course assignment Minyu Gao

8/2/2019 course assignment Minyu Gao

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The Impact of 2008 Beijing Olympic Games on Citys Employment

Photos:Beijing Organising Committee for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad

University of Malm, SwedenSustainable Urban Management

Course AssignmentAuthor: Minyu Gao

Tutor: Dr. Peter ParkerSubmitted on 8th Jan 2012(final)


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Abstract

Mega events always serve as significant catalysts for labor market prosperity in hosting cities.

Recognizing the effects of Olympic Games on employment in hosting cities is essential to assess

the comprehensive impact of the Games. Post-Olympic periods are particularly important while

little study has been done with regard to employment condition after 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.

This study fills the gap and emphasizing post-Game employment in comparison to four differentcities.

Key words: mega events, Olympic Games, employment

Introduction

Sustainable development focuses on economic, social and environmental aspects.Employment has been chosen as an entry point of understanding the Olympic Effectsocially and economically. UN Economic and Social Council agreed that employmentcreation contributes to poverty reduction and economic prosperity, which clearly

strengthens the first two aspects (UN Economic and Social Council 2006). Apparently,employment exerts strong influence on both economic and social dimensions. Jobcreation stimulates consumption and become an important vane in economy. It helpsreduce poverty and give impetus to domestic economy, thereby structure an equitableand socially harmonious society.

Along with massive enthusiasm of winning the right to stage the worlds mostprestigious sporting occasion after waiting for 8 years, Beijing started to experience itsvigorous growth brought by Olympic effect since 2001. Xinhua News correspondentreported that during investments peak year from 2005 to 2007, annual GDP growthreached 12.3% (Ting Zhou 2007). Undoubtedly, Olympic boosts investments and spurseconomy hence increases employment opportunities. It is often regarded as a once in alifetime opportunity for creating millions of jobs. However, question still remains aswhether Olympic Effect is only an immediate gain that will fade away once theinfrastructure projects are finished. Unfortunately, few statistics have been released inthis regard. There are few analyses conducted on thorough review of Beijing Olympiceffect on employment, even less compare pre- and post-Olympic periods effects.

Bid cities focus to such a large extent on winning the bid, planning for the Games andstaging successful Games while the post-Games period has often been neglected. Thus,the aim of this paper is set to reveal the effect of 2008 Beijing Olympic Games on

employment of hosting city by comparing statistics on unemployment and job creationwith four different cities and assess its impact on pre- and post-Olympic periods. It willbe concluded at the end of this paper how sustainable the Beijing Olympic is (two yearafter the Games) with reference to other studies target at 1984 to 2004Olympic Games.The post-Game effect on employment after the Games is not yet clear and there are noready figures to the problem, which provides impetus and adds value on this research.Research question is Can 2008 Beijing Olympic Games create sustainable economicand social development?

Methods

The information for this paper is collected from:


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The official statistics produced by the host organizing committeesNewspaper, media coverage and authorities reports both at home and abroad.Related professional articles and journals

There are limitations of the sources. Authorities and local medias tend to focus onfavorable news resulted from the Games while neglect the negative ones. To enhance

reliability of the sources, data will not only be drawn from Mainland China newspapersand official websites but also try to refer as much overseas media reports as possible.Be that as it may, a majority of the sources are still available from Mainland China as ahosting country.

In order to isolate the increase in employment that would have if the Games had nottaken place in Beijing, comparative approach is taken. This approach is to factor outgeneral urban trends and developments. For example, if an unemployment rate of 5percent is identified in Beijing, but cities in general recorded unemployment rate of 2percent, then we would conclude that this city may deviates 3 percent from theOlympic or other special events. This paper will study the extra 3 percent rate and

elaborate its most possible reasons. Four compared cities are carefully selected basedon their economic performance, political position as well as geographical location.Cities as Tianjin and Qingdao as Olympic co-host city are not considered so as toisolate Olympic factor. Moreover, mega-events in other cities are also considered to beinfluential on employment. As a result, Shanghai holding Expo and Guangzhouholding Asian Games are not on the list of the selected cities.

