76cotoe c]t lkmyfdkoltcf’mjkmk’8k,okp76vvdc[[pjk’xtdv[dkooa[D$D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af8q;9y’ c]t okp768yf8k,-j;pgs^nvD&D .shgfadohvpoaj’da[rNo76h0kF gvqk,nma’lv’7qj,rNomk’sa’g’up|hkskp.9g0Qk{vvdD*D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af7nodkoltcf’mjkmk’8k,okp76vvdc[[pjk’xtdv[dkooa[D(D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[djP;da[7;k,vqfmqo.og;]kltcf’mjkmk’D

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkoltcf’mjkmk’8k,okp76vvdc[[pjk’xtdv[dkooa[D@D 7;k,vqfmqo.og;]kltcf’mjkmk’D

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqkF vkmyfmu ! ,NmuG @

17


sq;0=hG lyj’muj9egxao8+da[lyj’muj,u-u;yfsq;0=hG lyj’muj9egxao8+da[lyj’muj,u-u;yfsq;0=hG lyj’muj9egxao8+da[lyj’muj,u-u;yfsq;0=hG lyj’muj9egxao8+da[lyj’muj,u-u;yfsq;0=hG lyj’muj9egxao8+da[lyj’muj,u-u;yfI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vdlyj’muj9egxao8+da[lyj’muj,u-u;yfwfh4nd8hv’D@D 2a’oymkoF g;Qkgxao7ela[ c]t gxaoxt3spd8k,goNv.o[qfoymkowfh-afg9oD#D vto5]adIadlklyj’c;f]hv,vhv,8q;D

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=!D lyj’muj9egxao8+da[lyj’muj,u-u;yf 7qoF laf c]t rnfD{ lyj’muj9egxao8+7qoG vkskoF oEF vkdkfF g7njv’o5j’sqj,F 1kxq;rtpkf c]t muj16jvkwlD{ lyj’muj9egxao8+lafG vkskoF oEF vkdkfD{ lyj’muj9egxao8+rnfG fyoF vkskoF oEF vkdkfD@D dko2a’oymkog]njv’ lyj’muj0hvp8hv’dkoF g;Qkgxao7ela[ c]t gxaoxt3spd8k,goNv.o[qfoymkoD{ 7ela[G rnfF fyoF oEF vkdkfF vkskoF g7njv’o5j’sqj,F muj16jvkwlF 1kxq;rtpkfD{ xt3spdG 7qo8hv’dkovkskoF 7qo8hv’dko1kxq;rtpkfF 7qo8hv’dkog7njv’o5j’sqj,F 7qo8hv’dko rnfF

fyoF oEF vkdkfF vksko0v’rnf c,jofyooEvkdkfF lyj’muj9egxao8+lyj’muj,u-u;yfd=7nvkskoF oEFvkdkfD

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D vkskoF g7njv’o5j’sqj,F 1kF oEF fyoD@D [qfoymko lyj’muj0hvp8hv’dko Xg[yj’xB,76j,n76?D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D okp76lqomtokda[gfadohvpdjP;da[lyj’mujgfadohvp8hv’dkoD@D okp76g]qjkoymkoF lqomtokF g;Qkgxao7ela[ c]t gxaoxt3spd8k,goNv.o[qfoymkoD#D .shgfadohvpla’gdfvkskoF g7njv’o5j’sqj,F 1kF oEF fyoF lqomtokdjP;da[lyj’muj9egxao8+7qoF laf c]t rnfD$D okp76.shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[lyj’muj9egxao8+lyj’muj,u-u;yfD&D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpG .sh,u7;k,lk,ad7uIadcr’dao c]t vto5]adIadlklyj’c;f]hv,vhv,8q;D

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vdlyj’muj9egxao8+da[lyj’muj,u-u;yfD@D 7;k,-afg9o.odkog;Qkgxao7ela[ c]t gxaoxt3spd8k,goNv.o[qfoymkoD#D dkovto5]adIadlklyj’c;f]hv,vhv,8q;D

me,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqk vkmyfmu ! ,Nmu @


(ສວສ

)

18


sq;0= hG c8h,I6[rk[glNvc0olAo8k,Ivp9Esq;0= hG c8h,I6[rk[glNvc0olAo8k,Ivp9Esq;0= hG c8h,I6[rk[glNvc0olAo8k,Ivp9Esq;0= hG c8h,I6[rk[glNvc0olAo8k,Ivp9Esq;0= hG c8h,I6[rk[glNvc0olAo8k,Ivp9EI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd-njI6[rk[ c]t 0Ao8vodkoc8h,I6[rk[glNvc0olao8k,Ivp9Ewfh4nd8hv’ D@D c8h,I6h[glNvc0olAo8k,Ivp9Eltvkf9q[’k,D#D ,u7;k,vqfmqo.odkoc8h,I6[rk[glNvc0olAo8k,Ivp9E.shleg]afD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dkoc8h,I6[rk[glNvc0olao8k,Ivp9ED

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D l=fe s^n l=luw,hF g9hpI6[rk[glNv8k,Ivp9ED@D g9hpc[[I6[rk[glNvc0olhaomujc8h,c]h;D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpcd;j’c0o c]t g[afoY;,ngmnjv]toY;D@D .shgfadohvpla’gdfI6[rk[glNvc0olhaomujc8h,c]h;F lqomtokdjP;da[-njI6[rk[ c]t 0Ao8vo

dkoc8h,I6[rk[glNvD#D okp76cotoeF lkmyf;ymu c]t 0Ao8vodkoc8h,I6[rk[glNvc0olAo8k,Ivp9ED$D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af8q;9y’F okp768yf8k,-j;pgs^nvgfadohvpD&D .shgfadohvpltg|uzqo’ko c]t g;Qk7nodjP;da[0Ao8vodkoc8h,I6[rk[glNvc0olAo8k,Ivp9ED*DDDDD lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[7;k,lk,ad7u c]t dkogda[Iadlkg7njv’.-hD

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd-njI6[rk[ c]t 0Ao8vodkoc8h,I6[rk[glNvc0olao8k,Ivp9ED@D 7;k,ltvkf9q[’k,.odkoc8h,I6h[glNvc0olAo8k,Ivp9ED#D 7;k,vqfmqo.odkoc8h,I6[rk[glNvc0olAo8k,Ivp9E.shleg]afD

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqk vkmyfmu ! ,Nmu @

19

dyf9tdedkos^Yodk’c9h’ dyf9tdedkos^Yodk’c9h’ dyf9tdedkos^Yodk’c9h’ dyf9tdedkos^Yodk’c9h’ dyf9tdedkos^Yodk’c9h’

sq;0= hG c[[s^ Yo,af8km;kplP’Ihv’0v’lafsq;0= hG c[[s^ Yo,af8km;kplP’Ihv’0v’lafsq;0= hG c[[s^ Yo,af8km;kplP’Ihv’0v’lafsq;0= hG c[[s^ Yo,af8km;kplP’Ihv’0v’lafsq;0= hG c[[s^ Yo,af8km;kplP’Ihv’0v’lafI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd0Ao8vo c]t dt8ydkdkosYoc[[sYo,af8km;kplP’Ihv’0v’lafwfh4nd8hv’D@D s^Yoc[[s^Yo,af8km;kplP’Ihv’0v’lafwfh4nd8hv’D#D vqfmqo.og;]ks^yhoc[[s^YoD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dkosYoc[[sYo,af8km;kp lP’Ihv’0v’lafG lP’wdjF lP’c[h c]t lP’7;kp

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D zhkcr ! znoF \;d38wdjF 7;kp c]t c[hD@D ;ymus^Yo Xg[yj’xB,76j,n76?D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvplajo0=h,n c]t \6og0qjkD@D okp76ltg|u c[[sYo c]t lkmyf;ymusYoc[[sYo,af8km;kplP’Ihv’0v’lafD#D .shgfadohvpsYoc[[sYo,af8km;kplP’Ihv’0v’lafF okp768yf8k, c]t -j;pcotoeD$ D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[dkos^Yo,af8km;kplP’Ihv’0v’lafD&D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpG sYoIj;,daofh;p7;k,lk,ad7uF 9nj9e c]t 2a’lP’F sa’9kdsYo c]h;]hk’,nF

8uo .shltvkf c]t -j;pdaogda[,hPov5xtdvoD*D .shgfadohvpgIafmjkmk’wdjrnxud0Bo{]q’-hkM sa’9kdoAo xjvp.shgfadohvps^Yo8k,.9D

V DDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd0Ao8vo c]t dt8ydkdkosYoD@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkosYoc[[sYo,af8km;kplP’Ihv’0v’laf#D 7;k,vqfmqo.og;]ks^yhoD



(ສວສ

)

20


sq;0=hG gd,9a[76jI6[rk[vkskomuj,u7;k,9egxao8+7qoF lafF rnfF lafsq;0=hG gd,9a[76jI6[rk[vkskomuj,u7;k,9egxao8+7qoF lafF rnfF lafsq;0=hG gd,9a[76jI6[rk[vkskomuj,u7;k,9egxao8+7qoF lafF rnfF lafsq;0=hG gd,9a[76jI6[rk[vkskomuj,u7;k,9egxao8+7qoF lafF rnfF lafsq;0=hG gd,9a[76jI6[rk[vkskomuj,u7;k,9egxao8+7qoF lafF rnfF lafI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd-njgd, c]t I6[rk[muj,u16j.ogd,wfh4nd8hv’D@D 9a[76jI6[rk[vkskomuj,u7;k,9egxao8+7qoF lafF rnfwfh4nd8hv’D#D vqfmqo.og;]k.og;]ks^YoD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dkosYogd,9a[76jI6[rk[vkskomuj,u7;k,9egxao8+7qoF lafF rnfG 7qoda[g0QkF xkF w0jF zadS ’q;F 7;kpF

c[hS dt8jkpda[sphkF fvdw,hF 8Qorhk;8Qo,j;’da[oED

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D czjogd,9a[76jI6[rk[vkskomuj,u7;k,9egxao8+7qoF lafF rnf Xle]a[okp76 c]t gfadohvp?D@D czjogd,gdqjk gd,9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[lyj’muj,u-u;yf X7qoF rnfF laf? gfadohvpF -k;|5j,F z6hg4QkS

c,’dtg[NvF oqdF 7;kpF ’q;F xkF wdjF 8Qofvdw,hF 8Qow,hD

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D okp76lqomtokda[gfadohvpdjP;da[lyj’muj9egxao8+da[lyj’muj,u-u;yf 7qoF laf c]t rnfD@D .shgfadohvpla’gdfI6[rk[F okp76lqomtokdjP;da[-njgd, c]t I6[rk[muj,u16j.ogd,D#D okp766cotoe c]t lkmyf0Ao8vodkosYogd,D$D .shgfadohvpsYogd,.\jF gd,gdqjk c]t okp7668yf8k,-j;pgs^nvD&D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[-njgd,F I6[rk[ c]t dkos^Yogd,9a[76jI6[rk[muj,u7;k,leraodaoD*D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[dkogda[,hPogd,sa’9kds^Yoc]h; c]t 7;k,vqfmqoD

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd-njgd, c]t I6[rk[muj,u16j.ogd,D@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.o9a[76jI6[rk[vkskomuj,u7;k,9egxao8+7qoF lafF rnfD#D 7;k,vqfmqo.og;]ks^Yogd,D


21


sq;0= hG ,5,;ymtpklkf c]t me,t-kfF ,5,lu]txtlhk’laosq;0= hG ,5,;ymtpklkf c]t me,t-kfF ,5,lu]txtlhk’laosq;0= hG ,5,;ymtpklkf c]t me,t-kfF ,5,lu]txtlhk’laosq;0= hG ,5,;ymtpklkf c]t me,t-kfF ,5,lu]txtlhk’laosq;0= hG ,5,;ymtpklkf c]t me,t-kfF ,5,lu]txtlhk’laoI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd-njg7njv’sYo c]t ;ymusYo8k,,5,D@D mqf]v’x6,gxQkF dhvosuo c]t .[w,hcsh’wfh4nd8hv’D#D c8h,I6[rk[8k,c[[ c]t 8afg9hpwfh4nd8hv’D$D gda[,hPog7njv’s^Yow;h4nd[jvomujdeoqfD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=!D -nj’g7njv’s^YoF ;ymus^Yo8k,,5,;ymtpklkf c]t me,t-kf c]t ,5,ly]txtlhk’laoD@D dkola’gdf c]t mqf]v’gxqjk]q,g0Qkx6,gxqhkc]h;xjvp]q,vvdF dkola’gdf c]t mqf]v’dko9q,{26

0v’;af45G dhvosuo c]t .[w,hcsh’D#D dkoc8h,I6[rk[glNvc0olAo8k,c[[F 8afg9hpI6[;q’,qo c]t I6[lujc98yfgxaoI6[fvdw,hD

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D ,5,;ymtpklkf c]t me,t-kfG x6,gxQkF -k,oEF dhvosuo c]t .[w,hcsh’D@ ,5,ly]txtlhk’laoG l=fe sn l=luw,hF ,uf8afxkp,qoF dk;F g9hpc[[I6[rk[glNvc0olAoF g9hpI6[;q’,qoF

I6[lujc9F g9hp0k; c]t g9hpc[[I6[fvdw,hD#D [aflaopt]adg0QksYo8k,,5,D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D okp76lqomtokda[gfadohvpdjP;da[lyj’muj9egxao8+da[lyj’muj,u-u;yf 7qoF laf c]t rnfD@D okp76cotoe;ymusYo c]t .shgfadohvpg]nvd[aflaopt]adg0QksYo8k,,5,;ymtpklkf c]t me,t-kfF

,5,lu]txtlhk’laoD#D .shgfadohvpg0QksYo8k,,5,F okp768yf8k,cotoe c]t -j;pgs^nvD$D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[dkos^Yo8k,,5,;ymtpklkf c]t me,t-kfF ,5,lu]txtlhk’laoD&D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[dkogda[,hPog7njv’s^Yow;h4nd[jvomujdeoqfD

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D dko[vd-nj,5, c]t ;ymu s^Yo8k,,5,D@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkomqf]v’x6,gxQkF dhvosuo c]t .[w,hcsh’wfhD#D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkoc8h,I6[rk[8k,c[[ c]t 8afF 8yfg9hpgxaoI6[fvdw,hD$D dkogda[,hPog7njv’sYow;h4nd[jvomujdeoqfD

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqkF vkmyfmu !G ,Nmu @


(ສວສ

)

22


sq;0= hG g7n jvows;8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[[qfgr’ ly j’mu j,u u-u u;yfsq;0= hG g7n jvows;8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[[qfgr’ ly j’mu j,u u-u u;yfsq;0= hG g7n jvows;8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[[qfgr’ ly j’mu j,u u-u u;yfsq;0= hG g7n jvows;8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[[qfgr’ ly j’mu j,u u-u u;yfsq;0= hG g7n jvows;8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[[qfgr’ ly j’mu j,u u-u u;yfI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D ltcf’mjkmk’8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[goNv.o[qfgr’wfh4nd8hv’D@D vqfmqo.og;]kltcf’mjkmk’D

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dkoltcf’mjkmk’8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[goNv.o[qfgr’ lyj’muj,uu-uu;yfD

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D dv’D@D [qfgr’ lyj’muj,uu-uu;yfD#D mjksafdkpt[=]ysko]e7= c]t 0k Xg[yj’xB,76j,n76?D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpsafdkpt[=]ysko]e7= c]t 0kG mjkdqh,sq;]q’F g’upsq;0Bo c]t mjk31j’31t0k]q’D@D .shgfadohvpc]jo-ydc-adw]pt !W c,afD#D okp76cotoe c]t lkmyfdkoltcf’mjkmk’8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[goNv.o[qfgr’D$D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af8q;9y’ c]t okp768yf8k,-j;pgs^nvD&D .shgfadohvppjk’-hkMgIafmjkmk’gda[0UgspNv*D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af7nodkoltcf’mjkmk’8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[goNv.o[qfgr’D(D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[7;k,vqfmqo.og;]kltcf’mjkmk’D

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkoltcf’mjkmk’8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[goNv.o[qfgr’D@D 7;k,vqfmqo.og;]kltcf’mjkmk’D

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqkF vkmyfmu ! ,NmuG #

23


sq;0= hG dko9tg]uog8u[.spj0v’7qo c]t lafsq;0= hG dko9tg]uog8u[.spj0v’7qo c]t lafsq;0= hG dko9tg]uog8u[.spj0v’7qo c]t lafsq;0= hG dko9tg]uog8u[.spj0v’7qo c]t lafsq;0= hG dko9tg]uog8u[.spj0v’7qo c]t lafI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vddkog8u[.spj0v’7qo c]t lafwfh4nd8hv’D@D 7;k,,j;o-njo c]t ,k]tpkf.odko2a’oymkoD#D g;Qkgxao7ela[ c]t xt3spd8k,I6[rk[wfh-afg9oD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=!D dkog8u[.spj0v’7qo c]t lafD{ dkog8u[.spj0v’7qoG gfadgduf.\jF g\[F 7koF oaj’F 1noF pjk’ c]t c]jo XgfadohvpF z6h.spj?D{ dkog8u[.spj0v’lafG wdj Xw0jF wdjohvpFwdj.spj?D{ dkog8u[.spj0v’lafG dq[ X;q’9vo-u;yf0v’dq[G w0jF I;dF dq[ohvpF dq[.spj?D@D dko2a’oymkog]njv’ 0hvpc,jo.zD#D dkog;Qkgxao7ela[ c]t gxaoxt3spd8k,I6[rk[G{ 7ela[G gfadgduf.\jF g\[F 7koF oaj’F 1noF pjk’ c]t c]joD{ xt3spdG wdjw0jF wdj/adw0jF w0jdq[gxao,qo.lF I;d,usk’ c]t ,u @ 0ksa’F I;dg8u[.spj gxaodq[ohvpF

dq[,u $ 0kD

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D I6[rk[G dko9tg]uog8u[.spj0v’7qoF ;q’9vo-u;uf0v’wdj c]t dq[D@D [qfoymkog]njv’ 0hvpc,jo.z Xg[yj’xB,76j,n76?D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D okp76lqomtokda[gfadohvpdjP;da[lyj’muj9egxao8+lyj’muj,u-u;yfD@D okp76g]qjkoymkoF lqomtokF g;Qkgxao7ela[ c]t gxaoxt3spd8k,goNv.o[qfoymkoD#D .shgfadohvpla’gdfI6[rk[dko9tg]uog8u[.spj0v’7qoF ;q’9vo-u;uf0v’wdj c]t dq[F lqomtok

djP;da[dko9tg]uog8u[.spj0v’7qo c]t lafD$D okp76rkgfadohvpg;Qkgxao7ela[ c]t gxaoxt3spd8k,I6[rk[D&D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[dko9tg]uog8u[.spj0v’7qo c]t lafD*D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[,k]tpkf.odko2a’oymko c]t 7;k,g,f8kdt]5ok8+lafD

V DDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vddko g8u[.spj0v’7qo c]t lafD@D 7;k,,j;o-njo.odko2a’oymkoD#D 7;k,-afg9o.odkog;Qkgxao7e la[ c]t xt3spd8k,I6[rk[D$D ,k]tpkf.odko2a’oymkoD

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqkF vkmyfmu ! ,NmuG #


(ສວສ

)

24


sq;0= hG c8h,I6[rk[wdj8k,Ivp9Esq;0= hG c8h,I6[rk[wdj8k,Ivp9Esq;0= hG c8h,I6[rk[wdj8k,Ivp9Esq;0= hG c8h,I6[rk[wdj8k,Ivp9Esq;0= hG c8h,I6[rk[wdj8k,Ivp9EI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd0Ao8vodkoc8h,I6[rk[wdj8k,Ivp9Ewfh4nd8hv’D@D c8h,I6[wdjohvp8k,Ivp9E.shltvkf9q[’k,D#D ,u7;k,vqfmqo.odkoc8h,I6[rk[ wdj8k,Ivp9E.shleg]afD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dkoc8h,I6[rk[wdj8k,Ivp9ED

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D l=fe sn l=luw,hF g9hpI6[rk[wdj8k,Ivp9ED@D g9hpc[[I6[rk[wdjmujc8h,c]h;D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpgIafmjkmk’d=k,ng0Qkc]h;c[,nvvdD@D .shgfadohvpla’gdfI6[rk[wdjF lqomtokdjP;da[I6[Ijk’ c]t 0Ao8vodkoc8h,I6[rk[wdjD#D okp76cotoeF lkmyf;ymu c]t 0Ao8vodkoc8h,I6[rk[wdj8k,Ivp9ED$D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af8q;9y’F okp768yf8k,-j;pgs^nvgfadohvpD&D .shgfadohvpltg|uzqo’ko c]t g;Qk7nodjP;da[0Ao8vodkoc8h,I6[rk[wdj8k,Ivp9ED*D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[7;k,vqfmqo c]t dkogda[,hPov5xtdvoD

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd0Ao8vodkoc8h,I6[rk[wdj8k,Ivp9ED@D 7;k,ltvkf9q[’k,0v’dkoc8h,I6[wdjohvp8k,Ivp9ED#D 7;k,vqfmqo.odkoc8h,I6[rk[wdj8k,Ivp9E.shleg]afD

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqk vkmyfmu ! ,Nmu #

25


sq;0=h G c[[s^Yoc0j’0aodyo\kddhP’sq;0=h G c[[s^Yoc0j’0aodyo\kddhP’sq;0=h G c[[s^Yoc0j’0aodyo\kddhP’sq;0=h G c[[s^Yoc0j’0aodyo\kddhP’sq;0=h G c[[s^Yoc0j’0aodyo\kddhP’I. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd0Ao8vo c]t dt8ydkdkosYoc[[sYoc0j’0aodyo\kddhP’wfh4nd8hv’D@D s^Yoc[[s^Yoc0j’0aodyo\kddhP’wfh4nd8hv’D#D g[ud[ko,j;o-njo.og;]ks^YoD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dkos^Yoc[[s^Yoc0j’0aodyo\kddhP’D

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D \kds;uf c]t \kddhP’D@D ;ymus^Yo Xg[yj’xB,76j,n76?D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpgvqk,n7Ecv;[yfwx0hk’-hkp c]t 0hk’0;kD@D okp76ltg|u c[[sYo c]t lkmyf;ymusYoc[[sYoc0j’0aodyo\kddhP’D#D .shgfadohvpsYoc[[sYoc0j’0aodyo\kddhP’F okp768yf8k, c]t -j;p cotoeD$D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[dkos^Yoc[[s^Yoc0j’0aodyo\kddhP’D&D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpG sYoIj;,daofh;p7;k,lk,ad7uF vqfmqo]=4hksYo8k,]efa[F sYoc]h;vtok

w,8uo c]t ,n.shltvkfD*D gfadohvp1nogvqk,ndvfgvudskp.9g0Qk{vvd-hkM sa’9kdoAoxjvp.shgfadohvps^yho8k,.9D

V DDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd0Ao8vo c]t dt8ydkdkosYoD@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkos^Yoc[[s^Yoc0j’0aodyo\kddhP’D#D 7;k,g[ud[ko,j;o-njo.og];ksYoD

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqk vkmyfmu ! ,Nmu #


(ສວສ

)

26


sq;0= hG gd,]Po]efa[I6[rk[dko9tg]uog8u[.spj0v’7qoF lafsq;0= hG gd,]Po]efa[I6[rk[dko9tg]uog8u[.spj0v’7qoF lafsq;0= hG gd,]Po]efa[I6[rk[dko9tg]uog8u[.spj0v’7qoF lafsq;0= hG gd,]Po]efa[I6[rk[dko9tg]uog8u[.spj0v’7qoF lafsq;0= hG gd,]Po]efa[I6[rk[dko9tg]uog8u[.spj0v’7qoF lafI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd-njgd, c]t I6[rk[muj,u16j.ogd,wfh4nd8hv’D@D ]Po]efa[I6[rk[dko9tg]uog8u[.spj0v’7qoF lafwfh4nd8hv’D#D c[j’xaogd,.sh\6jgrnjvoD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dkosYogd,]Po]efa[I6[rk[dko9tg]uog8u[.spj0v’7qoG gfadohvpgduf.\jF 7koF oaj’F 1noF

pjk’ c]t z6h.spjS w0jF wdjohvpvvd9kdw0jF wdjohvpF wdj.spj X38c,jF 38z6h?D

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D czjogd,]Po]efa[I6[rk[dko9tg]uog8u[.spj0v’7qoF laf Xle]a[okp76 c]t gfadohvp?D@D czjogd,gdqjk gd,9a[76jI6[rk[vkskomuj,u7;k,9egxao8+7qoF lafF rnfG 7qoda[g0QkF -UoF xkF w0jzadF

’q;F 7;kpF c[hF dt8jkpda[sphkF 8Qofvdw,hF 8Qorhk;F 8Qo,j;’da[oED

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D okp76lqomtokda[gfadohvpdjP;da[dkog8u[.spj0v’7qo c]t lafD@D .shgfadohvpla’gdfI6[rk[F okp76lqomtokdjP;da[-njgd, c]t I6[rk[muj,u16j.ogd,D#D okp766cotoe c]t lkmyf0Ao8vodkosYogd,D$D .shgfadohvpsYogd,.\jF gd,gdqjk c]t okp7668yf8k,-j;pgs^nvD&D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[-njgd,F I6[rk[ c]t dkosYogd,]Po]efa[I6[rk[D*D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[dkogda[,hPogd,sa’9kds^Yoc]h; c]t dkoc[j’xaoD

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd-njgd, c]t I6[rk[muj,u16j.ogd,D@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko]Po]efa[I6[rk[dko9tg]uog8u[.spj0v’7qoF lafD#D dkoc[j’xaogd,.sh\6jgrnjvoD

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqkF vkmyfmu !G ,Nmu #

27


sq;0=h G ,5,vjko c]t ,5,gd,dkolbdlksq;0=h G ,5,vjko c]t ,5,gd,dkolbdlksq;0=h G ,5,vjko c]t ,5,gd,dkolbdlksq;0=h G ,5,vjko c]t ,5,gd,dkolbdlksq;0=h G ,5,vjko c]t ,5,gd,dkolbdlkI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd-njg7njv’sYo c]t ;ymusYo8k,,5,@D vjko7ela[8k,I6[rk[F vjkovvdlP’7ela[muj,ults^t V6 wfh-afg9oD#D ]Po]efa[I6[rk[dko9tg]uog8u[.spj0v’7qoF laf c]t 9a[76jI6[rk[vkskomuj,u7;k,9egxao 8+7qoF

lafwfh4nd8hv’D$D g;Qk7emujl5rk[da[\6jgrnjvo.og;]ksYoD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=!D -njg7njv’sYoF ;ymusYo8k,,5,vjko c]t ,5,gd,dkolbdlk@D dkola’gdf c]t vjko7ela[8k,I6[rk[G w0jwdjF wdjohvpF wdj.spjF I;dF dq[ohvp c]t dq[.spj c]t

dkovjkovvdlP’7ela[muj,ults^t V6G 76 p6 l6 -6 46 I6 s6D$D dko]Po]efa[I6[rk[dko9tg]uog8u[.spj0v’7qoF lafD dko9a[76jI6[rk[vkskomuj,u7;k,

9egxao8+7qoF lafF rnfDIIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo

!D ,5,vjkoG dtfkolP[ sn 8yfF I6[rk[G w0jwdjF wdjohvpF wdj.spjF I;dF dq[ohvp c]t dq[.spjF xB,[qfg/ydsafrklk]k;gsA, @ X|hkmu !@? s^n g9hp7ela[muj,ults^t V6G 76 p6 l6 -6 46 I6 s6D

@D ,5,gd,dkolbdlkG czjogd,]Po]efa[I6[rk[dko9tg]uog8u[.spj0v’7qoF lafG gfadohvpgduf.\jF7koF oaj’F 1noF pjk’ c]t z6h.spjS I6[rk[w0jF wdjohvpvvd9kdw0jF wdjohvpF wdj.spj c]t czjogd,9a[76jI6[rk[vkskomuj,u7;k,9egxao8+da[7qoF rnfF lafG 7qoda[w0jF g0QkF -UoF xkF zadS ’q;F 7;kpFc[hF dt8jkpda[sphkS 8Qofvdw,hF 8Qorhk;F 8Qo,j;’da[oED

#D [aflaopt]adg0QksYo8k,,5,DIVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo

!D okp76lqomtokda[gfadohvpdjP;da[dkog8u[.spj0v’7qo c]t lafD@D okp76cotoe;ymusYo c]t .shgfadohvpg]nvd[aflaopt]adg0QksYo8k,,5,vjko c]t ,5,gd,dkolbdlkD#D .shgfadohvpg0QksYo8k,,5,F okp768yf8k,cotoe c]t -j;pgsnvD$D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[dkosYo8k,,5,vjko c]t ,5,gd,dkolbdlkD&D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[dkog;Qk7emujl5rk[da[\6jgrnjvo.og;]ksYoD

V DDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D dko[vd-njg7njv’sYo c]t ;ymusYo8k,,5,D@D 7;k,-afg9odkovjko7ela[8k,I6[rk[F vjkovvdlP’7ela[muj,ults^t V6D#D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko]Po]efa[I6[rk[dko9tg]uog8u[.spj0v’7qoF laf c]t 9a[76jI6[rk[vksko

muj,u7;k,9egxao8+7qoF lafD$D dkog;Qk7emujl5rk[da[\6jgrnjvo.og;]ksYoD

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqkF vkmyfmu !G ,Nmu #


(ສວສ

)

28


sq;0=hG g7n jvows;gxaozh6oe{z6hxt8uy[af8k,mu jokp76deoqfsq;0=hG g7n jvows;gxaozh6oe{z6hxt8uy[af8k,mu jokp76deoqfsq;0=hG g7n jvows;gxaozh6oe{z6hxt8uy[af8k,mu jokp76deoqfsq;0=hG g7n jvows;gxaozh6oe{z6hxt8uy[af8k,mu jokp76deoqfsq;0=hG g7n jvows;gxaozh6oe{z6hxt8uy[af8k,mu jokp76deoqfI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D ltcf’mjk’gxaozh6oe{z6hxt8uy[af8k,mujokp76deoqfwfh4nd8hv’D@D g;Qk7el5rk[da[\6jgrnjvoD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dkoltcf’mjk’gxaozh6oe{z6hxt8uy[af8k,mujokp76deoqf05ffyoF x6dzadF .lj/5jo c]t sqfoEzadD

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvomjksafdkpt[=]yskoc0o c]t 0k Xg[yj’xB,76j,n76?D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpsafdkpt[=]yskoc0o c]t 0kG mjkpqdc0o0Bogmy’sq; c]t mjk31j’31h0k]q’D@D .shgfadohvpg8Ao0kfP;wxmk’|hk c]t 4vpsa’D#D okp76cotoe c]t lkmyfltcf’mjk’gxaozh6oe{z6hxt8uy[af8k,mujokp76deoqfD$D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af8q;9y’ c]t okp768yf8k,-j;pgs^nvD&D .shgfadohvpovos’kpsa[8k;kc0ovvdF rhv,ma’9jk’0kD*D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af7noltcf’mjk’gxaozh6oe{z6hxt8uy[af8k,mujokp76deoqfD(D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[dkog;Qk7el5rk[da[\6jgrnjvoD

