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Name of Program : B.Tech –CSE

COURSE FILE

Department of Computer Scence ! Engneerng

"ECRC UNI#ERSIT$

N%&E OF SUB"ECT 're(e)) Sen)or Net*or+)

SUB"ECT CODE BCO ,-%

SE&ESTER #II

N%&E OF COURSE

INC/%R0E%1a2 3umar

%C%DE&IC $E%R 4,5-64,5



4,5-

T%BLE OF CONTENTSS.NO TOPICS P%0E NO.

5 Cour)e O71ect8e)

4 Cour)e Learnng Outcome) 9 CLO)

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Cour)e O71ect8e)

This course will introduce students to the diverse literature on ad-hoc/sensor networks, and

expose them to the fundamental issues in designing and analyzing ad-hoc/sensor network

systems. Students will study related technologies and standards ranging from networking, OS

support and algorithms, to security. Of primary concern will e protocol design, communication

and computational challenges posed y these systems. Students will construct ad-hoc/sensor

networks, program on the sensor hardware, and study the performance of various protocols.

!t the end of the course, the student should e ale to"

• To understand the architecture of #S$.

• To identify the functionalities of layers in architecture.

• To analyse the working of main protocols of all layers.

Cour)e Learnng Outcome)

This course will help students to identify the ma%or issues associated with ad-hoc/sensor

networks. Students will explore current ad-hoc/sensor technologies y researching key areassuch as algorithms, protocols, hardware, and applications. Students will learn how to program

and communicate with emedded operating system such as TinyOS, a prominent application

development environment for sensor systems using &otes. !t the end of this course students will

gain hands-on experience through real-world programming pro%ects on ad-hoc/sensor hardware

and e ale to implement or develop algorithms involved in ad-hoc/sensor systems.

Inten?e? (earnng outcome) an? a))ocate? a))e))ment metho?) of tho)e outcome):

'. Students will e ale to descrie the uni(ue issues in ad-hoc/sensor networks. This will e

accessed through assignments and las.

). Students will e ale to descrie current technology trends for the implementation and

deployment of wireless ad-hoc/sensor networks. This will e assessed through assignments, and

classroom interaction.

*. Students will e ale to discuss the challenges in designing &!+, routing and transport

protocols for wireless ad-hoc/sensor networks. This will e assessed through assignments, las,

and classroom interaction.



. Students will e ale to uild and configure a tested for a sensor network. This will e

assessed through las.

. Students will e ale to descrie and implement protocols on a sensor tested network. This

will e assessed through assignments, las, and classroom interaction.

BCO ,-% 'IRELESS SENSOR NET'OR3S <6,6, <

UNIT 5

INTRODUCTION +hallenges for wireless sensor networks,

+omparison of sensor network with ad hoc network, Single node

architecture ardware components, energy consumption of sensor nodes, $etwork architecture Sensor network scenarios, types of sources and

sinks, single hop versus multi-hop networks, multiple sinks and sources,

design principles, 0evelopment of wireless sensor networks

UNIT 4

P/$SIC%L L%$ER 1ntroduction, wireless channel and communication

fundamentals fre(uency allocation, modulation and demodulation, wave

propagation effects and noise, channels models, spread spectrum

communication, packet transmission and synchronization, (uality of

wireless channels and measures for improvement, physical layer and

transceiver design consideration in wireless sensor networks, 2nergy usage

profile, choice of modulation, 3ower &anagement.

UNIT ;

D%T% LIN3 L%$ER &!+ protocols fundamentals of wireless &!+

protocols, low duty cycle protocols and wakeup concepts, contention-ased

protocols, Schedule-ased protocols - S&!+, 4&!+, Traffic-adaptive

medium access protocol 5T6!&!7, 8ink 8ayer protocols fundamentals

task and re(uirements, error control, framing, linkmanagement.

UNIT <

$ET'OR3 L%$ER 9ossiping and agent-ased uni-cast forwarding,

2nergy-efficient unicast, 4roadcast and multicast, geographic routing,

moile nodes, 0ata-centric routing S31$, 0irected 0iffusion, 2nergy

aware routing, 9radient-ased routing +O:9!6, !+;:162,ierarchical 6outing 82!+, 329!S1S, 8ocation 4ased 6outing

9!<, 92!6, 0ata aggregation =arious aggregation

techni(ues.