To assess employment condition in after-Game period, registered unemployment rateand number of new jobs created in urban areas will be used as two indicators.Unemployment rate is regarded as an index reflecting the overall economic situation.Even though it may be difficult to compare the unemployment rate across variouscountries since different measurements following different computation rules, it is stilluseful to review relevant studies conducted on lasting effect of employment in otherOlympic cities. It is important to note that unemployment rate in China refers to itsregistered unemployment rate using administrative methods recording those whoregistered themselves in employment exchanges and received unemployment benefits,which results in registered unemployment rate being lower than the actualunemployment scenario.

Unfortunately, there is no ready-to-use data in terms of unemployment rate andnumber of job creation. Therefore, figures are mostly to be compiled city by city, year

by year. However, they will be all collected from the same source, which is StatisticalCommuniqu of respective years and governments. For the sake of keeping figures asreliable as possible, most figures in this paper are obtained from provincial statisticyearbook or from the influential newspaper. For example, China Daily is the widestprint circulation English language newspaper in China. Business Today is an American,non-profit student organization that publish magazines and hold conference bringingup meaningful debate from current events. Credibility of the sources ensures the datesto be more persuasive and trustworthy.

Theory

A number of studies quantify the employment impacts of hosting the mega events suchas Summer Olympics. Crompton believes that sales, income and employment are the


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most commonly reported multipliers, and the sustainability of the employment effectsis one of those (Crompton 1995). Brunt is among one of the few scholars to assessOlympic Legacy that includes economic, social, sportive, environmental, touristic,fiscal or infrastructure-related impacts (AHMAR 2008).

A large number of the literatures illustrated that the one-time events have no lasting

post-event effects in new business activities or employment (Mount, Leroux 1994).

Tucker examined all Summer Games from 1984 to 2004 and stated significantemployment increase lasting in general from 6 years before the Olympics to 1 yearafter the Games, with a marginally significant boost lasting up to 8 years afterwards(Tucker, 2006, p.1). He also points out that richer countries tend to benefit more thanpoorer countries from hosting the Games.

Baade and Matheson (2002), who failed to reveal any net job gains in 1985 andbeyond as a consequence of the Olympic Games in the case of 1984 Los AngelesGames (Baade, Matheson 2002).

Samy from University of Strathclyde found that Olympics impacts are entirelytransitory. They are clearly observed prior to the event up to the Games quarter, andthen slowly vanish to disappear completely three years after the event (AHMAR 2008).

Reviewing literatures in the same field renders us possibility to compare Beijing withother Olympic cities on its magnitude and duration of the Games effect. In general, theliteratures express negative attitude and uncover transitory effect on employment in thehosting cities after the Games.

Results

For the purposes of clarifying impacts and showing different periods to a manageablelevel to avoid complication of comparison, the analysis has been divided into threetimeframes, namely early preparation period, peak investment period and post-gameperiod.

Early Preparation Period(2001- 2004)

After ten years of arduous work and innovative programs, Beijing won the staging of2008 Olympic Games in 2001. Newspaper journalist reported that the Olympicscreated 600,000 jobs every year since the preparations started in 2001(Gaoyue Gao2010). A massive undertaking has been made on employment. People believe that thelong period of consistent investment in the preparation stage of the Games is bound tothrow tremendous influence on employment, which concerns both economic and socialdimensions of the city. The actual effect of the Games would be seen mostly in peakinvestment period from 2005 to 2008.

Peak Investment Period(2005-2008)

From 2005 to 2008, investment in Beijing for the Games preparation reached its peak.A large sum of money poured onto the projects and investments, which serve to


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coordinate and facilitate the Games on finance and insurance, the IT industry,communications, city branding and tourism. Beijing statistical bureau published acumulative 1.5 million jobs have been created during 2005-2008, which is surprisinghigh compare to nearly 300,000 new jobs to Seoul Olympics and 150,000 new jobs forSydney Olympics in preparation stage (China.com.cn 2008).

