COUNTRY SPECIALISATION REPORT - Europa...COUNTRY SPECIALISATION REPORT Country: Greece Date: June...

COUNTRY SPECIALISATION REPORT

Country: Greece

Date: June 2006

ERAWATCH Network asbl: Project team: NIFU STEP, University of Sussex (SPRU),

Joanneum Research, Logotech, FhG-ISI

The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the individual authors alone and do not necessarily reflect the position of the European Commission.

ERAWATCH® is a registered Trade Mark.

Reproduction of content is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.

© European Communities, 2007.

Website: http://cordis.europa.eu/erawatch/

Index

COUNTRY SPECIALISATION REPORT - GREECE .....................................................................1

Main findings...............................................................................................................................1

Main R&D figures – Total R&D expenditure................................................................................2

Public R&D statistics...................................................................................................................3

GBAORD by socioeconomic objective ....................................................................................3

HERD by field of science.........................................................................................................4

Business ENTERPRISE INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D (BERD)...............................5

Bibliometrics................................................................................................................................7

Patents........................................................................................................................................9

Economic specialisation............................................................................................................10

Correlation analysis ..................................................................................................................13

Explanatory notes .....................................................................................................................17

ISIC v3 codes and sector description ....................................................................................17

How to read specialisation profile figures ..............................................................................19

Index of tables and figures

Table 1. R&D expenditure by sector of performance and source of funds .Greece. 1993 and 2003. Million Euros. Current prices.................................................................................................2

Table 2. Correlation analysis. Specialisation indexes BERD, Value added, Employment, Exports and patents. Greece. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. ........................................................13

Table 3: Specialisation Profile ......................................................................................................16

Figure 1. R&D expenditure by performing sector as per cent of GDP (left axis). GDP in million Euros (right axis). Greece.1993-2003.............................................................................................2

Figure 2. GERD by type of research. Greece .................................................................................2

Figure 3. Government Budget Appropriations or Outlays for R&D (GBAORD) by socio-ecomomic objective. Specialisation profile. Greece. 1993 and 2003. ..............................................................3

Figure 4. Expenditure on R&D in the Higher Education Sector (HERD) by field of science. Greece. 1993, 1998 and 2002. Per cent of total HERD and in million Euro. ..................................4

Figure 5. Expenditure on R&D in the Government sector (GOVERD) by field of science. Specialisation profile. Greece. 1993, 1998 and 2002. ....................................................................4

Figure 6. Business enterprise intramural expenditure on R&D by industrial sector. 31 sectors. Specialisation profile. Greece. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003.............................................5

Figure 7. Shares of Business enterprise intramural expenditure on R&D (BERD) in the sector funded by government. 1999 last available year in OECD statistics...............................................6

Figure 8. Shares of total government funding of Business enterprise intramural expenditure on R&D (BERD) by industrial sectors. 1999 last available year in OECD statistics.............................6

Figure 9. Number of publications by scientific field. 25 Scientific fields. Specialisation profile. Greece. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003................................................................................7

Figure 10. Shares of total publications by scientific field. 25 Scientific fields. Greece. 1993 and 2003. ..............................................................................................................................................7

Figure 11. Number of citations by scientific field. 25 scientific fields. Specialisation profile. Greece. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Five years citation window. (i.e. citations to papers published in the period 1989-1991 and in the period 1997-1999 ...................................................8

Figure 12. Number of patents by industrial sector. 18 sectors in manufacturing. Specialisation profile. Greece. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Based on correspondence matrix ISI-SPRU-OST. ....................................................................................................................................9

Figure 13. Shares of total patens by industrial sector. 18 sectors in manufacturing. Greece. Averages 1993-1997 and 1999-2003. Based on correspondence matrix ISI-SPRU-OST..............9

Figure 14. Value added by industrial sector. 34 sectors. Specialisation profile. Greece. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Million Euros. Current prices. ...........................................................10

Figure 15. Shares of total value added by industrial sector. 34 sectors. Greece. 1993 and 2003. Million Euros. Current prices.........................................................................................................10

Figure 16. Employment by industrial sector. Specialisation profile. Greece. 34 sectors. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Numbers engaged – hundreds. ........................................................11

Figure 17. Shares of total employment by industrial sector. 34 sectors. Greece. 1993 and 2003. Numbers engaged – hundreds. ....................................................................................................11

