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Publics and Counterpublics Michael Warner ZONE BOOKS NEW YORK 2002
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Publ
ics
and
Cou
nter
publ
ics
Mic
hael
War
ner
ZO
NE
BO
OK
SN
EW
YO
RK
20
02
PU
BL
ICS
AN
DC
OU
NS
RP
UB
LC
S
inth
eco
nver
sati
on.
Obv
ious
ly,
laur
enB
erla
ntha
sbe
ena
coll
abor
ator
ofa
spec
ial
kind
;ev
enhe
resh
eis
not
nam
edas
coau
thor
(as
inTh
eTr
oubl
ew
ithN
orm
ol)
she
has
been
ata
cit
part
ner.
Ben
Lee
and
Dili
pG
aonk
arha
vebe
enth
eor
gani
zers
and
cata
lyst
shr
the
cent
er’s
disc
ussi
ons;
toth
emI o
we
anun
paya
ble
debt
.It
ism
yho
peth
atth
isbo
ok,
inso
far
asit
cont
ribu
tes
toan
ythi
ng,
will
dire
ctat
tent
ion
toth
edi
stin
ctiv
ein
tell
ectu
alpr
ojec
tof
the
cen
ter,
now
find
ing
rich
real
izat
ion
inth
ew
ork
ofso
man
yof
my
colle
ague
sth
ere:
Arj
unA
ppad
urai
,C
raig
Cal
houn
,V
ince
ntC
rapa
nzan
o,D
ilip
Gao
nkar
,N
ilüf
erG
öle,
Ben
Lee
,T
om
McC
arth
y,M
ary
Poov
ey,
Bet
hP
ovin
elli
,C
harl
esT
aylo
r,G
reg
Urb
an,
and
many
othe
rs.
CH
AP
TE
RO
NE
Pu
bli
cand
Pri
vate
Wha
tki
ndof
wor
ldw
ould
mak
eth
eva
lues
ofbo
thpu
blic
ness
and
priv
acy
equa
llyac
cess
ible
toal
l?T
his
ques
tion
has
ofte
nbe
en
take
nup
inm
oder
npo
litic
alph
iloso
phy.
But
that
appa
rent
lysi
m
ple
ques
tion
rais
es, a
ndis
mad
eco
mpl
icat
edby
,ano
ther
one:
How
wou
ldth
eex
peri
ence
ofge
nder
and
sexu
ality
have
tobe
diff
eren
t
insu
cha
wor
ld?
The
link
betw
een
thes
etw
osu
bjec
tsha
sbe
enno
tice
dfo
rm
il
lenn
ia.
The
stor
yis
told
ofth
eG
reek
phil
osop
her
Dio
gene
sth
at
whe
neve
rhe
felt
sexu
alne
edhe
wal
ked
into
the
cent
ral
mar
ket
plac
ean
dm
astu
rbat
ed.
Acc
ordi
ngto
ala
ter
Gre
ekco
mm
enta
tor,
hew
asin
the
habi
tof
“doi
ngev
eryt
hing
inpu
blic
,th
ew
orks
of
Dem
eter
and
Aph
rodi
teal
ike”
Thi
sw
asno
tus
uali
nA
then
sin
the
four
thce
ntur
yB
.C.E
.D
ioge
nes
prov
oked
disg
ust.
His
beha
vior
was
aki
ndof
“per
form
ance
criti
cism
,”as
Fouc
ault
has
calle
dit
,a
way
ofca
lling
atte
ntio
nto
the
visc
eral
forc
ebe
hind
the
mor
alid
eas
of
publ
ican
dpr
ivat
e.2
Dio
gene
sw
asat
tem
ptin
g,to
ade
gree
that
has
scar
cely
been
riva
led
sinc
e,to
dow
itho
utth
edi
stin
ctio
nen
tirel
y.
He
evid
ently
rega
rded
itas
artif
icia
l,co
ntra
ryto
natu
re,
the
fals
e
mor
alit
yof
aco
rrup
tion
that
mis
took
itse
lffo
rci
viliz
atio
n.
Mor
eth
antw
oth
ousa
ndye
ars
late
r,a
diff
eren
tcha
lleng
eto
the
mor
alit
yof
publ
ican
dpr
ivat
ecr
eate
dan
equa
llyqu
easy
sens
atio
n.