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkoltcf’mjk’gxaozh6oe{z6hxt8uy[af8k,mujokp76deoqfD@D dkog;Qk7el5rk[da[\6jgrnjvoD

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqkF vkmyfmu ! ,NmuG $

29


sq;0=hG 8Qo4qj; c]t zad[Q’sq;0=hG 8Qo4qj; c]t zad[Q’sq;0=hG 8Qo4qj; c]t zad[Q’sq;0=hG 8Qo4qj; c]t zad[Q’sq;0=hG 8Qo4qj; c]t zad[Q’I. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vddkog8u[.spj0v’8Qo4qj; c]t zad[Q’wfh4nd8hv’D@D g]qjk7e7jv’F g;Qkgxao7ela[ c]t gxaoxt3spd8k,goNv.o[qf7e7jv’wfh-afg9oD#D vjko8q;g]d8k,]efa[c8j W{_ wfh4nd8hv’D$D xt8y[af8q;9y’.odkodhkcdjozad[Q’ c]t \kd4qj;D

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=!D dkog8u[.spj0v’rnfG 8Qo4qj;F zad[Q’{ dkog8u[.spj0v’8Qo4qj;G cdjoF 8QoohvpF 8Qo.spjF fvd c]t \kdD{ dkog8u[.spj0v’zad[Q’G cdjoF 8QoohvpF 8Qo.spjF fvd c]t \kdD@D dkog]qjk7e7jv’ 8Qo4qj; c]t zad[Q’F g;Qkgxao7ela[ c]t gxaoxt3spd8k,goNv.o[qf7e7jv’D{ 7ela[G 8Qo\kd4qj;F fvd\kd4qj;F cdjo\kd4qj;F 8QoohvpF 8Qo.spjF 0P;F ’k,F zad[Q’F lu0k;F

lu0P;F lufeF /adF /5joD{ xt3spdG 8Qo\kd4qj;,ufvdlu0k;F mk’.o\kd4qj;,ucdjoF 8ad/5jo.lj.sh8Qo4qj;0P;’k,F

zad[Q’xqj’]eohvp.[vjvo0P;’k,D#D dkovjko8q;g]d8k,]efa[c8j W{_D

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D 7e7jv’ 8Qo4qj; c]t zad[Q’ Xg[yj’xB,76j,n76?D@D I6[rk[dko9tg]uog8u[.spj0v’\kd4qj; c]t zad[Q’S cdjo\kd4qj;F cdjozad[Q’F fyoF dtxJv’F oED

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D okp76rkgfadohvpg]qjk7e7jv’F lqomtokF g;Qkgxao7ela[ c]t gxaoxt3spd8k,goNv.o[qf7e7jv’D@D .shgfadohvpla’gdfI6[rk[dko9tg]uog8[.spj0v’\kd4qj; c]t zad[Q’F lqomtokdjP;da[

dkog8u[.spj0v’8Qo4qj; c]t zad[Q’D$D .shgfadohvpvjko8q;g]d8k,]efa[c8j W{_D&D okp76rkgfadohvpxt8y[af8q;9y’djP;da[dkodhkcdjo\kd4qj; c]t zad[Q’D*D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[7;k,lk,ad7uIadcr’dao c]t dko[q;]t[afIadlkrnfD

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vddko g8u[.spj0v’8Qo4qj; c]t zad[Q’D@D 7;k,-afg9o.odkog]qjk7e7jv’F g;Qkgxaogxao7ela[ c]t gxaoxt 3spd 8k,goNv.o[qf7e7jv’D#D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkovjko8q;g]d 8k,]efa[c8j W { _D$D dkoxt8y[af8q;9y’.odkodhkcdjo\kd4qj; c]t zad[Q’D

me,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqk vkmyfmu ! ,Nmu $


(ສວສ

)

30


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II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dko8yfcdjornf.ljI6[rk[8Qow,hD

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D dk;leg]afI6[ sn dk;g0Qk|P;8Q,D@D ggdjornfF g9hpI6[rk[8Qow,h c]t g9hpc[[8yfcdjornfmu8yfc]h;D#D [qf7e7jv’ 8Qo4qj; c]t zad[Q’D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo { dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo { dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo { dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo { dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo { dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpg]qjk[qf7=k7jv’ 8Qo4qj; c]t zad[Q’ xtdv[mjkmk’D@D .shgfadohvpla’gdfI6[rk[8Qow,F lqomtokdjP;da[lj;oxtdv[0v’8Qow,h c]t 0Ao8vodko8yf

cdjornfgxaoI6[rk[8Qow,hD#D okp76cotoeF lkmyf;ymu c]t 0Ao8vodko8yfcdjornf.ljI6[rk[8Qow,Dh$D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af8q;9y’F okp768yf8k,-j;pgs^nvgfadohvpD&D .shgfadohvpltg|uzqo’ko c]t g;Qk7nodjP;da[0Ao8vodko8yfcdjornf.ljI6[rk[8Qow,hD*D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[7;k,vqfmqo c]t dkoIadlk7;k,ltvkfD

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd0Ao8vodko8yfcdjornf.ljI6[rk[8Qow,D@D 7;k,ltvkf9q[’k,.odko8yfcdjornf.ljI6[rk[8Qow,hD#D 7;k,7jv’c7h;.odko8yfcdjornf.ljI6[rk[8Qow,hD

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqk vkmyfmu ! ,Nmu $

31


sq;0= hG c[[s^Yoc0j’0ao]y’pkf8Qow,hDsq;0= hG c[[s^Yoc0j’0ao]y’pkf8Qow,hDsq;0= hG c[[s^Yoc0j’0ao]y’pkf8Qow,hDsq;0= hG c[[s^Yoc0j’0ao]y’pkf8Qow,hDsq;0= hG c[[s^Yoc0j’0ao]y’pkf8Qow,hDI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd0Ao8vo c]t dt8ydkdkosyhoc[[sYo]u’pkf8Qow,hwfh4nd8hv’D@D s^Yoc[[s^Yoc0j’0ao]u’pkf8Qow,hwfh4nd8hv’D#D xvfwr.og;]ks^yhoc[[s^YoD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dkos^Yoc[[s^Yoc0j’0ao]y’pkf8Qow,hD

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D [qf7e7jv’ 8Qo4qj; c]t zad[Q’@D 8Qow,hohvpF g-nvdF w,hohvple]a[0uf;q’,qo c]t dtc-adD#D ;ymus^Yo Xg[yj’xB,76j,n76?D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpg]qjk7e7jv’ 8Qo4qj; c]t zad[Q’ xtdv[mjkmk’D@D okp76ltg|u c]t lkmyf;ymusYoc[[sYoc0j’0ao]y’pkf8Qow,hD#D .shgfadohvpsYoc[[sYoc0j’0ao]y’pkf8Qow,hF okp768yf8k, c]t -j;pcotoeD$D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[dkos^Yoc[[s^Yoc0j’0ao]y’pkf8Qow,hD&D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpG ;jv’w;.odkoc]joF sYoIj;,daofh;p7;k,lk,ad7uF sYoc]h;vtokw, 8uo

c]t ,n .shltvkfD*D .shgfadohvpoaj’]q’Ihv’gr’rhv,ma’8q[,nF sa’9kdoAo xjvp.shgfadohvps^Yo8k,.9D

V DDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd0Ao8vo c]t dt8ydkdkosYoD@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkos^Yoc[[s^Yoc0j’0ao]u’pkf8Qow,hD#D 7;k,xvfwr.og;]ks^yhoD

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqkvkmyfmu ! ,Nmu $


(ສວສ

)

32


sq;0= hG gd,]Po]efa[I6[rk[dko9tg]uog8u[.spj0v’rnfsq;0= hG gd,]Po]efa[I6[rk[dko9tg]uog8u[.spj0v’rnfsq;0= hG gd,]Po]efa[I6[rk[dko9tg]uog8u[.spj0v’rnfsq;0= hG gd,]Po]efa[I6[rk[dko9tg]uog8u[.spj0v’rnfsq;0= hG gd,]Po]efa[I6[rk[dko9tg]uog8u[.spj0v’rnfI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd-njgd, c]t I6[rk[muj,u16j.ogd,wfh4nd8hv’D@D ]Po]efa[I6[rk[dko9tg]uog8u[.spj0v’rnfwfh4nd8hv’D#D vqfmqo.og;]ks^Yogd,D

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dko]Po]efa[I6[rk[dko9tg]uog8u[.spj0v’rnfDI6[rk[8Qo4qj;G cdjoF 8QoohvpF 8Qo.spjS I6[rk[

8Qodh;pG |+dh;pxqj’.[pvfvjvoF xqj’ & .[F xqj’ ( .[F gdufxuF c8dgxaog7nv\kddh;pD

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D czjogd,]Po]efa[I6[rk[dko9tg]uog8u[.spj0v’rnfc8johvp{.spj Xle]a[okp76 c]t gfadohvp?D@D czjogd,gdqjk gd,]Po]efa[I6[rk[dko9tg]uog8u[.spj0v’7qoFoaj’7ko lafG gfadohvpgduf.\j

ovoF oaj’F 7koF pjk’S w0jF wdjohvpvvd9kw0jF wdjohvpF wdj.spj X38c,jF 38z6h?D#D [qf7e7jv’ 8Qo4qj; c]t zad[Q’D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpg]qjk7e7jv’ 8Qo4qj; c]t zad[Q’D@D .shgfadohvpla’gdfI6[rk[F okp76lqomtokdjP;da[-njgd, c]t I6[rk[muj,u16j.ogd,D#D okp766cotoe c]t lkmyf0Ao8vodkosYogd,D$D .shgfadohvpsYogd,.\jF gd,gdqjk c]t okp7668yf8k,-j;pgs^nvD&D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[-njgd,F I6[rk[ c]t dkos^Yogd,]Po]efa[I6[rk[dko9tg]uo

g8u[.spj0v’rnfD*D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[dkogda[,hPogd,sa’9kds^Yoc]h; c]t 7;k,vqfmqoD

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd-njgd,F I6[rk[muj,u16j.ogd,D@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko]Po]efa[I6[rk[dko9tg]uog8u[.spj0v’rnfD#D 7;k,vqfmqo.og;]ksYogd,D

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqk vkmyfmu ! ,Nmu $

33


sq;0=hG ,5,;ymtpklkf c]t me,t-kfF ,5,[qf[kflq,,5fsq;0=hG ,5,;ymtpklkf c]t me,t-kfF ,5,[qf[kflq,,5fsq;0=hG ,5,;ymtpklkf c]t me,t-kfF ,5,[qf[kflq,,5fsq;0=hG ,5,;ymtpklkf c]t me,t-kfF ,5,[qf[kflq,,5fsq;0=hG ,5,;ymtpklkf c]t me,t-kfF ,5,[qf[kflq,,5fI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd-njg7njv’s^Yo c]t ;ymus^Yo8k,,5,D@D mqf]v’dhkcdjo\kd4qqj; c]t dhkcdjozad[Q’wfh4nd8hv’D#D sYogxaoc,j]hP’ c]t -k; l;o1jk’,j;o-njoD$D c[j’xaog7njv’s^Yo.sh\6jgrnjvoD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=!D -njg7njv’s^YoF ;ymus^Yo8k,,5,;ymtpklkf c]t me,t-kf c]t ,5,[qf[kflq,,5fD@D dkola’gdf c]t mqf]v’dhkcdjo\kd4qqj; c]t cdjozad[Q’D#D dkosYolq,,5fgxaoc,j]hP’x5’c8j’vksko c]t gxao-k;l;o05ffyox6dzadD

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D ,5,;ymtpklkf c]t me,t-kfG fyole]a[x6dF 34 sn dt3xtF dtxJv’F cdjo\kd4qj;D cdjozad[Q’D@D ,5,[qf[kflq,,5fG -5fg7njv’sYo0v’gInvoohvp0v’9y’ sn 9e]v’D glNvdaogxNvoF zad9y’ sn 9e]v’D

g7njv’,n-k;l;o9e]v’F -k,oE]hk’,nF lt[6F zhkg-af,nD#D [aflaopt]adg0QksYo8k,,5, c]t [qf7e7jv’ 8Qo4qj; c]t zad[Q’D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpg]qjk7e7jv’ 8Qo4qj; c]t zad[Q’xtdv[mjkmk’8k,9yo8tokdko@D okp76cotoe;ymusYo c]t .shgfadohvpg]nvd[aflaopt]adg0QksYo8k,,5,;ymtpklkf c]t me,t-kfF

,5,[qf[kflq,,5fD#D .shgfadohvpg0QksYo8k,,5,F okp768yf8k,cotoe c]t -j;pgs^nvD$D .shgfadgfadg;Qk7nodjP;da[dkos^Yo8k,,5,;ymtpklkf c]t me,t-kfF ,5,[qf[kflq,,5f&D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[dkoc[j’xaog7njv’s^Yo.sh\6jgrnjvoD

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D dko[vd-njg7njv’sYo c]t ;ymusYo8k,,5,D@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkomqf]v’dhkcdjo\kd4qqj; c]t dhkcdjozad[Q’D#D 7;k,,j;o-njo.odkosYogxaoc,j]hP’ c]t -k;l;oD$D dkoc[j’xaog7njv’sYo.sh\6jgrnjvoD

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqkF vkmyfmu !G ,Nmu $


(ສວສ

)

34


sq;0= hG g7n jvows;8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[[qf7e7jv’ 8Qo4q j; c]t zad[Q’sq;0= hG g7n jvows;8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[[qf7e7jv’ 8Qo4q j; c]t zad[Q’sq;0= hG g7n jvows;8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[[qf7e7jv’ 8Qo4q j; c]t zad[Q’sq;0= hG g7n jvows;8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[[qf7e7jv’ 8Qo4q j; c]t zad[Q’sq;0= hG g7n jvows;8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[[qf7e7jv’ 8Qo4q j; c]t zad[Q’I. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D ltcf’mjkmk’8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[goNv.o[qf7e7jv’wfh4nd8hv’D@D vqfmqo.og;]kltcf’mjkmk’D

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dkoltcf’mjkmk’8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[goNv.o[qf7e7jv’ 8Qo4qj; c]t zad[Q’D

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D dv’D@D [qf7e7jv’ 8Qo4qj; c]t zad[Q’D#D mjksafdkpt[=]yskoc0o c]t 8uo Xg[yj’xB,76j,n76?D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpsafdkpt[=]yskoc0o c]t 8uoG mjkc0o0;kw0j;c0o-hkpF c0o-hkpw0j;c0o0;k

c]t mjk\6o7+8uoD@D .shgfadohvp3ff1P[1k’l6’ #W -,D#D okp76cotoe c]t lkmyfdkoltcf’mjkmk’8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[goNv.o[qf7e7jv’D$D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af8q;9y’ c]t okp768yf8k,-j;pgs^nvD&D .shgfadohvpoaj’da[rNo76h0kgvqk,nma’lv’7qj,rNomk’sa’F g’up|hkskp.9g0Qk{vvdD*D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af7nodkoltcf’mjkmk’8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[goNv.o[qf7e7jv’D(D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[7;k,vqfmqo.og;]kltcf’mjkmk’D

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkoltcf’mjkmk’8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[goNv.o[qf7e7jv’D@D 7;k,vqfmqo.og;]kltcf’mjkmk’D

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqkF vkmyfmu ! ,NmuG &

35


sssssq;0=hG dkogryj’rkvkwlg-yj’dao c]t dao0v’lyj’muj,u-u;yfq;0=hG dkogryj’rkvkwlg-yj’dao c]t dao0v’lyj’muj,u-u;yfq;0=hG dkogryj’rkvkwlg-yj’dao c]t dao0v’lyj’muj,u-u;yfq;0=hG dkogryj’rkvkwlg-yj’dao c]t dao0v’lyj’muj,u-u;yfq;0=hG dkogryj’rkvkwlg-yj’dao c]t dao0v’lyj’muj,u-u;yfI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vddkogryj’rkvkwlg-yj’dao c]t dao0v’lyj’muj,u-u;yfwfh4nd8hv’D@D g]qjk7e7jv’F g;Qkgxao7ela[ c]t gxaoxt3spd8k,goNv.o7e7jv’wfh-afg9oD#D [vdI6[lujc9F ;q’,qowfh4nd8hv’D$D vto5]aadIadlklyj’c;f]hv,vhv,8q;D

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=!D dkogryj’rkvkwlg-yj’dao c]t dao0v’lyj’muj,u-u;yf X7qoF laf c]t rnf?D{ 7qoG -Uolaf c]t rnfgxaovksko0v’gIqkF ovd9kdoAolafpa’-j;pcI’’ko0v’7qo X8q;1jk’G

dyo-YolafF dyozadF dyog0QkF ’q;-j;pcdjd;PoF -hk’-j;p]kdcdjw,h?D{ lafG rnf c]t lafgxaovksko0v’laf X8q;1jk’G ’q;F 7;kpF c[hdyosphk c]t .[w,hS wdjF

gxafdyog0Qkgxnvdc]t IeS oqddyo\kdw,h c]t c,’w,h?D{ rnfG rnfvkwlvksko c]t oE9kdfyo X8q;1jk’G -kd.[w,hF 0Ulaf c]t -kdlafmujgoqjkgxnjvp?D@D dkog]qjk7e7jv’ vksko0v’.zF g;Qkgxao7ela[ c]t gxaoxt3spd8k,goNv.o[qf7e7jv’G{ 7ela[G g0QkF zadF -UoF vkskoF zadltsafF rt]a’’koF oqdF fyoD{ xt3spdG oqddyornf c]t lafF zadltsaff6fvksko9kdfyoF vksko.shrt]a’koD#D I6[g]0k7toyfG I6[lujc9F ;q’,qoDDDDD

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D g0QkF zadF -UoF sphkS I6[rk[G 7qodyovkskoF ’q;cdjd;PoF ’q;dyosphkF gxafdyoIeF 8Qow,hD@D [qf7e7jv’ vksko0v’.z Xg[yj’xB,76j,n76?D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D okp76lqomtokda[gfadohvpdjP;da[vkskomujgfadohvpdyoD@D okp76rkgfadohvpg]qjk7e7jv’F lqomtokF g;Qkgxao7ela[ c]t gxaoxt3spd8k,goNv.o[qf7e7jv’D#D .shgfadohvpla’gdf g0QkF zadF -UoS I6[rk[G 7qodyovkskoF ’q;cdjd;PoF ’q;dyosphkF gxafdyoIeF

lqomtokdjP;da[dkogryj’rkvkwlg-yj’dao c]t dao0v’lyj’muj,u-u;yf X7qoF laf c]t rnf?D$D .shgfadohvpla’gdfI6[rk[laf c]t 8Qow,hc]h;[vdvtw;pt;t0v’laf c]t lj;oxtdv[

0v’8Qow,hmujgxaoI6[;q’,qo c]t lujc9D&D okp76.shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[dkogryj’rkvkwlg-yj’dao c]t dao0v’lyj’muj,u-u;yf X7qo?D*D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[7;k,lk,ad7u c]t dko-j;pgs^nvg-yj’dao c]t daoD

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vddkogryj’ rkvkwlg-yj’dao c]t dao0v’lyj’ muj,u-u;yfD@D 7;k,-afg9o.odkog]qjk7e7jv’F g;Qkgxao7ela[ c]t gxaoxt3spd 8k,goNv.o7e7jv’D#D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd-njI6[g]0k7toyfD$D dkovto5]adIadlklyj’c;f]hv,vhv,8q;D

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqkF vkmyfmu ! ,NmuG &


(ສວສ

)

36


sq;0=hG lko]kp0afltsâ[lusq;0=hG lko]kp0afltsâ[lusq;0=hG lko]kp0afltsâ[lusq;0=hG lko]kp0afltsâ[lusq;0=hG lko]kp0afltsâ[luI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D lko]kp0afltsâ[luwfh4nd8hv’D@D lko]kp0afltsa[lu0k;F cf’ c]t 2hkD#D vqfmqo.og;]klko]kp0afltsâ[luD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dkolko]kp0afltsa[luG 0k;F cf’ c]t 2hkD

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D 8afg9hplu0k;F lucf’F lu2hkgxaoglAoD@D ,uf8afF g9hplucf’F lu2hkF lu0k;#D c[[lkoD$D [qf7e7jv’ vksko0v’.zD

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D okp76rkgfadohvpg]qjk[qf7e7jv’ vksko0v’.zxtdv[mjkmk’D@D .shgfadohvpla’gdfI6[c[[mujlkoc]h;F lqomtokdjP;da[c[[lko c]t 0Ao8vodkolko]kp

0afltsâ[luD#D okp76cotoeF lkmyf;ymu c]t 0Ao8vodkolko]kp0afltsa[luD$D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af8q;9y’F okp768yf8k,-j;pgs^nvgfadohvpD&D .shgfadohvpltg|uzqo’ko c]t g;Qk7no0Ao;ymudkolko]kp0afltsa[luD*D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[7;k,vqfmqo c]t 7;k,lk,ad7u.odkogda[,hPov5xtdvoD

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd.odko[vd0Ao8vodkolko]kp0afltsâ[luGD@D dkolko]kp0afltsa[luGD#D 7;k,vqfmqo.odkolko]kp0afltsâ[luD

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqk vkmyfmu ! ,Nmu &

37


sq;0= hG c[[s^Yozv’-kp.ljdtxJv’Dsq;0= hG c[[s^Yozv’-kp.ljdtxJv’Dsq;0= hG c[[s^Yozv’-kp.ljdtxJv’Dsq;0= hG c[[s^Yozv’-kp.ljdtxJv’Dsq;0= hG c[[s^Yozv’-kp.ljdtxJv’DI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd0Ao8vo c]t dt8ydkdkosYoc[[sYozv’-kp.ljdtxJv’wfh4nd8hv’D@D g/yddhk,-Uo,n.sh,u7;k,c0’cI’.odkozv’-kp.ljdtxJv’D#D -j;pgs^nvg-yj’dao c]t dao.og;]ks^YoD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dkos^YoG c[[s^Yozv’-kp.ljdtxv’D

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D 75oEF 3vF -k,F crg-af,nF dtxv’F -;hkoohvp c]t vjk’fyo-kpD@D dtc-adD#D ;ymus^yho Xg[yj’xB,76j,n76?D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpc]jo-hkM8k,lP’g7ktD@D okp76ltg|u c]t lkmyfdkosYoc[[sYozv’-kp.ljdtxJv’D#D .shgfadohvpsYoc[[sYozv’-kp.ljdtxJv’D okp768yf8k, c]t -j;pcotoeD$D .shfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[dkos^Yofyo-kpG s^Yozv’-kp.ljdtxJv’D&D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpG sYoIj;,daofh;p7;k,lk,ad7uF [=js;jkofyo.ljdaoF s^Yoc]h;vtokw,,nF

8uo.shltvkf c]t gda[,hPov5xtdvo-j;pdaoD*D .shfadohvpgIafmjkmk’]q,raf.[w,h sa’9kdoAo xjvp.shgfadohvps^Yo8k,.9D

V DDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd0Ao8vo c]t dt8ydkdkosYoc[[sYozv’-kp.ljdtxJv’D@D 7;k,c0’cI’0v’dhk,-Uo,n.og;]ks^YoD#D dko-j;pgs^nvg-yj’dao c]t dao.og;]ks^YoD



(ສວສ

)

38


sq;0= hG gd,9a[76 jmu j7ndaoI6[rk[dkogry j’rkvkwldao0v’ly j’mu j,u-u;yfsq;0= hG gd,9a[76 jmu j7ndaoI6[rk[dkogry j’rkvkwldao0v’ly j’mu j,u-u;yfsq;0= hG gd,9a[76 jmu j7ndaoI6[rk[dkogry j’rkvkwldao0v’ly j’mu j,u-u;yfsq;0= hG gd,9a[76 jmu j7ndaoI6[rk[dkogry j’rkvkwldao0v’ly j’mu j,u-u;yfsq;0= hG gd,9a[76 jmu j7ndaoI6[rk[dkogry j’rkvkwldao0v’ly j’mu j,u-u;yfI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd-njgd, c]t I6[rk[muj,u16j.ogd,wfh4nd8hv’D@D 9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[dkogryj’rkvkwldao0v’lyj’muj,u-u;yfwfh4nd8hv’D#D 7;k,vqfmqo.og;]ks^Yogd,D

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dko9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[dkogryj’rkvkwldao0v’lyj’muj,u-u;yfG 7qofnj,oEF 7qodyog0QkF oqddyoc,’w,hF

c[hdyosphkF ’q;cdjd;PoF gfadsqf8Qow,hD

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D czjogd,9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[dkogryj’rkvkwldao0v’lyj’muj,u-u;yfG 7qofnj,oEF 7qodyog0QkF oqddyo

c,’w,hF c[hdyosphkF ’q;cdjd;PoF gfadsqf8Qow,h Xle]a[okp76 c]t gfadohvp?D@D czjogd,gdqjk gd,]Po]efa[I6[rk[dko9tg]uog8u[.spj0v’rnfG 8Qo4qj;F cdjoF 8QoohvpF 8Qo.spjS

8Qodh;pF |+dh;pF xqj’.[pvfvjvoF xqj’ &.[F xqj’ ( .[F gdufxuF c8dgxaog7nv\kddh;pD#D [qf7e7jv’ vksko0v’.zD

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpg]qjk7e7jv’ vksko0v’.zD@D .shgfadohvpla’gdfI6[rk[F okp76lqomtokdjP;da[-njgd, c]t I6[rk[muj,u16j.ogd,D#D okp766cotoe c]t lkmyf0Ao8vodkosYogd,D$D .shgfadohvpsYogd,.\jF gd,gdqjk c]t okp768yf8k,-j;pgs^nvD&D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[-njgd,F I6[rk[ c]t dkos^Yogd,9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[dkogryj’rk

vkwldao0v’lyj’muj,u-u;yfD*D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[dkogda[,hPogd,sa’9kdsYoc]h; c]t 7;k,vqfmqo.og;]ksYogd,D

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd-njgd, c]t I6[rk[muj,u16j.ogd,D@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[dkogryj’rkvkwldao0v’lyj’muj,u-u;yfD#D 7;k,vqfmqo.odkos^Yogd,D


39


sq;0=hG ,5,vjko c]t ,5,lu]txtlhk’laosq;0=hG ,5,vjko c]t ,5,lu]txtlhk’laosq;0=hG ,5,vjko c]t ,5,lu]txtlhk’laosq;0=hG ,5,vjko c]t ,5,lu]txtlhk’laosq;0=hG ,5,vjko c]t ,5,lu]txtlhk’laoI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd-njg7njv’s^Yo c]t ;ymus^Yo8k,,5,D@D vjko7ela[muj,ults^t V6 c]t 8q;ltdqf c]t I6[rk[.oxB,oymkowfh4nd8hv’D#D lko]kp0afltsa[lu c]t 8yfcdjornfwfh4nd8hv’D$D ,u,k]tpkf.odkovjko c]t sYoD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=!D -njg7njv’sYoF ;ymusYo8k,,5,vjko c]t ,5,ly]txtlhk’lao@D dkola’gdf c]t vjko7ela[muj,ults^t V6 c]t 8q;ltdqfG 96’,nF ,hk\6oF I6f-y[F f6foEF ]6d-Yoxk

c]t vjko8k,I6[rk[.oxB,oymkog]njv’lyj’muj0hvp8hv’dkoD#D lko]kp0afltsa[luG 0k;F cf’ c]t 2hk c]t 8yfcdjornf.ljI6[rk[8Qow,hD

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D ,5,vjkoG dtfkolP[ sn 8yfD xB,[qfg/ydsafrklk]k; gsA, @X|hk !$?D xB,oymkog]njv’ lyj’muj0hvp

8hv’dkoD@D ,5,ly]txtlhk’laoG g9hplu0k;F cf’ c]t 2hkmuj8afgxaoglAoc]h;F c[[lko]kp0afD cdjornfF

dk; c]t g9hpI6[rk[8Qow,hD#D [aflaopt]adg0QksYo8k,,5, c]t [qf7e7jv’ vksko0v’.zD

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpg]qjk7e7jv’ vksko0v’.z xtdv[mjkmk’8k,9yo8tokdko@D okp76cotoe;ymusYo.shgfadohvpg]nvd[aflaopt]adg0QksYo8k,,5,vjko c]t ,5,ly]txtlhk’laoD#D .shgfadohvpg0QksYo8k,,5,F okp768yf8k,cotoe c]t -j;pgs^nvD$D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[dkos^Yo8k,,5,vjko c]t ,5,ly]txtlhk’laoD&D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[dko,u,k]tpkf.odkovjko c]t sYoD

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D dko[vd-njg7njv’s^Yo c]t ;ymus^Yo8k,,5,D@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkovjko7ela[muj,ults^t V6 c]t vjko8k,8q;ltdqf c]t I6[rk[.oxB,oymkoD#D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko lko]kp0afltsa[lu c]t 8yfcdjornfD$D ,k]tpkf.odkovjko c]t sYoD



(ສວສ

)

40

95fxtlq’le]a[vkmyfmu @95fxtlq’le]a[vkmyfmu @95fxtlq’le]a[vkmyfmu @95fxtlq’le]a[vkmyfmu @95fxtlq’le]a[vkmyfmu @


grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D xt8y[af0=h8qd]q’8k,okp76cotoewfh4nd8hv’D@D xt8y[af7elaj’8k,okp76cotoewfh4nd8hv’D#D ltcf’mjkmk’gxaoz6hoe{z6hxt8y[af8k, 8k,9yo8tokdko1jk’,j;o-njoD$D ltcf’mjkmk’gxaoz6hoe{z6hxt8y[af8k, 8k,okp76deoqfwfh4nd8hv’D&D ltcf’mjkmk’8k,dkolaopko pqdI6[rk[wfh4nd8hv’D*D xvfwr.og;]kltcf’mjkmk’D(D 2a’7elaj’0v’okp76fh;p7;k,8A’.9D)D g;Qk7emujl5rk[da[\6jgrnjvoD

dyf9td=k;q’,qodyf9td=k;q’,qodyf9td=k;q’,qodyf9td=k;q’,qodyf9td=k;q’,qo

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vdlyj’muj[+,u-u;yfwfh4nd8hv’D@D g]qjk7e7jv’F Ihv’gr’F g;Qkgxao7ela[F gxaoxt3spd8k,goNv.o[qf7e7jv’F ]eF I6[rk[wfh-afg9oD#D vto5]adaIadlklyj’c;f]hv,vhv,8q; csj’oED$D [vdxtgrf c]t ]adltot0v’fyowfh4nd8hv’D&D vjko7ela[muj,u c]t [+,u ;aootp5f VjF Vh wfh-afg9oD*D [vd75oxt3spf c]t dkoxqdxadIadlkfyowfh4nd8hv’D(D ,u7;k,,j;o-njo c]t ,u,k]tpkf.odko2a’oymkoDDDDD)D [vd]adltot c]t 75oxt3spf0v’suowfh4nd8hv’D_D la’gdf c]t vjko8q;g]d.og’yowfh4nd8hv’D!WD [vddkoxjPocx’ltrk[ c]t [vdxt3spf0v’oEwfh4nd8hv’D!!D xt8y[af8q;9y’.odkomqf]v’dkoxjPocx’ltrk[0v’oED


grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd0Ao8vodkoc8h,I6[rk[c,joE8k,c[[F dko3Ipfyo-kp.ljI6[rk[oElhk’F dko

xAofyogxaoI6[7qd c]t lkdF dkoc8h,I6[rk[4h;p c]t 9vd8k,Ivp9Ewfh4nd8hv’D@D c8h,I6[rk[c,joE8k,c[[F xAofyogxaoI6[7qd c]t lkd.sh,u7;k,7hkp7nD#D ,u7;k,vqfmqo.odkoc8h,I6[rk[c,joE8k,c[[F dkoc8h,I6[rk[4h;pF9vd8k,Ivp9EF

dko0uf0Polts^t V6 8k,7ela[.shleg]afD

41

$D 3Ipfyo-kp.ljI6[rk[oElhk’F c8h,I6[rk[4h;pF9vd8k,Ivp9E.shltvkf9q[’k,D&D g/yd.shgfadohvp,u7;k,]t,af]t;a’.odko3Ipfyo-kpD*D c[j’xaofuoxaho.sh\6jgrnjvoD(D [vdmyfmk’ c]t dko0Polts^t V6 8k,7ela[D)D 0uf0Polts^t V6 8k,7ela[.sh4nd8hv’D


grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd0Ao8vo c]t dt8ydk dkosYoc[[sYoIjkpoE.ljcdh;F s^Yoc[[s^Yog-njv’85ddt8kF s^Yoc[[

s^YoxjPolqj’fvdw,hF s^Yofyo-kpG s^YoxAofyo-kpgxaoI6[8jk’M8k,.9 c]t s^Yoc[[s^Yoc0j’0aog8Ao0hk,sh;pD