Figure 18. Exports by industrial sector. Specialisation profile. Greece. 34 sectors. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Thousand USD. Current prices..................................................................12

Figure 19. Shares of total exports by industrial sector. 34 sectors. Greece. 1993 and 2003. Thousand USD. Current prices.....................................................................................................12

Figure 20. BERD versus Value added specialisation in the primary and secondary industrial sectors. Greece. Based on average values 2001- 2003...............................................................14

Figure 21. BERD versus Value added in services. Specialisation indexes. Greece. Based on average values 2001- 2003. .........................................................................................................14

Figure 22. BERD versus patents. Specialisation indexes. Greece. Based on average values 2001- 2003. ..................................................................................................................................15

Figure 23. BERD versus exports. Specialisation indexes. Greece. Based on average values 2001- 2003. ..................................................................................................................................15

ERAWATCH – R&D specialisation project / WP1 /Country Report

1

COUNTRY SPECIALISATION REPORT - GREECE

MAIN FINDINGS Greece’s economic specialisation is concentrated on the one hand in a number of services such as hotels, trade, financial intermediation and construction and on the other hand in a number of manufacturing sectors such as furniture, transport equipment, shipbuilding, petroleum, textiles, the food industry and agricultural products. A common characteristic of these sectors is that they are of low R&D intensity. Particularly for the manufacturing sector most of these industries rely mainly on process innovation.

In addition, BERD specialisation is not correlated (Table 2) with either technological or economic specialisation. Finally, the correlations of exports with the other economic activities and with BERD for the period 1993-95 is of particular interest in the light of the limited extroversy of Greek enteprises.

R&D intensity in Greece grew by 31.9% during the 1993-2003 period and GERD reached 0.6% of GDP during 2003 (Figure 1). However, despite this growth, research expenditure in Greece remains considerably lower that the Lisbon Objectives and from the respective figures of most EU countries. The main factors behind this growth was the increase of higher education research expenditure as a share of GDP by 57.9% and of BERD by 46.2%. Moreover universities hold the dominant position within the research system of Greece where HERD accounted for 48.1% of GERD during 2003 (Table 1).

In terms of sources of funding over the 1993-2003 period, the most notable changes were the increase of the R&D funding share by enteprises from 20.2% of GERD in 1993 to 30.7% in 2003 and the decline of shares of funding from abroad from 30.3% in 1993 down to 18.1% in 2003. One tenth approximately of the GERD is funded through the Framework Programmes for RTD (FPs) of the EU, while another tenth from the Community Structural Funds.

In terms of GBAORD priorities, Greece appears underspecialised in industry related socioeconomic objectives while it is specialised in objectives such as the exploitation of earch, agriculture, land use, social issues, the environment and human health. As far as the scientific specialisation is concerned (Figure 9), engineering, computer sciences, agricultural sciences and enviromental sciences are the most specialised fields for Greece.

A slightly different picture is exhibited however in terms of natural sciences such as chemistry, physics and mathematics, fields that are highly cited compared to the number of publications. Finally, in terms of technological specialisation, Greece is specialised in a very limited number of sectors, namely pharmaceuticals, chemicals and food. The low level of technological specialisation is consistent with the limited patenting activities of all actors of the National Innovation System.


2

MAIN R&D FIGURES – TOTAL R&D EXPENDITURE Figure 1. R&D expenditure by performing sector as per cent of GDP (left axis). GDP in million Euros (right axis). Greece.1993-2003.

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 20030

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

BERD GERD GOVERDHERD GDP (m euros) Linear (HERD)Linear (GERD) Linear (BERD) Linear (GOVERD)

Source : OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators, November 2005

Table 1. R&D expenditure by sector of performance and source of funds .Greece. 1993 and 2003. Million Euros. Current prices.