UNIT -

C%SE STUD$: Target detection tracking, aitat monitoring,

2nvironmental disaster monitoring, 3ractical implementation issues, 1222

>?).'. low rate #3!$, Operating System 0esign 1ssues, 1ntroduction to

TinyOS $es+, 1nterfaces, :$1Ts, configuration, 3rogramming in TinyOS

using $es+, 2mulator TOSS1&.



Te=t Boo+):

'. @azemSohray, 0aniel &inoli and TaieAnati, B#ireless Sensor $etworks Technology-

3rotocols and !pplicationsC, Dohn #iley E Sons, )??F.

). <eng Ahao, 8eonidas 9uias, B#ireless Sensor $etworks" an information processing

approachC, 2lse vier pulication, )??.

Referecce Boo+):

'. +.S.6aghavendra @rishna, &.Sivalingam and Tariznati, B#ireless Sensor

$etworksC, Springer pulication, )??.

). olger@arl , !ndreas willig, B3rotocol and !rchitecture for #ireless Sensor $etworksC,

Dohn wiley pulication, Dan )??G.

*. @.!kkaya and &.Hounis, B ! Survey of routing protocols in wireless sensor networksC,2lsevier !dhoc $etwork Dournal, =ol.*, no.*,pp. *)-*I, )??.

. 3hilip 8evis, B TinyOS 3rogrammingC, )??G www.tinyos.net.

. 1.<. !kyildiz, #. Su, Sankarasuramaniam, 2. +ayirci, B#ireless sensor networks" a

surveyC, computer networks, 2lsevier, )??), *I - )).

G. Damal $. !l-karaki, !hmed 2. @amal, B6outing Techni(ues in #ireless sensor networks"

! surveyC, 1222 wireless communication, 0ecemer )??, G )>.

http://www.tinyos.net/





"ECRC UNI#ERSIT$G "%IPUR

Theor2 P(an

C(a)) : B.tech <th $r.9Secton6% Lecture) : <A

Su71ect : 're(e)) Sen)or Net*or+)

Name of the Staff : %"%$ 3U&%R Theor2 : -,

%ca?emc $ear : )?'-)?'G Term *or+ : ?

Seme)ter : Fth

Week no

Lectur e No

Theory (Topic to be covered) Plan Date

Actual Date

Text Book

Page Number

ea!on

"or

variation

#tep! "or

minimi$in

g variation

UNIT I

'

'+hallenges <or #ireless

Sensor $etworks,

'I-

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! F

)

+omparison Of Sensor

$etwork #ith !d oc

$etwork

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ardware +omponents

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2nergy +onsumption Of

Sensor $odes,

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$etwork !rchitecture

Sensor $etwork Scenarios,

Types Of Sources !nd Sinks

)G-

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! I

G

Single op =ersus &ulti-

op $etworks, &ultiple

Sinks !nd Sources

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>0evelopment Of #ireless

Sensor $etworks

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%SSI0N&ENT –I

UNIT –II

*

I

1ntroduction, #ireless

+hannel !nd+ommunication

<undamentals

*-?I-)?'

! >G

'?<re(uency !llocation, -?I-

)?'! >G

''&odulation !nd

0emodulation

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! >>

')#ave 3ropagation 2ffects

!nd $oise, ,

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'*+hannels &odels, Spread

Spectrum +ommunication,

''-

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! IG

'3acket Transmission !nd

Synchronization

'G-

?I-

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! '??

'

;uality Of #ireless

+hannels !nd &easures <or

1mprovement

'F-

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;uality Of #ireless

+hannels !nd &easures <or

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3hysical 8ayer !nd

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+onsideration 1n #ireless

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Transceiver 0esign

+onsideration 1n #ireless

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3ower &anagement )?'

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2nergy :sage 3rofile,

+hoice Of &odulation,

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%SSI0N&ENT –II

UNIT –III

G

)'&!+ 3rotocols <undamentals Of #ireless

&!+ 3rotocols

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)?'

! '')

))8ow 0uty +ycle 3rotocols

!nd #akeup +oncepts

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)*+ontention-4ased

3rotocols, !ccess 3rotocol

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Schedule-4ased 3rotocols -

S&!+, 4&!+, Traffic-!daptive &edium

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S&!+, 4&!+, Traffic-

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S&!+, 4&!+, Traffic-

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8ink 8ayer 3rotocols

<undamentals Task !nd

6e(uirements, 2rror +ontrol,

<raming, 8ink

&anagement.