20
21
PU
bL
IC
SA
ND
CO
UN
rE
RP
UB
LIC
SpU
BL
II
AN
DP
RIV
AI
S
Inth
ela
te18
20s,
the
Sco
ttis
h-bo
rnFr
ance
sW
righ
tto
ured
Arn
eric
a,le
ctur
ing
agai
nst s
lave
ryan
dfo
rw
omen
’sri
ghts
,bir
thco
ntr
ol,
and
wor
kers
’ri
ghts
.Sh
epr
ovok
edne
arly
univ
ersa
lat
tack
for
her
publ
icap
pea
rance
s,le
adin
gth
eA
mer
ican
Cat
har
ine
Bee
cher
tow
rite
:
Who
can
look
with
out
disg
ust
and
abho
rren
ceup
onsu
chan
one
asFa
nny
Wri
ght,
with
her
grea
tm
ascu
line
pers
on, h
erlo
udvo
ice,
her
unta
stef
ulat
tire,
goin
gab
out
unpr
otec
ted,
and
feel
ing
none
edof
prot
ectio
n,m
ingl
ing
with
men
inst
orm
yde
bate
,an
dst
andi
ngup
with
bare
-fac
edim
pude
nce,
tole
ctur
eto
apu
blic
asse
mbl
y....
Ica
nno
tco
ncei
vean
yth
ing
inth
esh
ape
ofw
oman
,m
ore
into
lera
bly
offe
nsiv
ean
ddi
sgus
ting.
3
Bee
cher
isof
fend
ed,
eloq
uent
lyso
,by
aw
oman
inpu
blic
.To
her,
this
kind
ofpu
blic
beha
vior
—m
ingl
ing
with
men
, lec
turi
ngbe
fore
audi
ence
s,go
ing
arou
ndw
ithno
esco
rt,
offe
ring
idea
sin
deba
te—
shou
ldbe
left
tom
en.
Sode
epis
this
conv
icti
onfo
rB
eech
erth
atW
righ
t’s
beha
vior
mak
eshe
rse
emm
ascu
line.
Infa
ct,
the
abus
ive
ness
inth
ispa
ssag
eis
not
som
uch
abou
tW
righ
t’s
idea
sor
her
acts
asab
out
her
bein
g:he
rpe
rson
ism
ascu
line,
her
voic
elo
ud,
her
atti
reou
tof
tast
e;sh
est
ands
upan
dis
seen
.Li
kehe
rsi
ster
Har
riet
Bee
cher
Stow
e,C
atha
rine
Bee
cher
did
mor
eth
ansi
mpl
ytu
rnaw
ayin
disg
ust.
She
wen
ton
tow
rite
seve
ral b
ooks
that
arti
cul
ated
,m
ore
expl
icit
lyth
anev
erbe
fore
,th
eth
eory
ofse
para
tesp
here
s—
that
wom
en’s
plac
ew
asth
eho
me
and
that
wom
en’s
infl
uenc
eon
the
wor
ldsh
ould
bem
oral
rath
erth
anpo
litic
al.Ir
on
ical
ly,
indo
ing
so,
she
beca
me
one
ofth
em
ost
publ
icw
omen
ofhe
rda
y.In
both
ofth
ese
exam
ples
,th
edi
stin
ctio
nbe
twee
npu
blic
and
priv
ate
com
esun
der
anex
plic
itch
alle
nge.
Inbo
thca
ses,
itis
not
ust
adi
stin
ctio
nbu
ta
hier
arch
y,in
whi
chth
esp
ace
ofth
em
arke
t
orth
eas
sem
bly
isgi
ena
spec
ial
impo
rtan
ce.
Inbo
thca
ses,
bein
g
inpu
blic
isa
priv
ilege
that
requ
ires
filt
erin
gor
repr
essi
ngse
ine-
thin
gth
atis
seen
aspr
ivat
e.In
both
case
s,to
o,th
etr
ansg
ress
ion
is
expe
rien
ced
not
asm
erel
yth
eore
tica
l,bu
tas
avi
olat
ion
ofde
ep
inst
inct
sab
out
sex
and
gend
er.
Who
can
look
atit
,in
Bee
cher
’s
wor
ds,
“wit
hout
disg
ust
and
abho
rren
ce”?