1993 2003 1993 2003 1993 2003 1993 2003 1993 2003Business 1.2 3.5 53.7 253.5 4.6 34.4 0.2 0.3 59.6 291.6Government 63.3 141.7 3.7 10.5 70.9 297.3 0.5 1.1 138.3 450.6Higher Education 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 7.1 24.6 0.0 0.0 7.1 24.7Non profit 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.0 4.0 0.4 6.7 0.4 11.4From Abroad 29.8 52.7 21.7 21.9 37.3 96.6 0.6 1.0 89.4 172.2Total 94.3 198.4 79.0 286.3 119.9 456.8 1.7 9.1 294.8 950.6Pre-EMU euro and EURO

TotalGOVERD BERD HERD Non profit

Source: OECD OFFBERD 2005

Figure 2. GERD by type of research. Greece No data available Source: OECD OFFBERD 2005


3

PUBLIC R&D STATISTICS GBAORD by socioeconomic objective Figure 3. Government Budget Appropriations or Outlays for R&D (GBAORD) by socio-ecomomic objective. Specialisation profile. Greece. 1993 and 2003.

Environment

Industry

Land use

Defence

Space

Social issues

Agriculture

Earth

GUF's

Human health

Energy

Non-oriented research

Other civil research

-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100

1993 2003

Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: OECD Basic Science and Technology Statistics 2005, own calculations.


4

HERD by field of science Figure 4. Expenditure on R&D in the Higher Education Sector (HERD) by field of science. Greece. 1993, 1998 and 2002. Per cent of total HERD and in million Euro. Not available Source: OECD Basic Science and Technology Statistics 2005.

Figure 5. Expenditure on R&D in the Government sector (GOVERD) by field of science. Specialisation profile. Greece. 1993, 1998 and 2002. Not available Source: OECD Basic Science and Technology Statistics 2005


5

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D (BERD) Figure 6. Business enterprise intramural expenditure on R&D by industrial sector. 31 sectors. Specialisation profile. Greece. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003.

Mining

Chemicals

Plastics

Machinery

Construction

Basic - met

Ships

Financ. interm

R & D

Community servOther Business act

IT services

TelecomTransport

Trade

Water & electr.Furniture & rec

Air

VehiclesInstruments

Electr. EquipElectrical mach.Office mach

Fabricated met

Non-met

Pharm

PetroleumWood & Publishing

TextilesFood

Agriculture

-100 -50 0 50 100

1993-95 2001-03

Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: OECD Basic Science and Technology Statistics 20052005, ANBERD 2005, own calculations


6

Figure 7. Shares of Business enterprise intramural expenditure on R&D (BERD) in the sector funded by government. 1999 last available year in OECD statistics.

Not available

Source:OECD Basic Science and Technology Statistics 2005, own calculations

Figure 8. Shares of total government funding of Business enterprise intramural expenditure on R&D (BERD) by industrial sectors. 1999 last available year in OECD statistics.

Not available

Source: OECD Basic Science and Technology Statistics 2005, own calculations


7

BIBLIOMETRICS Figure 9. Number of publications by scientific field. 25 Scientific fields. Specialisation profile. Greece. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003.

Physics

Agricultural ScSpace Sc

Biology & Biochemistry

Computer Science

ChemistryClinical Medicine

Engineering

Geosciences

LawMol Biology &

Genetics

MicrobiologyMaterials Sc

NeurosciencesMultdisciplinary

PharmacologyPlant & Animals

PsychologySocial Sciences

Mathematics

Immunology

Environment

Economics Education

-100 -50 0 50 100

1993-95 2001-03

Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: Thomson ISI, NSIODE 2005, own calculations.

Figure 10. Shares of total publications by scientific field. 25 Scientific fields. Greece. 1993 and 2003.

0%5%

10%15%20%

25%30%

Agr

icul

tura

l Sc

Spa

ce S

c

Bio

logy

&

Che

mis

try

Clin

ical

Com

pute

r

Eco

nom

ics

Edu

catio

n

Eng

inee

ring

Env

ironm

ent

Geo

scie

nces

Imm

unol

ogy

Law

Mol

Bio

logy

&

Mic

robi

olog

y

Mat

eria

ls S

c

Mat

hem

atic

s

Neu

rosc

ienc

es

Mul

tdis

cipl

inar

y

Phy

sics

Pla

nt &

Pha

rmac

olog

y

Psy

chol

ogy

Soc

ial

1993 2003

Source: Thomson ISI, NSIODE 2005.


8

Figure 11. Number of citations by scientific field. 25 scientific fields. Specialisation profile. Greece. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Five years citation window. (i.e. citations to papers published in the period 1989-1991 and in the period 1997-1999 .