@D sYoc[[sYoIjkpoE.ljcdh;F sYoc[[sYog-njv’85ddt8kF sYoc[[sYoxjPolqj’fvdw,hF sYofyo-kpGsYoxAofyo-kpgxaoI6[8jk’M8k,.9 c]t sYoc[[sYoc0j’0aog8Ao0hk,sh;pwfh4nd8hv’D

#D g[ud[ko,j;o-njo.og;]ks^YoD$D xvfwr.og;]ks^yhoc[[s^YoD&D -j;pgs^nvg-yj’dao c]t dao.og;]ks^YoD


grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd-njgd, c]t I6[rk[muj,u16j.ogd,D@D 9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[lyj’muj[+,u-u;yfwfh4nd8hv’D#D [;dI6[rk[dhvolujc99eo;o !{& wfh4nd8hv’D$D 9a[76jmyj7ndao8q;rtpao-tot @( 8q; c8j d g4y’ I wfh4nd8hv’D&D 9a[76jI6[rk[da[8q;rtpao-totwfh4nd8hv’D*D 9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[da[I6[rk[8k,dkovvdlP’rtpao-tot8Qowfh4nd8hv’D*D vqfmqo.og;]ksY^ogd,D(D -j;pgsnv\6jgrnjvo.og;]ksYogd,D


(ສວສ

)

42


grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd-njg7njv’sYo c]t ;ymusYo8k,,5,D@D c8h,I6[8k,9yo8tokdko.ljvjk’-kpF 8+[avdgxaoI6[8jk’M8k,9yo8tokdko1jk’,j;o-njoD#D c8h,I6[rk[8k,c[[F xAofyogxaoI6[\kddhP’F xAofyogxaoI6[7qdF lkdF 3Ipfyo-kp.ljI6[rk[

oElhk’F c8h,I6[rk[4h;pF 9vd8k,c[[wfh4nd8hv’D$D vjkogxaoxt3spdmuj,ults^t Vk Vn Vu V6 Vt c]t vjko8k,I6[rk[wfh-afg9oD&D 9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[lyj’muj[+,u-u;yfF 9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[dkogryj’rkvkwldao0v’lyj’muj,u-u;yfF 9a[76j

muj7ndaoI6[rk[da[I6[rk[8k,dkovvdlP’rtpao-tot8QoF ]Po]efa[I6[rk[dko9tg]uog8u[.spj0v’7qoF laf c]t ]Po]efa[I6[rk[dko9tg]uog8u[.spj 0v’rnfS 9a[76jmuj7ndao8q;rtpao-totc8j d g4y’ I c]t 9a[76jI6[rk[8q;rtpao-totc8jd g4y’ I wfh4nd8hv’D

*D mqf]v’4vdoE.ljfyo|P;F fyo-kpF la’gdfdko9tg]uog8u[.sjp0v’8Qo4Q; c]t zad[Q’F mqf]v’gvqk,n95j,]q’oEg1aoF oEv5jo x6d8Qo\kd4qj;F c]t zad[Q’wfh4nd8hv’D

(D gda[,hPog7njv’s^Yow;gxao]t[P[ c]t 4nd[jvomujdeoqfw;hD)D g;Qk7emujl5rk[8+da[\6jgrnjvo.og;]ks^YoD_D c[j’xaog7njv’s^Yo.sh\6jgrnjvo.og;]ks^YoD!WD -j;pgs^nv\6jgrnjvo.og;]ks^YoD!!D ,u,k]tpkf.odkovjko c]t sYoD

43


sq;0= hG sq;0= hG sq;0= hG sq;0= hG sq;0= hG g7n jvows;xt8y[af0= h8qd]q’8k,okp76cotoeg7n jvows;xt8y[af0= h8qd]q’8k,okp76cotoeg7n jvows;xt8y[af0= h8qd]q’8k,okp76cotoeg7n jvows;xt8y[af0= h8qd]q’8k,okp76cotoeg7n jvows;xt8y[af0= h8qd]q’8k,okp76cotoeI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D xt8y[af0=h8qd]q’8k,okp76cotoewfh4nd8hv’D@D xvfwr.og;]kltcf’mjkmk’D

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dkoxt8y[af0=h8qd]q’8k,okp76cotoeG c0hovovhkxkdF ’6]vpoED

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvomjksafdkpt[=]ysko0k c]t cv; Xg[yj’xB,76j,n76?D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpsafdkpt[=]ysko0k c]t cv;G mjk1no0kfP;pqd0k0Bomk’|hkgvqk,nma’lv’

g[Nv’9a[w;h c]t mjks’jP’cv;wxmk’-hkp{0;kD@D .shgfadohvpg8Ao0kfP;wx\hk c]t sa’8k,lP’g7ktD#D okp76cotoe c]t lkmyfdkoxt8y[af0=h8qd]q’8k,okp76cotoeD$D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af8q;9y’ c]t okp768yf8k,-j;pgs^nvD&D .shgfadohvpoaj’0aflt\kfs^a[8klt,kmyD*D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af7nodkoxt8y[af0=h8qd]q’8k,okp76cotoeD(D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[7;k,xvfwr.og;]kltcf’mjkmk’D

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkoxt8y[af0=h8qd]q’8k,okp76cotoeD@D 7;k,xvfwr.og;]kltcf’mjkmk’D

me,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqk vkmyfmu @ ,Nmu !


(ສວສ

)

44


sq;0=hG lyj’muj[+,u-u;yfsq;0=hG lyj’muj[+,u-u;yfsq;0=hG lyj’muj[+,u-u;yfsq;0=hG lyj’muj[+,u-u;yfsq;0=hG lyj’muj[+,u-u;yfI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vdlyj’muj[+,u-u;yfwfh4nd8hv’D@D g]qjk7e7jv’F g;Qkgxao7ela[ c]t gxaoxt3spd8k,goNv.o[qf7e7jv’wfh-afg9oD#D vto5]adIadlklyj’c;f]hv,vhv,8q;D

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=!D lyj’muj[+,u-u;yf XfyoF suo c]t oE?D{ fyoG fyoIj;oF fyo|P; c]t fyo-kpD{ suoG suo16.oc,joEF suocIjD{ oEG oExtxkF oElhk’ c]t c,joED@D dkog]qjk7e7jv’ fyoF suoF oEF g;Qkgxao7ela[ c]t gxaoxt3spd8k,goNv.o[qf7e7jv’G{ 7ela[G fyo suo -kpF |k,F |+F \=hF oExtxkF gs^Nv,D{ xt3spdG 16j[hko0hvp,ufyo suo -kpF fyo|P;.-hxAo\=hF x6drnf.ljfyofe0P;’k,fuF oE.lfuc,jo

oExtxkF -kpgxaog,afohvpgsNv,D

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D fyoIj;oF fyo|P;F fyo-kpF suocIjF suoc,joEF oED@D [qf7e7jv’ fyoF suoF oE Xg[yj’xB,76j,n76?D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D okp76lqomtokda[gfadohvpdjP;da[lyj’muj,u-u;yfD@D okp7rkgfadohvpg]qjk7e7jv’F lqomtokF g;Qkgxao7ela[ c]t gxaoxt3spd8k,goNv.o [qf7e7jv’D#D .shgfadohvpla’gdffyoIj;oF fyo|P;F fyo-kpF suocIjF suoc,joEF oEF lqomtokdjP;da[lyj’muj[+,u-u;yfD$D .shgfadohvpg]qjk7e7jv’ c]t g;Qkgxaoxt3spd8k,goNv.o7e7jv’7noD&D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[7;k,lk,ad7u c]t dkovto5]adIadlklyj’c;f]hv,vhv,8q;D

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vdlyj’muj[+,u-u;yfD@D 7;k,-afg9o.odkog]qjk7e7jv’F g;Qkgxao7ela[ c]t gxaoxt3spd8k,goNv.o[qf7e7jv’D#D dkovto5]adIadlklyj’c;f]hv,vhv,8q;D•


45


sq;0= hG c8h,I6[rk[c,joE8k,c[[sq;0= hG c8h,I6[rk[c,joE8k,c[[sq;0= hG c8h,I6[rk[c,joE8k,c[[sq;0= hG c8h,I6[rk[c,joE8k,c[[sq;0= hG c8h,I6[rk[c,joE8k,c[[I. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd0Ao8vodkoc8h,I6[rk[c,joE8k,c[[wfh4nd8hv’D@D c8h,I6[rk[c,joE8k,c[[.sh7hkp7nD#D ,u7;k,vqfmqo.odkoc8h,I6[rk[c,joE8k,c[[.shleg]afD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dkoc8h,I6[rk[c,joE8k,c[[D

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D l=fe s^n l=luw,hF 1k’]n[F g9hp0k;D@D g9hpc[[I6[rk[c,joEmujc8h,c]h;D#D [qf7e7jv’ fyoF suoF oED

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D okp76rkgfadohvpg]qjk[qf7e7jv’ fyoF suoF oE xtdv[mjkmk’D@D .shgfadohvpla’gdfI6[rk[c,joEF lqomtokdjP;da[xt3spf0v’c,joE c]t 0Ao8vodkoc8h,

I6[c,joED#D okp76cotoeF lkmyf;ymu c]t 0Ao8vodkoc8h,I6[rk[c,joE$D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af8q;9y’F okp768yf8k,-j;pgs^nvgfadohvpD&D .shgfadohvpltg|uzqo’ko c]t g;Qk7nodjP;da[0Ao8vodkoc8h,I6[rk[c,joED*D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[7;k,vqfmqo c]t dkovto5]adIadlkc,joED

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd0Ao8vodkoc8h,I6[rk[c,joE8k,c[[D@D 7;k,7hkp7n0v’dkoc8h,I6[rk[c,joE8k,c[[D#D 7;k,vqfmqo.odkoc8h,I6[rk[c,joE8k,c[[.shleg]afD



(ສວສ

)

46


sq;0=hGsq;0= hGsq;0= hGsq;0= hGsq;0= hG c[[s^YoIjkpoE.ljcdh;c[[s^YoIjkpoE.ljcdh;c[[s^YoIjkpoE.ljcdh;c[[s^YoIjkpoE.ljcdh;c[[s^YoIjkpoE.ljcdh;I. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd0Ao8vo c]t dt8ydkdkosYoc[[sYoIjkpoE.ljcdh;wfh4nd8hv’D@D g/yd7;k,mjP’0v’,nD#D -j;pgs^nvg-yj’dao c]t dao.og;]ks^YoD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dkos^Yoc[[s^YoIjkpoE.ljcdh;D

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D 75oEF cdh;F 85d1k’F \kds;uf c]t dtc-adD@D [qf7e7jv’ fyoF suoF oED#D ;ymus^Yo Xg[yj’xB,76j,n76?D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo {dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo {dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo {dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo {dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo {dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpg]qjk7e7jv’ fyoF suoF oE xtdv[mjkmk’D@D okp76ltg|uc[[s^Yo c]t lkmyf;ymus^Yoc[[s^YoIjkpoE.ljcdh;D#D .shgfadohvpsYoc[[sYoIjkpoE.lj cdh;F okp768yf8k, c]t -j;pcotoeD$D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[dkos^Yoc[[s^YoIjkpoE.ljcdh;D&D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpG sYoIj;,daofh;p7;k,lk,ad7uF vqfmqo]=4hksYo8k,]efa[F [+sqfoE.ljdaoF

s^Yoc]h;vtokw,8uoF ,n .shltvkf c]t gda[,hPov5xtdvo-j;pdaoD*D .shgfad1nolajoc0o-hk’8k,lP’laj’dtc-adF sa’9kdoAo xjvp.shgfadohvps^Yo8k,.9D

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd0Ao8vo c]t dt8ydkdkosYoD@D 7;k,mjP’0v’,n.og;]ks^YoD#D dko-j;pgs^nvg-yj’dao c]t dao.og;]ks^YoD


47


sq;0=hG gd,9a[76jmu j7ndaoI6[rk[lyj’muj[+,u-u;yfsq;0=hG gd,9a[76jmu j7ndaoI6[rk[lyj’muj[+,u-u;yfsq;0=hG gd,9a[76jmu j7ndaoI6[rk[lyj’muj[+,u-u;yfsq;0=hG gd,9a[76jmu j7ndaoI6[rk[lyj’muj[+,u-u;yfsq;0=hG gd,9a[76jmu j7ndaoI6[rk[lyj’muj[+,u-u;yfI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kf!D [vd-njgd, c]t I6[rk[muj,u.ogd,wfh4nd8hv’D@D 9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[lyj’muj[+,u-u;yfwfh4nd8hv’D#D c[j’xaogd,.sh\6jgrnjvoD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dko9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[lyj’muj[+,u-u;yfG lyj’mujgIaf9kddhvosuoG 38tF 8aj’F 7qdF lkp7=F 85h,s6F cs;oS

lyj’mujgIaf9kdw,hG g7njv’.-h.ogInvoG X38tF 8aj’F 86hF 8P’?F g7njv’.-h.oshv’IPo Xl=feF xB,F dtfkoF 85ddt8k? F g7njv’o5j’ X3lh’F glNvF lYoF gdu[?S lyj’mujgIaf9kdfyoG \=hF 7qdF 4h;pF [j;’F wsF g8Qkfvdw,hS lyj’mujgIaf9kdgsadG ]qf4u[F ]qf9adF ]qf.spjD

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D czjogd,9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[lyj’muj[+,u-u;yfG lyj’mujgIaf9kddhvosuoG 38tF 8aj’F 7qdF lkp7=F 85h,s6F

cs;oS lyj’mujgIaf9kdw,hG g7njv’.-h.ogInvo X38tF 8aj’F 86hF 8P’?F g7njv’.-h.oshv’IPo Xl=feF xB,FdtfkoF 85ddt8k?F g7njv’o5j’ X3lh’F glNvF lYoF gdu[?S lyj’mujgIaf9kdfyoG \=hF 7qdF 4h;pF [j;’F wsFg8Qkfvdw,hS lyj’mujgIaf9kdgsadG ]qf4u[F ]qf9adF ]qf.spjD Xle]a[okp76 c]t gfadohvp?D

@D czjogd,gdqjk 9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[dkogryj’rkvk.ldao0v’lyj’muj,u-u;yfD#D [qf7e7jv’ fyoF suoF oED

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpg]qjk7e7jv’ fyoF suoF oED@D .shgfadohvpla’gdfI6[rk[F okp76lqomtokdjP;da[-njgd, c]t I6[rk[muj,u16j.ogd,D#D okp766cotoe c]t lkmyf0Ao8vodkosYogd,D$D .shgfadohvpsYogd,.\jF gd,gdqjk c]t okp7668yf8k,-j;pgs^nvD&D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[-njgd,F I6[rk[ c]t dkos^Yogd,9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[lyj’muj[+,u-u;yfD*D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[dkogda[,hPogd,sa’9kdsYoc]h; c]t 7;k,vqfmqo.og;]ksYogd,D

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd-njgd, c]t I6[rk[muj,u.ogd,D@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[lyj’muj[+,u-u;yfD#D c[j’xaogd,.sh\6jgrnjvoD

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqk vkmyfmu @ ,Nmu !


(ສວສ

)

48


sq;0= hG ,5,lu]txtlhk’lao c]t ,5,gd,dkolsq;0= hG ,5,lu]txtlhk’lao c]t ,5,gd,dkolsq;0= hG ,5,lu]txtlhk’lao c]t ,5,gd,dkolsq;0= hG ,5,lu]txtlhk’lao c]t ,5,gd,dkolsq;0= hG ,5,lu]txtlhk’lao c]t ,5,gd,dkolbdlkbdlkbdlkbdlkbdlkI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd-njg7njv’s^Yo c]t ;ymus^Yo8k,,5,D@D c8h,I6[8k,c[[F xAofyo gxaoI6[\kddhP’wfh4nd8hv’D#D ]Po]efa[I6[rk[dko9tg]uog8u[.spj0v’7qoF laf c]t ]Po]efa[I6[rk[dko9tg]uog8u[

.spj0v’rnfwfh4nd8hv’D$D -j;pgs^nv\6jgrnjvo.og;]ks^YoD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=!D -njg7njv’sYoF ;ymusYo8k,,5,ly]txtlhk’lao c]t ,5,gd,dkolbdlk@D c8h,I6[c,joE8k,c[[F xAofyogxaoI6[\kddhP’ c]t \kdcv[gxUoD#D dko]Po]efa[I6[rk[dko9tg]uog8u[.spj0v’7qoF laf c]t ]Po]efa[I6[rk[dko9tg]uog8u[

.spj0v’rnfD

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D ,5,lu]txtlhk’laoG g9hp0k;F l=fe sn l=luw,hF c[[I6[rk[c,joEfyole]a[xAoF zhkIv’xAoF -k,oEF lt[6F

zhkg-af,nD@D ,5,gd,dkolbdlkG dtfkolP[ sn 8yf czjogd,]Po]efa[I6[rk[dko9tg]uog8u[.spj0v’7qoF

laf c]t czjogd,]Po]efa[I6[rk[dko9tg]uog8u[.spj0v’rnfD#D [aflaopt]adg0QksYo8k,,5, c]t [qf7e7jv’ fyoF suoF oED

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpg]qjk7e7jv’ fyoF suoF oE xtdv[mjkmk’8k,9yo8tokdko@D okp76cotoe;ymusYo.shgfadohvpg]nvd[aflaopt]adg0QksYo8k,,5,ly]txtlhk’laoD#D .shgfadohvpg0QksYo8k,,5,F okp768yf8k,cotoe c]t -j;pgsnvD$D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[dkosYo8k,,5,ly]txtlhk’lao c]t ,5,gd,dkolbdlkD&D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[dko-j;pgsnv\6jgrnjvo.og;]ksYoD

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D dko[vd-njg7njv’sYo c]t ;ymusYo8k,,5,D@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkoc8h,I6[8k,c[[xAofyogxaoI6[\kddhP’#D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko]Po]efa[I6[rk[dko9tg]uog8u[.spj0v’7qoF laf c]t ]Po]efa[I6[rk[

dko9tg]uog8u[.spj0v’rnfD$D dko-j;pgsnv\6jgrnjvo.og;]ksYoD

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqk vkmyfmu @ ,Nmu !

49


sq;0=hG g7n jvows;gxaoz6hoe{z6hxt8y[af8k, 8k,9yo8tokdkosq;0=hG g7n jvows;gxaoz6hoe{z6hxt8y[af8k, 8k,9yo8tokdkosq;0=hG g7n jvows;gxaoz6hoe{z6hxt8y[af8k, 8k,9yo8tokdkosq;0=hG g7n jvows;gxaoz6hoe{z6hxt8y[af8k, 8k,9yo8tokdkosq;0=hG g7n jvows;gxaoz6hoe{z6hxt8y[af8k, 8k,9yo8tokdkoI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D ltcf’mjkmk’gxaoz6hoe{z6hxt8y[af8k, 8k,9yo8tokdko1jk’,j;o-njoD@D g;Qk7emujl5rk[da[\6jgrnjvoD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dkoltcf’mjkmk’gxaoz6hoe{z6hxt8y[af8k, 8k,9yo8tokdkoG x6dzadF .lj/5joF sqfoED

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvomjksafdkpt[=]ysko]e8q; c]t 0k Xg[yj’xB,76j,n76?D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpsafdkpt[=]ysko]e8q; c]t 0kG de,ng0QkF c[,nvvdF mjk31t0k]q’D@D .shgfadohvpc]jog8t0kwxmk’\hkD#D okp76cotoe c]t lkmyfdkoltcf’mjkmk’gxaoz6hoe{z6hxt8y[af8k, 8k,9yo8tokdkoD$D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af8q;9y’ c]t okp768yf8k,-j;pgs^nvD&D .shgfadohvpoaj’1Pf0kwxmk’|hkF gvqk,nma’lv’g[Nv’7qj,rNomk’sa’F g’up|hkskp.9g0QkvvdD*D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af7nodkoltcf’mjkmk’gxaoz6hoe{z6hxt8y[af8k, 8k,9yo8tokdkoD(D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[dkog;Qk7emujl5rk[da[\6jgrnjvoD

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,,j;o-njo.odkoltcf’mjkmk’gxaoz6hoe{z6hxt8y[af8k, 8k,9yo8tokdkoD@D dkog;Qk7emujl5rk[da[\6jgrnjvoD

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqkF vkmyfmu @ ,Nmu @


(ສວສ

)

50


sq;0=hG xtgrf c]t ]adltot0v’fyosq;0=hG xtgrf c]t ]adltot0v’fyosq;0=hG xtgrf c]t ]adltot0v’fyosq;0=hG xtgrf c]t ]adltot0v’fyosq;0=hG xtgrf c]t ]adltot0v’fyoI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vdxtgrf c]t ]adltot0v’fyowfh4nd8hv’D@D ]egfuoF g;Qkgxao7ela[ c]t gxaoxt3spd8k,goNv.o[qf]ewfh-afg9oD#D vjkovvdlP’7ela[muj,u c]t [+,u ;aootp5f VjF Vh wfh-afg9oD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=!D xtgrf c]t ]adltot0v’fyoD{ xtgrf0v’fyoxtdv[,ufyoIj;oF fyo|P; c]t fyo-kp{ ]adltot0v’fyoG fyoIj;o Xfyox6d/a’s^n fyoz5z5jp? gxaofyomuj,uglf.[w,hF glflafF suo c]t -kp

xqo16joeS fyo|P; Xfyofkd?F gxaofyo]tvPfF |P; c]t vq,oEwfhfuS fyo-kpG gxaog,afohvpFgs^Nv, c]t oEzjkowfhfuD

@D dko]egfuo fyofuF g;Qkgxao7ela[ c]t gxaoxt3spd8k,goNv.o[qf]eD{ 7ela[G fyoIj;oF fyo|P;F fyo-kpF x6d/a’F ]tvPfF g,afohvpF gs^Nv,D{ xt3spdG fyo,us^kp-toyfF fyoIj;o.-hx6d/a’F fyo|P;gxaofyo]tvPfF fyo-kpgxaog,afohvp gsNv,F

gryjo.-h-kpd+gInvoD#D vjko7ela[muj,u c]t [+,u ;aootp5f VjF VhG ,k ]u -N dt 8jkS xhk,u[jkF ok ]u 4n dt [tD

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D fyoIj;oF fyo|P;F fyo-kpS [qf]egfuo fyofu g[yj’.oxB,76j,n76D@D [af7ela[G ,k ]u -N dt 8jkS xhk ,u [jkF ok ]u 4n dt [tD

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D okp76lqomtokda[gfadohvpdjP;da[lyj’muj[+,u-u;yfD@D okp76rkgfadohvp]egfuoF g;Qkgxao7ela[ xt3spd8k,goNv.o[qf]egfuoD#D .shgfadohvpla’gdffyoc8j]t-toyfF lqomtokdjP;da[]adltot c]t xtgrf0v’fyoD$D okp76rkgfadohvpvjkovvdlP’7ela[muj,u c]t [+,u ;aootp5f VjF Vh&D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[]adltot c]t xtgrf0v’fyoD*D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[7;k,lk,ad7u c]t dkovto5]adIadlklyj’c;f]hv,vhv,8q;D

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vdxtgrf c]t ]adltot0v’fyoD@D 7;k,-afg9o.odkog;Qkgxao7ela[ c]t gxaoxt3spd8k,goNv.o[qf]eD#D 7;k,-afg9ovjko7ela[muj,u c]t [+,u ;aootp5f VjF VhD

me,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqk vkmyfmu @ ,Nmu @

51


sq;0= hG 3Ipfyo-kp.ljI6[rk[oElhk’sq;0= hG 3Ipfyo-kp.ljI6[rk[oElhk’sq;0= hG 3Ipfyo-kp.ljI6[rk[oElhk’sq;0= hG 3Ipfyo-kp.ljI6[rk[oElhk’sq;0= hG 3Ipfyo-kp.ljI6[rk[oElhk’I. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd0Ao8vo.odko3Ipfyo-kp.ljI6[rk[oElhk’wfh4nd8hv’D@D 3Ipfyo-kp.ljI6[rk[oElhk’.shltvkf9q[’k,D#D g/yd.shgfadohvp,u7;k,]t,af]t;a’.odko3Ipfyo-kpD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dko3Ipfyo-kp.ljI6[rk[oElhk’D

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D fyo-kpF dk;leg]afI6[ sn dk;g0Qk|P;8Q,F glNvdaogxNvoD@D -k,oEF zhkg-af,n c]t lt[6D#D g9hpI6[rk[oElhk’ c]t g9hpI6[rk[oElhk’muj3Ip-kpc]h;D$D [qf]egfuo fyofu

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvp]egfuo fyofu xtdv[mjkmk’D@D .shgfadohvpla’gdfI6[rk[oElhk’F lqomtokdjP;da[I6[Ijk’0v’oElhk’ c]t 0Ao8vodko3Ip

fyo-kp.ljI6[oElhk’D#D okp76cotoeF lkmyf;ymu c]t 0Ao8vodko3Ipfyo-kp.ljI6[rk[oElhk’D$D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af8q;9y’ c]t okp768yf8k,-j;pgs^nvgfadohvpD&D .shgfadohvpltg|uzqo’ko c]t 7nodjP;da[0Ao8vodko3Ipfyo-kp.ljI6[rk[oElhk’D*D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[7;k,vqfmqo c]t 7;k,]t,af]t;a’.og;]ks^Yofyo-kpD

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd0Ao8vo.odko3Ipfyo-kp.ljI6[rk[oElhk’D@D 7;k,ltvkf9q[’k,.odko3Ipfyo-kp.ljI6[rk[oElhk’D#D 7;k,]t,af]t;a’.odko3Ipfyo-kp.ljI6[rk[oElhk’D

me,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqk vkmyfmu @ ,Nmu @


(ສວສ

)

52


sq;0=hG sq;0=hG sq;0=hG sq;0=hG sq;0=hG c[[s^Yog-njv’85ddt8kc[[s^Yog-njv’85ddt8kc[[s^Yog-njv’85ddt8kc[[s^Yog-njv’85ddt8kc[[s^Yog-njv’85ddt8kI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd0Ao8vo c]t dt8ydkdkosYog-njv’85ddt8kwfh4nd8hv’D@D s^Yoc[[s^Yog-njv’85ddt8kwfh4nd8hv’D#D ,u7;k,g[ud[ko,j;o-nnjo.og;]ks^YoD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dkos^Yoc[[s^Yog-njv’85ddt8kD

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D zhkcr c]t 7e7jv’g-njv’85ddt8kD@D ;ymus^Yo Xg[yj’xB,76j,n76?D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvplajo7=j,nF \6osq;g0qjk c]t dt3ffD@D okp76ltg|uc[[s^Yo c]t lkmyf;ymus^Yoc[[s^Yog-njv’85ddt8kD#D .shgfadohvps^Yoc[[s^Yog-njv’85ddt8kF okp768yf8k, c]t -j;pcotoeD$D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[dkos^Yoc[[s^Yog-njv’85ddt8kD&D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpG ]t;a’[=j.sh]Q,F s^YoIj;,daofh;p7;k,lk,ad7uF s^Yoc]h;]hk’,nF ]hk’8uo

.shltvkf c]t gda[,hPov5xtdvoD*D .shgfadohvpoaj’]q’c]h;gvqk,ndvfgvudskp.9vvd{g0Qk-hkM s^a’9kdoAo xjvp.shgfad ohvps^Yo

8k,.9D

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd0Ao8vo c]t dt8ydkdkosYoD@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkos^Yoc[[s^Yog-njv’85ddt8kD#D 7;k,g[ud[ko,j;o-njo.og;]ks^YoD

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqkvkmyfmu @ ,Nmu @

53


sq;0= hG gd,[;dI6[rk[dhvolu jc99eo;o !{&sq;0= hG gd,[;dI6[rk[dhvolu jc99eo;o !{&sq;0= hG gd,[;dI6[rk[dhvolu jc99eo;o !{&sq;0= hG gd,[;dI6[rk[dhvolu jc99eo;o !{&sq;0= hG gd,[;dI6[rk[dhvolu jc99eo;o !{&I. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd-njgd, c]t 8q;g]dmuj,u16j.ogd,wfh4nd8hv’D@D [;dI6[rk[dhvolujc99eo;o !{& wfh4nd8hv’D#D -j;pgs^nv\6jgrnjvo.og;]ks^Yogd,D

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dko[;dI6[rk[dhvolujc99eo;o !{&D

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D czjogd,rNo4kodko[;dI6[rk[dhvolujc99eo;o !{& rNo4kodko[;dI6[rk[S dhvolujc9

9eo;o !{& Xle]a[okp76 c]t gfadohvp?D@D czjogd,gdqjk gd,9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[lyj’muj[+,u-u;yf#D [qf]egfuo fyofuD

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvp]egfuofyofuD@D .shgfadohvpla’gdfI6[rk[F okp76lqomtokdjP;da[-njgd, c]t 8q;g]dmuj,u16j.ogd,D#D okp766cotoe c]t lkmyf0Ao8vodkosYogd,D$D .shgfadohvpsYogd,.\jF gd,gdqjk c]t okp768yf8k,-j;pgs^nvD&D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[-njgd,F 8q;g]d c]t dkos^Yogd,D[;dI6[rk[dhvolujc99eo;o !{&*D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[dkogda[,hPogd,sa’9kds^Yoc]h; c]t -j;pgs^nv\6jgrnjvo.og;]k

s^Yogd,D

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd-njgd, c]t 8q;g]dmuj,u16j.ogd,D@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[;dI6[rk[dhvolujc99eo;o !{& D#D -j;pgs^nv\6jgrnjvo.og;]ks^Yogd,D