Itis
not
hard
tose
e,
then
,w
hyth
ete
rms
“pub
lic”
and
“pri
vate
”ha
veof
ten
seem
edto
pres
ent
adi
ffic
ulty
.T
hete
rms
are
com
plex
enou
ghan
dsh
iftin
g
enou
ghto
allo
wfo
rpr
ofou
ndch
ange
;ye
tin
prac
tice
they
ofte
n
dono
tse
emth
eore
tica
lat
all.
The
yse
emto
bepre
cO
flC
eptU
al
alm
ost
inst
inct
ual,
root
edin
the
orie
ntat
ions
ofth
ebo
dyan
d
com
mon
spee
ch.
The
crit
ical
lite
ratu
reon
publ
ican
dpri
ate
isim
men
se,
but
very
seld
omdo
esit
doju
stic
eto
the
visc
eral
forc
eth
atth
edis
tinc
tion
has
inth
ese
exam
ples
.O
ften
the
impr
essi
onse
enis
tobe
that
publ
ican
dpr
ivat
ear
eab
stra
ctca
tego
ries
for
thin
king
abou
tla
w,
poli
tics
and
econ
omic
s.A
ndso
they
are.
But
thei
rpo
wer
as1m
-
inis
man
dqu
eer
theo
ryha
veha
dto
insi
st,
goes
muc
hde
eper
.A
child
’sea
rlie
sted
ucat
ion
insh
ame,
depo
rtm
eflt
and
clea
ning
isan
init
iati
onin
toth
epr
evai
ling
mea
ning
ofpu
blic
and
priv
ates
as
whe
nhe
orsh
elo
cate
shi
sor
her
“pri
vate
s”or
istr
aine
dto
visi
t
the
“pri
vy:’
(The
wor
d“p
ublic
”al
sore
cord
sth
isbo
dily
asso
cia
tion:
itde
rive
sfr
omth
eL
atin
popl
icus
for
peop
le,
but
evol
ved
to
publ
icus
inco
nnec
tion
wit
hpu
bes
inth
ese
nse
ofad
ult
men
,li
nk
ing
publ
icm
embe
rshi
pto
pubi
cm
atur
ity.
)C
loth
ing
isa
lang
uage
ofpu
blic
ity
fold
ing
the
body
inw
hat
isFe
ltas
the
body
’sow
npri
vacy
.So
me
bodi
lyse
nsat
ions
—of
plea
sure
and
pain
,sh
ame
and
disp
lay,
appe
tite
and
purg
atio
n—
com
eto
befe
lt,in
the
sam
ew
ay,
aspr
ivac
y.Li
keth
ose
ofge
nder
sth
eor
ient
atio
nsof
publ
ican
dpri
vate
are
root
edin
wha
tan
thro
polo
gist
sca
llha
bitu
s:th
eco
nven
tions
byw
hich
we
expe
rien
ceas
thou
ghna
tura
lly,o
urow
nbo
dies
and
mov
emen
tin
the
spac
eof
the
wor
ld.
Publ
ican
dpr
ivat
ear
e
‘I
2223
PU
BL
ICS
AN
DC
DU
NT
ER
PU
UL
IC
SP
UB
LIC
AN
DP
RV
AT
E
lear
ned
alon
gw
ith
such
term
sas
“act
ive”
and
“pas
sive
,”“f
ront
”an
d“b
ack,
”an
d“t
op”
and
“bot
tom
.”T
hey
can
seem
quas
i-na
tura
l,vi
scer
al,
frau
ght w
ith
peri
lsof
abje
ctio
nan
dde
grad
atio
nor
,al
ter
nativ
ely,
ofcl
eanl
ines
san
dse
lf-m
aste
ry. T
hey
are
the
very
scen
eof
self
hood
and
scar
cely
dist
ingu
isha
ble
from
the
expe
rien
ceof
gen
der
and
sexu
ality
.T
hat
mak
esth
emha
rdto
chal
leng
e.In
the
case
ofge
nder
,pu
blic
and
priv
ate
are
not
just
form
alru
les
abou
tho
wm
enan
dw
omen
shou
ldbe
have
.T
hey
are
boun
dup
wit
hm
eani
ngs
ofm
ascu
lini
tyan
dfe
min
inity
.M
ascu
linity
,at
leas
tin
Wes
tern
cultu
res,
isfe
ltpa
rtly
ina
way
ofoc
cupy
ing
publ
icsp
ace;
fem
inin
ity,
ina
lang
uage
ofpr
ivat
efe
elin
g.W
hen
Dio
gene
sm
astu
rbat
esin
the
mar
ket,
the
publ
icdi
spla
yof
priv
ate
need
may
appe
ardi
stur
bing
orsh
amef
ul,
but
itis
not
said
toth
row
doub
ton
his
mas
culin
ity.