Agricultural Sc

Plant & Animals

Psychology

Geosciences

Biology & Biochemistry Space Sc

Clinical MedicineChemistry

Computer ScEconomics

Education

EngineeringEnvironment

ImmunologyLaw

Mol Biology & Genetics

MicrobiologyMaterials Sc

MathematicsNeurosciencesMultdisciplinary

Physics

Pharmacology

Social Sciences

-100 -50 0 50 100

1993-95 2001-03

Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: Thomson ISI, NSIODE 2005, own calculations.


9

PATENTS Figure 12. Number of patents by industrial sector. 18 sectors in manufacturing. Specialisation profile. Greece. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Based on correspondence matrix ISI-SPRU-OST.

Plastics

Office mach

Electrical mach.

Instruments

Transport Equip.

Petroleum

Textiles

Food

Wood & Publishing

Chemicals

Pharm

Non-met

Basic - met

Fabricated met

Machinery

Electr. Equip

Vehicles

Furniture

-100 -50 0 50 100

1993-95 2001-03

Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: European Patent Office 2005, own calculations.

Figure 13. Shares of total patens by industrial sector. 18 sectors in manufacturing. Greece. Averages 1993-1997 and 1999-2003. Based on correspondence matrix ISI-SPRU-OST.

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

Food

Text

iles

Woo

d &

Pub

lishi

ng

Pet

role

um

Che

mic

als

Pha

rm

Pla

stic

s

Non

-met

Bas

ic -

met

Fabr

icat

edm

et

Mac

hine

ry

Offi

cem

ach

Ele

ctric

alm

ach.

Ele

ctr.

Equ

ip

Inst

rum

ents

Veh

icle

s

Tran

spor

tE

quip

.

Furn

iture

1993-1997 1999-2003

Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: European Patent Office 2005, own calculations.


10

ECONOMIC SPECIALISATION Figure 14. Value added by industrial sector. 34 sectors. Specialisation profile. Greece. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Million Euros. Current prices.

Mining

PlasticsNon-met

ShipsAir

Furniture & rec

Construction

Hotels

Telecom

Wood & Publishing

Agriculture

FoodTextiles

PetroleumChemicalsPharm

Basic - metFabricated metMachineryOffice mach

Electrical mach.Electr. EquipInstruments

Vehicles

Transport nec

Water & electr.

Trade

Transport

Financ. interm Real estate

IT servicesR & DOther Business Community ser

-100 -50 0 50 100

1993-95 2001-03

Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: OECD, STAN 2005, own calculations.

Figure 15. Shares of total value added by industrial sector. 34 sectors. Greece. 1993 and 2003. Million Euros. Current prices.

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Agr

icul

ture

Min

ing

Food

Text

iles

Woo

d &

Pet

role

umC

hem

ical

sP

harm

Pla

stic

sN

on-m

etB

asic

- m

etFa

bric

ated

Mac

hine

ryO

ffice

Ele

ctric

alE

lect

r.In

stru

men

tsV

ehic

les

Shi

ps Air

Tran

spor

tFu

rnitu

re &

Wat

er &

Con

stru

ctio

Trad

eH

otel

sTr

ansp

ort

Tele

com

Fina

nc.

Rea

l est

ate

IT s

ervi

ces

R &

DO

ther

Com

mun

ity

1993 2003

Source: OECD, STAN, 2005.


11

Figure 16. Employment by industrial sector. Specialisation profile. Greece. 34 sectors. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Numbers engaged – hundreds.

Food

Petroleum

TelecomFinanc. interm

Chemicals

Fabricated met

Ships

Transport necFurniture & rec

HotelsTransport

Wood & Publishing

ConstructionTrade

Textiles

AgricultureMining

Pharm

Non-met

Plastics

Basic - met

MachineryOffice mach

Electrical mach.Electr. EquipInstrumentsVehicles

Air

Water & electr.

Real estateIT servicesR&D

Other Business Community ser

-100 -50 0 50 100

1993-95 2001-03

Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: OECD, STAN, 2005, own calculations.

Figure 17. Shares of total employment by industrial sector. 34 sectors. Greece. 1993 and 2003. Numbers engaged – hundreds.

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Agr

icul

ture

Min

ing

Food

Text

iles

Woo

d &

Pet

role

umC

hem

ical

sP

harm

Pla

stic

sN

on-m

etB

asic

- m

etFa

bric

ated

Mac

hine

ryO

ffice

Ele

ctric

alE

lect

r.In

stru

men

tsV

ehic

les

Shi

ps Air

Tran

spor

tFu

rnitu

re &

Wat

er &

Con

stru

ctio

Trad

eH

otel

sTr

ansp

ort

Tele

com

Fina

nc.