A large sum of funds has been titled to the infrastructure investments which representan enormous untapped potential for the creation of productive employment. ChinaDaily correspondent reported 79 per cent of the funds would be channeled into postand telecommunications, infrastructure facilities and improvement of the livingenvironment (Huanxin Zhao 2006). According to Business Today online journal for amore specific analysis, Beijing launched 20 projects to improve the quality ofenvironment, with an overall investment of $12.2 billion. In sports facilities, it built theOlympic Park and 19 new stadiums and venues that hosted the Olympic events. Intransportation, Beijing spent $1.1 billion on building Beijing's subway system;constructing and refurbishing more than 318 km of city streets, light rail system andcolossal airport terminal. In urban renewal, $200 million was used in demolishing

dilapidated housing and urban buildings with 25 historic areas refurbished. Intelecommunications, it spent $3.6 billion transforming Beijing into a "digital" city. Theheavy investment was assigned to equip Beijing with wireless transmission andnetworking technologies (Business Today 2009). Job opportunities generated fromdiverse sectors and various fields as a result of heavy investments. Olympics venuesconstruction and operation, venues and facilities constructions brought up down streambusiness such as building materials armored concrete. New construction requires alarge number of physical labors while projects in communications and technologyindustries make a sustainable growing labor market possible. Olympics Studies Centerin 2004 estimated it would create 225000 jobs in construction. 147000 jobs created inpublic service, 373000 in manufacturing, 321000 in Hi-tech industry, 80000 in sportsand 110000 in tourism (Humanistic Olympics Studies Center 2004).

Beijing Organizing Committee deducted that altogether, 14,000 renovation projectswere completed, and this number equaled the total of projects launched in the 20 yearsbefore 2001 (The Beijing Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXIXOlympiad 2008a). Business Today estimated that spending on the Olympics added 2.5percent annually to Beijing's overall economic growth since 2002 (Business Today2009).

The above large figures fully demonstrate how different projects and investmentsconducted mainly by government largely contribute to the economic development

before the Games. It is in agreement with the excellent GDP performance right beforethe Games. To assess the sustainability of employment after the Games, post- Gamesperiod should be elaborated in details.

The Post-Olympic Period(2009-2010)

It is rash to diagnose the post Games effect on employment simply by repeating itsemployment figures from 2009-2011. Practically, a higher percentage ofunemployment rate does not necessarily suggest that the Games effect has beendisappeared. On the other hand, a lower percentage of unemployment rate is not

persuasive enough to reveal the Games long-lasting influence as a result of failure totake into account inflation, local and global economic situation, etc. Thus, it is crucial


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to introduce the most comparable cities in facilitating the analysis of employmentsituation in Beijing.

As one of the key cities in the Yangtze River Delta, Suzhou is a historic and tourist citylocated in the south of Jiangsu province, bordering Shanghai on the east, ranking thefourth in GDP volume in 2009 in China (Suzhou People's Government 2011). Nanjing

located in downstream of Yangtze River, is an important industry city, economic andeducation center as well as a transportation hub for Eastern China. Hangzhou isthe capital and largest city ofZhejiang Province in Eastern China. Forbes surveynamed Hangzhou the best place to do business in China for a fifth consecutive year(Freechinavisa 2006). Chongqing is the only direct controlled municipality in inlandChina. It is a major city and transportation hub in Southwest China and one of the fivenational economic central cities ofChina.

Figure 1 to figure 3 shows figures in graphs combining peak investment period andpost-game period so that direct changes can be easily observed from 2005 till 2010.

Sources from: Statistical Communiqu on National Economic and Social Development(detailed websites for respective cities and years in Appendix)

Figure 1.