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqk vkmyfmu @ ,Nmu @


(ສວສ

)

54


sq;0=hG ,5,g7njv’s^YolezafF ,5,;ymtpklkf c]t me,t-kfsq;0=hG ,5,g7njv’s^YolezafF ,5,;ymtpklkf c]t me,t-kfsq;0=hG ,5,g7njv’s^YolezafF ,5,;ymtpklkf c]t me,t-kfsq;0=hG ,5,g7njv’s^YolezafF ,5,;ymtpklkf c]t me,t-kfsq;0=hG ,5,g7njv’s^YolezafF ,5,;ymtpklkf c]t me,t-kfI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd-njg7njv’s^Yo c]t ;ymus^Yo8k,,5,D@D c8h,I6[8k,9yo8tokdko.ljvjk’fyo-kp c]t 8+[avdgxaoI6[8jk’M8k,9yo8tokdko1jk’,j;o-njoD#D mqf]v’4vdoE.ljfyo|P;F fyo-kp la’gdfdko9tg]uog8u[.spj0v’8Qo\kd4qqj; c]t zad[Q’

wfh4nd8hv’D$D gda[,hPog7njv’s^Yow;h4nd[jvomujdeoqfD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=!D -njg7njv’sY^oF ;ymus^Yo8k,,5,g7njv’s^YolezafF ,5,;ymtpklkf c]t me,t-kf@D c8h,I6[8k,9yo8tokdko.ljvjk’fyo-kp c]t 8+[avdgxaoI6[8jk’M8k,9yo8tokdkoD#D la’gdf c]t mqf]v’4vdoE.ljfyo|P;F fyo-kp F la’gdfdko9tg]uog8u[.spj0v’8Qo\kd4qqj;

c]t zad[Q’D

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D ,5,g7njv’sYolezafG vjk’fyo-kpD -5f[avdD@D ,5,;ymtpklkf c]t me,t-kfG 75oEF 9vdF fyo|P; c]t fyo-kpD 8Qo\kd4qq j; c]t zad[Q’D#D [aflaopt]adg0Qks^Yo8k,,5,D$D [qf]egfuo fyofuD

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvp]egfuo fyofuxtdv[mjkmk’8k,9yo8tokdko@D okp76cotoe;ymusY^o.shgfadohvpg]nvd[aflaopt]ad g0Qks^Yo8k,,5,g7n jv’s^Yolezaf c]t

,5,;ymtpklkfme,t-kfD#D .shgfadohvpg0QksYo8k,,5,F okp768yf8k,cotoe c]t -j;pgs^nvD$D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[dkosYo8k,,5,g7njv’sYolezafF ,5,;ymtpklkf c]t me,t-kfD c]t

gda[,hPov5xtdvoD&D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[dkogda[,hPog7njv’s^Yow;h4nd[jvomujdeoqfD

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D dko[vd-nj,5, c]t ;ymus^Yo8k,,5,D@D 7;k,,j;o-njo.odkoc8h,I6[8k,9yo8tokdko.ljvjk’fyo-kp c]t 8+[a^vd gxaoI6[8jk’M

8k,9yo8tokdkoD#D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkomqf]v’fyo|P;F fyo-kp la’gdfdko9tg]uog8u[.spj0v’8Qo\kd4qj; c]t zad[Q’D$D dkogda[,hPog7njv’sYow;h4nd[jvomujdeoqfD

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqk vkmyfmu @ ,Nmu @

55


sq;0= hG g7n jvows;8k,9yo8tokdkoxtdv[[qf]egfuo fyofusq;0= hG g7n jvows;8k,9yo8tokdkoxtdv[[qf]egfuo fyofusq;0= hG g7n jvows;8k,9yo8tokdkoxtdv[[qf]egfuo fyofusq;0= hG g7n jvows;8k,9yo8tokdkoxtdv[[qf]egfuo fyofusq;0= hG g7n jvows;8k,9yo8tokdkoxtdv[[qf]egfuo fyofu

I. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D ltcf’mjkmk’8k,9yo8tokdkoxtdv[goNv.o[qf]egfuo1jk’,j;o-njoD@D ,j;o-njo.og;]kltcf’mjkmk’D

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dkoltcf’mjkmk’8k,9yo8tokdkoxtdv[goNv.o[qf]egfuo fyofuD

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D dtc-adD@D [qf]egfuo fyofuD#D mjksafdkpt[=]yskoc0o c]t 0k Xg[yj’xB,76j,n76?D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpsafdkpt[=]ysko c0o c]t 0kG mjkpqdc0o0Bogmy’sq;F ra[c0olvdg0QkxkpoY;,n95

[jkwsj c]t mjk1no0kfP;pqd0k76hg0Qkwxmk’sa’gvqk,ng[Nv’|bj’9a[w;hD@D .shgfadohvpc]jo-ydc-adD#D okp76cotoe c]t lkmyfdkoltcf’mjkmk’8k,9yo8tokdkoxtdv[gr’D$D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af8q;9y’ c]t okp768yf8k,-j;pgs^nvD&D .shgfadohvppjk’wx{,k8k,lt[kp*D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af7nodkoltcf’mjkmk’8k,9yo8tokdkoxtdv[gr’D(D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[dkodhkltcf’vvd.og;]kltcf’mjkmk’D

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,,j;o-njo.odkoltcf’mjkmk’8k,9yo8tokdkoxtdv[goNv.o[qfgr’D@D dkodhkltcf’vvd.og;]kltcf’mjkmk’D

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqkF vkmyfmu @ ,Nmu #


(ສວສ

)

56


sq;0=hG sq;0=hG sq;0=hG sq;0=hG sq;0=hG 75oxt3spf c]t dkoxqdxadIadlkfyo75oxt3spf c]t dkoxqdxadIadlkfyo75oxt3spf c]t dkoxqdxadIadlkfyo75oxt3spf c]t dkoxqdxadIadlkfyo75oxt3spf c]t dkoxqdxadIadlkfyoI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd75oxt3spf c]t dkoxqdxadIadlkfyowfh4nd8hv’D@D ,u7;k,,j;o-njo c]t ,u,k]tpkf.odko2a’oymkoDDDDD#D g;Qkgxao7ela[ c]t gxaoxt3spd 8k,I6[rk[wfh-afg9oD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=!D 75oxt3spf c]t dkoxqdxadIadlkfyoG{ 75oxt3spf0v’fyoG fyoIj;oG x6drnf XgIafwIjF gIafokF gIafl;o?S fyo|P;G xAogIafg7njv’.-h X\=hF

7qdF 4h;pF [j;’F g8Qkfvdw,h? c]t g7njv’sYo X]qfF lafF \kdw,hF fvdw,h?S fyo-kpG fyo-kp.-hw;hxtlq,da[oEF -u,a’ c]t suo grnjvd+lhk’gInvoD

{ dkoxqdxadIadlkfyoG x6dsphk c]t 8Qow,h.lj|hkfyoD@D dko2a’oymko 0hvpgduf9kd.lD#DDDDD dkog;Qkgxao7ela[ c]t gxaoxt3spd8k,I6[rk[G{ 7ela[G fyoIj;oF fyo|P;F fyo-kpF wIjF okF l;oD{ xt3spdG fyoIj;o.-hw;hhx6drnfF fyo|P;xAogIafg7njv’.-hF suo.-hw;hxtlq,-u,a’gmrNogInvoF

gfadohvpx6dsphk.lj|hkfyoDIIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo

!D 7qdF g8Qkfvdw,hF 4h;pS I6[rk[G gInvod+F 7qox6dsphk c]t 8Qow,hD@D [qfoymkog]njv’ 0hvpgduf9kd.l g[yj’.oxB,76j,n76D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D okp76lqomtokda[gfadohvpdjP;da[xtgrf0v’fyoD@D okp76g]qjkoymkoF lqomtokdjP;da[goNv.o0v’[qfoymkoD#D .shgfadohvpla’gdf 7qdF g8Qkfvdw,hF 4h;pS I6[rk[G gInvod+F 7qox6dsphk c]t 8Qow,hS

lqomtokdjP;da[xt3spf c]t dkoxqdxadIadlkfyoD$D okp76rkgfadohvpg;Qkgxao7ela[ c]t gxaoxt3spd8k,I6[rk[D&D okp76.shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[dkoxqdxadIadlkfyoD*D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[,k]tpkf.odko2a’oymko c]t dkoxqdxadIadlkfyoD

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd75oxt 3spf c]t dkoxqdxadIadlkfyoD@D 7;k,,j;o-njo c]t ,k]tpkf.odko2a’oymkoD#D 7;k,-afg9o.odkog;Qkgxao7e la[ c]t gxaoxt3spd8k,I6[rk[D

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqkF vkmyfmu @ ,NmuG #

57


sq;0=hG xAofyogxaoI6[7qd c]t lkdsq;0=hG xAofyogxaoI6[7qd c]t lkdsq;0=hG xAofyogxaoI6[7qd c]t lkdsq;0=hG xAofyogxaoI6[7qd c]t lkdsq;0=hG xAofyogxaoI6[7qd c]t lkdI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd0Ao8vo.odkoxAofyogxaoI6[7qd c]t lkdwfh4nd8hv’D@D xAofyogxaoI6[7qd c]t lkd.sh,u7;k,7hkp7nD#D c[j’xaofuoxaho.sh\6jgrnjvoD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8= dkoxAofyogxaoI6[7qd c]t lkdD

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D fyoxAo sn cxh’le]a[xAoD@D czjoIv’xAoF glNvdaogxNvoF -k,oEF lt[6 c]t zhkg-af,nD#D I6[7qd c]t lkdmujxAoc]h;D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvplajo7+,n c]h; gIafmjkmk’15[fyoD@D .shgfadohvpla’gdfI6[7qdF lkdmujxAoc]h;F lqomtokdjP;da[lyj’mujgvqk,kxAo c]t 0Ao8vo0v’

dkoxAo7qd c]t lkdD#D okp76cotoeF lkmyf;ymu c]t 0Ao8vodkoxAofyogxaoI6[7qd c]t lkdD$D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af8q;9y’F okp768yf8k,-j;pgs^nvgfadohvpD&D .shgfadohvpltg|u’ko c]t g;Qk7nodjP;da[0Ao8vodkoxAofyogxaoI6[7qd c]t lkdD*D lbdlkvq[[[[[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[7;k,vqfmqo c]t dkoc[j’xaog7njv’.-h.sh\6jgrnjvoD

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd0Ao8vodkoxAofyogxaoI6[7qd c]t lkdD@D 7;k,7hkp7n0v’dkoxAofyogxaoI6[7qd c]t lkdD#D dkoc[j’xaofuoxaho.sh\6jgrnjvoD

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqkF vkmyfmu @ ,NmuG #


(ສວສ

)

58


sq;0=hG c[[s^Yoc0j’0aoxjPo lqj’fvdw,hsq;0=hG c[[s^Yoc0j’0aoxjPo lqj’fvdw,hsq;0=hG c[[s^Yoc0j’0aoxjPo lqj’fvdw,hsq;0=hG c[[s^Yoc0j’0aoxjPo lqj’fvdw,hsq;0=hG c[[s^Yoc0j’0aoxjPo lqj’fvdw,hI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd0Ao8vo c]t dt8ydkdkosYoc[[sYoxjPolqj’fvdw,hwfh4nd8hv’D@D s^Yoc[[s^Yoc0j’0aoxjPolqj’fvdw,hwfh4nd8hv’D#D -j;pgs^nvg-yj’dao c]t dao.og;]ks^Yo

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dkos^Yoc[[s^Yoc0j’0aoxjPo lqj’fvdw,hD

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D fvdw,hc]t dv’D@D ;ymus^Yo Xg[yj’xB,76j,n76?D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvppjk’-hkM8k,lP’g7kt c]t 1nofu;oU;,nD@D okp76ltg|uc[[sYo c]t lkmyf;ymusYoc[[sYoc0j’0aoxjPolqj’fvdw,hD#D .shgfadohvpsYoc[[sYoc0j’0aoxjPolqj’fvdw,hF okp768yf8k, c]t -j;pcotoeD$D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[dkos^Yoc[[s^Yoc0j’0aoxjPolqj’fvdw,hD&D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpG ]t,af]t;a’[+fvdw,h8qdF sYoIj;,daofh;p7;k,lk,ad7uF sYo c]h;vtokw,,nF

8uo.shltvkf c]t gda[,hPov5xtdvoD*D .shgfadohvpoaj’]q’1Pf0k-njc]h;.-hlv’,n[u[-hkM sa’9kdoAoxjvp.shgfadohvpsYo8k,.9D

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd0Ao8vo c]t dt8ydkdkosYoD@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkos^Yoc[[s^Yoc0j’0aoxjPolqj’fvdw,hD#D dko-j;pgs^nvg-yj’dao c]t dao.og;]ks^Yo

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqk vkmyfmu @ ,Nmu #

59


sq;0= hG gd,9a[76 jmu j7ndaoI6[rk[da[I6[rk[8k,dkovvdlP’rtpao-tot8Qosq;0= hG gd,9a[76 jmu j7ndaoI6[rk[da[I6[rk[8k,dkovvdlP’rtpao-tot8Qosq;0= hG gd,9a[76 jmu j7ndaoI6[rk[da[I6[rk[8k,dkovvdlP’rtpao-tot8Qosq;0= hG gd,9a[76 jmu j7ndaoI6[rk[da[I6[rk[8k,dkovvdlP’rtpao-tot8Qosq;0= hG gd,9a[76 jmu j7ndaoI6[rk[da[I6[rk[8k,dkovvdlP’rtpao-tot8QoI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vdI6[rk[ c]t dkovvdlP’rtpao-tot8k,I6[rk[.oczjogd,wfh4nd8hv’D@D 9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[da[I6[rk[8k,dkovvdlP’rtpao-tot8Qowfh4nd8hv’D#D -j;pgsnv\6jgrnjvo.og;]ksYogd,D

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dko9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[da[I6[rk[8k,dkovvdlP’rtpao-tot @( 8q;c8j dXwdj? g4y’ IXgInvo?D

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D czjogd,9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[da[I6[rk[8k,dkovvdlP’rtpao-tot8Qo @( 8q;c8j dXwdj? g4y’

IXgInvo? Xle]a[okp76 c]t gfadohvp?D@D czjogd,gdqjk gd,rNo4kodko[;dI6[rk[dhvolujc99eo;o !{&D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D okp76lqomtokda[gfadohvpdjP;da[75oxt3spf c]t dkoxqdxadIadlkfyoD@D .shgfadohvpla’gdfI6[rk[F okp76lqomtokdjP;da[I6[rk[ c]t rtpao-totmuj,u16j.ogd,D#D okp766cotoe c]t lkmyf0Ao8vodkosYogd,D$D .shgfadohvpsYogd,.\jF gd,gdqjk c]t okp7668yf8k,-j;pgs^nvD&D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[I6[rk[F rtpao-tot c]t dkosYogd,9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[da[I6[rk[

8k,dkovvdlP’rtpao-tot8QoD*D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[dkogda[,hPogd,s^a’9kds^Yoc]h; c]t dko-j;pgs^nv\6jgrnjvo.o

g;]ksY^ogd,D

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vdI6[rk[ c]t dkovvdlP’rtpao-tot8Qo8k,I6[rk[ c]t muj,u

16j.ogd,D@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[da[I6[rk[8k,dkovvdlP’rtpao-tot8QoD#D dko-j;pgs^nv\6jgrnjvo.og;]ks^Yogd,D

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqk vkmyfmu @ ,Nmu #


(ສວສ

)

60


sq;0= hG ,5,ly]txtlhk’lao c]t ,5,gd,dkolbdlksq;0= hG ,5,ly]txtlhk’lao c]t ,5,gd,dkolbdlksq;0= hG ,5,ly]txtlhk’lao c]t ,5,gd,dkolbdlksq;0= hG ,5,ly]txtlhk’lao c]t ,5,gd,dkolbdlksq;0= hG ,5,ly]txtlhk’lao c]t ,5,gd,dkolbdlkI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd-njg7njv’s^Yo c]t ;ymus^Yo8k,,5,D@D xAofyo c]t 3Ipfyo-kpwfh4nd8hv’D#D 9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[dkogryj’rkvkwldao0v’lyj’muj,u-u;yf c]t 9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[lyj’muj[+,u-u;yf$D c[j’xaog7njv’s^Yo.sh\6jgrnjvoD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=!D -njg7njv’sYoF ;ymusYo8k,,5,ly]txtlhk’lao c]t ,5,gd,dkolbdlk@D xAofyogxaoI6[7qdF lkd c]t 3Ipfyo-kp.ljI6[rk[oElhk’D#D 9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[dkogryj’rkvkwldao0v’lyj’muj,u-u;yf c]t 9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[lyj’muj[+,u-u;yfD

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D ,5,lu]txtlhk’laoG fyole]a[xAoF zhkIv’xAoF -k,oEF lt[6F zhkg-af,nF fyo-kpF dk;D@D ,5,gd,dkolbdlkG dtfkolP[ sn 8yfD czjogd,9a[76jmuj7ndaodkogryj’rkvkwldao0v’lyj’muj,u-u;yf c]t

czjogd,9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[lyj’muj[+,u-u;yfD

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D okp76lqomtokgfadohvpdjP;da[75oxt3spf c]t dkoxqdxadlkfyoD@D okp76cotoe;ymusY^o.shgfadohvpg]nvd[aflaopt]adg0Qks^Yo8k,,5,ly]txtlhk’lao c]t ,5,gd,

dkolbdlkD#D .shgfadohvpg0QksYo8k,,5,F okp768yf8k,cotoe c]t -j;pgs^nvD$D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[dkos^Yo8k,,5,ly]txtlhk’lao c]t ,5,gd,dkolbdlkD&D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[dkoc[j’xaog7njv’s^Yo.sh\6jgrnjvoD

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D dko[vd-njg7njv’s^Yo c]t ;ymus^Yo8k,,5,D@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkoxAofyo c]t 3Ipfyo-kpD#D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[dkogryj’rkvkwldao0v’lyj’muj,u-u;yf c]t dko9a[76jmuj7ndao

I6[rk[lyj’muj[+,u-u;yfD$D dkoc[j’xaog7njv’sYo.sh\6jgrnjvoD

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqkF vkmyfmu @ ,Nmu #

61


sq;0= hGsq;0= hGsq;0= hGsq;0= hGsq;0= hG g7n jvows;xt8y[af7ela j’8k,okp76cotoe g7n jvows;xt8y[af7ela j’8k,okp76cotoe g7n jvows;xt8y[af7ela j’8k,okp76cotoe g7n jvows;xt8y[af7ela j’8k,okp76cotoe g7n jvows;xt8y[af7ela j’8k,okp76cotoeI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D xt8y[af7elaj’8k,okp76cotoewfh4nd8hv’D@D 2a’7elaj’0v’okp76fh;p7;k,8A’.9D

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dkoxt8y[af7elaj’8k,okp76cotoeG x6dlk]uF r;ofyoF .lj/5joF sqfoED

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvomjksafdkpt[=]ysko0k c]t ]e7= Xg[yj’xB,76j,n76?D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpsafdkpt[=]ysko0k c]t ]e7=G \6o]e7= c]t mjk1no0kfP;pqd0k0Bomk’|hk

gvqk,nma’lv’g[Nv’9a[w;hD@D .shgfadohvppjk’IPoc[[pjk’,hkD#D okp76cotoe c]t lkmyfdkoxt8y[af7elaj’8k,okp76cotoeD$D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af8q;9y’ c]t okp768yf8k,-j;pgs^nvD&D .shgfadohvpoaj’0aflt\kfs^a[8klt,kmyD*D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af7nodkoxt8y[af7elaj’8k,okp76cotoeD(D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[dko2a’7elaj’0v’okp76fh;p7;k,8A’.9D

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkoxt8y[af7elaj’8k,okp76cotoeD@D 7;k,8A’.9.odko2a’7elaj’0v’okp76D

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqk vkmyfmu @ ,Nmu $


(ສວສ

)

62


sq;0=hG suosq;0=hG suosq;0=hG suosq;0=hG suosq;0=hG suoI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd]adltot c]t 75oxt3spf0v’suowfh4nd8hv’D@D la’gdf c]t vjko8q;g]d.og’yowfh4nd8hv’D#D vto5]adIadlklyj’c;f]hv, c]t g’yodu[]k;D

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=!D ]adltot c]t 75oxt3spf0v’suoD{ ]adltot0v’suoG suo,u]adltotc0’ c]t ,uI6[Ijk’mujc8d8jk’dao XohvpF .spjF ]jP,F ,qo?D{ 75oxt3spf0v’suoG .-hw;hd+lhk’ XgInvoF 0q;F sqomk’?F gIafg7njv’.-h X4h;pF 9vdF dk3]x6gInvo?

c]t g7njv’xtfa[ Xlkp7=F lkpc0oF cs;o?D@D la’gdf c]t vjko8q;g]d.og’yoG .[ @WWW du[ c]t .[ &WWW du[D

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D dhvosuoF g’yo.[ @WWdu[ c]t .[ &WWW du[D@D I6[rk[G 0q;F gInvoF sqomk’D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D okp76lqomtokda[gfadohvpdjP;da[lyj’muj[+,u-u;yfD@D .shgfadohvpla’gdfdhvosuoS I6[rk[G gInvoF 0q;F sqomk’F lqomtokdjP;da[]adltot c]t

75oxt3spf0v’suo#D .shgfadohvpla’gdfg’yo.[ @WWW c]t &WWW du[F vjko8q;g]d9kd.[g’yoD$D okp76.shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[]adltot c]t 75oxt3spf0v’suoD&D okp76lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[dkovto5]adIadlklyj’c;f]hv,vhv,8q; c]t g’yodu[]k;D

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd]adltot c]t 75oxt3spf0v’suoD@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkovjko8q; g]d.o.[g’yoD#D dkovto5]adIadlklyj’c;f]hv, c]t g’yodu[]k;D

me,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqk vkmyfmu @ ,Nmu $

63


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II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dkoc8h,I6[rk[4h;pF9vd8k,Ivp9ED

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65


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IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpgIafmjkmk’0Po|a’lngmy’dk’sk;D@D okp76rkgfadohvpla’gdf7ela[c]h;.shgfadohvpvjko7ela[.oxt3spdD#D okp76cotoeF lkmyf;ymu c]t 0Ao8vodko0uf0Polts^t V6 8k,7ela[ muj,u16j.oxt3spdD$D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af8q;9y’F okp768yf8k,-j;pgs^nvgfadohvpD&D gfadohvpltg|uzqo’ko c]t g;Qk7nodjP;da[;ymu0uf0Polts^t VkF VuF VnF Vt muj,u16j.oxt3spd8k,

Ivp9ED*D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[7;k,vqfmqo c]t dko-j;pgs^nv\6jgrnjvoD

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vdmyfmk’ c]t 0Polts^t V6 8k,7ela[@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko0uf0Polts^t V6 8k,7ela[D#D 7;k,vqfmqo.odko0uf0Polts^t V6 8k,7ela[.shleg]afD

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqk vkmyfmu @ ,Nmu &


(ສວສ

)

70


sq;0= hG c[[s^Yoc0j’0aog8Ao0hk,sh;psq;0= hG c[[s^Yoc0j’0aog8Ao0hk,sh;psq;0= hG c[[s^Yoc0j’0aog8Ao0hk,sh;psq;0= hG c[[s^Yoc0j’0aog8Ao0hk,sh;psq;0= hG c[[s^Yoc0j’0aog8Ao0hk,sh;pI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd0Ao8vo c]t dt8ydkdkosYoc[[sYoc0j’0aog8Ao0hk,sh;pwfh4nd8hv’D@D s^Yoc[[s^Yoc0j’0aog8Ao0hk,sh;pwfh4nd8hv’D#D xvfwr.og;]ks^Yoc[[s^YoD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dkos^Yoc[[s^Yoc0j’0aog8Ao0hk,sh;pD

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D g-nv’2k’ c]t s;ufD@D ;ymus^Yo Xg[yj’xN,76j,n76?D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvplajo7=,nD \6osq;g0qjk c]t 1OgmQkD@D okp76ltg|u c[[sYo c]t lkmyf;ymusYoc[[sYoc0j’0aog8Ao0hk,sh;pD#D .shgfadohvpsYoc[[sYoc0j’0aog8Ao0hk,sh;pF okp768yf8k, c]t -j;pcotoeD$D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[dkos^Yoc[[s^Yoc0j’0aog8Ao0hk,sh;pDD&D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpG sYoIj;,daofh;p7;k,lk,ad7uF ]t;a’g8Ao[+.sh]Q,F sYoc]h;vtokw,,n c]t

8uo.shltvkfD*D .shgfadohvpgIafmjkmk’]q,raf-hkM sa’9kdoAoxjvp.shgfadohvps^Yo8k,.9D

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd0Ao8vo c]t dt8ydkdkosYoD@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkos^Yoc[[s^Yoc0j’0aog8Ao0hk,sh;pD#D 7;k,xvfwr.og;]ksYoD


71


sq;0= hG gd,9a[76 jI6[rk[da[8q;rtpao-totsq;0= hG gd,9a[76 jI6[rk[da[8q;rtpao-totsq;0= hG gd,9a[76 jI6[rk[da[8q;rtpao-totsq;0= hG gd,9a[76 jI6[rk[da[8q;rtpao-totsq;0= hG gd,9a[76 jI6[rk[da[8q;rtpao-totI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D dkovvdlP’8q;rtpao-tot8k,I6[rk[.oczjogd,wfh4nd8hv’D@D 9a[76jI6[rk[da[8q;rtpao-totwfh4nd8hv’D#D 7;k,vqfmqo.og;]ks^Yogd,D

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dko9a[76jI6[rk[da[8q;rtpao-totG I6[rk[wdjg4y’I6[rk[gInvoS 8q;rtpao-tot d g4y’ ID

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D czjogd,9a[76jI6[rk[da[8q;rtpao-totG I6[rk[wdjg4y’I6[rk[gInvoS 8q;rtpao-tot d g4y’ ID

Xle]a[okp76 c]t gfadohvp?D@D czjogd,gdqjk gd,9a[76jmuj7ndao8q;rtpao-tot @( 8q; c8j d g4y’ ID#D [qf]eluraofvo oE

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvp]eluraofvo oED@D .shgfadohvpla’gdfI6[rk[F okp76lqomtokdjP;da[I6[rk[8q;rtpqo-totmuj,u16j.ogd,D#D okp76cotoe c]t lkmyf0Ao8vodkosYogd,D$D .shgfadohvpsYogd,.\jF gd,gdqjk c]t okp7668yf8k,-j;pgs^nvD&D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[I6[rk[ c]t 8q;rtpao-tot c]t dkos^Yogd,9a[7j6I6[rk[da[8q;

rtpao-totD*D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[dkogda[,hPogd,sa’9kdsYoc]h; c]t 7;k,vqfmqo.og;]ksYogd,D

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkovvdlP’8q;rtpao-tot8k,I6[rk[.oczjogd,D@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko9a[76jI6[rk[da[8q;rtpao-totD#D 7;k,vqfmqo.og;]ksYogd,D



(ສວສ

)

72


sq;0=hG ,5,;ymtpklkf c]t me,t-kfF ,5,vjkosq;0=hG ,5,;ymtpklkf c]t me,t-kfF ,5,vjkosq;0=hG ,5,;ymtpklkf c]t me,t-kfF ,5,vjkosq;0=hG ,5,;ymtpklkf c]t me,t-kfF ,5,vjkosq;0=hG ,5,;ymtpklkf c]t me,t-kfF ,5,vjkoI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd-njg7njv’s^Yo c]t ;ymus^Yo8k,,5,D@D mqf]v’gvqk,n95j,]q’oEv5joF oEg1aoF x6dcdjo\kd4qqj; c]t zad[Q’wfh4nd8hv’D#D vjkogxaoxt3spdmuj,ults^t Vk Vu Vn V6 Vt c]t g;Qk8k,I6[rk[wfh-afg9oD$D ,u,k]tpkf.odkovjko c]t sYoD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=!D -njg7njv’s^YoF ;ymus^Yo8k,,5,;ymtpklkf c]t me,t-kf c]t ,5,vjko@D dkola’gdf c]t mqf]v’gvqk,n95j,]q’oEv5joF oEg1aoS x6dcdjo\kd4qj; c]t zad[Q’D#D dkovjkovvdlP’gxaoxt3spdmuj,ults^t Vk Vu Vn V6 Vt 8k,xB,[qfg/ydsafrklk]k; c]t

vjko8k,I6[rk[G gInvoF 4h;pF9vdF lkp7=7eF lkpc0oF

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D ,5,;ymtpklkf c]t me,t-kfG 9vdoEv5joF oEg1ao sn oEdhvoD dtxJv’fyoF cdjo\kd4qj;F cdjozad[Q’D@D ,5,vjkoG dtfkolP[ sn 8yfD xB,[qfg/ydsafrklk]k; gsA, @ X|hk *?D I6[rk[G gInvoF 4h;pF9vdF

lkp7=7eF lkpc0o c]t cs;oD#D [aflaopt]adg0QksYo8k,,5, c]t [qf]eluraofvo oED

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo { dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo { dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo { dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo { dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo { dkolvo!D .shgfadohvp]eluraofvo oED xtdv[mjkmk’8k,9yo8tokdko@D okp76cotoe;ymusYoF.shgfadohvpg]nvd[aflaopt]adg0Qks^Yo8k,,5,;ymtpklkfme,t-kf c]t

,5,vjkoD D#D .shgfadohvpg0QksYo8k,,5,F okp768yf8k,cotoe c]t -j;pgs^nvD$D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[dkos^Yo8k,,5,;ymtpklkfme,t-kf c]t ,5,vjkoD&D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[dko,u,k]tpkf.odkovjko c]t sYoD

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D dko[vd-njg7njv’s^Yo c]t ;ymus^Yo8k,,5,D@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkomqf]v’gvqk,n95j,]q’ oEv5joF oEg1aoF x6dcdjo\kd4qqj; c]t zad[Q’D#D 7;k,-afg9o.odkovjkogxaoxt3spdmuj,ults^t Vk Vu Vn V6 Vt c]t vjko8k,I6[rk[D$D dko,u,k]tpkf.odkovjko c]t sYoD