Rea

l est

ate

IT s

ervi

ces

R &

DO

ther

Com

mun

ity

1993 2003

Source: OECD, STAN, 2005.


12

Figure 18. Exports by industrial sector. Specialisation profile. Greece. 34 sectors. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Thousand USD. Current prices.

Mining

Agriculture

Food

Textiles

Wood & Publishing

PetroleumChemicals

Pharm

Plastics

Basic - met

Non-met

Fabricated met

MachineryOffice machElectrical mach.Electr. EquipInstruments

VehiclesShips

AirTransport necFurniture

-100 -50 0 50 100

1993-95 2001-03

Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: UNIDO, INDSTAT4 2005, ISIC Rec3 and COMTRADE 2005, own calculations.

Figure 19. Shares of total exports by industrial sector. 34 sectors. Greece. 1993 and 2003. Thousand USD. Current prices.

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

Agr

icul

ture

Min

ing

Food

Text

iles

Woo

d &

Pub

lishi

ngP

etro

leum

Che

mic

als

Pha

rm

Pla

stic

s

Non

-met

Bas

ic -

met

Fabr

icat

edm

etM

achi

nery

Offi

cem

ach

Ele

ctric

alm

ach.

Ele

ctr.

Equ

ipIn

stru

men

ts

Veh

icle

s

Shi

ps Air

Tran

spor

tne

cFu

rnitu

re

1993 2003

Source: UNIDO, INDSTAT4 2005, ISIC Rec3 and COMTRADE 2005, own calculations.


13

CORRELATION ANALYSIS Table 2. Correlation analysis. Specialisation indexes BERD, Value added, Employment, Exports and patents. Greece. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Correlations

EL_BERD9395

EL_BERD0103

EL_PAT 9395

EL_PAT 0103

EL_VA 9395

EL_VA 0103

EL_EMP9395

EL_EMP0103

EL_EXP 9395

EL_EXP 0103

EL_BERD9395 Pearson Correlation 1 Sig. (2-tailed) . EL_BERD0103 Pearson Correlation .425* 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .017 . EL_PAT9395 Pearson Correlation -.260 .114 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .313 .663 . EL_PAT0103 Pearson Correlation -.267 .022 .890** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .300 .933 .000 . EL_VA9395 Pearson Correlation .232 .337 -.018 -.228 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .210 .063 .945 .380 . EL_VA0103 Pearson Correlation .268 .335 -.053 -.239 .966** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .146 .066 .840 .356 .000 . EL_EMP9395 Pearson Correlation .161 .231 .058 -.157 .888** .867** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .388 .211 .825 .548 .000 .000 . EL_EMP0103 Pearson Correlation .219 .245 -.012 -.219 .905** .892** .986** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .236 .184 .963 .399 .000 .000 .000 . EL_EXP9395 Pearson Correlation .717** .309 .014 -.053 .724** .783** .588** .617** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .173 .956 .841 .000 .000 .004 .002 . EL_EXP0103 Pearson Correlation .664** .246 -.027 -.077 .732** .773** .667** .694** .936** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .001 .282 .918 .768 .000 .000 .001 .000 .000 . * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).


14

Figure 20. BERD versus Value added specialisation in the primary and secondary industrial sectors. Greece. Based on average values 2001- 2003.

Agriculture

Ships

Textiles

FoodNon-met

Furniture & rec

Petroleum

Wood & Publishing

Chemicals Electr Equipment

Office mach

Mining

Basic -met

Air

Plastics

Fabricated met

Machinery

Electr mach

Instruments

Vehicles

Pharm

-100

-50

0

50

100

-100 -50 0 50 100

BERD

Value added

Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: Own calculations

Figure 21. BERD versus Value added in services. Specialisation indexes. Greece. Based on average values 2001- 2003.

Construction

Trade

Community services

IT services

Other Business act

R & D

Water & electr.

TelecomTransport

Financial interm

-100

-50

0

50

100

-100 -50 0 50 100

Value added

BERD



15

Figure 22. BERD versus patents. Specialisation indexes. Greece. Based on average values 2001- 2003.