His
blun
t,bo
ldsi
mpl
icit
yca
nbe
seen
asvi
rile
inte
grit
yin
part
beca
use
itis
sove
rypu
blic
.W
hen
Fra
nces
\‘V
righ
tle
ctur
esin
publ
ic,
Cat
hari
neB
eech
erpe
rcei
ves
her
asm
anni
sh,
even
mon
stro
usly
so.
Wom
en,
accu
stom
edto
bein
gth
esp
ecta
cle
disp
laye
dto
mal
ede
sire
,of
ten
expe
rien
ceth
evi
sibi
lity
ofpu
blic
spac
eas
aki
ndof
inti
mat
evu
lner
abili
ty.
Men
,by
cont
rast
,of
ten
feel
thei
rm
ascu
linity
chal
leng
edw
hen
thei
rbo
dies
are
ondi
spla
yas
obje
cts
ofer
otic
des
ire.
4In
the
case
ofse
xual
ity,
too,
not
all
sexu
alit
ies
are
publ
icor
priv
ate
inth
esa
me
way
.Sa
me-
sex
pers
ons
kiss
ing,
embr
acin
g,or
hold
ing
hand
sin
publ
icvi
ewco
mm
only
exci
tedi
sgus
tev
ento
the
poin
tof
viol
ence
,w
here
asm
ixed
-sex
pers
ons
doin
gth
esa
me
thin
gsar
ein
visi
bly
ordi
nary
,ev
enap
plau
ded.
Nel
lybo
ysar
esa
idto
be“f
laun
ting
”th
eir
sexu
ality
, jus
tby
swis
hing
orlis
ping
.T
hey
are
told
toke
epit
toth
emse
lves
,ev
enth
ough
the
“it”
inqu
esti
onis
thei
rre
lati
onto
thei
row
nbo
dies
.B
utch
men
,m
eanw
hile
,ca
nsw
agge
rag
gres
sive
lyw
itho
utbe
ing
accu
sed
offl
aunt
ing
anyt
hing
.Ju
stas
fem
inis
tssi
nce
Fann
yW
righ
tha
vefo
und
that
toch
alle
nge
mal
edo
min
atio
nin
publ
icis
toch
ange
both
fem
inin
ity
and
the
norm
sof
publ
icbe
havi
or,
lesb
ians
and
gay
men
have
foun
dth
atto
chal
leng
eth
eno
rms
ofst
raig
htcu
ltur
ein
publ
icis
todi
stur
bde
epan
dun
wri
tten
rule
sab
out
the
kind
sof
beha
vior
and
erot
icis
mth
atar
eap
prop
riat
eto
the
publ
ic.
Publ
ican
dpr
ivat
ear
ebo
und
upw
ith
elem
enta
ryre
latio
nsto
lang
uage
asw
ell
asto
the
body
.T
heac
quis
ition
ofla
ngua
geis
aned
ucat
ion
into
publ
ican
dpr
ivat
esp
eech
genr
esan
dth
eir
dif
fer
ent
soci
alco
ntex
ts,
whi
char
eco
mm
only
cont
exts
ofge
nder
.In
one
sens
e,m
uch
emph
asiz
edby
Lud
wig
Wit
tgen
stei
n,al
lla
ngu
age
and
all
thou
ght
are
publ
ic,
afe
atur
eof
the
lang
uage
gam
esth
atm
ake
inte
lligi
bilit
ypo
ssib
le.
Yet
ther
ear
ede
gree
sof
form
ality
insp
eech
and
wri
ting
that
crea
tea
cont
inuu
mof
publ
icne
ss.
Inm
any
lang
uage
s,th
ese
are
shar
ply
divi
ded
and
lexi
cally
dist
inct
,as
with
the
Fren
chtu
toye
ran
dvo
uvoy
er.
