Socio-economic rights from ‘hopes on stilts’ to levers for social justice?

IDS Social justice and development lecture series20 September 2011

Prof. B. Oomen, UvA and Utrecht University

Courting social justice

Irene Grootboom

Socio-economic rights in a nutshell

Let there be justice for all. Let there be peace for all.

Let there be work, bread, water and salt for all.

—Nelson Mandela, Presidential Inaugural Address, Pretoria, South

Africa, 10 May 1994

To discuss

What are socio-economic rights?From ‘hopes on stilts’ to enforcementLandmark cases + replayHave they mattered?Litigation socio-economic rights: Dutch

dilemma’s

What are socio-economic rights?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hTlrSYbCbHE

From a legal point of view

ICESCR 1966Second generation rightsPositive obligationsRights-holders and duty-bearersRespect, promote, fulfillProgressive realization butMinimum core content

ICESCR

Article 2 1. Each State Party to the present Covenant undertakes to take

steps, individually and through international assistance and co-operation, especially economic and technical, to the maximum of its available resources, with a view to achieving progressively the full realization of the rights recognized in the present Covenant by all appropriate means, including particularly the adoption of legislative measures.

2. The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to guarantee that the rights enunciated in the present Covenant will be exercised without discrimination of any kind as to race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.

3. Developing countries, with due regard to human rights and their national economy, may determine to what extent they would guarantee the economic rights recognized in the present Covenant to non-nationals.

ICESCR

Art. 6-15: Rights including:•The right to work•Social security, including trade unions•Family life, incl. paid parental work and the right to leave•An adequate standard of living, incl. food, clothes, housing, ‘continuous improvement living conditions’•‘The highest attainable standard of physical and mental health’•Education•Participation in cultural life

ICESCR

An example: Article 111. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to an adequate standard of living for himself and his family, including adequate food, clothing and housing, and to the continuous improvement of living conditions. The States Parties will take appropriate steps to ensure the realization of this right, recognizing to this effect the essential importance of international co-operation based on free consent.2. The States Parties to the present Covenant, recognizing the fundamental right of everyone to be free from hunger, shall take, individually and through international co-operation, the measures, including specific programmes, which are needed:

(a) To improve methods of production, conservation and distribution of food by making full use of technical and scientific knowledge, by disseminating knowledge of the principles of nutrition and by developing or reforming agrarian systems in such a way as to achieve the most efficient development and utilization of natural resources; (b) Taking into account the problems of both food-importing and food-exporting countries, to ensure an equitable distribution of world food supplies in relation to need.

ICESCR

An example: Article 131. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to education. They agree that education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and the sense of its dignity, and shall strengthen the respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. They further agree that education shall enable all persons to participate effectively in a free society, promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations and all racial, ethnic or religious groups, and further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace. 2. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize that, with a view to achieving the full realization of this right:

(a) Primary education shall be compulsory and available free to all; (b) Secondary education in its different forms, including technical and vocational secondary education, shall be made generally available and accessible to all by every appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive introduction of free education; (c) Higher education shall be made equally accessible to all, on the basis of capacity, by every appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive introduction of free education; (d) Fundamental education shall be encouraged or intensified as far as possible for those persons who have not received or completed the whole period of their primary education; (e) The development of a system of schools at all levels shall be actively pursued, an adequate fellowship system shall be established, and the material conditions of teaching staff shall be continuously improved.

In images: http://www.escr-net.org/news/news_show.htm?doc_id=1594247

Towards judicial enforcement of socio-economic rights

A role-play: the TAC case in South Africa•Prepare your position as Pharma Inc, the South African government, TAC or the judges in groups of three. Take 10 minutes•Afterwards: In a brief replay of the court case, one group representing P/G/TACH will be invited to give its viewpoints. After that, one group of judges will rule

Towards the age of enforcement of human rights

Civil societyHuman rights spiralStrengthening international

enforcement measures

Examples of landmark cases

India: Right to food in India (2001)South Africa: The Treatment Action

Campaign (2002)Nigeria: Right to a clean environment (2005)Colombia: Right to health care (2009)

Pitfalls in ‘courting justice’

Litigating socio-economic rights in the Netherlands

Dilemma

Human rights education in the Netherlands : What would you do (first) ? Why?

Litigate Engage parliament

Work bottom-up Work with the goverment

Involve international treaty bodies

Do nothing

Focus on ratification optional protocol?

Focus on HRE only?

ICESCR

An example: Article 131. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to education. They agree that education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and the sense of its dignity, and shall strengthen the respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. They further agree that education shall enable all persons to participate effectively in a free society, promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations and all racial, ethnic or religious groups, and further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace.

In conclusion

Courting social justice has potential, but also pitfalls…