Pharmaceuticals

Food

Chemicals

Electr Equipment

Non metallic min

Wood & Publishing

Textiles

Basic metals

Office machineryMotor vehicles

Instruments

PetroleumElectr machinery

Plastics

Fabricated metals

Machinery

-100

-50

0

50

100

-100 -50 0 50 100

BERD

Patents


Figure 23. BERD versus exports. Specialisation indexes. Greece. Based on average values 2001- 2003.

Agriculture

Textiles

Non-met

Food

Basic -metPetroleum

Ships

Electr Equipment

Chemicals

Wood & Publishing

Mining

Plastics

Fabricated met

Electr machineryPharm

Air

Machinery

Office machineryVehicles

Instruments

-100

-50

0

50

100

-100 -50 0 50 100

BERD

Exports



16

Table 3: Specialisation Profile

Red numbers: Decrease specialisation from specialised to non specialised

Blue numbers: Increase specialisation from non specialised to specialised

Fast growing sectors >4.9%

Medium-Low growth sectors =<4.9%

Declining sectors <0

Areas of specialisation

Increase Specialisation

Stable Specialisation

Losing Specialisation







Specialisation BERD

75-79; 45;

74; 73; 72; 65-67; 50-52; 23; 10-14

36-37; 351, 32; 24ex2423; 15-16;

40-41; 28; 27; 26; 25; 20-22; 01-05 17-19

Specialisation Patents

2423;

30; 24ex2423; 15-16

Specialisation Value Added 65-67; 60-63;

55; 45; 23; 50-52; 64; 351; 26; 40-41; 36-37; 15-16; 01-05 17-19

Specialisation Employment

55; 50-52; 45; 352+359; 60-63; 23;

40-41; 15-16; 01-05 36-37; 351; 17-19

Specialisation Exports

23 10-14 27;

26; 15-16; 01-05 17-19


17

EXPLANATORY NOTES ISIC v3 codes and sector description Agriculture 01-05 Mining 10-14 Food 15-16 Textiles 17-19 Wood & Publishing 20-22 Petroleum 23 Chemicals excluding pharmaceuticals 24ex2423 Pharmaceuticals 2423 Plastics 25 Non-metal minerals 26 Basic metals 27 Fabricated metals 28 Machinery nec 29 Office machinery 30 Electrical mach. 31 Electronic equip. 32 Instruments 33 Motor vehicles 34 Ships 351 Aerospace 353 Transport nec 352+359 Furniture & recycling 36-37 Water & Electricity 40-41 Construction 45 Trade 50-52 Hotels 55 Transport 60-63 Telecoms 64 Financial intermediation 65-67 IT services 72 R & D 73 Other Business activities 74 Community services 75-99


18


19

How to read specialisation profile figures Plotting specialisation indexes against each other is a method for visualising differences in specialisation patterns. The most interesting analytical dimension in this report is comparing business enterprise intramural R&D expenditure specialisation patterns with specialisation patterns in value added, employment, exports and technological specialisation (patents). The result of the plots is four distinct specialisation quadrants showing:

1. Sectors with neither specialisation in BERD nor in the other analytical dimension (lower left quadrant)

2. Sectors with a specialisation in BERD and in the other analytical dimension (upper right quadrant)

3. Sectors with a specialisation in BERD but none in the other analytical dimension (lower right quadrant)

4. Sectors that display a specialisation in the other analytical dimension but not in BERD (upper left quadrant)

If there is a good match between BERD and, say, value added specialisation patterns we expect to find all sectors either in the lower left or in the upper right quadrant. Sectors in the upper left or in the lower right of the graphs indicate anomalies, that is, specialisation in one dimension and non-specialisation in the other. If there are many sectors in these quadrants the graph indicates lack of correlation between BERD and, say, economic specialisation.

BERD and Value Added specialisation – an example

Sectors with aspecialisation in BERD

but not in VA

Sectors with bothBERD and VAspecialisation

Sectors with aspecialisation in VA

but not in BERD

Sectors with nospecialisation in BERD

and VA

BERD

Valu

e Ad

ded 100

100

-100

-100

-50

-50 50

50

Strengthening the strengths?

Efforts concentrated in niches?Opportunities for catching up?

Vulnerable competitiveposition?

Neglected sectors?Further decline in the future?

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