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqkF vkmyfmu @ ,Nmu &

73

999995fxtlq’le]a[vkmyfmu #5fxtlq’le]a[vkmyfmu #5fxtlq’le]a[vkmyfmu #5fxtlq’le]a[vkmyfmu #5fxtlq’le]a[vkmyfmu #


grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D ltcf’mjkmk’8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[goNv.o[qf]eluraofvowfh4nd8hv’D@D ltcf’mjkmk’8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[goNv.o[qf7e7jv’F [qfgr’wfh4nd8hv’D#D ltcf’mjkmk’8k,9yo8tokdkoxtdv[g]njv’mujokp76g]qjk1jk’,j;o-njoD$D xt8y[af0=h8qd]q’8k,okp76cotoewfh4nd8hv’D&D vqfmqo.og;]kltcf’mjkmk’D*D ,j;o-njo.og;]kltcf’mjkmk’D(D -j;pgsnv\6jgrnjvo.og;]kltcf’mjkmk’D)D dhkltcf’vvd.og;]kltcf’mjkmk’D

dyf9td=k;q’,qodyf9td=k;q’,qodyf9td=k;q’,qodyf9td=k;q’,qodyf9td=k;q’,qo

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vdg;]kdk’g;ao c]t -j;’w]ptg;]k0v’dk’g;aowfh4nd8hv’D@D vjko8q;g]dvkia[9kd3,’ !{!@DDDDD#D [vddkoxt8y[af8qo.oc8j]t-j;’g;]k8vog-QkF 8vol;kp c]t 8voc]’wfh4nd8hv’D$D g]qjk7e7jv’F g;Qkgxao7ela[F gxaoxt3spd8k,goNv.o[qf7e7jv’F I6[rk[wfh-afg9oD&D [vd-j;’g;]kdk’7no c]t dkoxt8y[af8qowfh4nd8hv’D*D g]qjk7e7jv’xtdv[mjkmk’wfh4nd8hv’(D xt8y[af8qo.og;]kdk’7noD)D [vd-nj;ao.o ! vkmyf c]t dyf9tde.o,nh;koF ,nhouhF ,nhvnjowfh4nd8hv’D_D Ihv’gr’xtdv[mjkmk’fh;p7;k,,j;o-njoD!WD [vd-nj;ao.o|bj’vkmyfF ;aog0QkIPoF ;aoradIPoF gfnvo.o ! xuF gfnvomujg0QkIPoF gfnvoradIPo

c]t dyf9tde.og;]kradrkdIPowfh4nd8hv’D!!D oa[-njgfnvo.o|bj’xuwfh4nd8hv’D


grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd0Ao8vo.odkoc8h, c]t mkluI6[rk[f;’vkmyfF dko9udI6[rk[f;’vkmyf8k,Ivp9E

dkogxqjklu.shgxaoI6[rk[8jk’M8k,9yo8tokdkoF dkoIhvpdtf5,ltsa[luF dko0uf0Po8q;g]d.ljI6[rk[3,’8k,Ihvp9Ewfh4nd8hv’D

@D c8h,F mkluI6[rk[f;’vkmyfF gxqjklugxaoI6[rk[8k,9yo8tokdko.shltvkf9q[’k, c]t 16j.o0v[D#D ,u7;k,vqfmqo.odkoc8h,I6[rk[f;’vkmyfF 9udI6[rk[f;’vkmyf.sh9q[’k,D$D g/ydxtlkflerao]ts;jk’,n da[ 8k.sh7jv’c7h;D&D ]t,af]t;a’.og;]kgxqjklugxaoI6[8jk’M8k,9yo8tokdko*D Ihvpdtf5,ltsa[luwfh4nd8hv’D(D rafmtokco;7yflhk’lao.odkoIhvpdtf5,ltsa[luD)D la’gdf8q;g]d c]t 9nj9e8q;g]d16j.o3,’D_D 0uf0Po8q;g]d.ljI6[rk[3,’8k,Ivp9E.sh4nd8hv’D


(ສວສ

)

74


grnjv.shgfadohvp lk,kfG!D [vd0Ao8vo c]t dk8ydkdkosYoc[[sYo3r’rk’8k[vfF sYoc[[sYoc0j’0aooqd[yog0QkIa’F

sYoc[[sYosa’8yfdaoF sYoc[[sYo8aj’;yglf c]t sYoc[[sYoc0j’0aopjk’lk,0kF@D s^ Yoc[[s^Yo3r’rk’8k[vfF s^ Yoc[[s^Yoc0j’0aooqd[yog0QkIa’F s^ Yoc[[s^Yos^ a’8yfdaoF

sYoc[[sYo8aj’;yglf c]t sYoc[[sYoc0j’0aopjk’lk,0kwfh4nd8hv’D#D g[ud[ko,j;o-njo.og;]ksYoD$D xvfwr.og;]ksyhoc[[sYoD&D -j;pgsnvg-yj’dao c]t dao.og;]ksYoD*D ,u,k]tpkfmujfu.og;]ksYoD


grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd-njgd,F 8q;g]d c]t I6[rk[muj,u16j.ogd,D@D 9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[3,’muj,ug;]k7ndao c]t I6[rk[gfad.ljg7njv’xhv’dao/qowfh4nd8hv’D#D 9a[76jmuj7ndao8q;g]dc8j !{!& wfh4nd8hv’D$D 9a[76j-nj;aoda[luxt9e;ao.o|bj’vkmyfwfh4nd8hv’D&D 9a[76j-njgfnvoda[8q;g]d !{!@ wfh4nd8hv’D*D vqfmqo.og;]ksYogd,D(D -j;pgsnv\6jgrnjvo.og;]ksYogd,D)D g;Qk7emujl5rk[da[\6jgrnjvoD


grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd-njg7njv’sYo c]t ;ymusYo8k,,5,D@D ry,/k,n.ljvjk’fyo-kpF 0Polts^t.ljvjk’fyo-kp1jk’,j;o-njoD#D c8h,F mkluI6[rk[f;’vkmyfF 0Polts^tG V6 8k,Ivp9EF 0Po8q;g]d.ljI6[rk[3,’F 9udI6[rk[

f;’vkmyf8k,Ivp9eF gxQklugxaoI6[8jk’M8k,9yo8tokdkoF Ihvpdtf6,ltsa[dao8k,luwfh4nd8hv’D$D vjko8k,I6[rk[.oxB,oymkoF vjkovvdlP’7ela[muj,ults^t Vy Vu 8k,8k8t]k’F vjko-njgfnvo.o

|bj’xuwfh-afg9oD&D sYo[qf[kflq,,5fgxaookp76F sYogxao8q;]t7vo.o[qfg]njv’oymkoF sYogxaoc,jgxao]6dF gxaovhkp c]t

gvNvp1jk’,j;o-jnoD*D 9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[3,’muj,ug;]k7ndaoF [;dI6[rk[dhvolujc9 9eo;o !{& wfh4nd8hv’(D gda[,hPog7njv’sYow;gxao]t[P[ c]t 4nd[jvomujdeoqfw;hD)D c[j’xaog7njv’sYo.sh\6jgrnjvo.og;]ksYoD_D -j;pgsnv\6jgrnjvo.og;]ksYoD!WD ,u,k]tpkf.odkovjko c]t sYoD!!D g;Qk7emujl5rk[8+da[\6jgrnjvo.og;]ksYoD

75


sq;0= hG g7n jvows;8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[[qf]eluraofvo oEsq;0= hG g7n jvows;8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[[qf]eluraofvo oEsq;0= hG g7n jvows;8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[[qf]eluraofvo oEsq;0= hG g7n jvows;8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[[qf]eluraofvo oEsq;0= hG g7n jvows;8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[[qf]eluraofvo oEI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D ltcf’mjkmk’8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[goNv.o[qf]eluraofvowfh4nd8hv’D@D vqfmqo.og;]kltcf’mjkmk’D

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dkoltcf’mjkmk’8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[goNv.o[qf]eluraofvo oED

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D [qf]eluraofvo oED@D mjksafdkpt[=]ysko]e7= c]t c0o Xg[yj’xB,76j,n76?D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpsafdkpt[=]ysko]e7= c]t c0oG mjk\6o7=F mjk;kc0ovvdl6’rP’da[[jkws^jF

gvqk,nma’lv’g[Nv’w0j;dao16jmk’|hkD@D .shgfadohvpc]jog8t0kwxmk’|hkD#D okp76cotoe c]t lkmyfdkoltcf’mjkmk’8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[goNv.o[qf]e luraofvoD$D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af8q;9y’ c]t okp768yf8k,-j;pgsnvD&D .shgfadohvppjk’-hkM gIafmjkmk’gda[0UgspNv*D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af7nodkoltcf’mjkmk’8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[goNv.o[qf]e luraofvoD(D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[7;k,vqfmqo.og;]kltcf’mjkmk’D

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkoltcf’mjkmk’8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[goNv.o[qf]eluraofvoD@D 7;k,vqfmqo.og;]kltcf’mjkmk’D

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqkF vkmyfmu # ,Nmu !


(ສວສ

)

76


sq;0=hG dk’g;aosq;0=hG dk’g;aosq;0=hG dk’g;aosq;0=hG dk’g;aosq;0=hG dk’g;aoI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vdg;]kdk’g;ao c]t -j;’w]ptg;]k0v’dk’g;aowfh4nd8hv’D@D vjko8q;g]dvkia[9kd3,’ !{!@DDDDD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=!D dk’g;ao c]t -j;’w]ptg;]k0v’dk’g;aoD{ dk’g;aoG gxao-j;’g;]kmujf;’vkmyf sn 8kg;ao0Bo9qoIvff;’vkmyf8qdg-yj’,u # 8vo 7nG 8vog-QkF

8vol;kp c]t 8voc]’D{ -j;’w]ptg;]k0v’dk’g;ao8vog-QkG f;’vkmyf0BogryjogvUo;jk8vog-Qkg]U,g;]kxt,ko *GWW

3,’{!WGWW 3,’D{ -j;’w]ptg;]k0v’dk’g;ao8vol;kpG gIqkgsaof;’vkmyf16j-njsq;gIqkgryjogvUo;jk8vomjP’ s^n

8vol;kp g-yj’g]U,c8jg;]k!@GWW 3,’{!#GWW 3,’D{ -j;’w]ptg;]k0v’dk’g;ao8voc]’G gIqkgsaof;’vkmyf]q’gryjogvUo;jk8voc]’g-yj’g]U,c8j

!$GWW 3,’{!)GWW 3,’ X$GWW3,’c]’{*GWW3,’c]’?D@D dkovjko8q;g]dvkia[9kd3,’ !{!@D

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D 3,’.spjF I6[rk[G 8vog-QkF 8vol;pF 8voc]’D@D [qfoymkog]njv’ f;’8kg;ao Xg[yj’xB,76j,n76?D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D okp76lqomtokda[gfadohvpdjP;da[g;]kovo c]t g;]k8njoovo8vog-QkD@D .shgfadohvpla’gdfI6[rk[ 8vog-QkF 8vol;pF 8voc]’F lqomtokdjP;da[g;]kdk’g;ao c]t

-j;’w]ptg;]k0v’dk’g;aoD#D okp76.shgfadohvpla’gdf8q;g]d.o3,’F vjko8q;g]dvkia[9kd3,’ !{!@D$D okp76.shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[-j;’w]ptg;]k0v’dk’g;aoD&D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[7;k,lk,ad7u c]t dkoxt8y[af8qo.og;]kdk’g;aoD

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vdg;]kdk’g;ao c]t -j;’w]ptg;]k0v’dk’g;aoD@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkovjko8q;g]dvkia[9kd3,’!{!@


77


sq;0=hG c8h, c]t mkluI6[rk[f;’vkmyfsq;0=hG c8h, c]t mkluI6[rk[f;’vkmyfsq;0=hG c8h, c]t mkluI6[rk[f;’vkmyfsq;0=hG c8h, c]t mkluI6[rk[f;’vkmyfsq;0=hG c8h, c]t mkluI6[rk[f;’vkmyfI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd0Ao8vo.odkoc8h, c]t mkluI6[rk[f;’vkmyfwfh4nd8hv’D@D c8h, c]t mkluI6[rk[f;’vkmyf.shltvkf9q[’k, c]t 16j.o0v[D#D ,u7;k,vqfmqo.odkoc8h,I6[rk[f;’vkmyfD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dkoc8h, c]t mkluI6[rk[f;’vkmyfD

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D 1k’]b[F l=feF l=luw,h s^n lumPoD@D g9hpI6[rk[f;’vkmyf c]t g9hpI6[rk[f;’vkmyfmujc8h, c]t mkluc8h,D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpgvqkoY;,nlkodaocvjo/k,nwxmk’|hkD@D .shgfadohvpla’gdfI6[rk[f;’vkmyfF lqomtokdjP;da[I6[Ijk’ c]t 0Ao8vodkoc8h, c]t

mkluI6[rk[f;’vkmyfD#D okp76cotoeF lkmyf;ymu c]t 0Ao8vodkoc8h, c]t mkluI6[rk[f;’vkmyfD$D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af8q;9y’F okp768yf8k,-j;pgs^nvgfadohvpD&D .shgfadohvpltg|uzqo’ko c]t g;Qk7nodjP;da[0Ao8vodkoc8h, c]t mkluI6[rk[f;’vkmyfD*D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[7;k,vqfmqo c]t dko-j;pgs^nv\6jgrnjvoD

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd0Ao8vodkoc8h, c]t mkluI6[rk[f;’vkmyfD@D 7;k,ltvkf9q[’k, c]t 16j.o0v[0v’I6[rk[f;’vkmyfD#D 7;k,vqfmqo.odkoc8h,I6[rk[f;’vkmyfD

me,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqk vkmyfmu # ,Nmu !


(ສວສ

)

78


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grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd0Ao8vo c]t dt8ydkdkosYoc[[sYo3r’rk’8k[vfwfh4nd8hv’D@D s^Yoc[[s^Yo3r’rk’8k[vfwfh4nd8hv’D#D ,u7;k,xvfwr.og;]ks^Yoc[[s^YoD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dkos^Yoc[[s^Yo3r’rk’8k[vfD

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D \kds;ufF dv’ c]t [qf7e7jv’3r’rk’8k[vfD@D ;ymus^Yo Xg[yj’xB,76j,n76?

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvp7Ecv; g8Ao16jda[mujD@D okp76ltg|u c[[sYo c]t lkmyf;ymusYoc[[sYo3r’rk’8k[vfD#D .shgfadohvpsYoc[[sYo3r’rk’8k[vfF okp768yf8k, c]t -j;pcotoeD$D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[dkos^Yoc[[s^Yo3r’rk’8k[vfD&D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadG sYoIj;,daofh;p7;k,lk,ad7uF ]t;a’[=jp6hdao]Q,F s^Yoc]h;vtokw,8uo c]t

,n.shltvkfD*D .shgfadohvpgIafmkjmk’oqd[yo sa’9kdoAo xjvp.shgfadohvps^Yo8k,.9D

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd0Ao8vo c]t dt8ydkdkosYoD@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkosYoc[[sYo3r’rk’8k[vfD#D 7;k,xvfwr.og;]ksYoc[[sYoD


79

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqk vkmyfmu # ,Nmu !


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grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd-njgd, c]t 8q;g]dmuj,u16j.ogd,wfh4nd8hv’D@D 9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[3,’muj,ug;]k7ndaowfh4nd8hv’D#D vqfmqo.og;]ks^Yogd,D

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dko9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[3,’muj,ug;]k7ndaoG * 3,’F !W 3,’F !@ 3,’F ! 3,’F @ 3,’F $ 3,’D

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D czjogd,9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[3,’muj,ug;]k7ndaoG * 3,’F !W 3,’F !@ 3,’F ! 3,’F @ 3,’F $ 3,’D

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g4y’ ID

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VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’dko[vd-njgd, c]t 8q;g]dmuj,u16j.ogd,D@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[3,’muj,ug;]k7ndaoD#D 7;k,vqfmqo.og;]ksYogd,D


(ສວສ

)

80




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II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=!D -njg7njv’sYoF ;ymysYo8k,,5,ly]txtlhk’lao c]t ,5,gd,dkolbdlk@ c8h, c]t mkluI6[rk[f;’vkmyf c]t 0Polts^t V6 8k,Ivp9E#D dko9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[3,’muj,ug;]k7ndaoG * 3,’F !W 3,’F !@ 3,’F ! 3,’F @ 3,’F $ 3,’ c]t

dko[;dI6[rk[dhvolujc99eo;o !{&D

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IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D okp76lqomtokda[gfadohvpdjP;da[dk’g;ao c]t -j;’w]ptg;]k0v’dk’g;aoD@D okp76cotoe;ymusY ^oF.shgfadohvpg]nvd[aflaopt]adg0Qks^Yo8k,,5,ly]txtlhk’lao c]t

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VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D dko[vd-njg7njv’sYo c]t ;ymusYo8k,,5,D@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko c8h,F mkluI6[rk[F 0Polts^t V6 8k,Ivp9E#D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[3,’muj,ug;]k7ndao c]t dko[;dI6[rk[dhvolujc99eo;o !{&$D dkoc[j’xaog7njv’sYo.sh\6jgrnjvoD

81


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II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8={ dkoltcf’mjkmk’8k,9yo8tokdkoxtdv[g]njv’mujokp76g]qjk.odkoxt8y[af8qo.o8vog-QkF l;pG{ 8vog-QkG wx3I’IPoF ]Poc4;F safdkpD{ 8vol;pG ]hk’,nF g-af,nF dyog0QkD

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvomjksafdkpt[=]ysko,n c]t cv; Xg[yj’xB,76j,n76?D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpsafdkpt[=]ysko,n c]t cv;G mjksadoY;,n]q’F 0Bogmnjv]toY; c]t mjks’jP’cv;wx

0;k{-hkpD@D .shgfadohvpg8Ao0kfP;g0Qk;q’,qoD#D okp76cotoe c]t lkmyfdkoltcf’mjkmk’8k,9yo8tokdkoxtdv[g]njv’mujokp76g]qjkD$D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af8q;9y’ c]t okp768yf8k,-j;pgsnvD&D .shgfadohvpoaj’da[rNo76h0kgvqk,nma’lv’7qj,rNomk’sa’F rhv,ma’lajo0kD*D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af7nodkoltcf’mjkmk’8k,9yo8tokdkoxtdv[g]njv’mujokp76g]qjkD(D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[dkodhkltcf’vvd.og;]kltcf’mjkmk’D

V DDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,,j;o-njo.odkoltcf’mjkmk’8k,9yo8tokdkoxtdv[[qfg]njv’mujokp76g]qjkD@D dkodhkltcf’vvd.og;]kltcf’mjkmk’D

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqkF vkmyfmu # ,Nmu @


(ສວສ

)

82


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IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvoI6[rk[G gfadohvp]Poc4;g7qk]q[m5’F gfadohvpsafdkpF gfadohvpIPo|a’lnF gfadohvpsYoF gfadohvpdyog0QkF gfadohvpovoF gfadohvpda[g,nvgInvoD

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D okp76lqomtokda[gfadohvpdjP;da[-j;’w]ptg;]k0v’dk’g;aoD@D .shgfadohvpg;QkdjP;da[dkoxt8y[af8qo.oc8j]t-j;’g;]k8vog-QkF 8vol;pF 8voc]’

mujgfadohvpg7upxt8y[af,kD#D .shgfadohvpla’gdfI6[rk[F lqomtokdjP;da[dkoxt8y[af8qo.oc8j]t-j;’g;]kD$D okp76rkgfadohvpg;Qkgxao7ela[ c]t gxaoxt3spd8k,I6[rk[D&D okp76.shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[dkoxt8y[af8qo.oc8j]t-j;’g;]k8vog-QkF 8vol;kp c]t 8voc]’*D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[7;k,lk,ad7uIadcr’dao c]t dkoxt8y[af8qo.oc8j]t-j;’g;]kD

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqo la’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vddkoxt8y[af8qo.oc8j]t-j;’g;]k8vog-QkF 8vol;kp c]t 8voc]’D@D 7;k,-afg9o.odkog;Qkgxao7ela[ c]t gxaoxt3spd8k,I6[rk[D

me,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqk vkmyfmu # ,Nmu @

83


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grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd0Ao8vo.odko9udI6[rk[f;’vkmyf8k,Ivp9Ewfh4nd8hv’D@D g/ydxtlkflerao]ts;jk’,n da[ 8k.sh7jv’c7h;D#D vqfmqo.odko9udI6[rk[f;’vkmyf.sh9q[’k,D

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dko9udI6[rk[f;’vkmyf8k,Ivp9ED

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D g9hpI6[rk[f;’vkmyfmuj,uIvp9ED@D g9hpI6[rk[f;’vkmyfmuj9udc]h;D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpgIafmjkmk’fyffY;,n c]t gIafmjkmk’9udg9hpD@D .shgfadohvpla’gdfI6[rk[f;’vkmyfmuj9udc]h;F lqomtokdjP;da[xt3spf c]t 0Ao8vodko

9udI6[rk[f;’vkmyfD#D okp76cotoeF lkmyf;ymu c]t 0Ao8vodko9udI6[rk[f;’vkmyf8k,Ivp9ED$D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af8q;9y’F okp768yf8k,-j;pgsnvgfadohvpD&D .shgfadohvpltg|uzqo’ko c]t g;Qk7nodjP;da[0Ao8vodko9udI6[rk[f;’vkmyf8k,Ivp9ED*D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[7;k,vqfmqo c]t 7;k,lk,ad7uda[\6jgrnjvoD

V DDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd0Ao8vo.odko9udI6[rk[f;’vkmyf8k,Ivp9ED@D 7;k,7jv’c7h;.odko9udI6[rk[f;’vkmyf8k,Ivp9ED#D 7;k,vqfmqo.odko9udI6[rk[f;’vkmyf8k,Ivp9E.sh9q[’k,D

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqk vkmyfmu # ,Nmu @


(ສວສ

)

84


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grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd0Ao8vo c]t dt8ydkdkosYoc[[sYoc0j’0aooqd[yog0QkIa’wfh4nd8hv’D@D sYoc[[sYoc0j’0aooqd[yog0QkIa’wfh4nd8hv’D#D ,u,k]tpkfmujfu.og;]ksYoD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8= dkosYoc[[sYoc0j’0aooqd[yog0QkIa’D

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D g-nvdF w,hohvpl=k]a[0ufglAo c]t dv’D@D ;ymusYo Xg[yj’xB,76j,n76?D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpcdj;’c0oma’lv’g[Nv’wxmk’|hk c]t mk’sa’ltsa[daowxF ,kD@D okp76ltg|u c]t lkmyf;ymusYoc[[sYoc0j’0aooqd[yog0QkIa’D#D .shgfadohvpsYoc[[sYoc0j’0aooqd[yog0QkIa’F okp768yf8k, c]t -j;pcotoeD$D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[dkosYoc[[sYoc0j’0aooqd[yog0QkIa’D&D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpG sYoIj;,daofh;p7;k,lk,ad7uF 7jvpc]joF sYoc]h;vtokw,,n c]t 8uo.sh

ltvkfD*D .shgfadohvp7Ecv; pnf8q;0Bol6’M sa’9kdoAo xjvp.shgfadohvpsYo8k,.9D

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqo la’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd0Ao8vo c]t dt8ydkdkosYoD@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkosYoc[[sYoc0j’0aooqd[yo g0QkIa’D#D ,k]tpkfmujfu.og;]ksYoD

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqk vkmyfmu # ,Nmu @

85


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grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kf!D [vd-njgd, c]t I6[rk[muj,u16j.ogd,wfh4nd8hv’D@D 9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[gfadohvp.ljg7njv’xhv’dao/qowfh4nd8hv’D#D -j;pgsnv\6jgrnjvo.og;]ksYogd,D

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dko9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[gfadohvp.ljg7njv’xhv’dao/qoG I6[rk[gfadohvpdA’7aoIqj,F gfad.lj\;d sn

d5[F gfad.ljglNvdao/qoF gfad.ljgdu[3[dD

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D czjogd,9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[gfadohvp.ljg7njv’xhv’dao/qoG I6[rk[gfadohvpdA’7aoIqj,F gfad.lj\;d

sn d5[F gfad.ljglNvdao/qoF gfad.ljgdu[3[d Xle]a[okp76 c]t gfadohvp?D@D czjogd,gdqjk gd,9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[3,’muj,ug;]k7ndaoG * 3,’F !W 3,’F !@ 3,’F ! 3,’F @ 3,’F

$ 3,’F

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xhv’dao/qoD*D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[dkogda[,hPogd,s^a’9kds^Yoc]h; c]t -j;pgs^nv\6jgrnjvo.og;]k

sYogd,D

V DDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd-njgd, c]t I6[rk[muj,u16j.ogd,D@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[gfadohvp.ljg7njv’xhv’dao/qoD#D dko-j;pgsnv\6jgrnjvo.og;]ksYogd,D



(ສວສ

)

86


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grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd-njg7njv’sYo c]t ;ymusYo8k,,5,D@D sYogxaookp76 c]t sYogxao8q;]t7vo.o[qfg]njv’oymko1jk’,j;o-njoD#D vjkovvdlP’7ela[muj,ults^t Vy c]t vjko8k,I6[rk[.oxB,oymkowfh-afg9oD$D ,u,k]tpkf.odkovjko c]t sYoD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=!D -njg7njv’s^YoF ;ymus^Yo8k,,5,[qf[kflq,,5f c]t ,5,vjko@D dkos^Yo[qf[kflq,,5fgxaookp76rkgfadohvp]Poc4;g7qk]q[m5’-kf c]t gxao8q;]t7vo.o

[qfoymkog]njv’ f;’8kg;aoD#D dkovjkovvdlP’7ela[muj,u lts^t VyG dy [y xy ly my 9y oy 8yS vjko8k,I6[rk[.oxB,oymkof;’8kg;ao

F 0hvpgduf,k9kd.lF 0hvpc,jo.zF lyj’muj0hvp8hv’dkoD

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D ,5,[qqf[kflq,,5fG s^adm5’ c]t m5’-kf9y’ s^n 9e]v’F |hkdkd8q;]t7vo.o[qfoymkog]njv’

f;’8kg;aoD@D ,5,vjkoG dtfkolP[ sn 8yfF xB,[qfg/ydsafrklk]k; gsA, @ X|hk ({)?F xB,oymkog]njv’ f;’8kg;aoF

0hvpgduf,k 9kd.lF 0hvpc,jo.zF lyj’muj0hvp8hv’dkoD#D [aflaopt]adg0QksYo8k,,5,D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D okp76lqomtokda[gfadohvpdjP;da[dkoxt8y[af8qo.oc8j]t-j;’g;]k8vog-QkF 8vol;p c]t

8voc]’D@D okp76cotoe;ymusYo.shgfadohvpg]nvd[aflaopt]adg0QksYo8k,,5,[qf[kflq,,5f c]t ,5,vjkoD#D .shgfadohvpg0QksYo8k,,5,F okp768yf8k,cotoe c]t -j;pgsnvD$D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[dkosYo8k,,5,[qf[kflq,,5, c]t ,5,vjkoD&D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[dko,u,k]tpkf.odkovjko c]t sYoD

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D dko[vd-njg7njv’sYo c]t ;ymusYo8k,,5,D@D 7;k,,j;o-njo.odkosYogxaookp76 c]t sYogxao8q;]t7vo.o[qfg]njv’oymkoD#D 7;k,-afg9o.odkovjkovvdlP’7ela[muj,ults^t Vy c]t vjko8k,I6[rk[.oxB,oymkoD$D dko,u,k]tpkf.odkovjko c]t sYoD


87


sq;0= hG g7n jvows;xt8y[af0= h8qd]q’8k,okp76cotoesq;0= hG g7n jvows;xt8y[af0= h8qd]q’8k,okp76cotoesq;0= hG g7n jvows;xt8y[af0= h8qd]q’8k,okp76cotoesq;0= hG g7n jvows;xt8y[af0= h8qd]q’8k,okp76cotoesq;0= hG g7n jvows;xt8y[af0= h8qd]q’8k,okp76cotoeI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D xt8y[af0=h8qd]q’8k,okp76cotoewfh4nd8hv’D@D -j;pgs^nv\6jgrnjvo.og;]kltcf’mjkmk’D

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dkoxt8y[af0=h8qd]q’8k,okp76cotoeG{ g;Qk7e;jk8vog-Qkltcf’mjkmk’9a[dtgxqJkpjk’wx3I’IPoD{ g;Qk7e;jk8vol;pltcf’mjkmk’dyog0QkD{ g;Qk7e;jkovo8voc]’ltcf’mjkmk’gda[g7njv’IPo.ljdtgxqJkda[[hkoD

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvomjksafdkpt[=]ysko]e7= c]t 0k Xg[yj’xB,76j,n76?D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpsafdkpt[=]ysko]e7= c]t 0kG mjkdqh,sq;]q’F g’upsq;0BoF mjk31j’31t0k]q’D@D .shgfadohvpc]jo-ydc-adD#D okp76cotoe c]t lkmyfdkoxt8y[af0=h8qd]q’8k,okp76cotoeD$D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af8q;9y’ c]t okp768yf8k,-j;pgs^nvD&D .shgfadohvp1nogIafmjkmk’9a[fvdw,h,kfq,D*D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af7nodkoxt8y[af0=h8qd]q’8k,okp76cotoeD(D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[dko-j;pgs^nv\6jgrnjvo.og;]kltcf’mjkmk’D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo { dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo { dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo { dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo { dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo { dkolvola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G! 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkoxt8y[af0=h8qd]q’8k,okp76cotoe@D dko-j;pgsnv\6jgrnjvo.og;]kltcf’mjkmk’D

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqkF vkmyfmu # ,Nmu #


(ສວສ

)

88


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II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=!D dk’7no c]t dkoxt8y[af8qoD{ dk’7noG gxao-j;’g;]kmujf;’vkmyf8qd9qoIvff;’vkmyf0Bog]U,c8jg;]k!)GWW3,’{*GWW3,’ g-Qk

X*GWW3,’c]’{*GWW3,’g-Qk?D{ dkoxt8y[af8qo.o8vodk’7noG [+vvdwxsYoovdgInvoF dyog0Qkc]’F IPo|a’ln c]t ovoD@D dkog]qjk7e7jv’ dk’7no xtdv[mjkmk’D#D dkog;Qkgxaoxt3spd8k,I6[rk[G 8kg;ao8qdF gfadohvp-j;pc,jc8j’dyoF gfadohvpvk[oEF

gfadohvpdyog0Qkc]’F gfadohvpIPo|a’lnF gfadohvp]hk’8uodjvog0QkovoD

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8kg;ao8qdF gfadohvp-j;pc,jc8j’dyoF gfadohvp]hk’8uodjvog0QkovoD@D [qf7e7jv’ dk’7no g[yj’.oxB,76j,n76D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D okp76lqomtokda[gfadohvpdjP;da[dkoxt8y[af8qo.o8vodk’g;aoD@D okp76rkgfadohvpg]qjk7e7jv’xtdv[mjkmk’F lqomtokdjP;da[goNv.o0v’[qf7e7jv’D#D .shgfadohvpla’gdfI6[rk[g;]kdk’7noF lqomtokdjP;da[-j;’g;]kdk’7no c]t dkoxt8y[af8qoD$D .shgfadohvpla’gdfI6[rk[F g;Qkgxao7ela[ c]t gxaoxt3spd8k,I6[rk[D&D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;dkoxt8y[af.og;]kdk’7noD*D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[dkoxt8y[af8qo.og;]kdk’7noD