Am
ong
the
Xav
ante
stud
ied
byL
aura
Gra
ham
,th
epu
blic
spee
chof
the
mor
ning
and
even
ing
adul
t-m
ale
conv
ocat
ions
ism
arke
dby
sing
ing
styl
es,
poly
phon
icdi
scou
rse,
and
spec
ial p
roto
cols
ofpr
onou
nus
age
and
verb
con
juga
tions
,as
wel
las
body
post
ure.
SIn
man
yso
ciet
ies,
incl
udin
gth
eX
avan
te, c
lass
ical
Ath
ens,
and
the
ante
bell
umU
nite
dSt
ates
,th
ese
diff
eren
ces
are
fran
kly
avow
edas
diff
eren
ces
ofst
atus
and
gend
er:
men
can
spea
kin
publ
icco
ncou
rse,
wom
enca
nnot
.T
hed
iffe
ren
cebe
twee
nge
nres
ofpr
ivat
ean
dpu
blic
spee
chan
chor
sth
ese
nse
ofho
me
and
intim
acy,
onon
eha
nd,
and
soci
alpe
rson
ality
,on
the
othe
r.T
hedi
ffer
ent
sens
esof
self
and
mem
bers
hip
med
iate
dby
thes
eco
ntex
tsca
nse
emsc
arce
lyco
mpa
rabl
e.Pa
rent
s,lo
vers
,st
rang
ers,
orpe
ers
may
appe
arin
one
cont
ext
but
not
the
othe
r.In
mod
ern
cult
ure,
whe
reth
ere
are
som
any
diff
eren
tge
nres
ofsp
eech
and
wri
ting
,ea
chw
itha
diff
eren
tco
ntex
tfo
ron
e’s
pers
onal
ity,
the
felt
gap
betw
een
publ
icse
lves
orro
les
and
priv
ate
ones
has
give
nri
seto
aR
oman
tic
long
ing
for
unity
—at
leas
tam
ong
thos
ew
ithth
e
24
2c
PU
DL
ICS
AN
DC
OU
NT
RP
UB
LP
UU
LC
AN
DP
RU
Aih
priv
ilege
ofbe
ing
publ
ic.
(The
mos
tfa
mou
sex
ampl
eis
Rou
ssea
u’s
Cox
frss
ions
,a
kind
ofm
oder
nsu
cces
sor
tol)
ioge
nes.
)T
hat
long
ing
for
unity
can
also
bese
enin
mod
esof
colle
ctiv
epu
blic
inti
mac
ysu
chas
ecst
atic
spir
itual
ity.
Inev
itabl
y,id
enti
typo
litic
sits
elf
mag
netiz
essu
chlo
ngin
gs,
affi
rmin
gpr
ivat
eid
entit
yth
roug
hpub
licpo
litic
san
dpr
omis
ing
tohe
aldi
visi
ons
ofth
epo
litic
alw
orld
byan
chor
ing
them
inth
eau
then
tica
lly
pers
onal
real
man
dits
soli
clar
ity.
Inth
eid
eals
ofet
hnic
iden
tity.
orsi
ster
hood
,or
gay
prid
e,to
take
the
mos
tco
mm
onex
ampl
es,
anas
sert
ive
and
affi
rmat
ive
con
cept
ofid
enti
tyse
enis
toac
hiev
ea
corr
espo
nden
cebe
twee
npub
licex
iste
nce
and
priv
ate
self
.Id
enti
typo
litic
sin
this
sens
ese
ems
tom
any
peop
lea
way
ofov
erco
min
gbo
thth
ede
nial
ofpu
blic
exis
tenc
eth
atis
soof
ten
the
form
ofdo
min
atio
nan
dth
ein
coher
ence
ofth
eex
peri
ence
that
dom
inat
ion
crea
tes,
anex
peri
ence
that
ofte
nfe
els
mor
elik
ein
visi
bilit
yth
anlik
eth
eki
ndof
priv
acy
you
valu
e.
Def
init
ions
and
Conte
xts
Thr
ough
out
the
Wes
tern
trad
itio
n,pr
ivat
ean
dpu
blic
have
been
com
mon
lyan
dse
nsib
lyun
ders
tood
asdi
stin
ctzo
nes.