Figure 1 line graph on GDP growth rate is shown for a general idea of each cityseconomic performance. Generally, consistent tendency is shown on most cities. 2007saw peak performances followed by plunges in 2008 or 2009 owing to adverse factorsfrom home and abroad. At home, industrial production experienced sharp downturn.Abroad, actual growth in export and investment went down under the background that

the West countries suffered from financial turmoil.The only exception is Chongqing

city that showed recovery in 2009 and rose dramatically in 2010 thanks for itsderegulation in financial market. Beijing is more or less on the same path with othercities while a striking comparison is noticed between 2008-2009 periods, where itboomed from 9.0% to 10.1% when three out of four cities generally fell 1%. Thisexceptional growth may respond to the fuel of 2008 Olympic Games. In 2010, Beijing

eased the GDP growth rate while other cities started accelerating because Beijing putstrict restrictions on automobile and real estate market for a healthier economy.

8.0%

9.0%

10.0%

11.0%

12.0%

13.0%

14.0%

15.0%

16.0%

17.0%

18.0%

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

GDP Growth Rate

Beijing

Suzhou

Nanjing

Hangzhou

Chongqing
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejianghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Central_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Central_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Central_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Central_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejianghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)


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Moreover, its economic structure changed to focuses on tertiary instead of industrialindustry development thanks for preparing and staging the Gams. It is recognized thattertiary industry counts on effectiveness to realize GDP growth rather than governmentinvestments. The economic restructure takes time.


Figure 2.

Surprisingly, with GDP growth rate lower than the compared cities, Beijingsregistered unemployment rate is at the bottom among six cities as shown in figure 2.Generally, registered unemployment rate of all cities have been slightly declining since2005. While in 2008-2009 period, a remarkable difference is shown when Beijingenjoyed a prominent fall whereas other cities flattened out. It may have connection tothe impact of the Games and respond to the exceptional GDP growth over the sameperiod. From 2009 to 2010, Beijing continued to keep its fruit and remained the lowestunemployment rate ever since 2005. Notably, Nanjing almost halved its unemploymentrate from 6.12% in 2005 to 3.33% in 2006 when it made tremendous effort on new andre-employment. It followed up the registered unemployment and provided a whole

range of service including skill training program and public employment service.Hangzhou plummeted most significantly from 2009 to 2010 with a series ofnichetargeting policies enacted by Hangzhou government emphasizing laid off workers,low-income workers and migrant workers, thus contributed to the lowerunemployment rate.

1.00%

2.00%

3.00%

4.00%

5.00%

6.00%

7.00%

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Registered Unemployment

Rate

Beijing

Suzhou

Nanjing

Hangzhou

Chongqing


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Figure 3.

Another important figure directly reflects the employment besides registeredunemployment rate is the number of new jobs created in urban areas. As demonstratedin figure 3, compared with the moderate growth from 2005-2007 in most cities, thenumber of new jobs in Beijing in 2008 rocketed from 200 to 420 thousand, with morethan one fold colossal increase. While three out of four cities saw a decline in the sameperiod mainly because of the 2008 economic crisis. Significantly, the boom in Beijingcontinued to flourish in 2009 and 2010, when Nanjing leveled off in the same periodwhereas Suzhou crashed due to its transition of economic development model fromlabor intensive industry such as textile to technology intensive industry such asInformation Technology.

In order to figure out reasons for the phenomenon discovered from the line graphs,effects from various sectors should be analyzed. Questions are raised from the mostcritical points. To start with, why did Beijings GDP growth rate run the opposite wayin when most other cities dropped in response to the economic crisis in 2009? Thegames helps to optimize industrial structure in a way that tertiary sector has beengrowing strongly. According to statistics from the Organizing Committee, Beijing's

tertiary sector has lagged behind other cities in developed countries, which aretypically around 80 per cent. The growth in service sector will help offset post-Olympic slowdown in economy, something every host city and nation goes through inthe immediate aftermath (The Beijing Organizing Committee for the Games of theXXIX Olympiad 2008). Of course, other factors contribute to the favorable result.Beijing is neither an export-oriented cities nor living on foreign-funded enterprises likeSuzhou which suffered a serious blow from the global recession and saw a notabledecrease both in GDP growth rate and new jobs created in urban areas.