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8ink 8ayer 3rotocols

<undamentals Task !nd6e(uirements, 2rror +ontrol,

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%SSI0N&ENT –III

UNIT –I#

> )I 9ossiping !nd !gent-4ased

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4roadcast !nd &ulticast

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*9radient-ased routing

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%SSI0N&ENT –I#

UNIT –#

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aitat &onitoring

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* 3ractical 1mplementation

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%SSI0N&ENT –#

Te=t Boo+):

!. olger@arl , !ndreas willig, B3rotocol and !rchitecture for #ireless Sensor $etworksC,

Dohn wiley pulication, Dan )??G.

4. @azemSohray, 0aniel &inoli and TaieAnati, B#ireless Sensor $etworks Technology-

3rotocols and !pplicationsC, Dohn #iley E Sons, )??FWeb e!ource!

'. http"//www-old.cs.uni-paderorn.de/en/research-group/research-group-computer-

networks/teaching/protocols-and-architecture-for-wireless-sensor-networks.html

). http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-829-computer-

networks-fall-2002/

Web e!ource! "or %ultiple &hoice 'ue!tion!

5. www.mhhe.com/forouzan

Tool!

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4. Tiny *#

http://www-old.cs.uni-paderborn.de/en/research-group/research-group-computer-networks/teaching/protocols-and-architecture-for-wireless-sensor-networks.html


http://www.mhhe.com/forouzan



http://www.mhhe.com/forouzan



;. To!!im

#ub+ect ,n-charge: ./*/D/ Dr. Naeen !emra"ani

#ign #ign

Programme E?ucatona( O71ect8e)



The 3rogramme 2ducational O%ectives of the under graduate programme in +omputer Science

and 2ngineering are "

'. 3reparation of under graduates to demonstrate technical competency in providing novel

engineering solutions for computing systems of different levels of complexity.

). 3reparation of under graduates to work as effective team memers on multidisciplinary

pro%ects with commanding oral and written communication skills, leadership (ualities as

well as to advance in their careers and continue their professional development.

*. 3reparation of under graduates to exercise est ethical practices in their profession and to

recognize the gloal impacts of their profession on society.

. 3reparation of under graduates with the technical skills necessary for successful careers

in the design, application, installation, manufacturing, testing, documentation,

maintenance, analysis, development and implementation of computer systems.

. 3roviding opportunities for students to engage in professional societies, to pursue

research and e committed to life-long learning activities through self-reliance and

creativity.

G. 3reparing students to exhiit competency in applying comprehensive knowledge

pertaining to +omputer Science and 2ngineering to the issues of economic,

environmental and social relevance.

Programme Outcome)



The +omputer Science and 2ngineering programme demonstrates the following 3rogramme

Outcomes"

• !n aility to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering

• !n aility to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data

• !n aility to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within

realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health

and safety, manufacturaility, and sustainaility

• !n aility to function on multidisciplinary teams

• !n aility to identify, formulate, and solve engineering prolems

• !n understanding of professional and ethical responsiility

• !n aility to communicate effectively

• The road education necessary to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a

gloal, economic, environmental, and societal context

•

! recognition of the need for, and an aility to engage in life-long learning• ! knowledge of contemporary issues

• !n aility to use the techni(ues, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for

engineering practice.



JECRC UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTERSCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

TIME-TABLEAJAY KUMAR

Day/Time 08.30-09.30

09.30-10.30

10.30-11.30

11.30-12.30

12:30-1:30

01:30-02:25

02:25-3:20

Monday

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Note) Unt ')e

Unt6I

INTRODUCTION +hallenges for wireless sensor networks, +omparison of sensor

networkwith ad hoc network, Single node architecture ardware components, energy

consumption of sensor nodes, $etwork architecture Sensor network scenarios, types of

sources and sinks, single hop versus multi-hop networks, multiple sinks and sources, design

principles, 0evelopment of wireless sensor networks

Cha((enge) for *re(e)) )en)or net*or+)

andling &u% a ide range o6 appli%ation type& ill ardly be po&&ible itany &ingle reali7ation o6 a *+,. ,onetele&&) %ertain %ommon trait& appear)e&pe%ially it re&pe%t to te %ara%teri&ti%& and te reuired me%ani&m& o6 &u% &y&tem&. eali7ing te&e %ara%teri&ti%& it ne me%ani&m& i& tema!or %allenge o6 te i&ion o6 irele&& &en&or netor&.