The
bound
ary
betw
een
bedr
oom
and
mar
ket,
hom
ean
dm
eeti
ngho
use
can
bech
alle
nged
orvi
olat
ed,
but
itis
atle
ast
clea
ren
ough
tobe
spat
ially
dist
inct
.M
ovin
gfr
omon
eto
anot
her
isex
peri
ence
das
cros
sing
aba
rrie
ror
mak
ing
atr
ansi
tion
—lik
ego
ing
from
the
pri
vacy
ofon
e’s
bedr
oom
toth
epu
blic
room
ofa
conv
enti
onha
il.In
med
ieva
lth
ough
t(w
hich
inhe
rite
da
noti
onof
the
res p
ublic
afr
omR
oman
law
),th
epu
blic
was
alm
ost
sole
lya
spat
ial
conc
ept,
mea
nin
gan
ythi
ngop
en,
such
asth
eou
tsid
ew
all
ofa
hous
e.M
oder
ncu
ltur
eha
sre
draw
nth
esp
atia
ldi
stin
ctio
n,ad
ding
new
laye
rsof
mea
ning
toth
ete
rm“p
ublic
”bu
tpr
eser
ving
the
idea
ofph
ysi
cal
boun
dari
es.
Nin
etee
nth-
and
twen
tiet
h-ce
ntur
ym
iddl
e-cl
ass
arch
itec
ture
,fo
rex
ampl
e,se
para
tes
parl
ors
or“l
ivin
gro
oms”
from
fam
ilyquarte
rs
or
“wit
hdra
win
gro
oms,
”tr
ying
toer
ectli
ter
alw
alls
betw
een
publ
ican
dpr
ivat
efu
ncti
ons
even
wit
hin
the
hom
e.(C
atha
rinc
Bee
cher
spec
ializ
edin
this
new
styl
eof
born
eec
onom
ics.
)M
oder
nA
mer
ican
law
freq
uent
lyde
fine
spr
ivac
yas
azo
neof
noni
nter
fere
nce
draw
nar
ound
the
hom
e.So
stro
ngis
this
asso
ciat
ion
that
cour
tsha
veso
met
imes
refu
sed
tore
cogn
ize
ari
ght
topr
ivac
yin
othe
rsp
aces
.B
utth
isid
eolo
gyan
dits
arch
itec
ture
repr
esen
tan
idea
lor
ex
trem
ety
pe.
Publ
ican
dpr
hatc
arc
not
alw
ays
sim
ple
enou
ghth
aton
eco
uld
code
them
ona
map
ithdi
ffer
ent
colo
rs—
pink
for
priv
ate
and
blue
for
publ
ic.
The
term
sal
sode
scri
beso
cial
con
text
s,ki
nds
offe
elin
g,an
dge
nres
ofla
ngua
ge.
Soal
thou
ghpu
blic
and
priv
ate
seem
socl
earl
yop
pose
dth
atth
eir
viol
atio
nca
npro
duce
ash
arp
feel
ing
ofre
vuls
ion,
the
term
sha
vem
any
diff
eren
tm
eani
ngs
that
ofte
ngo
unno
tice
d.H
owev
erdi
sgus
ting
Cat
hari
neB
eech
erfo
und
the
idea
ofa
wom
anle
ctur
ing
inpu
blic
,fo
rex
ampl
e,he
row
nw
ritin
gson
the
subj
ect
wer
epr
ofou
ndly
publ
ic:
they
wer
epu
blis
hed
(tha
tis
,pri
nte
dan
dm
arke
ted)
;th
eyad
dres
sed
the
pow
erfu
lid
eal
ofpu
blic
opin
ion;
and
they
esta
blis
hed
Bee
cher
asa
figu
reof
publ
icfa
me
and
auth
ority
.l)
espi
teth
ese
lf-
evid
ent
clar
ityof
the
dist
inct
ion,
diff
eren
tse
nses
ofpu
blic
orpri
vate
typi
cally
inte
rmin
gle
inth
isw
ay.