Most importantly, why is the number of new jobs created in urban areas remarkablyhigh in 2008 in the face of global financial crisis which stroke most of the compared

cities? How could it still generate about the same amount of jobs in 2009 and 2010,which double to the pre Games period instead of rebounding to a lower stage? Why is

100.00

150.00

200.00

250.00

300.00

350.00

400.00

450.00

500.00

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Number of New Jobs Created in

Urban Areas (Thousand)

Beijing

Suzhou

Nanjing

Hangzhou

Chongqing


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the improvement of unemployment rate in 2009 performed better than all othercompared cities?

Firstly, new enterprises and industry both before and after the Games are attracted bygreatly improved facilities and environment, which will generate extra jobopportunities. More small and medium enterprises (SMEs) emerging during and after

the Games are essential to the well-functioning of labor market and increaseemployment opportunities. SMEs have played an important role not only in economybut also in society at large. China Daily reported that more than 80 percent of theworkers laid off from state-owned enterprises found employment in SMEs. Theyconstitute an even more important source of jobs when they allowed equal access tothe business from the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games (China Daily 2007). In thepreparation of Olympic, venues construction and operation brought up down streambusiness such as building materials armored concrete. The Hong Kong TradeDevelopment Council estimates that China's sports industry has a market potential of$250 billion driven by major international sporting events held in China, such as theBeijing 2008 Olympic Games and other mega sports events. SMEs will seize theopportunity from the sports industry which will soon grow by 20 percent a year(Business Today 2009).

Secondly, Tourism in Beijing, especially Olympic themes tourism, flourishes to theutmost after the Games. Surprisingly, tourists in 2008 sharply dropped 13% comparedto 2007 due to global economic crises and catastrophic year of China, when snowcalamity affected 19 provinces and most devastating earthquake happened (Sohu News2009). However, it saw dramatic increase in 2009 for 14.5% (Province Data Net 2010)and 13.3% in 2010 (Beijing Municipal Peoples Government 2011). United NationsWorld Tourism Organization estimated that "China, as we predict, is going to become

world's No 1 tourist destination by the year 2015,"(The Economic Times 2010).Statistics shows that tourist industry takes up about 9.6% of the total employmentpositions, which impressively explains the gravity of tourism on employment(NET.163 2010). The related hotel industry also sees a boom since China won itsOlympic bid. Business Today reported that the government has reduced hotelownership restrictions. Starting in 2002, foreign investors could own a majority stakein hotels. In 2006, wholly foreign-owned hotels were permitted. These moves clearedthe way for an extensive expansion of foreign-owned hotels and other tourism facilities(Business Today 2009). Prosperity in Tourism and its related industry will spur thedevelopment of catering, transportation, communication and many other tertiaryindustries. It facilitates the transformation of economic mode and help economic

restructuring. Attracting mix people from around the world contributes to a morediverse society to some extent.

Thirdly, post-games requires operation and maintenance of built infrastructure such asOlympic Park and the 37 stadiums and venues, extended Beijing's subway system, newcity streets and ring roads city's light rail system, etc., All 11 newly-built OlympicVenues are put into use. For example, National Stadium (Bird Nest) is now used aspublic welfare, concert and sports venue; Water Cube is used as public swimming, 3Dtheater, public welfare and sports venue; Wukesong indoor stadium servedas basketball gymnasium is renewed to be a comprehensive venue combining withbusiness office of MasterCard center. Undoubtedly, a considerable amount of

permanent new jobs generated in daily operation and maintenance of the venues.


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Analysis

This paper illustrates a strong economic growth in Beijing in 2009 despite the financialcrisis, with employment condition performing better and better year by year showingno unfavorable tendency 2 years after the Games. However, many other studies are in

line with Samys theory that Olympics impacts are entirely transitory.

