Covalent Bonds: Notes 5-3 + - + - Key Ideas: 1. What holds covalently boned atoms together? 2. What...
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Transcript of Covalent Bonds: Notes 5-3 + - + - Key Ideas: 1. What holds covalently boned atoms together? 2. What...
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Covalent Bonds: Notes 5-3
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Key Ideas:1. What holds covalently boned atoms together? 2. What are the properties of molecular compounds? 3. How does unequal sharing of electrons affect molecules?
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COVALENT BONDA force that bonds two atoms together by a sharing of electrons
Each pair of shared electrons creates a bond
Usually occurs between atoms of non-metals
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Example – Water (H2O)
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OH H
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How Covalent Bonds Form
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How Covalent Bonds Form The oxygen atom in water and the nitrogen atom in
ammonia each have eight valence electrons as a result of forming covalent bonds with hydrogen atoms.
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How Covalent Bonds FormDouble and triple bonds can form when
atoms share more than one pair of valence electrons.
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Types of Covalent Bonds Different covalent bond types share a
different number of valence electrons
Single Bonds Share 2 Electrons
Double Bonds Share 4
Electrons
Triple Bonds Share 6
Electrons
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Water (H2O) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Nitrogen (N2)
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Unequal Sharing : Polar Covalent Bond
The unequal sharing of valence electrons between two atoms that gives rise to negative and positive regions of electric charge
Results from an atom’s electronegativity – the ability to attract electrons to itself
A molecule in which the polar covalent bonds does not cancel out will be polar.
Why do you think the two Hydrogen atoms shareequally, but the Hydrogen and fluorine do not?
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Bonded hydrogen atoms showing equal sharing of
electrons
Hydrogen and fluorine bond with
an unequal sharing of electrons
ElectronCloud
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Unequal Sharing of Valence Electrons Versus Equal Sharing
Fluorine forms a nonpolar bond with another fluorine atom.
In hydrogen fluoride, fluorine attracts electrons more strongly than hydrogen does, so the bond formed is polar.
A covalent bond is called nonpolar if the atoms equally share one or more pairs of electrons
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Unequal (Polar) Versus Equal (Nonpolar) Sharing of ElectronsA water molecule is a polar molecule because of its bent shape.
A carbon dioxide molecule is a nonpolar molecule because of its straight-line shape.
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Results of BondingMolecule
A neutral group of two or more non-metal atoms held together by covalent bonds
Type:
Diatomic - molecules consisting of two atoms of the same element bonded together
Examples:H2, F2, O2, N2
Compound A pure substance
composed of two or more different elements (atoms) that are chemically combined
Examples:CO, NO2, NaCl
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Molecule, Compound, or Both?
H2
Hydrogen
NO2
Nitrogen Dioxide
Cl2
Chlorine
O2
Oxygen
NO
Nitric Oxide
CO2
Carbon Dioxide
N2
Nitrogen
H2O
Water
CH4
Methane