Apr
ivat
eco
nver
satio
nca
nta
kepl
ace
ina
publ
icfo
rum
;a
kitc
hen
can
beco
me
apu
blic
gat
her
ing
plac
e;a
priv
ate
bedr
oom
can
bepu
blic
and
com
mer
cial
spac
e,as
ina
hote
l;a
radi
oca
nbr
ing
publ
icdi
scus
sion
into
abat
hro
om,
and
soon
.A
mer
ican
cour
ts,
too,
have
deve
lope
dot
her
way
sof
defi
ning
publ
ican
dpr
ivat
ein
whi
chth
ete
rms
refe
rto
rela
tions
hips
rath
erth
anpl
aces
.T
heri
ght
topr
ivac
y,lb
rex
ampl
e,ca
nbe
linke
dto
mar
riag
eor
the
righ
tto
form
inti
mat
eas
soci
atio
ns.
Or
itca
nbe
defi
ned
byid
eals
ofau
tono
my
and
self
-det
erm
inat
ion,
asin
the
noti
onof
repr
oduc
tive
free
dom
.in
som
eof
thes
eco
ncep
tion
s,pu
blic
ness
and
priv
acy
belo
ngto
diff
eren
t
26
27
PU
SL
CS
AN
Dco
uN
rE
pp
uD
Lics
PU
UL
CA
ND
PR
IVA
rs
plac
es;
inot
her
conc
epti
ons,
they
belo
ngto
diff
eren
tre
lati
on
ship
s,in
still
othe
rsto
pers
ons.
The
sedi
ffer
ence
sca
nha
veco
nfl
ictin
gim
plic
atio
nsin
law
asin
theo
ry.
6In
law
asin
theo
ry,
mor
eove
r,pu
blic
and
priv
ate
can
times
beus
edas
desc
ript
ive,
valu
e-ne
utra
lte
rms,
sim
ply
asa
way
tom
ake
sens
eof
obse
rved
prac
tice
.A
tot
her
times
,th
eyar
eus
edas
norm
ativ
e,ev
alua
tive
term
s,na
min
gan
din
voki
ngid
eals
that
are
not
alw
ays
obse
rved
.A
ndth
eyca
nha
veon
eap
plic
atio
no
ut
side
aco
ntex
t,as
anal
ytic
orqu
asi-
obje
ctiv
eca
tego
ries
, whi
lehav
ing
quite
anot
her
insi
dea
cont
ext,
orie
ntin
gpe
ople
todi
ffer
ent
pole
sin
thei
row
nex
peri
ence
:pe
ople
’spr
ivat
eco
nver
satio
ns,
for
exam
ple,
can
bere
gard
edby
ath
ird
part
yas
publ
icop
inio
n.To
conf
use
mat
ters
furt
her,
the
term
sof
ten
seem
tobe
de
fine
dag
ains
tea
chot
her,
with
norm
ativ
epr
efer
ence
for
one
term
;bu
tth
isis
not
alw
ays
the
case
.T
hepr
ivat
e(f
rom
priv
atus
,de
priv
ed)
was
orig
inal
lyco
ncei
ved
asth
ene
gati
onor
priv
atio
nof
publ
icva
lue,
Itha
dno
valu
ein
itsow
nri
ght.
But
inth
em
oder
npe
riod
,th
isha
sch
ange
d,an
dpr
ivac
yha
sta
ken
ona
dist
inct
ive
valu
eof
itsow
n,in
seve
ral
diff
eren
tre
gist
ers:
asfr
eedo
m,
ind
ivi
dual
ity,
inw
ardn
ess,
auth
enti
city
,an
dso
on.
Publ
ican
dpr
ivat
eso
met
imes
com
pete
,so
met
imes
com
plem
ent
each
othe
r,an
dso
met
imes
are
mer
ely
part
sof
ala
rger
seri
esof
clas
sifi
catio
nsth
atin
clud
es,
say,
loca
l,do
mes
tic,
pers
onal
,po
liti
cal,
econ
omic
,or
inti
mat
e.A
lmos
tev
ery
maj
orcu
ltur
alch
ange
—fr
omC
hris
tiani
tyto
prin
ting
tops
ycho
anal
ysis
—ha
sle
fta
new
sedi
men
tary
laye
rin
the
mea
ning
ofth
epu
blic
and
the
priv
ate.
(Pri
ntcu
ltur
ega
veus
publ
icat
ion;
psyc
hoan
alys
is, a
new
sens
eof
the
priv
ate
pers
on.)