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd-j;’g;]kdk’7no c]t dkoxt8y[af8qoD@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkog]qjk7e7jv’xtdv[mjkmk’D#D 7;k,-afg9o.odkog;Qkgxao7ela[ c]t gxaoxt3spd8k,I6[rk[D$D xt8y[af8qo.og;]kdk’7noD

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqkF vkmyfmu # ,Nmu #

89


sq;0= hG 0uf0Po8q;g]d.ljI6[rk[3,’8k,Ivp9Esq;0= hG 0uf0Po8q;g]d.ljI6[rk[3,’8k,Ivp9Esq;0= hG 0uf0Po8q;g]d.ljI6[rk[3,’8k,Ivp9Esq;0= hG 0uf0Po8q;g]d.ljI6[rk[3,’8k,Ivp9Esq;0= hG 0uf0Po8q;g]d.ljI6[rk[3,’8k,Ivp9EI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D la’gdf8q;g]d c]t 9nj9e8q;g]d16j.o3,’wfh4nd8hv’D@D [vd0Ao8vo.odko0uf0Po8q;g]d.ljI6[rk[3,’8k,Ihvp9Ewfh4nd8hv’D#D 0uf0Po8q;g]d.ljI6[rk[3,’8k,Ivp9E.sh4nd8hv’D

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dko0uf0Po8q;g]d #F &F (F _ .ljI6[rk[3,’8k,Ivp9ED

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D 1k’]b[F l=fe s^n l=luw,hD@D g9hpI6[rk[3,’muj,u8q;g]d #F &F (F _ 8k,Ivp9ED#D I6[rk[3,’muj,u8q;g]dlq,[6oD$D [qf7e7jv’ dk’7noD

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo! .shgfadohvpg]qjk[qf7e7jv’ ]tf6c]h’ xtdv[mjkmk’D@D .shgfadohvpla’gdfI6[rk[3,’F vjko8q;g]d.o3,’8k,]efa[D#D okp76cotoeF lkmyf;ymu c]t 0Ao8vodko0uf0Po8q;g]d.ljI6[rk[3,’8k,Ivp9ED$D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af8q;9y’F okp768yf8k,-j;pgsnvgfadohvpD&D .shgfadohvplyg|uzqo’ko c]t g;Qk7nodjP;da[;ymudko0uf0Po8q;g]d.ljI6[rk[3,’8k,Ivp9ED*D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[7;k,lk,ad7u c]t dkoxt8y[af3,’g;]kD

V DDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkola’gdf8q;g]d c]t 7;k,9nj9e8q;g]d16j.o3,’D@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd0Ao8vodko0uf0Po8q;g]d.ljI6[rk[3,’8k,Ihvp9ED#D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko0uf0Po8q;g]d.ljI6[rk[3,’8k,Ivp9ED

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqk vkmyfmu # ,Nmu #


(ສວສ

)

90


sq;0=h G c[[s^Yosâ’8yfdaosq;0=h G c[[s^Yosâ’8yfdaosq;0=h G c[[s^Yosâ’8yfdaosq;0=h G c[[s^Yosâ’8yfdaosq;0=h G c[[s^Yosâ’8yfdaoI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd0Ao8vo c]t dt8ydkdkosYoc[[sYosa’8yfdaowfh4nd8hv’D@D sYoc[[sYosa’8yfdaowfh4nd8hv’D#D g[ud[ko,j;o-njo.og;]ksYo

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dkosYoc[[sYosa’8yfdaoD

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D [qf7e7jv’dk’7noD@D ;ymusYo Xg[yj’xB,76j,n76?D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpg]qjk7e7jv’ dk’7no xtdv[mjkmk’D@D okp76ltg|uc[[shyo c]t lkmyf;ymusYoc[[sYosa’8yfdaoD#D .shgfadohvpsYoc[[sYosa’8yfdaoF okp768yf8k, c]t -j;pcotoeD$D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[dkosYoc[[sYosa’8yfdaoD&D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpG sYoIj;,daofh;p7;k,lk,ad7uF 8A’.92a’F 7jvpc]joF s^Yoc]h;vtokw,8uo

c]t ,n .shltvkf D*D .shgfadohvpoaj’]q’1Pf0k-njc]h;.-h,n7jvpM]6[8k,0k0Bo{]q’-hkM sâ’9kdoAoxjvp.shgfadohvp

sYo8k,.9D

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd0Ao8vo c]t dt8ydkdkosYoD@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkosYoc[[sYosa’8yfdaoD#D 7;k,g[ud[ko,j;o-njo.og;]ksYoD


91


sq;0=hG gd,9a[76jmj u7ndao8q;g]dc8j !{!&sq;0=hG gd,9a[76jmj u7ndao8q;g]dc8j !{!&sq;0=hG gd,9a[76jmj u7ndao8q;g]dc8j !{!&sq;0=hG gd,9a[76jmj u7ndao8q;g]dc8j !{!&sq;0=hG gd,9a[76jmj u7ndao8q;g]dc8j !{!&I. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd-njgd, c]t 8q;g]dmuj,u16j.ogd,wfh4nd8hv’D@D 9a[76jmuj7ndao8q;g]dc8j !{!& wfh4nd8hv’D#D vqfmqo.og;]ksYogd,D

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dko9a[76jmuj7ndao8q;g]dc8j !{!&G !F @F #F $F &F *F (F )F _F !WF !!F !@F !#F !$F !&D

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D czjogd,9a[76jmuj7ndao8q;g]dc8j !{!&G !F @F #F $F &F *F (F )F _F !WF !!F !@F !#F !$F !&D Xle]a[okp76

c]t gfadohvp?D@D czjogd,gdqjk gd,9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[gfadohvp.ljg7njv’xhv’dao/qoG I6[rk[gfadohvpdA’7aoIq,F

gfadohvp.lj\;d sn d5[F gfadohvp.ljglNvdao/qoF gfadohvp.ljgdu[3[dD#D [qf7e7jv’ dk’7noD

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpg]qjk7e7jv’ dk’7no@D .shgfadohvpla’gdfI6[rk[F okp76lqomtokdjP;da[-njgd, c]t 8q;g]dmuj,u16j.ogd,D#D okp766cotoe c]t lkmyf0Ao8vodkosYogd,D$D .shgfadohvpsYogd,.\jF gd,gdqjk c]t okp7668yf8k,-j;pgsnvD&D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[-njgd,F 8q;g]d c]t dkosYogd,9a[76jmju7ndao8q;g]dc8j !{!&D*D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[dkogda[,hPogd,sa’9kdsYoc]h; c]t 7;k,vqfmqo.og;]ksYogd,D

V DDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd-njgd, c]t 8q;g]dmuj,u16j.ogd,D@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko9a[76jmju7ndao8q;g]dc8j !{!&D#D 7;k,vqfmqo.og;]ksYogd,D



(ສວສ

)

92


sq;0=hG ,5,ly]txtlhk’lao c]t ,5,[qf[kflq,,5fsq;0=hG ,5,ly]txtlhk’lao c]t ,5,[qf[kflq,,5fsq;0=hG ,5,ly]txtlhk’lao c]t ,5,[qf[kflq,,5fsq;0=hG ,5,ly]txtlhk’lao c]t ,5,[qf[kflq,,5fsq;0=hG ,5,ly]txtlhk’lao c]t ,5,[qf[kflq,,5fI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd-nj g7njv’sYoc]t ;ymusYo8k,,5,D@D 0Po8q;g]d8nj,.ljI6[rk[3,’ c]t 9udI6[rk[8k,Ivp9Ewfh4nd8hv’D#D sYogxaoc,jF ]6dF gxaovhkp c]t gvNvp1jk’,j;o-njoD$D g;Qk7el5rk[da[\6jgrnjvo.og;]ksYoD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=!D -njg7njv’sYoF ;ymusYo8k,,5,ly]txtlhk’lao c]t ,5,[qf[kflq,,5f@D dko0Po8q;g]d8nj,.ljI6[rk[ 3,’G #F &F (F _ c]t 9udI6[rk[f;’vkmyf8k,Ivp9ED#D sYo[qf[kflq,,5f gxaoc,jF ]6d-j;pdaox5’c8j’vksko c]t gxaovhkp sn gvNvpdjv,ohv’ovoD

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D ,5,ly]txtlhk’laoG g9hpI6[rk[3,’muj,u8q;g]dG !F @F $F *F )F !WF !!F !@D g9hpI6[rk[Ivp9E f;’vkmyfD@D ,5,[qf[kflq,,5fG -5fg7njv’.-hshv’7q;0v’9y’ sn 9e]v’D 85ddt8k c]t g7njv’ovoD#D [aflaopt]adg0QksYo8k,,5, c]t [qf7e7jv’ dk’7noD

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpg]qjk7e7jv’ dk’7noxtdv[mjkmk’8k,9yo8tokdko@D okp76cotoe;ymusY^oF .shgfadohvpg]nvd[aflaopt]adg0Qks^Yo8k,,5,ly]txtlhk’lao c]t

,5,[qf[kflq,,5fD#D .shgfadohvpg0QksYo8k,,5,F okp768yf8k,cotoe c]t -j;pgsnvD$D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[dkosYo8k,,5,ly]txtlhk’lao c]t ,5,[qf[kflq,,5fD&D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[dkog;Qk7el5rk[da[\6jgrnjvo.og;]ksYoD

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D dko[vd-njg7njv’sYo c]t ;ymu sYo8k,,5,D@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko0Po8q;g]d8nj,.ljI6[rk[ c]t 9udI6[rk[8k,Ivp9E#D 7;k,,j;o-njo.odkosYogxaoc,jF ]6dF gxaovhkp c]t gvNvpD$D dkog;Qk7el5rk[da[\6jgrnjvo.og;]ksYoD


93


sq;0= hG g7n jvows;8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[[qf7e7jv’ dk’7nosq;0= hG g7n jvows;8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[[qf7e7jv’ dk’7nosq;0= hG g7n jvows;8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[[qf7e7jv’ dk’7nosq;0= hG g7n jvows;8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[[qf7e7jv’ dk’7nosq;0= hG g7n jvows;8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[[qf7e7jv’ dk’7noI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D ltcf’mjkmk’8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[goNv.o[qf7e7jv’ wfh4nd8hv’D@D vqfmqo.og;]kltcf’mjkmk’D

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dkoltcf’mjkmk’8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[goNv.o[qf7e7jv’ dk’7noD

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D [qf7e7jv’ dk’7noD@D mjksafdkpt[=]yskoc0o c]t 0k Xg[yj’xB,76j,n76?D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpsafdkpt[=]yskoc0o c]t 0kG mjkpqdc0o0Bogmy’sq;cdj;’,nc]t mjk\6osq;g0qjkD@D .shgfadohvpg8Ao0kfP;g[Nv’-hkp{g[Nv’0;kwxmk’|hkD#D okp76cotoe c]t lkmyfdkoltcf’mjkmk’8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[goNv.o[qf7e7jv’D$D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af8q;9y’ c]t okp768yf8k,-j;pgsnvD&D .shgfadohvppjk’wx{,k8k,lt[kp*D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af7nodkoltcf’mjkmk’8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[goNv.o[qf7e7jv’D(D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[7;k,vqfmqo.og;]kltcf’mjkmk’D

V DDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkoltcf’mjkmk’8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[goNv.o[qf7e7jv’D@D 7;k,vqfmqo.og;]kltcf’mjkmk’

|jj;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqk vkmyfmu # ,Nmu $


(ສວສ

)

94


sq;0=hG ;ao.o|bj’vkmyfsq;0=hG ;ao.o|bj’vkmyfsq;0=hG ;ao.o|bj’vkmyfsq;0=hG ;ao.o|bj’vkmyfsq;0=hG ;ao.o|bj’vkmyfI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd-nj;ao.o ! vkmyf c]t dyf9tde.o,nh;koF ,nhouhF ,nhvnjowfh4nd8hv’D@D [vd-nj;aog0QkIPo c]t ;aoradIPowfh4nd8hv’D#D g;Qkgxaoxt3spd8k,I6[rk[wfh-afg9oD$D Ihv’gr’xtdv[mjkmk’fh;p7;k,,j;o-njoD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=!D -nj;ao.o ! vkmyf c]t dyf9tde.o,nh;koF ,nhouhF ,nhvnjoD{ -nj;ao.o ! vkmyfG ;aovkmyfF ;ao9aoF ;aova’7koF ;aor5fF ;aortsafF;aol5d c]t ;aoglqkD{ dyf9tde.o,nhouhG lqomtok8q;9y’ X,NoUgIafspa’L?{ dyf9tde.o,N;koG lqomtok8q;9y’ X,N;kooUgIafspa’L?{ dyf9tde.o,nhvnjoG lqomtok8q;9y’ X,Nvnjo9tgIafspa’L?@D dkoIhv’gr’ ;ao.o|bj’vkmyf xtdv[mjkmk’D#D ;aog0QkIPo c]t ;aoradIPoG ;aog0QkIPo;ao9aosk;aol5dS ;aoradIPo;aoglqksk;aovkmyfD$D dkog;Qkgxaoxt3spd8k,I6[rk[G ,N;ao9aogfadohvpg7qk]q[m5’-kfF ,N;kooU]k;wx8tskf da[c,jF

;aoglqk]k;c8h,I6[F ;aovkmyf]k;16jgInvoda[c,jDIIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo

!D [qfgr’ ;ao.o|bj’vkmyf Xg[yj’xB,76j,n76?D@D I6[rk[G gfadohvp]Poc4;g7qk]q[m5’-kfF gfadohvpwx8ts^kfda[c,jF gfadohvpc8h,I6[F

gfadohvp16jgInvoda[c,jDIVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo

!D okp76lqomtokda[gfadohvpdjP;da[;aomujgfadohvp,k3I’IPoxqddt8y8k,mujgfadohvpI6h9adD@D okp76rkgfadohvpIhv’gr’xtdv[mjkmk’F lqomtokdjP;da[goNv.o[qfgr’F ;ao.o ! vkmyf c]t

;aoradIPoD#D .shgfadohvpg;QkdjP;da[dyf9tde.o,NoUF ,N;koF ,NvnjomujgfadohvpwfhgIafD$D okp76.shgfadohvpla’gdfI6[rk[F g;Qkgxaoxt3spd8k,I6[rk[D&D okp76.shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[-nj;ao.o|bj’vkmyfF ;aog0QkIPo c]t ;aoradIPoD*D okp76lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[7;k,lk,ad7udao c]t -j;p;Pdr+c,j.o;aoradIPoD

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqo la’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko [vd-nj;ao.o ! vkmyf c]t dyf9tde.o,nh;koF ,nhouhF ,nhvnjoD@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd-nj;aog0QkIPo c]t ;aoradIPoD#D 7;k,-afg9o.odkog;Qkgxaoxt3spd8k,I6[rk[D$D 7;k,,j;o-njo.odkoIhv’gr’xtdv[mjkmk’D

|jj;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqk vkmyfmu # ,Nmu $

95


sq;0=hG Ihvpdtf5,ltsâ[lusq;0=hG Ihvpdtf5,ltsâ[lusq;0=hG Ihvpdtf5,ltsâ[lusq;0=hG Ihvpdtf5,ltsâ[lusq;0=hG Ihvpdtf5,ltsâ[luI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd0Ao8vo.odkoIhvpdtf5,ltsa[luwfh4nd8hv’D@D Ihvpdtf5,ltsa[luwfh4nd8hv’D#D rafmtokco;7yflhk’lao.odkoIhvpdtf5,ltsa[luD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dkoIhvpdtf5,ltsa[luG lucf’F gsnv’F 2hkD

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D dtf5,lucf’F gs^nv’ c]t 2hkD@D g-nvd2k’ sn glAofhkpD#D dtf5,mujIhvpltsa[luc]h;D$D [qfgr’ ;ao.o|bj’vkmyfD

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpIhv’gr’ ;ao.o|bj’vkmyf xtdv[mjkmk’D@D .shgfadohvpla’gdfdtf5,mujIhvpltsa[luc]h;F lqomtokdjP;da[lu0v’dtf5,D#D okp76cotoeF lkmyf;ymu c]t 0Ao8vodkoIhvpdtf5,ltsa[luD$D .shgfadohvpIhvpxt8y[af8q;9y’F okp768yf8k,-j;pgsnvgfadohvpD&D .shgfadohvpltg|uzqo’ko c]t 7nodjP;da[;ymuIhvpdtf5,ltsa[luD*D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[7;k,vqfmqo c]t dko-j;pgsnv\6jgrnjvoD

V DDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd0Ao8vodkoIhvpdtf5,ltsa[luD@D 7;k,4nd8hv’0v’Ihvpdtf5,ltsa[luD#D 7;k,7yflhk’lao.odkoIhvpdtf5,ltsa[luD

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqk vkmyfmu # ,Nmu $


(ສວສ

)

96


sq;0=h G c[[s^Yo8a j’;yglfsq;0=h G c[[s^Yo8a j’;yglfsq;0=h G c[[s^Yo8a j’;yglfsq;0=h G c[[s^Yo8a j’;yglfsq;0=h G c[[s^Yo8a j’;yglfI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd0Ao8vo c]t dt8ydkdkosYoc[[sYo8aj’;yglfwfh4nd8hv’D@D s^Yoc[[s^Yo8aj’;yglfwfh4nd8hv’D#D xvfwr.og;]ks^Yoc[[s^YoD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dkos^Yoc[[s^Yo8aj’;yglfD

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D [qfgr’ ;ao.o|bj’vkmyfD@D [af7eF 8aj’ c]t dv’D#D ;ymus^Yo Xg[yj’xB,76j,n76?D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpIhv’ ;ao.o|bj’vkmyf xtdv[mjkmk’D@D okp76ltg|uc[[s^Yo c]t lkmyf;ymus^Yoc[[s^Yo8aj’;yglfD#D .shgfadohvpsYoc[[sYo8aj’;yglfF okp768yf8k, c]t -j;p cotoeD$D .shfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[dkos^Yoc[[s^Yo8aj’;yglfD&D lbdlkvq[IgfadohvpG s^YoIj;,daofh;p7;k,lk,ad7uF 8A’.92a’ c]t xt8y[af8k,7elaj’]t;a’

[+c]jo8edao]Q,F s^Yoc]h;vtokw,8uo c]t ,n.shltvkf D*D .shgfadgIafmjkmk’oqd[nxud0Bo{]q’ -hkM sa’9kdoAo xjvp.shgfadohvps^yho8k,.9D

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd0Ao8vo c]t dt8ydkdkosYoD@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkos^Yoc[[s^Yo8aj’;yglfD#D 7;k,xvfwr.og;]ks^YoD


97


sq;0=hG gd,9a[76j-n j;aoda[luxt9e;ao.o|bj’vkmyfsq;0=hG gd,9a[76j-n j;aoda[luxt9e;ao.o|bj’vkmyfsq;0=hG gd,9a[76j-n j;aoda[luxt9e;ao.o|bj’vkmyfsq;0=hG gd,9a[76j-n j;aoda[luxt9e;ao.o|bj’vkmyfsq;0=hG gd,9a[76j-n j;aoda[luxt9e;ao.o|bj’vkmyfI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd-njgd, c]t I6[rk[muj,u16j.ogd,wfh4nd8hv’D@D 9a[76j-nj;aoda[luxt9e;ao.o|bj’vkmyfwfh4nd8hv’D#D g;Qk7emujl5rk[da[\6jgrnjvoD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dkosYogd,9a[76j-nj;aoda[luxt9e;ao.o|bj’vkmyfG ;aovkmyfda[lucf’F ;ao9aoda[lugsnv’F ;aova’7ko

da[lu[q;F ;aor5fda[lu0P;F ;aortsafda[luclf XluoE\kddhP’?F ;aol5dda[lu2hkF ;aoglqkda[lu,j;’ Xle]a[okp76 c]t gfadohvp?D

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D czjogd,9a[76j-nj;aoda[luxt9e;ao.o|bj’vkmyfG czjogd,-nj;aoG ;aovkmyfF ;ao9aoF ;aova’7koF ;aor5fF

;aortsafF l;aol5dF ;aoglqkG czjogd,luG lucf’F lugs^nv’F lu[q;F lu0P;F luclf XoE\kddhP’?Flu2hkF lu,j;’ Xle]a[okp76 c]t gfadohvp?D

@D czjogd,gdqjk gd,9a[76jmuj7ndao8q;g]d c8j !{!&#D [qfgr’ ;ao.o|bj’vkmyfD

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpIhv’gr’ ;ao.o|bj’vkmyfD@D .shgfadohvpla’gdfI6[rk[F okp76lqomtokdjP;da[-njgd, c]t I6[rk[muj,u16j.ogd,D#D okp76cotoe c]t lkmyf0Ao8vodkosYogd,D$D .shgfadohvpsYogd,.\jF gd,gdqjk c]t okp7668yf8k,-j;pgs^nvD&D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[-njgd,F I6[rk[ c]t dkos^Yogd,-nj;aoda[luxt9e;ao.o|bj’vkmyfD*D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[dkogda[,hPogd,sa’9kds^Yoc]h; c]t dkog;Qk7emujl5rk[D

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd-njgd, c]t I6[rk[muj,u16j.ogd,D@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko9a[76j-nj;aoda[luxt9e;ao.o|bj’vkmyfD#D dkog;Qk7emujl5rk[da[\6jgrnjvoD



(ສວສ

)

98


sq;0=hG ,5,gd,dkolbdlk c]t ,5,g7n jv’s^Yolezafsq;0=hG ,5,gd,dkolbdlk c]t ,5,g7n jv’s^Yolezafsq;0=hG ,5,gd,dkolbdlk c]t ,5,g7n jv’s^Yolezafsq;0=hG ,5,gd,dkolbdlk c]t ,5,g7n jv’s^Yolezafsq;0=hG ,5,gd,dkolbdlk c]t ,5,g7n jv’s^YolezafI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd-njg7njv’s^Yo c]t ;ymus^Yo8k,,5,D@D 9a[76j-nj;aoda[luxt9e;ao.o|bj’vkmyf c]t 9a[76jmju7ndao8q;g]dc8j !{!& wfh4nd8hv’D#D ry,/jk,n c]t 0Polts^t.ljvjk’fyo-kpwfh4nd8hv’D$D gda[,hPog7njv’s^Yow;h4nd[jvomujdeoqfD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=!D -njg7njv’sYoF ;ymusYo8k,,5,gd,dkolbdlk c]t ,5,g7njv’sYolezafD@D dko9a[76j-nj;aoda[luxt9e;ao.o|bj’vkmyfG ;aovkmyfda[lucf’F ;ao9aoda[lugsnv’F ;aova’7ko da[lu[q;F

;aor5fda[lu0P;F ;aortsafda[luclf XluoE\kddhP’?F ;aol5dda[lu2hkF ;aoglqkda[lu,j;’ c]tdko9a[76jmuj7ndao8q;g]dc8j !{!&D

#D dkory,/jk,n.ljvjk’fyo-kp c]t 0Polts^t Vt Vk Vn V6 Vy Vu .ljvjk’fyo-kpD

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D ,5,gd,dkolbdlkG czjogd,9a[76j-nj;aoda[luxt9e;ao.o|bj’vkmyfG czjogd,-nj;aoG ;aovkmyfF ;ao9aoF

;aova’7koF ;aor5fF ;aortsafF ;aol5dF ;aoglqk c]t czjogd,luG lucf’F lugs^nv’F lu[q;F lu0P;Fluclf XluoE\kddhP’?F lu2hkF lu,j;’ c]t czjogd,9a[76jmuj7ndao8q;g]dc8j !{!&D

@D ,5,g7njv’sYolezafG dtfolP[ sn 8yfF vjk’fyo-kpF glNvdaogxNvoF -k,oEF lt[6 c]t zhkg-af,nD#D [aflaopt]adg0Qks^Yo8k,,5,D$D [qfgr’ ;ao.o|bj’vkmyfD

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpIhv’gr’ ;ao.o|bj’vkmyf xtdv[mjkmk’8k,9yo8tokdko@D okp76cotoe;ymusYo.shgfadohvpg]nvd[aflaopt]adg0QksYo8k,,5,gd,dkolbdlk c]t ,5,g7njv’

s^YolezafD#D .shgfadohvpg0QksYo8k,,5,F okp768yf8k,cotoe c]t -j;pgs^nvD$D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[dkosYo8k,,5,gd,dkolbdlk c]t ,5,g7njv’sYolezafD&D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[dkogda[,hPog7njv’s^Yow;h4nd[jvomujdeoqfD

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd-njg7njv’sYo c]t ;ymusYo8k,,5,D@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko9a[76j-nj;aoda[luxt9e;ao.o|bj’vkmyf c]t 9a[76jmju7ndao8q;g]dc8j !{!&D#D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkory,/jk,n c]t 0Polts^t.ljvjk’fyo-kpD$D dkogda[,hPog7njv’sYow;h4nd[jvomujdeoqfD


99


sq;0= hG g7n jvows;8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[[qfgr’ ;ao.o|bj’vkmyfsq;0= hG g7n jvows;8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[[qfgr’ ;ao.o|bj’vkmyfsq;0= hG g7n jvows;8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[[qfgr’ ;ao.o|bj’vkmyfsq;0= hG g7n jvows;8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[[qfgr’ ;ao.o|bj’vkmyfsq;0= hG g7n jvows;8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[[qfgr’ ;ao.o|bj’vkmyfI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D ltcf’mjkmk’8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[goNv.o[qfgr’wfh4nd8hv’D@D vqfmqo.og;]kltcf’mjkmk’D

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dkoltcf’mjkmk’8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[goNv.o[qfgr’ ;ao.o\bj’vkmyfD

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D dv’D@D [qfgr’ ;ao.o|bj’vkmyfD#D mjksafdkpt[=]yskoc0o c]t 8uo Xg[yj’xB,76j,n76?D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpsafdkpt[=]yskoc0o c]t 8uoG mjkc0o0;k37h’wxmk’-hkpF c0o-hkp37h’wx

mk’0;k c]t mjk1+kgmQkD@D .shgfadohvp3ff1P[glAog-nvdw]ptsjk’ @W{&W -,D#D okp76cotoe c]t lkmyfdkoltcf’mjkmk’8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[goNv.o[qfgr’D$D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af8q;9y’ c]t okp768yf8k,-j;pgs^nvD&D .shgfadohvpoaj’da[rNo76h0kgvqk,nma’lv’7qj,rNoma’sa’F rhv,ma’lajo0kD*D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af7nodkoltcf’mjkmk’8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[goNv.o[qfgr’D(D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[7;k,vqfmqo.og;]kltcf’mjkmk’D

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkoltcf’mjkmk’8k,okp76vvdc[[xtdv[goNv.o[qfgr’D@D 7;k,vqfmqo.og;]kltcf’mjkmk’D

|jj;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqkvkmyfmu # ,Nmu &


(ສວສ

)

100


sssssq;0=hG gfnvo.o|bj’xuq;0=hG gfnvo.o|bj’xuq;0=hG gfnvo.o|bj’xuq;0=hG gfnvo.o|bj’xuq;0=hG gfnvo.o|bj’xuI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd-njgfnvo.o ! xuF gfnvomujg0QkIPoF gfnvoradIPo c]t dyf9tde.og;]kradrkdIPowfh4nd8hv’D@D g]qjk7e7jv’F g;Qkgxaoxt3spd8k,goNv.o[qf7e7jv’wfh-afg9oD#D oa[-njgfnvo.o|bj’xuwfh4nd8hv’D

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=!D gfnvo.o ! xuF gfnvomujg0QkIPoF radIPo c]t dyf9tde.og;]kradrkdIPoD{ -njgfnvo.o ! xuG xu|bj’,u !@ gfnvoG gfnvo,a’dvoF gfnvod5,rkF gfnvo,uokF gfnvog,lkF gfnvorbflt

rkF gfnvo,y45okF gfnvod=]tdqfF gfnvoly’skF gfnvodaopkF gfnvo85]kF gfnvort9yd c]tgfnvomao;kD

{ gf nvomu jg0 QkIPo c]t radIPoG gf nvomu jg0 QkIPoc,jogfnvodaopkskgfnvo,y4 5okSgfnvomujradIPoc,jo gfnvod=]tdqf sk gfnvoly’skD

{ dyf9tde.og;]kradrkdIPoG radzjvo16jgInvoF wxmjP;s^Yoda[r+ c,jF vhkpF gvNvpF ohv’D@D dkog]qjk7e7jv’ gfnvog0QkIPo c]t gfnvoradIPoF g;Qkgxaoxt3spd8k,goNv.o[qf7e7jv’G

gfnvodaopkg]uj,g0Qk3I’IPoF 0hvprkdrPowxIPo[+0kfF 0hvplk,kfIPowfhs^kp1jk’F 76gryjo-jk’vq[Iq,laj’lvoF 76oerkIhv’gr’ c]t 2hvoF gfnvoly’sk0hvprad3I’IPoD

#D oa[-njgfnvo.o|bj’xuG!D ,a’dvoF @D d5,rkF #D ,uokF $D g,lkF &D rbfltrkF *D ,u45ok (D d=]tdqfF )D ly’skF _D daopkF!WD 85]kF !!D rt9ydF !@D mao;kD

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo xt8ymyogfnvo.o ! xuS [qf7e7jv’ gfnvog0QkIPo c]t gfnvoradIPo g[yj’.oxB,76j,n76D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D okp76lqomtokda[gfadohvpdjP;da[;ao.o ! vkmyfD@D okp76rkgfadohvpg]qjk7e7jv’F lqomtokF g;Qkgxaoxt3spd8k,goNv.o[qf7e7jv’D#D .shgfadohvpla’gdfxt8ymyogfnvo.o ! xuF lqomtokdjP;da[gfnvo.o ! xuF gfnvog0QkIPoF

gfnvoradIPo c]t dyf9tde.og;]kradrkdIPoD$D okp76rkgfadohvpoa[-njgfnvo.o|bj’xuD&D .shgfadg;Qk7no-njgfnvo.o ! xu c]t dyf9tde.og;]kradrkdIPoD*D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[7;k,f5\ajo.odko,k3I’IPo c]t -j;p;Pdr+c,j.og;]kradIPoD

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd-njgfnvo.o ! xuF gfnvomujg0QkIPoF radIPo c]t dyf9tde.og;]kradrkdIPoD@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkooa[-njgfnvo.o|bj’xuwfhD#D 7;k,-afg9o.odkog]qjk7e7jv’F g;Qkgxaoxt3spd8k,goNv.o[qf7e7jv’D$D dkoxt8y[af8qo.opk,rad3I’IPo c]t g0QkIPoD

|jj;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqkvkmyfmu # ,Nmu &

101


sq;0= hG gxq jklu.shgxaoI6[rk[8jk’M8k,9yo8tokdkosq;0= hG gxq jklu.shgxaoI6[rk[8jk’M8k,9yo8tokdkosq;0= hG gxq jklu.shgxaoI6[rk[8jk’M8k,9yo8tokdkosq;0= hG gxq jklu.shgxaoI6[rk[8jk’M8k,9yo8tokdkosq;0= hG gxq jklu.shgxaoI6[rk[8jk’M8k,9yo8tokdkoI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd0Ao8vo.odkogxqjklu.shgxaoI6[rk[8jk’M8k,9yo8tokdkowfh4nd8hv’D@D gxqjklugxaoI6[rk[8k,9yo8tokdko.shltvkf9q[’k,D#D ]t,af]t;a’.og;]kgxqjklugxaoI6[8jk’M8k,9yo8tokdko

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=gxqjklu.shgxaoI6[rk[8jk’M8k,9yo8tokdkoD

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(ສວສ

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102


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103


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(ສວສ

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104


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105

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(ສວສ

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106

dyf9td=kdkos^ Yodk’c9h’dyf9td=kdkos^ Yodk’c9h’dyf9td=kdkos^ Yodk’c9h’dyf9td=kdkos^ Yodk’c9h’dyf9td=kdkos^ Yodk’c9h’grnjv.shgfadohvp lk,kfG

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xtdqfdkodjvo/qo9t8qdF 9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[75oxt3spf0v’]tf6/qowfh4nd8hv’D*D la’gdfdko9tg]uog8u[.sjp0v’8Qo4Q; c]t zad[Q’F sqfoEF mqf]v’-adzhkg-af|hkwfh4nd8hv’D(D gda[,hPog7njv’sYow;gxao]t[P[ c]t 4nd[jvomujdeoqfw;hD)D g;Qk7emujl5rk[8+da[\6jgrnjvo.og;]ksYoD_D c[j’xaog7njv’sYo.sh\6jgrnjvo.og;]ksYoD!WD -j;pgsnv\6jgrnjvo.og;]ksYoD!!D ,u,k]tpkf.odkovjko c]t sYoD

107


sq;0= hG g7n jvows;xt8y[af7ela j’8k,okp76cotoesq;0= hG g7n jvows;xt8y[af7ela j’8k,okp76cotoesq;0= hG g7n jvows;xt8y[af7ela j’8k,okp76cotoesq;0= hG g7n jvows;xt8y[af7ela j’8k,okp76cotoesq;0= hG g7n jvows;xt8y[af7ela j’8k,okp76cotoeI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D xt8y[af7elaj’8k,okp76cotoewfh4nd8hv’D@D 2A’7elaj’0v’okp76fh;p7;k,8A’.9D

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dkoxt8y[af7elaj’8k,okp76cotoeG /qo8qdc]jog0QkgInvoF cffIhvodA’7ajoIqj,F vkdkf|k;

sqj,glNvdao|k;D

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvomjksafdkpt[=]ysko0k c]t cv; Xg[yj’xB,76j,n76?D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpsafdkpt[=]ysko0k c]t cv;G mjk\6osq;g0qjk c]t mjkg[afcv;wxg[Nv’-hkp{g[Nv’ 0;kD@D .shgfadohvppjk’g1j’g1h0Bo{]q’D#D okp76cotoe c]t lkmyfdkoxt8y[af7elaj’8k,okp76cotoeD$D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af8q;9y’ c]t okp768yf8k,-j;pgsnvD&D .shgfadohvpoaj’0aflt\kfsa[8klt,kmyD*D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af7nodkoxt8y[af7elaj’8k,okp76cotoeD(D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[dko2a’7elaj’0v’okp76fh;p7;k,8A’.9D

V DDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkoxt8y[af7elaj’8k,okp76cotoeD@D 7;k,8A’.92a’7elaj’0v’okp76D

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqkF vkmyfmu $ ,Nmu !