Characteristic re!ire"e#ts Te 6olloing %ara%teri&ti%& are &ared among mo&t o6 te appli%atione;ample& di&%u&&ed aboe:

T$%e &' ser(ice Te &eri%e type rendered by a %onentional%ommuni%ation netor i& eident < it moe& bit& 6rom one pla%e to anoter.4or a *+,) moing bit& i& only a mean& to an end) but not te a%tualpurpo&e. ater) a *+, i& e;pe%ted to proide meaning6ul in6ormationand/or a%tion& about a gien ta&. en%e) ne paradigm& o6 u&ing &u% anetor are reuired) along it ne inter6a%e& and ne ay& o6 tiningabout te &eri%e o6 a netor.

)!a*it$ &' Ser(ice Clo&ely related to te type o6 a netor=& &eri%e i& teuality o6 tat &eri%e.

Traditional uality o6 &eri%e reuirement& < u&ually %oming 6rom multimedia-type appli%ation& < lie bounded delay or minimum bandidt are irreleanten appli%ation& are tolerant to laten%y or te bandidt o6 te tran&mitteddata i& ery &mall in te >r&t place. 1n some cases, only occasional delivery of a packet

can e more than enoughJ in other cases, very high reliaility re(uirements exist. 1n yet other

cases, delay is important when actuators are to e controlled in a real-time fashion y the sensor

network. The packet delivery ratio is an insufficient metricJ what is relevant is the amount and(uality of information that can e extracted at given sinks aout the oserved o%ects or area.



Fa!*t t&*era#ce +in%e node& may run out o6 energy or migt be damaged)or &in%e te irele&& %ommuni%ation beteen to node& %an be permanentlyinterrupted) it i& important tat te *+, a& a ole i& able to tolerate &u%6ault&. To tolerate node 6ailure) redundant deployment i& ne%e&&ary) u&ingmore node& tan ould be &tri%tly ne%e&&ary i6 all node& 6un%tioned %orre%tly.

Li'eti"e (n many &%enario&) node& ill ae to rely on a limited &upply o6 energy u&ing batterie&.epla%ing te&e energy &our%e& in te >eld i& u&uallynot pra%ti%able) and &imultaneou&ly)a *+, mu&t operate at lea&t 6or a gien

mi&&ion time or a& long a& po&&ible. en%e) te *i'eti"e o6 a *+, be%ome& aery important >gure o6 merit. ?idently) an energy-e@%ient ay o6 operation o6 te *+, i& ne%e&&ary.Sca*a+i*it$ +in%e a *+, migt in%lude a large number o6 node&) teemployed ar%ite%ture& and proto%ol& mu&t be able &%ale to te&e number&.,ie ra#.e &' e#sities (n a *+,) te number o6 node& per unit area < tedensity o6 te netor< %an ary %on&iderably. DiAerent appli%ation& illae ery diAerent node den&itie&. ?en itin a gien appli%ation) den&ity%an ary oer time and &pa%e be%au&e node& 6ail or moeB te den&ity al&odoe& not ae to omogeneou& in te entire netor be%au&e o6 imper6e%tdeployment) 6or e;ample and te netor &ould adapt to &u% ariation&.

Re!ire "echa#is"s To reali7e te&e reuirement&) innoatie me%ani&m& 6or a %ommuni%ationnetor ae to be 6ound) a& ell a& ne ar%ite%ture&) and proto%ol%on%ept&. parti%ular %allenge ere i& te need to >nd me%ani&m& tatare &u@%iently &pe%i>% to te idio&yn%ra&ie& o6 a gien appli%ation to &upportte &pe%i>% uality o6 &eri%e) li6etime) and maintainability reuirement&

+ome o6 te me%ani&m& tat ill 6orm typi%al part& o6 *+,& are:M!*tih&% /ire*ess c&""!#icati&# *ile irele&& %ommuni%ation ill be a%ore te%niue) a dire%t %ommuni%ation beteen a &ender and a re%eier i&

6a%ed it limitation&. (n parti%ular) %ommuni%ation oer long di&tan%e& i&only po&&ible u&ing proibitiely ig tran&mi&&ion poer. Te u&e o6 intermediate node& a& relay& %an redu%e te total reuired poer. en%e) 6ormany 6orm& o6 *+,&) &o-%alled multihop communication ill be a ne%e&&aryingredient.