BAADE and MATHESON (2002) concluded that the Olympic Games in Los Angelesin 1984 and Atlanta in 1996 had no significant effect on employment after the Games(Baade, Matheson, 2002).

Tucker explored employment impacts of Game and included all summer Olympicsbetween 1984 and 2004. He calculated the deviation between the expectedemployment levels of each concerning host city, using a straightforward method. Hefound a significantly positive impact on employment from six years before the Gamesuntil about one year after (AHMAR 2008).

A study carried out by Jasmand and Meannig identified that wages in the Olympicregions grew significantly faster than other German regions but, in contrast, noemployment effect after 1972 Munich Olympic Games (Jasmand, Maennig 2008).

Brunet reckons unemployment dropped by more than half in Barcelona from 1986 tothe Games years in 1992 (from high of 128,000 to just over 60,000). The citysunemployment rate was also halved over the same period, from 18.4% to 9.6%.Unfortunately, in the following years, he notices a rise in unemployment (Brunet 2005).

From the above cases, scholars agreed that Olympic Games are generating a largenumber of jobs before the Games, while the positive phenomenon vanishes quicklyafter the Games. Some argue that no lasting effect could be seen in the after- Gamesperiod; some said there is only marginally effect one year after the Games; somedefended that post-Games effect are entirely transitory and would be completelyvanish three years after the event. Despite all the differences, there is one thing in

common Olympics are defined to be unsustainable in creating jobs. Surprisingly,

the result of my study is significantly different from their studies on employment interms of its duration of effect. Even though this study can only be able to assess theeffect two years after the game up till 2010 at the time of writing, it points out thatBeijing Olympics have potential for long term employment effect. Since the number of

new jobs increased from 200 thousand to 420 thousand in 2008, it kept the momentumand created even more jobs year by year without rebounding to the pre-game stage,with 424.4 thousand in 2009 and 446 thousand in 2010. Moreover, registeredunemployment rate rolled down all the way from 2005, with 2010 making a record lowrate.

It is also useful to note that Beijing created much more jobs than Soul, Sydney,Barcelona, Atlanta, and Los Angeles in Olympics. Moreover, it still shows stronggrowth tendency on number of new jobs and unprecedented low unemployment rate.Therefore, findings of this paper are not in agreement with Truckers point that richercountries tend to benefit more than poorer countries from hosting the Games. It is

believed that Beijing Olympic benefits more than a number of the hosting cities indeveloped counties (Tucker 2006).


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scope of this paper. Even though employment is certainly the variable that capturessocial and economic welfare, wage income is also one of the most important variablesthat within socio-economic aspect. Further studies could combine the wage income andemployment variables together for a more complete picture when studying theOlympic influence on social and economic in hosting cities. For an even more deep-going detection, further research could consider the net benefits from the Games,

which means if the investment is reallocated to something else, would it generate morejobs or lower unemployment rate than the Olympic Games?

This paper somehow confirms some of key findings which have positive contributionto the society and economy at large, while they contradict with major findings of otherstudies implying that the Games effect is entirely transitory. It is difficult to concludeat this stage the long term effects of the Olympics due to the restricted time scope, andit needs more researches to be done in this field. Studying the legacy of BeijingOlympic Games keeps track of its performance and provides grounds for the comingOlympic cities. It will be inspiring, interesting and worth-studying.


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TING ZHOU, August,8, 2007-last update, Investment Effect on Olympic Games [Homepage ofXinhua News], [Online]. Available:http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2007-08/08/content_6491126.htm[December,5, 2011].

TUCKER, L., 2006. How does hosting the Olympic Games impact employment in the host city.Undergraduate student paper contest Carleton College & the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, .