(ສວສ

)

108


sq;0=sq;0=sq;0=sq;0=sq;0= h G h G h G h G h G ]tf6dko.oxtgmf]k;]tf6dko.oxtgmf]k;]tf6dko.oxtgmf]k;]tf6dko.oxtgmf]k;]tf6dko.oxtgmf]k;I. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd]tf6dko.oxtgmf]k;wfh4nd8hv’D@D g;Qkgxaoxt3spdwfh-afg9oD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=!D ]tf6dko.oxtgmf]k;,u @ ]tf6G ]tf6c]h’ c]t ]tf6/qoD{ ]tf6c]h’G g]uj,c8jgfnvort9yd skgfnvog,lkD{ ]tf6/qoG g]uj,c8jgfnvorbfltrk sk gfnvo85]kD@D dkog;Qkgxaoxt3spdG ]tf6c]h’g]U,c8jgfnvort9ydskgfnvog,lkF ]tf6/qog]uj,c8jgfnvorbfltrk

skgfnvo85]kD

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvoczo;kf]tf6dkoD

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D okp76lqomtokda[gfadohvpdjP;da[gfnvog0QkIPo c]t gfnvoradIPoD@D .shgfadohvpla’gdfczo;kf]tf6dkoF lqomtokdjP;da[]tf6dko.oxtgmf]k;F w]pt0v’]tf6c]h’

c]t ]tf6/qoD#D okp76rkgfadohvpg;Qkgxaoxt3spdD$D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[]tf6dko.oxtgmf]k;F w]pt0v’]tf6c]h’ c]t ]tf6/qoD&D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[dkoxt8y[af8qo.oc8j]t]tf6dkoD

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd]tf6dko.oxtgmf]k;D@D 7;k,-afg9o.odkog;Qkgxaoxt3spdD

|jj;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqk vkmyfmu $ ,NmuG !

109


sq;0=hG mkluI6[rk[gfadohvpdA’7aaoIq j,sq;0=hG mkluI6[rk[gfadohvpdA’7aaoIq j,sq;0=hG mkluI6[rk[gfadohvpdA’7aaoIq j,sq;0=hG mkluI6[rk[gfadohvpdA’7aaoIq j,sq;0=hG mkluI6[rk[gfadohvpdA’7aaoIq j,I. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd0Ao8vo.odkomkluI6[rk[gfadohvpdA’7aaoIqj,wfh4nd8hv’D@D mkluI6[rk[gfadohvpdA’7aaoIqj,g;]k/qo8qd.sh9q[’k, c]t 16j.o0v[D#D c[j’xaol=lu.sh\6jgrnjvo

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dkomkluI6[rk[gfadohvpdA’7aaoIqj,g;]k/qo8qdD

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D g9hpI6[rk[gfadohvpdA’7aaoIqj,.og;]k/qo8qdF g9hpI6[rk[gfadohvpdA’7aaoIqj,mujmkluc]h;@D l=luw,h s^n lumPoD#D [qf7e7jv’ dk’7noD

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpg]qjk[qf7e7jv’ dk’7no xtdv[mjkmk’D@D .shgfadohvpla’gdfI6[rk[gfadohvpdA’7aaoIqj,mujmkluc]h;F lqomtokdjP;da[I6[Ijk’0v’7aaoIqj,

c]t 0Ao8vodkomkluI6[7adIqj,D#D okp76cotoeF lkmyf;ymu c]t 0Ao8vodkomkluI6[rk[gfadohvpdA’7aaoIqj,D$D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af8q;9y’ c]t okp768yf8k,-j;pgs^nvD&D .shgfadohvpltg|uzqo’ko c]t g;Qk7nodjP;da[0Ao8vodkomkluI6[rk[gfadohvpdA’7aaoIqj,D*D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfaddjP;da[7;k,vqfmqo c]t dkoc[j’xaog7njv’.-h.sh\6jgrnjvoD

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd0Ao8vo.odkomkluI6[rk[gfadohvpdA’7aaoIqj,D@D 7;k,9q[’k, c]t 16j.o0v[0v’I6[rk[gfadohvpdA’7aaoIqj,g;]k/qo8qdD#D dkoc[j’xaol=lu.sh\6jgrnjvoD

me,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqk vkmyfmu $ ,Nmu !


(ສວສ

)

110


sq;0=h G c[[s^Yoglnvw]j\6sq;0=h G c[[s^Yoglnvw]j\6sq;0=h G c[[s^Yoglnvw]j\6sq;0=h G c[[s^Yoglnvw]j\6sq;0=h G c[[s^Yoglnvw]j\6I. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd0Ao8vo c]t dt8ydkdkosYoc[[sYoglnvw]j\6wfh4nd8hv’D@D s^Yoc[[s^Yoglnvw]j\6wfh4nd8hv’D#D g[ud[ko,j;o-nnjo.og;]ks^YoD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dkos^Yoc[[s^Yoglnvw]j\6D

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D \kds;ufD@D ;ymus^Yo Xg[yj’xB,76j,n76?D#D 7e7jv’ glnvw]j\6D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvp\6og0qjkF [y;cv; c]t pjk’-hkM 8k,lP’8q[,nD@D okp76ltg|u c[[s^Yo c]t lkmyf;ymus^Yoc[[s^Yoglnvw]j\6D#D .shgfadohvpsYoc[[sYoglnvw]j\6F okp768yf8k, c]t -j;pcotoeD$D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[dkos^Yoc[[s^Yoglnvw]j\6D&D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpG s^YoIj;,daofh;p7;k,lk,ad7uF 7jvpc]jo[+.sh8edaoda[\6jF s^Yoc]h;

vtokw,8uo c]t ,n.shltvkfD*D .shgfadohvpoaj’lk,tmys^a’9kdoAoxjvp.shgfadohvps^yho8k,.9D

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd0Ao8vo c]t dt8ydkdkosYoD@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkos^Yoc[[s^Yoglnvw]j\6D#D 7;k,g[ud[ko,j;o-njo.og;]ks^YoD

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqk vkmyfmu $ ,Nmu !

111


sq;0= hG gd,9a[76 jmu j7ndaoI6[rk[g7n jv’xhv’daovkdkf|k;sq;0= hG gd,9a[76 jmu j7ndaoI6[rk[g7n jv’xhv’daovkdkf|k;sq;0= hG gd,9a[76 jmu j7ndaoI6[rk[g7n jv’xhv’daovkdkf|k;sq;0= hG gd,9a[76 jmu j7ndaoI6[rk[g7n jv’xhv’daovkdkf|k;sq;0= hG gd,9a[76 jmu j7ndaoI6[rk[g7n jv’xhv’daovkdkf|k;I. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd-njgd, c]t I6[rk[muj,u16j.ogd,wfh4nd8hv’D@D 9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[g7njv’xhv’daovkdkf|k;wfh4nd8hv’D#D -j;pgs^nv\6jgrnjvo.og;]ks^Yogd,D

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dko9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[g7njv’xhv’daovkdkf|k;G glNvc0opk;F glNvdao|k;F \;dF gdu[F 4q’,nF 4q’8uoD

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D czjogd,9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[g7njv’xhv’daovkdkf|k;G glNvc0opk;F glNvdao|k;F \;dF gdu[F

4q’,nF 4q’8uo Xle]a[okp76 c]t gfadohvp?D@D czjogd,gdqjk gd,9a[76j-njgfnvoda[8q;g]d !{!@D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D okp76lqomtokda[gfadohvpdjP;da[]tf6dko.oxtgmf]k;D@D .shgfadohvpla’gdfI6[rk[F okp76lqomtokdjP;da[-njgd, c]t I6[rk[muj,u16j.ogd,D#D okp766cotoe c]t lkmyf0Ao8vodkosYogd,D$D .shgfadohvpsYogd,.\jF gd,gdqjk c]t okp768yf8k,-j;pgs^nvD&D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[-njgd,F I6[rk[ c]t dkos^Yogd,9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[g7njv’xhv’dao

vkdkf|k;D*D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[dkogda[,hPogd,s^a’9kds^Yoc]h; c]t dko-j;pgs^nv\6jgrnjvo.o

g;]ks^Yogd,D

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd7hv’.odko[vd-njgd, c]t I6[rk[muj,u16j.ogd,D@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[g7njv’xhv’daovkdkf|k;D#D dko-j;pgs^nv\6jgrnjvo.og;]ks^Yogd,DD

|j;p me,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqk vkmyfmu $ ,Nmu !


(ສວສ

)

112


sq;0=hG ,5,ly]txtlhk’lao c]t ,5,gd,dkolbdlksq;0=hG ,5,ly]txtlhk’lao c]t ,5,gd,dkolbdlksq;0=hG ,5,ly]txtlhk’lao c]t ,5,gd,dkolbdlksq;0=hG ,5,ly]txtlhk’lao c]t ,5,gd,dkolbdlksq;0=hG ,5,ly]txtlhk’lao c]t ,5,gd,dkolbdlkI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd-njg7njv’sYo c]t ;ymusYo8k,,5,D@D mkluI6[rk[F gxqjklugxaoI6[rk[8k,9yo8tokdko#D 9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[g7njv’xhv’daovkdkf|k; c]t 9a[76jmuj7ndao-njgfnvoda[8q;g]d !{!@ wfh4nd8hv’D$D gda[,hPog7njv’sYow;h4nd[jvomujdeoqfD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=!D -njg7njv’sYoF ;ymusYo8k,,5,ly]txtlhk’lao c]t ,5,gd,dkolbdlk@D mkluI6[rk[gfadohvpdA’7aaoIqj,g;]k/qo8qd c]t gxqjklugxaoI6[rk[8jk’M8k,9yo8tokdko#D dko9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[g7njv’xhv’daovkdkf|k;G glNvc0opk;F glNvdao|k;F \;dF gdu[F 4q’,nF

4q’8uo c]t 9a[76j-njgfnvoda[8q;g]d !{!@G ,a’dvo X|bj’? da[8q;g]d !F d5,rk Xlv’? da[8q;g]d@F ,uok Xlk,? da[8q;g]d #F g,lk Xluj? da[8q;g]d $F rbfltrk Xshk?da[8q;g]d &F ,y45ok Xsqd?da[8q;g]d *F d=]tdqfXg9af? da[8q;g]d (F ly’sk Xcxf? da[8q;g]d )F daopk XgdQk? da[8q;g]d _F85]k Xlu[? da[8q;g]d !WF rt9yd Xly[gvaf? da[8q;g]d !!F mao;k Xly[lv’? da[8q;g]d !@D

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D ,5,ly]txtlhk’laoG dtfkolP[ sn 8yfF l=luw,h sn lumPoD g9hpI6[rk[gfadohvpdA’7aaoIqj,g;]k/qo8qdD

g9hpluF luoEF m+f6f@D ,5,gd,dkolbdlkG czjogd,9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[g7njv’xhv’daovkdkf|k;G glNvc0opk;F

glNvdao|k;F \;dF gdu[F 4q’,nF 4q’8uo c]t czjogd,9a[76jmuj7ndao-njgfnvoda[8q;g]d !{!@#D [aflaopt]adg0QksYo8k,,5,D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D okp76lqomtokda[gfadohvpdjP[da[]tf6dko.oxtgmf]k;,u @ ]tf6D@D okp76cotoe;ymusY^oF.shgfadohvpg]nvd[aflaopt]adg0Qks^Yo8k,,5,ly]txtlhk’lao c]t gd,

dkolbdlkD#D .shgfadohvpg0QksYo8k,,5,F okp768yf8k,cotoe c]t -j;pgsnvD$D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[dkosYo8k,,5,ly]txtlhk’lao c]t gd,dkolbdlkD&D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvp.odkogda[,hPog7njv’sYow;h4nd[jvomujdeoqfD

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D dko[vd-njg7njv’sYo c]t ;ymusYo8k,,5,D@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkomkluI6[rk[F gxqjklugxaoI6[rk[8k,9yo8tokdko#D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[g7njv’xhv’daovkdkf|k; c]t 9a[76jmuj7ndao-njgfnvoda[8q;g]d !{!@D$D dkogda[,hPog7njv’sYow;h4nd[jvomujdeoqfD

|j;p me,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqk vkmyfmu $ ,Nmu !

113


sq;0= hG g7n jvows;8k,9yo8tokdkoxtdv[[qf7e7jv’ gfnvog0QkIPo c]tsq;0= hG g7n jvows;8k,9yo8tokdkoxtdv[[qf7e7jv’ gfnvog0QkIPo c]tsq;0= hG g7n jvows;8k,9yo8tokdkoxtdv[[qf7e7jv’ gfnvog0QkIPo c]tsq;0= hG g7n jvows;8k,9yo8tokdkoxtdv[[qf7e7jv’ gfnvog0QkIPo c]tsq;0= hG g7n jvows;8k,9yo8tokdkoxtdv[[qf7e7jv’ gfnvog0QkIPo c]tgfnvoradIPogfnvoradIPogfnvoradIPogfnvoradIPogfnvoradIPoI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D ltcf’mjkmk’8k,9yo8tokdkoxtdv[goNv.o[qf7e7jv’1jk’,j;o-njoD@D dhkltcf’vvd.og;]kltcf’mjkmk’D

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dkoltcf’mjkmk’8k,9yo8tokdkoxtdv[goNv.o[qf7e7jv’ gfnvog0QkIPo c]t gfnvoradIPoD

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D [qf7e7jv’ gfnvog0QkIPo c]t gfnvoradIPoD@D mjksafdkpt[=]yskocv; c]t 0k Xg[yj’xB,76j,n76?D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpsafdkpt[=]ysko cv; c]t 0kG mjks’jP’cv;0hk’-hkp{0;k c]t mjk1no0kfP;pqd

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114


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115


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IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D [qf7e7jv’ ]adltotvkdkfD@D 1k’[h;’ c]t \kdx5,gxQkD#D ;ymusYo Xg[yj’xB,76j,n76?D

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117


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119


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VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,,j;o-njo.odkoltcf’mjkmk’8k,9yo8tokdkoxtdv[g]njv’mujokp76g]qjkD@D 7;k,xvfwr.og;]kltcf’mjkmk’D

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqkF vkmyfmu $ ,Nmu #


(ສວສ

)

120


sq;0=hG ]tf6/qosq;0=hG ]tf6/qosq;0=hG ]tf6/qosq;0=hG ]tf6/qosq;0=hG ]tf6/qoI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd75oxt3spf c]t zqoltmhvo0v’]tf6/qowfh4nd8hv’D@D g;Qkgxao7ela[ c]t gxaoxt3spd8k,I6[rk[wfh-afg9oD#D xt8y[af8qo.o]tf6/qoD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=!D 75oxt3spf c]t zqoltmhvo0v’]tf6/qoD{ 75oxt3spf0v’]tf6/qoG /qo8qd]q’,kgIaf.shfyo-5j,F 8Qow,h0P;’k,F -k;okF -k;l;o,u

oEx6dg0QkF x6dzadS 7qoF laf,uoEdyo c]t oE.-hD{ zqoltmhvo0v’]tf6/qoG wx,k[+ltf;dF gxygxNvoF ,uoE0a’F ,up5’s^kpF rtpkfw0hp5’]t[kfF

/qo8qds^kpoE4h;,D@D dkog;Qkgxao7ela[ c]t xt3spd8k,I6[rk[G{ 7ela[G -k;okF /qo8qdF feokF -k;l;oF x6dzadF p5’F oE0a’F gxygxNvoD{ xt3spdG 7qofnj,oEF lafdyooEF /qo8qdgIaf.shmk’gxygxNvoF -k;okx6dg0QkF -k;l;ox6dzadF

8Qow,hxqj’.[vjvoF 8Qow,hvvdfvd c]t \kdD

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo I6[rk[G p5’F -k;okfeokF -k;l;ox6dzadF 8Qow,h0P;’k,F sqomk’gxygxNvoF oE4h;,F 7qofnj,oEF

lafdyooEF 8Qow,hxqj’.[vjvoF 8Qow,hvvdfvd c]t \kdD

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D okp76lqomtokda[gfadohvpdjP;da[]adltotvkdkf.o]tf6/qoD@D .shgfadohvpla’gdfI6[rk[F lqomtokdjP;da[xt3spf c]t zqoltmhvo0v’]tf6/qoD#D okp76rkgfadohvpg;Qkgxao7ela[8k,I6[rk[D$D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[75oxt3spf c]t zqoltmhvo0v’]tf6/qo&D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[dkoxt8y[af8qo.o]tf6/qoD

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd75oxt3spf c]t zqoltmhvo0v’]tf6/qoD@D 7;k,-afg9o.odkog;Qkgxao7ela[ c]t gxaoxt3spd8k,I6[rk[D#D dkoxt8y[af8qo.o]tf6/qoD

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqkF vkmyfmu $ ,Nmu #

121


sq;0=hG 9ud{8yfI6[rk[8Qow,hsq;0=hG 9ud{8yfI6[rk[8Qow,hsq;0=hG 9ud{8yfI6[rk[8Qow,hsq;0=hG 9ud{8yfI6[rk[8Qow,hsq;0=hG 9ud{8yfI6[rk[8Qow,hI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd0Ao8vo.odko9ud{8yfI6[rk[8Qow,hwfh4nd8hhv’D@D 9ud{8yfI6[rk[8Qow,h.shltvkf9q[’k,D#D g/ydlk,tmy.odko9ud{8yfI6[rk[8Qow,hD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dko9ud{8yfI6[rk[8Qow,h8k,Ivp9ED

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D g9hp0k;D dk;leg]afI6[ sn dk;g0Qk|P;8Q,D@D g9hpI6[rk[8Qow,hmuj,uIvp9EF g9hpI6[rk[8Qow,hmuj8yfc]h;D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpgIafmjkmk’15[xkpoY;,ng0Qk{vvdD@D .shgfadohvpla’gdfI6[rk[8Qow,hmuj8yfc]h;F lqomtokdjP;da[0Ao8vodko9ud{8yfI6[rk[8Qow,h

8k,Ivp9ED#D okp76cotoeF lkmyf;ymu c]t 0Ao8vodkodko9ud{8yfI6[rk[8Qow,h8k,Ivp9ED$D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af8q;9y’ c]t okp768yf8k,-j;pgs^nvgfadohvpD&D .shgfadohvpltg|uzqo’ko c]t g;Qk7nodjP;da[0Ao8vodko9ud{8yfI6[rk[8Qow,h8k,Ivp9ED*D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[7;k,vqfmqo c]t 7;k,]t,af]t;a’.og;]k.-hdk;D

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd0Ao8vodko9ud{8yfI6[rk[8Qow,hD@D 7;k,ltvkf9q[’k,0v’dko9ud{8yfI6[rk[8Qow,hD#D lk,tmy.odko9ud{8yfI6[rk[8Qow,hD

me,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqk vkmyfmu $ ,Nmu #


(ສວສ

)

122


sq;0=h G c[[s^YoIjvofyo-kpsq;0=h G c[[s^YoIjvofyo-kpsq;0=h G c[[s^YoIjvofyo-kpsq;0=h G c[[s^YoIjvofyo-kpsq;0=h G c[[s^YoIjvofyo-kpI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd-njc[[sYoF v5xtdvo c]t dt8ydkdkosYowfh4nd8hv’D@D g/yddhk,-Uo,n.sh,u7;k,c0’cI’D#D -j;pgs^nvg-yj’dao c]t dao.og;]ks^YoD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dkosYoG c[[sYoIjvofyo-kpD

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D fyo-kpF -;hkoohvpF g0u’ohvp c]t rk4kfD@D ;ymusYo Xg[yj’xB,76j,n76?D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpg8Aowxmk’0hk’-hkp c]t 0hk’0;k-hkMD@D okp76ltg|u c]t lkmyf;ymus^YoG c[[s^YoIjvofyo-kpD#D .shgfadohvpsYo-kpG Ijvofyo-kpF okp768yf8k, c]t -j;pcotoeD$D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[dkos^Yoc[[s^YoIjvofyo-kpD&D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpG s^YoIj;,daofh;p7;k,lk,ad7uF ]t;a’[+s;jko-kp.lj8kdaoF s^Yoc]h;

vtokw,8uoF ,n.shltvkf c]t gda[,hPov5xtdvo-j;pdaoD*D .shgfadohvppqdc0o0Bogmy’sq;c]h;cd;j’wx{,k-hkM sa’9kdoAo xjvp.shgfadohvpsyho8k,.9D

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd-njc[[s^YoF v5xtdvo c]t dt8ydkdkos^YoD@D 7;k,c0’cI’0v’,n.og;]ks^YoD#D dko-j;pgs^nvg-yj’dao c]t dao.og;]ks^YoD

me,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqk vkmyfmu $ ,Nmu #

123


sq;0= hG 9a[76 jmu j7ndaoI6[rk[75oxt3spf0v’]tf6/qosq;0= hG 9a[76 jmu j7ndaoI6[rk[75oxt3spf0v’]tf6/qosq;0= hG 9a[76 jmu j7ndaoI6[rk[75oxt3spf0v’]tf6/qosq;0= hG 9a[76 jmu j7ndaoI6[rk[75oxt3spf0v’]tf6/qosq;0= hG 9a[76 jmu j7ndaoI6[rk[75oxt3spf0v’]tf6/qoI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd-njgd, c]t I6[rk[muj,u16j.ogd,wfh4nd8hv’D@D 9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[75oxt3spf0v’]tf6/qowfh4nd8hv’D#D -j;pgs^nv\6jgrnjvo.og;]ks^Yogd,D

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dko9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[75oxt3spf0v’]tf6/qoG -k;okw4okF -k;okfeokF /qo8qd.lj8Qow,hF

7;kp ]q’vk[oEF ’q;dyooE.o|v’F 8Qo\kd,j;’gxao\kdD

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D czjogd,9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[75oxt3spf0v’]tf6/qoG I6[rk[-k;okw4okF -k;okfeokF /qo

8qd.lj8Qow,hF 7;kp]q’vk[oEF ’q;dyooE.o|v’F 8Qo\kd,j;’gxao\kd Xle]a[okp76 c]tgfadohvp?D

@D czjogd,gdqjk gd,]Po]efa[I6[rk[xtdqfdkodjvo/qo9t8qdG I6[rk[mhv’2hk,nfF 2hkgs^nv,F]q,rafF /qd8qdD

#D [qf7e7jv’ ]adltotvkdkfD

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpg]qjk7e7jv’ ]adltotvkdkfD@D .shgfadohvpla’gdfI6[rk[F okp76lqomtokdjP;da[-njgd, c]t I6[rk[muj,u16j.ogd,D#D okp766cotoe c]t lkmyf0Ao8vodkosYogd,D$D .shgfadohvpsYogd,.\jF gd,gdqjk c]t okp768yf8k,-j;pgs^nvD&D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[-njgd,F I6[rk[ c]t dkosYogd,9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[75oxt3spf0v’

]tf6/qo*D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[dkogda[,hPogd,s^a’9kds^Yoc]h; c]t dko-j;pgs^nv\6jgrnjvo.o

g;]ks^Yogd,

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd-njgd, c]t I6[rk[muj,u16j.ogd,D@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[75oxt3spf0v’]tf6/qojD#D dko-j;pgs^nv\6jgrnjvo.og;]ks^Yogd,D

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqk vkmyfmu $ ,Nmu #


(ສວສ

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124


sq;0=hG ,5,[qf[kflq,,5f c]t ,5,vjkosq;0=hG ,5,[qf[kflq,,5f c]t ,5,vjkosq;0=hG ,5,[qf[kflq,,5f c]t ,5,vjkosq;0=hG ,5,[qf[kflq,,5f c]t ,5,vjkosq;0=hG ,5,[qf[kflq,,5f c]t ,5,vjkoI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd-njg7njv’s^Yo c]t ;ymus^Yo8k,,5,D@D sYogxao-k;ok c]t -k;l;o1jk’,j;o-njoD#D g;Qkgxao7ela[ c]t gxaoxt3spd8k,I6[rk[wfh-afg9o$D ,u,k]tpkf.odkovjko c]t sYoD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=!D -njg7njv’s^YoF ;ymus^Yo8k,,5,[qf[kflq,,5f c]t ,5,vjko@D lq,,5fgxao-k;okw4okF x6dg0Qk c]t gxao-k;l;o05ffyo c]t x6dzadD#D g;Qkgxao7ela[8k,I6[rk[G -k;okF /qo8qdF -k;l;oF x6dzadF p5’F oE0a’F gxygxNvo c]t

g;Qkgxaoxt3spd8k,I6[rk[G 7qofnj,oEF lafdyooEF /qo8qdgIaf.shmk’gxygxNvoF -k;okx6dg0QkF-k;l;ox6dzadF 8Qow,hxqj’.[vjvoF 8Qow,hvvdfvd c]t \kdF 7qofeok

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D ,5,[qf[kflq,,5fG g7njv’,n-k;okF -k;l;o9e]v’D 8Qog0Qk c]t 8Qozad9e]v’D@D ,5,vjkoG dtfkolP[ s^n 8yfD I6[rk[G 7qofnj,oEF lafdyooEF sqomk’gxygxNvoF -k;okx6dg0QkF

-k;l;ox6dzadF 8Qow,hxqj’.[vjvoF F F F F 8Qow,hvvdfvd c]t \kdF -k;okF /qo8qdF 7qofeokF -k;l;oFx6dzadF p5’F oE0a’F gxygxNvoD

#D [aflaopt]adg0Qks^Yo8k,,5,D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D okp76lqomtokgfadohvpdjP;da[75oxt3spf c]t zqoltmhvo0v’]tf6/qoD@D okp76cotoe;ymusYoF.shgfadg]nvd[aflaopt]adg0QksYo8k,,5,[qf[kflq,,5f c]t ,5,vjkoD#D .shgfadohvpg0QksYo8k,,5,F okp768yf8k,cotoe c]t -j;pgs^nvD$D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[dkos^Yo8k,,5,ly]txtlhk’lao c]t ,5,vjkoD&D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[dko,u,k]tpkf.odkovjko c]t sYoD

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D dko[vd-njg7njv’s^Yo c]t ;ymus^Yo8k,,5,D@D 7;k,,j;o-njo.odkos^Yogxao-k;ok c]t -k;l;oD#D 7;k,-afg9o.odkog;Qkgxao7ela[ c]t g;Qkxt3spd8k,I6[rk[F D$D dko,u,k]tpkf.odkovjko c]t sYoD

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqk vkmyfmu $ ,Nmu #

125


sq;0= hG g7n jvows;xt8y[af8k,7ela j’8k,okp76cotoesq;0= hG g7n jvows;xt8y[af8k,7ela j’8k,okp76cotoesq;0= hG g7n jvows;xt8y[af8k,7ela j’8k,okp76cotoesq;0= hG g7n jvows;xt8y[af8k,7ela j’8k,okp76cotoesq;0= hG g7n jvows;xt8y[af8k,7ela j’8k,okp76cotoeI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D xt8y[af8k,7elaj’0v’okp76cotoewfh4nd8hv’D@D 2a’7elaj’0v’okp76fh;p7;k,8A’.9D

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dkoxt8y[af8k,7elaj’0v’okp76cotoeG dA’7aoIqj,F 8kdg7njv’ c]t 0ujgInvD

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvomjksafdkpt[=]ysko0k c]t cv; g[yj’xB,76j,n76D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpsafdkpt[=]ysko0k c]t cv;G mjk31j’31t0k]q’F mjkmhv’{sa’D@D .shgfadohvpg8Ao-ydc-adg[Nv’-hkp{0;kD#D okp76cotoe c]t lkmyfdkoxt8y[af8k,7elaj’0v’okp76cotoeD$D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af8q;9y’ c]t okp768yf8k,-j;pgs^nvD&D .shgfadohvpoaj’1Pf0kwxmk’|hkF 9jk’0kvvdF dQ,]q’gvqk,nma’lv’9a[xkp8uoD*D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af7nodkoxt8y[af8k,7elaj’0v’okp76cotoeD(D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[dko2a’7elaj’0v’okp76fh;p7;k,8A’.9D