E#er.$-e0cie#t &%erati&# To &upport long li6etime&) energy-e@%ientoperation i& a ey te%niue. $ption& to loo into in%lude energy-e@%ientdata tran&port beteen to node& mea&ured in / bit or) more importantly)te energy-e@%ient determination o6 a reue&ted in6ormation. l&o) nonomogeneou& energy %on&umption < te 6orming o6 ot&pot&E < i& an i&&ue.

A!t&-c&#1.!rati&# *+, ill ae to %on>gure mo&t o6 it& operationalparameter& autonomou&ly) independent o6 e;ternal %on>guration < te &eernumber o6 node& and &impli>ed deployment ill reuire tat %apability inmo&t appli%ation&.

C&**a+&rati&# a# i#-#et/&r2 %r&cessi#. (n &ome appli%ation&) a &ingle&en&or i& not able to de%ide eter an eent a& appened but &eeral&en&or& ae to %ollaborate to dete%t an eent and only te !oint data o6 many &en&or& proide& enoug in6ormation. (n6ormation i& pro%e&&ed in tenetor it&el6 in ariou& 6orm& to a%iee ti& %ollaboration) a& oppo&ed to



aing eery node tran&mit all data to an e;ternal netor and pro%e&& it atte edgeE o6 te netor.

Compar)on of )en)or net*or+ *th a? hoc net*or+:

• Sensor nodes mainly use roadcast communication whereas ad-hoc network uses point to

point communication.

• The topology of a sensor network changes very fre(uently.

• Sensor nodes may not have gloal identification ecause of the large amount of overhead

and large numer of sensors.• The numer of sensor nodes in a sensor network can e several orders of magnitude

higher than the nodes in !d-hoc networks.

• &!$2Ts are associated with somewhat different applications as well as different user

e(uipment than #S$s" in a &!$2T, the terminal can e fairly powerful 5a laptop or a

30!7 with a comparaly large attery.

• +in%e *+,& ae to intera%t it te enironment) teir tra@%

%ara%teri&ti%& %an be e;pe%ted to be ery diAerent 6rom oter)uman-drien 6orm& o6 netor&. M,?T&) on

te oter and) are u&ed to &upport more %onentional appli%ation&*eb) oi%e) and &o on it teir %omparably ell under&tood tra@%%ara%teri&ti%&.

• *+,& ae to &%ale to mu% larger number& tou&and& or perap&

undred& o6 tou&and& o6 entitie& tan %urrent ad o% netor&)reuiring diAerent) more &%alable &olution&.

• (n bot *+,& and M,?T&) energy i& a &%are re&our%e. 'ut *+,& ae

tigter reuirement& on netor li6etime) and re%arging or repla%ing*+, node batterie& i& mu% le&& an option tan in M,?T&. $ing toti&) te impa%t o6 energy %on&ideration& on te entire &y&tem

ar%ite%ture i& mu% deeper in *+,& tan in M,?T&.

Sng(e no?e archtecture – /ar?*are component)

ba&i% &en&or node %ompri&e& >e main %omponent& 4igure 2.1:

C&#tr&**er %ontroller to pro%e&& all te releant data) %apable o6 e;e%utingarbitrary %ode.Me"&r$ +ome memory to &tore program& and intermediate dataB u&ually)diAerent type& o6 memory are u&ed 6or program& and data.

Se#s&rs a# act!at&rs Te a%tual inter6a%e to te py&i%al orld: dei%e&tat %an ob&ere or %ontrol py&i%al parameter& o6 te enironment.C&""!#icati&# Turning node& into a netor reuire& a dei%e 6or &endingand re%eiing in6ormation oer a irele&& %annel.



P&/er s!%%*$ & u&ually no tetered poer &upply i& aailable) &ome 6ormo6 batterie& are ne%e&&ary to proide energy. +ometime&) &ome 6orm o6 re%arging by obtaining energy 6rom te enironment i& aailable a& ell

e.g. &olar %ell&.

Se#s&rs a# act!at&rs*itout te a%tual &en&or& and a%tuator&) a irele&& &en&or netor ouldbe be&ide te point entirely. 'ut a& te di&%u&&ion o6 po&&ible appli%ationarea& a& already indi%ated) te po&&ible range o6 &en&or& i& a&t. (t i& onlypo&&ible to gie a roug idea on i% &en&or& and a%tuator& %an be u&ed ina *+,.