UN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL, 2006. Employment and sustainable development, , July

3-5 2006, DESA/ILO e-Forum, pp. 1.
http://provincedata.mofcom.gov.cn/hotdate/disp.asp?pid=58630http://provincedata.mofcom.gov.cn/hotdate/disp.asp?pid=58630http://news.sohu.com/20090121/n261881932.shtmlhttp://news.sohu.com/20090121/n261881932.shtmlhttp://www.suzhou.gov.cn/zt/2011lh/rdjj/201101/t20110117_4500.shtmlhttp://www.suzhou.gov.cn/zt/2011lh/rdjj/201101/t20110117_4500.shtmlhttp://www.suzhou.gov.cn/zt/2011lh/rdjj/201101/t20110117_4500.shtmlhttp://images.beijing2008.cn/upload/lib/bidreport/zt6.pdfhttp://images.beijing2008.cn/upload/lib/bidreport/zt6.pdfhttp://en.beijing2008.cn/news/official/ioc/n214536689.shtmlhttp://en.beijing2008.cn/news/official/ioc/n214536689.shtmlhttp://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-03-22/news/27609332_1_chinese-tourists-destination-number-of-foreign-touristshttp://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-03-22/news/27609332_1_chinese-tourists-destination-number-of-foreign-touristshttp://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-03-22/news/27609332_1_chinese-tourists-destination-number-of-foreign-touristshttp://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-03-22/news/27609332_1_chinese-tourists-destination-number-of-foreign-touristshttp://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2007-08/08/content_6491126.htmhttp://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2007-08/08/content_6491126.htmhttp://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2007-08/08/content_6491126.htmhttp://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2007-08/08/content_6491126.htmhttp://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2007-08/08/content_6491126.htmhttp://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2007-08/08/content_6491126.htmhttp://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-03-22/news/27609332_1_chinese-tourists-destination-number-of-foreign-touristshttp://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-03-22/news/27609332_1_chinese-tourists-destination-number-of-foreign-touristshttp://en.beijing2008.cn/news/official/ioc/n214536689.shtmlhttp://images.beijing2008.cn/upload/lib/bidreport/zt6.pdfhttp://www.suzhou.gov.cn/zt/2011lh/rdjj/201101/t20110117_4500.shtmlhttp://news.sohu.com/20090121/n261881932.shtmlhttp://provincedata.mofcom.gov.cn/hotdate/disp.asp?pid=58630


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Appendix

Statistical Communiquof Beijing on the 2010 National Economic and Social Development

http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201102/17828.html2011-02-21

Statistical Communiquof Nanjing on the 2010 National Economic and Social Development


Statistical Communiquof Hangzhou on the 2010 National Economic and Social Development


Statistical Communiquof Chongqing on the 2010 National Economic and Social Development


Statistical Communiqu

of Suzhou on the 2010 National Economic and Social Development








Statistical Communiquof Suzhou on the 2009 National Economic and Social Development





http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/200912/64.html 2009-12-22