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkoxt8y[af8k,7elaj’0v’okp76cotoeD@D 7;k,8A’.92a’7elaj’0v’okp76D

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqkF vkmyfmu $ ,Nmu $


(ສວສ

)

126


sq;0=hG ]tf6c]h’sq;0=hG ]tf6c]h’sq;0=hG ]tf6c]h’sq;0=hG ]tf6c]h’sq;0=hG ]tf6c]h’I. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd75oxt3spf c]t zqoltmhvo0v’]tf6c]h’wfh4nd8hv’D@D g]qjk7e7jv’F g;Qkgxao7ela[ c]t gxaoxt3spd8k,goNv.o7e7jv’wfh-afg9oD#D xt8y[af8qo.o]tf6c]h’D

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=!D 75oxt3spf c]t zqoltmhvo0v’]tf6c]h’D{ 75oxt3spf0v’]tf6c]h’G 8Qow,hxqj’.[vjvoF zad c]t fvdw,h’k,S ,ucl’cff.shcl’lts;jk’

dkowx{,kltf;dF 8kdg7njv’csh’w;F 8Qow,hvvdfvd c]t \kdD{ zqoltmhvo0v’]tf6c]h’G vkdkf|k;G zy;|a’c8dcsh’S 7qog9a[7= c]t gxaow0hs;afS

vkdkfIhvoG fyocsh’c]h’S vkdkfvq[gvQkS vksko[6fw;S c,’;aoskpS rtpkf4vdmhv’]t[kfD@D dkog]qjk7e7jv’ ]tf6c]h’F g;Qkgxao7ela[ c]t gxaoxt3spdgoNv.o7e7jv’D{ 7ela[G ]tf6c]h’F 8Qow,hF fvdw,hF cl’cffF 8kdF g7njv’F csh’F c,’;aoF wxF ,kF ltf;dD{ xt3spdG ]tf6c]h8Qow,hxqj’.[F fvdw,h,ulul;p’k,F ,ucl’cff8kdg7njv’csh’w;F gIqkg7njvows;

wx,kltf;dF c,’;ao9a[8v,vkskoF gIqkdyovksko[6f9tg9a[mhv’D

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D I6[rk[G gfadohvp8kdg7njv’F 8Qow,hvvdfvd c]t \kdF fyocsh’c]h’D@D [qf7e7jv’ ]tf6c]h’ Xg[yj’xB,76j,n76?D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D okp76lqomtokda[gfaadohvpdjP;da[75oxt3spf0v’]tf6c]h’D@D okp76rkgfadohvpg]qjk7e7jv’F lqomtokF g;Qkgxao7ela[ c]t gxaoxt3spd8k,goNv.o[qf7e7jv’D#D .shgfadohvpla’gdfI6[rk[F lqomtokdjP;da[[75oxt3spf c]t zqoltmhvo0v’]tf6c]h’D$D okp76.shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[75oxt3spf c]t zqoltmhvo0v’]tf6c]h’D &D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[7;k,lk,ad7u c]t dkoxt8y[af8qo.o]tf6c]h’D

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd75oxt3spf c]t zqoltmhvo0v’]tf6c]h’@D 7;k,-afg9o.odkog;Qkgxao7ela[ c]t gxaoxt3spd8k,goNv.o7e7jv’D#D dkoxt8y[af8qo.o]tf6c]h’D

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqkF vkmyfmu $ ,Nmu $

127


sq;0=hG 0uf0Po7ela[mujxtlq,lts^t V6sq;0=hG 0uf0Po7ela[mujxtlq,lts^t V6sq;0=hG 0uf0Po7ela[mujxtlq,lts^t V6sq;0=hG 0uf0Po7ela[mujxtlq,lts^t V6sq;0=hG 0uf0Po7ela[mujxtlq,lts^t V6I. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vdmyfmk’ c]t 0Po7ela[mujxtlq,lts^t V6 wfh4nd8hv’D@D 0Po7ela[mujxtlq,lts^t V6 wfh4nd8hv’D#D ,u7;k,vqfmqo.odko0uf0Po7ela[mujxtlq,lts^t V6 D

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dko0Po7ela[mujxtlq,lts^t V6G 76 -6 p6 46D

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D 1k’]b[F l=fe s^n l=luD@D xB,[qfg/ydsafrklk]k; gsA, @ X|hk @? s^n g9hp7ela[mujxtlq,lts^t V6G 76 -6 p6 46D#D [qf7e7jv’ ]tf6c]h’D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpg]qjk[qf7e7jv’ ]tf6c]h’ xtdv[mjkmk’D@D okp76rkgfadohvpvjkoxt3spdlAoc]h;.shgfadohvpla’gdf7ela[mujxtlq,lts^t V6D#D okp76cotoeF lkmyf;ymu c]t 0Ao8vodko0uf0Po7ela[mujxtlq,lts^t V6D$D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af8q;9y’F okp768yf8k,-j;pgs^nvgfadohvpD&D gfadohvpltg|uzqo’ko c]t g;Qk7nodjP;da[;ymu0uf0Po7ela[mujxtlq,lts^t V6D*D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[7;k,vqfmqo c]t dko-j;pgs^nv\6jgrnjvoD

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vdmyfmk’ c]t 0Po7ela[mujxtlq,lts^t V6D@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko0uf0Po7ela[mujxtlq,lts^t V6D#D 7;k,vqfmqo.odko0uf0PoD

me,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqk vkmyfmu $ ,Nmu $


(ສວສ

)

128


sq;0=hG c[[s^YooE0bho{oE]q’sq;0=hG c[[s^YooE0bho{oE]q’sq;0=hG c[[s^YooE0bho{oE]q’sq;0=hG c[[s^YooE0bho{oE]q’sq;0=hG c[[s^YooE0bho{oE]q’I. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd0Ao8vo c]t dt8ydkdkosYoc[[sYooE0bho{oE]q’wfh4nd8hv’D@D s^Yoc[[s^YooE0bho{oE]q’wfh4nd8hv’D#D g[ud[ko,j;o-njo.og;]ks^YoD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dkos^Yoc[[s^YooE0bho{oE]q’D

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D dv’ c]t gr’xtdv[|j;pdkolvoD@D [qf7e7jv’ ]tf6c]h’D#D ;ymus^Yo Xg[yj’xB,76j,n76?D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpg]qjk7e7jv’ ]tf6c]h’ xtdv[mjkmk’D@D okp76ltg|u c[[s^Yo c]t lkmyf;ymus^Yoc[[s^YooE0bho{oE]q’D#D .shgfadohvpsYoc[[sYooE0bho{oE]q’F okp768yf8k, c]t -j;p cotoeD$D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[dkos^Yoc[[s^YooE0bho{oE]q’D&D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpG s^YoIj;,daofh;p7;k,lk,ad7uF 7jvpg8AoF s^Yoc]h;vtokw,8uo c]t

,n.shltvkf D*D .shgfadoaj’]q’c]h;1Pf0k-nj.-hlv’,n85[0k0Bo{]q’7jvpM sa’9kdoAoxjvp.shgfadohvpsyho8k,.9D

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd0Ao8vo c]t dt8ydkdkosYoD@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkos^Yoc[[s^YooE0bho{oE]q’D#D 7;k,g[ud[ko,j;o-njo.og;]ks^YoD

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqk vkmyfmu $ ,Nmu $

129


sq;0= hG gd,8+3f,y3og7n jv’o5 j’xhv’daovkdkf|k;sq;0= hG gd,8+3f,y3og7n jv’o5 j’xhv’daovkdkf|k;sq;0= hG gd,8+3f,y3og7n jv’o5 j’xhv’daovkdkf|k;sq;0= hG gd,8+3f,y3og7n jv’o5 j’xhv’daovkdkf|k;sq;0= hG gd,8+3f,y3og7n jv’o5 j’xhv’daovkdkf|k;I. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd-njgd, c]t I6[rk[muj,u16j.ogd,wfh4nd8hv’@D 3f,u3og7jnv’o5j’xhv’daovkdkf|k;wfh4nd8hv’D#D -j;pgs^nv\6jgrnvo.og;]ks^Yogd,D

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dko8+3f,u3og7njv’o5j’xhv’daovkdkf|k;G glNvdao|k;F 3lh’0kpk;F 4q’8uoF \;dF zhkrao7=D

IIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D czjogd,8+3f,u3og7njv’o5j’xhv’daovkdkf|k;G glNvdao|k;F 3lh’0kpk;F 4q’8uoF \;dF zhkrao7=D

Xle]a[okp76 c]t gfadohvp?D@D czjogd,gdqjk gd,9a[76jmju7ndaoI6[rk[75oxt3spf0v’]tf6/qo#D [qf7e7jv’ ]tf6c]h’D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpg]qjk7e7jv’ ]tf6c]h’D@D .shgfadohvpla’gdfI6[rk[F okp76lqomtokdjP;da[-njgd, c]t I6[rk[muj,u16j.ogd,D#D okp766cotoe c]t lkmyf0Ao8vodkosYogd,D$D .shgfadohvpsYogd,.\jF gd,gdqjk c]t okp768yf8k,-j;pgs^nvD&D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[-njgd,F I6[rk[ c]t dkos^Yogd,8+I6[rk[D*D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[dkogda[,hPogd,sa’9kds^Yoc]h; c]t -j;pgs^nv\6jgrnjvo.og;]k

s^Yogd,D

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd-njgd, c]t I6[rk[muj,u16j.ogd,D@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko8+3f,u3og7njv’o5j’xhv’daovkdkf|k;D#D -j;pgsnv\6jgrnjvo.og;]ksYogd,D

|j;p me,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqk vkmyfmu $ ,Nmu $


(ສວສ

)

130


sq;0=hG ,5,[qf[kflq,,5f c]t ,5,gd,dkolbdlksq;0=hG ,5,[qf[kflq,,5f c]t ,5,gd,dkolbdlksq;0=hG ,5,[qf[kflq,,5f c]t ,5,gd,dkolbdlksq;0=hG ,5,[qf[kflq,,5f c]t ,5,gd,dkolbdlksq;0=hG ,5,[qf[kflq,,5f c]t ,5,gd,dkolbdlkI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd-njg7njv’s^Yo c]t ;ymus^Yo8k,,5,D@D sYogxaomjko\=ohvp c]t gxao8q;]t7vo.o[qfoymko1jk’,j;o-njoD#D 8+3f,u3og7njv’o5j’xhv’daovkdkf|k; c]t 9a[76muj7ndaoI6[rk[75oxt3spf0v’]tf6/qowfh4nd8hv’$D c[j’xaog7njv’s^Yo.sh\6jgrnjvoD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=!D -njg7njv’sYoF ;ymusYo8k,,5,[qf[kflq,,5f c]t ,5,gd,dkolbdlk@D dkos^Yo[qf[kflq,,5fgxaomjko\=ohvpd;fgfadohvpg9a[mhv’ c]t gxao8q;]t7vo.o[qfoymko

g]njv’f;’8kg;aoD#D dko8+3f,u3og7njv’o5j’xhv’daovkdkf|k;G glNvdao|k;F 3lh’0kpk;F 4q’,nF 4q’8uoD \;dF zhkrao7=

c]t 9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[75oxt3spf0v’]tf6/qoG -k;okw4okF -k;okfeokF /qo8qd .lj8Qow,hF7;kp]q’vk[oEF ’q;dyooE.o|v’F 8Qo\kd,j;’gxao\kdD

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D ,5,[qf[kflq,,5fG -5fg7njv’,ncrf9e]v’D |hkdkd8q;]t7vo.o[qfoy mkog]njv’ f;’8kg;aoD@D ,5,gd,dkolbdlkG dtfkolP[ sn 8yfczjogd,3f,u3og7njv’o5j’xhv’daovkdkf|k;G glNvdao|k;F

3lh’0kpk;F 4q’,nF 4q’8uoD \;dF zhkrao7= c]t czjogd,9a[76jmuj7ndaoI6[rk[75oxt3spf0v’]tf6/qoG-k;okw4okF -k;okfeokF /qo8qd.lj8Qow,hF 7;kp]q’vk[oEF ’q;dyooE.o|v’F 8Qo\kd,j;’gxao\kdD

#D [aflaopt]adg0QksYo8k,,5, c]t [qf7e7jv’ ]tf6c]h’DIVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo

!D .shgfadohvpg]qjk7e7jv’ ]tf6c]h’xtdv[mjkmk’8k,9yo8tokdko@D okp76cotoe;ymusY^o.shgfadohvpg]nvd[aflaopt]adg0Qks^Yo8k,,5,[qf[kflq,,5f c]t ,5,gd,

dkolbdlkD#D .shgfadohvpg0QksYo8k,,5,F okp768yf8k,cotoe c]t -j;pgsnvD$D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[dkosYo8k,,5,[qf[kflq,,5f c]t ,5,gd,dkolbdlkD&D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[dkoc[j’xaog7njv’sYo.sh\6jgrnjvoD

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D dko[vd-njg7njv’sYo c]t ;ymusYo8k,,5,D@D 7;k,,j;o-njo.odkosYogxaomjko\=ohvp c]t gxao8q;]t7vo.o[qfoymko#D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko8+3f,u3og7njv’o5j’xhv’daovkdkf|k; c]t 9a[76muj7ndaoI6[rk[75oxt3spf

0v’]tf6/qo$D dkoc[j’xaog7njv’sYo.sh\6jgrnjvoD

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqk vkmyfmu $ ,Nmu $

131


sq;0=hG g7n jvows;gxaoz6hoe{z6hxt8y[af8k, 8k,okp76deoqfsq;0=hG g7n jvows;gxaoz6hoe{z6hxt8y[af8k, 8k,okp76deoqfsq;0=hG g7n jvows;gxaoz6hoe{z6hxt8y[af8k, 8k,okp76deoqfsq;0=hG g7n jvows;gxaoz6hoe{z6hxt8y[af8k, 8k,okp76deoqfsq;0=hG g7n jvows;gxaoz6hoe{z6hxt8y[af8k, 8k,okp76deoqfI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D ltcf’mjkmk’gxaoz6hoe{z6hxt8y[af8k, 8k,okp76deoqfwfh4nd8hv’D@D g;Qk7el5rk[da[\6jgrnjvoD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dkoltcf’mjkmk’gxaoz6hoe{z6hxt8y[af8k, 8k,okp76deoqfG vk[oEF o5j’g7njv’F .ljgdu[F .lj\;dD

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvomjksafdkpt[=]yskocv; c]t 8uo Xg[yj’xB,76j,n76?

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpsafdkpt[=]yskocv; c]t 8uoG mjk\6ocv;wxvhv,Iv[ c]t mjkg1j’g1h0Bo{]q’D@D .shgfadohvppjk’g8t0kwxmk’|hkD#D okp76cotoe c]t lkmyfdkoltcf’mjkmk’gxaoz6hoe{z6hxt8y[af8k, 8k,okp76deoqfD$D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af8q;9y’ c]t okp768yf8k,-j;pgs^nvD&D .shgfadohvpoaj’0aflt\kfs^a[8klt,kmyD*D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af7nodkoltcf’mjkmk’gxaoz6hoe{z6hxt8y[af8k, 8k,okp76deoqfD(D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[dkog;Qk7el5rk[da[\6jgrnjvoD

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkoltcf’mjkmk’gxaoz6hoe{z6hxt8y[af8k, 8k,okp76deoqfD@D dkog;Qk7el5rk[da[\6jgrnjvoD

|j;pme,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqkF vkmyfmu $ ,Nmu &


(ສວສ

)

132

dyf9tde;q’,qodyf9tde;q’,qodyf9tde;q’,qodyf9tde;q’,qodyf9tde;q’,qosq;0=hG dkoxt8y[af8qo.o]tf6c]h’ c]t ]tf6/qosq;0=hG dkoxt8y[af8qo.o]tf6c]h’ c]t ]tf6/qosq;0=hG dkoxt8y[af8qo.o]tf6c]h’ c]t ]tf6/qosq;0=hG dkoxt8y[af8qo.o]tf6c]h’ c]t ]tf6/qosq;0=hG dkoxt8y[af8qo.o]tf6c]h’ c]t ]tf6/qoI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vddkoxt8y[af8qo.o]tf6c]h’ c]t ]tf6/qowfh4nd8hv’D@D ,u7;k,,j;o-njo c]t ,u,k]tpkf.odko2a’oymkoD#D g;Qkgxao7ela[ c]t xt3spd8k,I6[rk[wfh-afg9oD$D xt8y[af8qo.o]tf6c]h’ c]t ]tf6/qoD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=!D dkoxt8y[af8qo.o]tf6c]h’ c]t ]tf6/qoD{ dkoxt8y[af8qo.o]tf6c]h’G pk,|k;G o5j’g7njv’dao|k;F .ljgdu[l5[F .lj\;dF fnj, c]t

vk[oEv5joD pk,IhvoG o5j’g7njv’muj[k’F vk[oEF sYo16j[jvoIqj,F g;]kgfuomk’ wx,k7;o .lj\;dsn dA’7aoIqj,D

{ dkoxt8y[af8qo.o]tf6/qoG dkogfuomk’wx,k.og;]k/qo8qd7;odA’7aoIqj, sn o5j’glNvdao/qoF [+o5j’g7njv’xPd/qo c]t g;]k/qo8qd7;o16jgInvoD

@D dko2a’oymkog]njv’ 0hvp9tgIafspa’o=D#D dkog;Qkgxao7ela[ c]t gxaoxt3spd8k,I6[rk[G{ 7ela[G glNvdao|k;F \;dF gdu[l5[F 7aoIqj,F vk[oED{ xt3spdG ok’oEsv,.ljgdu[zhkF ok’oEsv,.lj\;dF ok’oEsv,o5j’g7n jv’dao|k;F

ok’oEsv,fnj, c]t vk[oEv5joF c,jdA’7aoIqj,.og;]k/qo8qdF ok’oEsv,o5j’glNvdao/qo.og;]k/qo8qdDIIIDDDDD lnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo

!D I6[rk[G gfadohvpsqj,glNvdao|k;F gfadohvp.ljgdu[F gfadohvp.lj\;dF gfadohvpfnj,oEv5joFc,jdA’7aoIqj,F gfadohvpsYo16j[jvoIqj,D

@D [qfoymkog]njv’ 0hvp9tgIafspa’o= Xg[yj’xB,76j,n76?DIVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo

!D okp76lqomtokda[gfadohvpdjP;da[zqoltmhvo0v’]tf6c]h’D@D okp76g]qjkoymkoF lqomtokdjP;da[goNv.o0v’[qfoymkoD#D .shgfadohvpla’gdfI6[rk[F lqomtokdjP;da[dkoxt8y[af8qo.o]tf6c]h’ c]t ]tf6/qoD$D okp76rkgfadohvpg;Qkgxao7ela[ c]t gxaoxt3spd8k,I6[rk[D&D okp76.shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[dkoxt8y[af8qo.o]tf6c]h’ c]t ]tf6/qoD*D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[7;k,lk,ad7u c]t dkoxt8y[af8qo.o]tf6/qoD

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vddkoxt8y[af8qo.o]tf6c]h’ c]t ]tf6/qo@D 7;k,-afg9o.odkog;Qkgxao7ela[ c]t xt3spd8k,I6[rk[D#D 7;k,,j;o-njo c]t ,u,k]tpkf.odko2a’oymkoD$D dkoxt8y[af8qo.o]tf6c]h’ c]t ]tf6/qoD

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grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd0Ao8vo.odko8af{8yfI6[rk[glNvdao|k;wfh4nd8hv’D@D 8af{8yfI6[rk[glNvdao|k;.shltvkf9q[’k,D#D ,u7;k,]t,af]t;a’.og;]k.-h,uf8af c]t dk;D

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dko8afF 8yfI6[rk[glNvdao|k;D

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D ,uf8afxkp,qoF g9hp0k;F dk;leg]afI6[ sn dk;g0Qk|P;8Q,D@D g9hpI6[rk[glNvdao|k;F g9hpI6[rk[glNvdao|k;muj8yfc]h;D#D -k,oEF lt[6 c]t zhkg-af,nD

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvpgIafmjkmk’8afg9hpgmy’dk’sk;D@D .shgfadohvpla’gdfI6[rk[glNvdao|k;muj8yfc]h;F lqomtokdjP;da[0Ao8vodko8af{8yfI6[

rk[glNvdao|k;D#D okp76cotoeF lkmyf;ymu c]t 0Ao8vodko8af{8yfI6[rk[glNvdao|k;D$D .shgfadohvpxt8y[af8q;9y’ c]t okp768yf8k,-j;pgs^nvgfadohvpD&D .shgfadohvpltg|uzqo’ko c]t g;Qk7nodjP;da[0Ao8vodko8af{8yfglNvdao|k;D*D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfaddjP;da[7;k,]t,af]t;a’ c]t 7;k,lk,ad7u.odkogda[,hPov5xtdvoD

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd0Ao8vodko8af{8yfI6[rk[glNvdao|k;D@D 7;k,ltvkf9q[’k,0v’dko8af{8yfI6[rk[glNvdao|k;D#D 7;k,]t,af]t;a’.og;]k.-h,uf8af c]t dk;D

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134


sq;0=h G c[[s^Yoc0j’0aog8Ao0hk,sh;psq;0=h G c[[s^Yoc0j’0aog8Ao0hk,sh;psq;0=h G c[[s^Yoc0j’0aog8Ao0hk,sh;psq;0=h G c[[s^Yoc0j’0aog8Ao0hk,sh;psq;0=h G c[[s^Yoc0j’0aog8Ao0hk,sh;pI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd0Ao8vo c]t dt8ydkdkosYoc[[sYoc0j’0aog8Ao0hk,sh;pwfh4nd8hv’D@D s^Yoc[[s^Yoc0j’0aog8Ao0hk,sh;pwfh4nd8hv’D#D xvfwr.og;]ks^Yoc[[s^YoD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dkos^Yoc[[s^Yoc0j’0aog8Ao0hk,sh;pD

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D g-nvd2k’ c]t \kds;ufD@D ;ymus^Yo Xg[yj’xB,76j,n76?D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D .shgfadohvppjk’8k,lP’g7kt-hkMD@D okp76ltg|u c]t lkmyf;ymusYoc[[sYoc0j’0aog8Ao0hk,sh;pD#D .shgfadohvpsYoc[[sYoc0j’0aog8Ao0hk,sh;pF okp768yf8k, c]t -j;pcotoeD$D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[dkos^Yoc[[s^Yoc0j’0aog8Ao0hk,sh;pD&D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpG sYoIj;,daofh;p7;k,lk,ad7uF vqfmqo]=4hksYo8k,]efa[F sYoc]h;vtokw,8uo

c]t ,n.shltvkfD*D .shgfadohvpgvqk,n7Ecv;c]h;ijvocv;0hkMsa^’9kdoAoxjvp.shgfadohvps^yho8k,.9D

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko[vd0Ao8vo c]t dt8ydkdkosYoD@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkos^Yoc[[s^Yoc0j’0aog8Ao0hk,sh;pD#D 7;k,xvfwr.og;]ks^YoD

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135


sq;0= hG gd,9a[76 jrtpao-tot c]t lts^t8k,7ela[sq;0= hG gd,9a[76 jrtpao-tot c]t lts^t8k,7ela[sq;0= hG gd,9a[76 jrtpao-tot c]t lts^t8k,7ela[sq;0= hG gd,9a[76 jrtpao-tot c]t lts^t8k,7ela[sq;0= hG gd,9a[76 jrtpao-tot c]t lts^t8k,7ela[I. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D vvdlP’rtpao-tot c]t lts^t8k,7ela[muj,u16j.ogd,wfh4nd8hv’D@D 9a[76jrtpao-tot c]t lts^t8k,7ela[wfh4nd8hv’D#D c[j’xaogd,.sh\6jgrnjvoD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=dko9a[76jrtpao-tot c]t lts^t8k,7ela[G xkF 0kF ’kF 9F skF fkF rkD

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D czjogd,9a[76jrtpao-tot c]t lts^t8k,7ela[G xkF 0kF ’kF 9F skF fkF rkS czjogd, lts^t

Vk c]t czjogd,rtpao-tot x 0 ’ 9 s f r Xle]a[okp76 c]t gfadohvp?D@D czjogd,gdqjk gd,3f,u3og7njv’o5j’xhv’daovkdkf|k;G glNvdao|k;F 3lh’0kpk;F 4q’8uoF \;dF

zhkrao7=D

IVDDDDD dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvodyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo!D okp76lqomtokda[gfadohvpdjP;da[dkoxt8y[af8qo.o]tf6c]h’ c]t ]tf6/qoD@D .shgfadohvpla’gdfI6[rk[F okp76lqomtokdjP;da[-njgd, c]t I6[rk[muj,u16j.ogd,D#D okp766cotoe c]t lkmyf0Ao8vodkosYogd,D$D .shgfadohvpsYogd,.\jF gd,gdqjk c]t okp768yf8k,-j;pgs^nvD&D .shgfadohvpg;Qk7nodjP;da[-njgd,F -njgd, c]t dkosYogd,9a[76jrtpao-tot c]t lts^t8k,7ela[D*D lbdlkvq[Iq,gfadohvpdjP;da[dkogda[,hPogd,sa’9kdsYoc]h; c]t dkoc[j’xaogd,.sh\6jgrnjvoD

VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkovvdlP’rtpao-tot c]t lts^t8k,7ela[muj,u16j.ogd,D@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko9a[76jrtpao-tot8k,7ela[D#D dkoc[j’xaogd,.sh\6jgrnjvoD

|j;p me,t-kfvhv,8q;gIqk vkmyfmu $ ,Nmu &


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136


sq;0=hG ,5,vjko c]t ,5,ly]txtlhk’laosq;0=hG ,5,vjko c]t ,5,ly]txtlhk’laosq;0=hG ,5,vjko c]t ,5,ly]txtlhk’laosq;0=hG ,5,vjko c]t ,5,ly]txtlhk’laosq;0=hG ,5,vjko c]t ,5,ly]txtlhk’laoI. 95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’95fxtlq’

grnjv.shgfadohvplk,kfG!D [vd-njg7njv’s^Yo c]t ;ymus^Yo8k,,5,D@D vjko8k,I6[rk[.oxB,oymko c]t oa[I6[rk[[aomafF l=feF 1k’]b[ c]t [;d9eo;o !@ !#

!* vao wfh4nd8hv’D#D 8afF 8yfI6[ c]t 0Po lts^t VkF VuF VnD Vt F V6 F Vy wfh1jk’4nd8hv’$D g;Qk7emujl5rk[da[\6jgrnjvo.og;]ks^YoD

II. goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=goNv.o8Qo8=!D -njg7njv’sYoF ;ymusYo8k,,5,vjko c]t ,5,ly]txtlhk’lao@D dkola’gdf c]t vjko8k,I6[rk[.oxB,oymkog]njv’ 0hvp9tgIafspa’o=D oa[I6[rk[[aomafF l=feF

1k’]b[ c]t [;d9eo;o !@ !# !* vao D#D dko8afF 8yfI6[glNvdao|k; c]t 0Polts^t VkF VuF VnD VtF VyF V6D

IIIDDDDD ln jdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvolnjdkoIPo{dkolvo!D ,5,vjkoG dtfkolP[ s^n 8yfD [afI6[rk[[aomaf !@ vaoF l=fe !# dhkoF 1k’]b[ !* vaoD xB,oymko

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glNvdao|k;D#D [aflaopt]adg0Qks^Yo8k,,5,D

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VDDDDD dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqodko;af c]t dkoxtg,uozqola’gdf c]t mqflv[7;k,g0Qk.9G!D dko[vd-njg7njv’s^Yo c]t ;ymus^Yo8k,,5,D@D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odkovjko8k,I6[rk[.oxB,oymko c]t oa[I6[rk[[aomafF l=feF 1k’]b[ c]t

[;d9eo;o !@ !# !* vaoD#D 7;k,4nd8hv’.odko8afF 8yfI6[ c]t 0Polts^t VkF VuF VnD VtF Vy V6D$D dkog;Qk7emujl5rk[da[\6jgrnjvo.og;]ks^YoD

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137

gvdtlkovhk’vu’gvdtlkovhk’vu’gvdtlkovhk’vu’gvdtlkovhk’vu’gvdtlkovhk’vu’dyf9tdedkog7njvows; c]t 9a’s;tdyf9tdedkog7njvows; c]t 9a’s;tdyf9tdedkog7njvows; c]t 9a’s;tdyf9tdedkog7njvows; c]t 9a’s;tdyf9tdedkog7njvows; c]t 9a’s;t!D xB,76j,ndko9afdyf9tdedkolvo-Aovto5[kodt-;’lbdlkmydkoF dq,lk,ao gfnvo ,yok X#? xu @WW&

ry,mujgvdtrk[dkory,D@D xB,saddkolvovto5[ko d5j,;y-k76mqj;wx lkplhk’76vto5[ko]t[q[ @ xuF xumu ! xu @WW)D#D xB,;ymulvodkptlbdlk d5j,;ymulvolkplhk’76vto5[ko]t[q[ @ xuF xumu @ xu @WW_D$D xB,czo9afxtlq[dko-Aovto5[ko ! xuF @W!$ ry,muj[=]ylaf]af;ylkstdyf3I’ry,lbdlkD&D 76j6,n76rt]tlbdlkF saf4tdeF ly]txtdeF ly]txtfqo8u-Aoxt4q,xumu|bj’ dt-;’lbdlkmydkoF lt4k[ao

7Qo7;hk;ymtpklkfdkolbdlkD

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!! dyf9tdedk’c9h’?D

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xB,czo9afxtlq[dko-Aovto5[kolbdlk xumu !F ry,xu @W!$D!*D xB,;y-kG saddkolvo !!T# lqdIPo @WW) Xdt-;’lbdlkmydko{dq,lhk’76?D

dyf9tdedkos^Yo8k,,5,dyf9tdedkos^Yo8k,,5,dyf9tdedkos^Yo8k,,5,dyf9tdedkos^Yo8k,,5,dyf9tdedkos^Yo8k,,5,!(D xB,;y-k-vdI6hltrk[c;f]hv, !!T# xu @WW) Xdt-;’lbdlkmydko{dq,lhk’76?D!)D xB,czo9afxtlq[dko-Aovto5[ko ! gsA^, ! xu @WW& Xdt-;’lbdlkmydko{dq,lk,aolbdlk? c]t

xB,czo9afxtlq[dko-Aovto5[kolbdlkxumu !F ry,xu @W!$D!_D xB,dkorafmtok3I’IPo75ootrk[F 76j,n76lvoshv’dP,xt4q, Xdt-;’lbdlk @W!W?D


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Cover Nature Science 2 · 2016-11-17 · 7eoe 7eoe 7eoe czodko9afxtlq[dkolt[a[oUIP[IP’0Bo grn...

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Transcript of Cover Nature Science 2 · 2016-11-17 · 7eoe 7eoe 7eoe czodko9afxtlq[dkolt[a[oUIP[IP’0Bo grn...