Se#s&rs+en&or& %an be rougly %ategori7ed into tree %ategorie& :

Passi(e3 &"#i irecti&#a* se#s&rs Te&e &en&or& %an mea&ure a py&i%aluantity at te point o6 te &en&or node itout a%tually manipulating teenironment by a%tie probing < in ti& &en&e) tey are pa&&ie. Moreoer)&ome o6 te&e &en&or& a%tually are &el6-poered in te &en&e tat tey obtainte energy tey need 6rom te enironment < energy i& only needed toampli6y teir analog &ignal. Tere i& no notion o6 dire%tionE inoled in te&emea&urement&. Typi%al e;ample& 6or &u% &en&or& in%lude termometer) ligt &en&or&)ibration) mi%ropone&) umidity) me%ani%al &tre&& or ten&ion in material&)%emi%al &en&or& &en&itie 6or gien &ub&tan%e&) &moe dete%tor&) airpre&&ure) and &o on.

Passi(e3 #arr&/-+ea" se#s&rs Te&e &en&or& are pa&&ie a& ell) butae a ell-de>ned notion o6 dire%tion o6 mea&urement. typi%al e;ample i&a %amera) i% %an tae mea&urement&E in a gien dire%tion) but a& to berotated i6 need be.

Acti(e se#s&rs Ti& la&t group o6 &en&or& a%tiely probe& te enironment)6or e;ample) a &onar or radar &en&or or &ome type& o6 &ei&mi% &en&or&) i%generate &o% ae& by &mall explosions. These are (uite specific triggering an

explosion is certainly not a lightly undertakenaction and re(uire (uite special attention.



Act!at&rs

%tuator& are !u&t about a& dier&e a& &en&or&) yet 6or te purpo&e& o6 de&igning a *+,) tey are a bit &impler to tae a%%ount o6: (n prin%iple) alltat a &en&or node %an do i& to open or %lo&e a &it% or a relay or to &et aalue in &ome ay. *eter ti& %ontrol& a motor) a ligt bulb) or &ome oterpy&i%al ob!e%t i& not really o6 %on%ern to te ay %ommuni%ation proto%ol&are de&igned

Energ2 Con)umpton of Sen)or No?e):

!s the previous section has shown, energy supply for a sensor node is at a premium" atteries

have small capacity, and recharging y energy scavenging is complicated and volatile. ence, the

energy consumption of a sensor node must e tightly controlled. The main consumers of energyare the controller, the radio front ends, to some degree the memory, and, depending on the type,

the sensors.

One important contriution to reduce power consumption of these components comes from chip-

level and lower technologies" 0esigning low-power chips is the est starting point for an energy-

efficient sensor node. 4ut this is only one half of the picture, as any advantages gained y suchdesigns can easily e s(uandered when the components are improperly operated.

4igure illu&trate& ti& notion ba&ed on a %ommonly u&ed model u&ed in) e.g.re6eren%e& F558) GH9I. t time t 1) te de%i&ion eter or not a %omponent&ay) te mi%ro%ontroller i& to be put into &leep mode &ould be taen toredu%e poer %on&umption 6rom Pa%tie to P&leep. (6 it remain& a%tie andte ne;t eent o%%ur& at time t eent) ten a total energy o6 Ea%tie JPa%tie(t eent K t 1 ) a& be &pent u&ele&&ly idling. Lutting te %omponentinto &leep mode) on te oter and) reuire& a time τdon until &leep modea& been rea%edB a& a &impli>%ation) a&&ume tat te aerage poer

%on&umption during ti& pa&e i& (Pa%tie P&leep )/ 2. Ten) P&leep i&%on&umed until t eent. (n total) τdon(Pa%tie P&leep )/ 2 (t eent K t 1 Kτdon )P&leep energy i& reuired in &leep mode a& oppo&ed to (t eent Kt 1 )Pa%tie en remaining a%tie. Te energy &aing i& tu&



Net*or+ archtecture

Se#s&r #et/&r2 sce#ari&s4

! sink, on the other hand, is the entity where information is re(uired. There are essentially three

options for a sink" it could elong to the sensor network as such and e %ust another

sensor/actuator node or it could e an entity outside this network. <or this second case, the sink could e an actual device, for example, a handheld or 30! used to interact with the sensor

networkJ it could also e merely a gateway to another larger network such as the 1nternet, where

the actual re(uest for the information comes from some node Bfar awayC and only indirectlyconnected to such a sensor network. These main types of sinks are illustrated y <igure ,

showing sources and sinks in direct communication.

Si#.*e-h&% (ers!s "!*tih&% #et/&r2s

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