http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1236_4.html2010-01-16







http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201102/17828.html%EF%BC%8C2011-02-21http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201102/17828.html%EF%BC%8C2011-02-21http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201102/17828.html%EF%BC%8C2011-02-21http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201103/18948.html%EF%BC%8C2011-03-23http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201103/18948.html%EF%BC%8C2011-03-23http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201103/18948.html%EF%BC%8C2011-03-23http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201102/17843.html%EF%BC%8C2011-02-25http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201102/17843.html%EF%BC%8C2011-02-25http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201102/17843.html%EF%BC%8C2011-02-25http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201104/19144.html%EF%BC%8C2011-04-04http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201104/19144.html%EF%BC%8C2011-04-04http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201104/19144.html%EF%BC%8C2011-04-04http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201101/17219.html%EF%BC%8C2011-01-19http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201101/17219.html%EF%BC%8C2011-01-19http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201101/17219.html%EF%BC%8C2011-01-19http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201002/4097.html%EF%BC%8C2010-02-02http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201002/4097.html%EF%BC%8C2010-02-02http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201002/4097.html%EF%BC%8C2010-02-02http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201004/10812.html%EF%BC%8C2010-04-06http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201004/10812.html%EF%BC%8C2010-04-06http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201004/10812.html%EF%BC%8C2010-04-06http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201002/3874.html%EF%BC%8C2010-02-01http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201002/3874.html%EF%BC%8C2010-02-01http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201002/3874.html%EF%BC%8C2010-02-01http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/3535.html%EF%BC%8C2010-01-20http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/3535.html%EF%BC%8C2010-01-20http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/3535.html%EF%BC%8C2010-01-20http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201003/7507.html%EF%BC%8C2010-03-08http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201003/7507.html%EF%BC%8C2010-03-08http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201003/7507.html%EF%BC%8C2010-03-08http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/200912/64.htmlhttp://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/200912/64.htmlhttp://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1327.html%202010-01-06http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1327.html%202010-01-06http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1236_4.html%202010-01-16http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1236_4.html%202010-01-16http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1236_4.html%202010-01-16http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/2691.htmlhttp://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/2691.htmlhttp://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1197.html%EF%BC%8C2010-01-06http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1197.html%EF%BC%8C2010-01-06http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/200912/63.htmlhttp://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/200912/63.htmlhttp://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/200912/63.htmlhttp://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1197.html%EF%BC%8C2010-01-06http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/2691.htmlhttp://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1236_4.html%202010-01-16http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1327.html%202010-01-06http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/200912/64.htmlhttp://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201003/7507.html%EF%BC%8C2010-03-08http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/3535.html%EF%BC%8C2010-01-20http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201002/3874.html%EF%BC%8C2010-02-01http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201004/10812.html%EF%BC%8C2010-04-06http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201002/4097.html%EF%BC%8C2010-02-02http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201101/17219.html%EF%BC%8C2011-01-19http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201104/19144.html%EF%BC%8C2011-04-04http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201102/17843.html%EF%BC%8C2011-02-25http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201103/18948.html%EF%BC%8C2011-03-23http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201102/17828.html%EF%BC%8C2011-02-21


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Statistical CommuniquSuzhou on the 2007 National Economic and Social Development





http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1325.html,2010-01-07






http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/200912/62.html,2009-12-22












http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1324.html, 2010-01-07
http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1326.htmlhttp://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1326.htmlhttp://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/2690.html%202010-01-17http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/2690.html%202010-01-17http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1235_4.htmlhttp://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1235_4.htmlhttp://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1196.html%202010-01-06http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1196.html%202010-01-06http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1325.html,2010-01-07http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1325.html,2010-01-07http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/2689.html%20%202010-01-17http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/2689.html%20%202010-01-17http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/2689.html%20%202010-01-17http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1234_4.html%202010-01-06http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1234_4.html%202010-01-06http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1234_4.html%202010-01-06http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/200912/62.html,2009-12-22http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/200912/62.html,2009-12-22http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1195.html%20%202010-01-06http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1195.html%20%202010-01-06http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/200912/61.html%20%20%202009-12-22http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/200912/61.html%20%20%202009-12-22http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1324.html%20%202010-01-07http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1324.html%20%202010-01-07http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1194.html,2010-01-06http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1194.html,2010-01-06http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1194.html,2010-01-06http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1233_4.html%202010-01-06http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1233_4.html%202010-01-06http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1233_4.html%202010-01-06http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1324.htmlhttp://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1324.htmlhttp://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1324.htmlhttp://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1233_4.html%202010-01-06http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1194.html,2010-01-06http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1324.html%20%202010-01-07http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/200912/61.html%20%20%202009-12-22http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1195.html%20%202010-01-06http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/200912/62.html,2009-12-22http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1234_4.html%202010-01-06http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/2689.html%20%202010-01-17http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1325.html,2010-01-07http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1196.html%202010-01-06http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1235_4.htmlhttp://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/2690.html%202010-01-17http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/201001/1326.html

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