Inm
oder
nco
ntex
ts,
the
term
sha
vebe
enus
edin
man
ydi
ffer
ent
and
over
lapp
ing
sens
es,
com
bini
ngle
gaci
esfr
omcl
assi
cal
thou
ght
and
law
wit
hm
oder
nfo
rms
ofso
cial
orga
niza
tion
.It
isno
won
der,
then
,th
atso
man
yth
inke
rsha
veso
ught
toso
rtou
tth
ete
rms,
tobr
ing
toth
ema
kind
ofcl
arit
yth
atus
age
seld
ompr
ovid
es,
one
that
mig
htdo
just
ice
toth
eis
cera
lco
nvic
tion
that
ther
eou
ght
tobe
acl
ear
dist
inct
ion.
Som
eth
inke
rsha
vedo
neso
ener
geti
call
yen
ough
that
thei
rac
coun
tsha
vebe
com
epa
rtof
the
term
s’sy
mbo
licw
eigh
t;ex
ampl
esdi
scus
sed
here
are
Imm
anue
lK
ant,
Han
nah
Are
ndt,
and
lurg
enll
aber
mas
.Y
etat
tem
pts
tofr
ame
publ
ican
dpr
ivat
eas
ash
arp
dist
inct
ion
oran
tin
omy
have
inva
riab
lyco
me
togr
ief,
whi
leat
tem
pts
toco
llaps
eor
dow
itho
utth
emha
vepr
oven
equa
llyun
satis
fyin
g.It
mig
htbe
usef
ul,
ther
efor
e,to
cons
ider
the
rang
eof
the
ofte
nco
nfli
ctin
gm
eani
ngs
ofpu
blic
and
priv
ate.
The
rela
tion
ofpu
blic
topr
ivat
eca
nta
kean
yof
the
follo
win
gfo
rms
atle
ast:
rest
rict
edto
som
e
clos
edev
ento
thos
ew
hoco
uld
pay
nons
tate
,be
long
ing
toci
vil
so
cie
ty;
now
ofte
nca
lled
priv
ate
sect
or
nonp
oliti
cal
nono
filc
ial
5)of
fici
al
6)co
mm
onsp
ecia
l
7)im
pers
onal
8)na
tiona
lor
popu
lar
9)in
tern
atio
nal
orunie
rsal
10)
inph
ysic
alvi
ewof
othe
rs
11)
outs
ide
the
hom
e12
)ci
rcul
ated
inpr
int
orel
ectr
onic
med
ia13
)kn
own
idelv
14)
ackn
owle
dged
and
expli
cit
tacit
and
impl
icit
15)
“the
wor
ldits
elf,
inso
far
asit
isco
mm
onto
a11of
usan
ddis
tm
guis
hed
from
our
priv
atel
yow
ned
plac
ein
it”
(as
Are
ndt
puts
itin
The
Hum
anC
ondi
tion
).7
Publ
icPr
ivat
e
1)op
ento
ever
yone
2)ac
cess
ible
for
mon
ey
3)st
ate-
rela
ted;
now
ofte
n
calle
dpu
blic
sect
or
4)po
litic
alI
pers
onal
grou
p,cl
ass,
orlo
cale
part
icul
aror
fini
te
conc
eale
d
dom
esti
c
circ
ulat
edor
ally
orin
man
uscr
ipt
know
nto
initi
ates
282
9
PU
6L
CS
AN
DC
DU
NT
ER
PU
NL
ICS
PU
BL
ICA
ND
PR
VA
l
Mat
ters
are
furt
her
com
plic
ated
byse
vera
lse
nses
ofpr
ivat
eth
atha
veno
corr
espo
ndin
gse
nse
ofpu
blic
,in
clud
ing:
16)
rela
ted
toth
ein
divi
dual
, esp
ecia
llyto
inw
ardn
ess,
subj
ectiv
eex
perie
nce,
and
the
inco
mm
unic
able
17)
dis
cret
ely
or
pro
per
lyco
mp
ort
ed,
inth
ese
nse
ofth
eFr
ench
pude
ur(g
rasp
edin
Engl
ish
only
thro
ugh
itsop
posi
te.
impu
denc
e.as
whe
nB
eech
erac
cuse
sFa
nny
Wri
ght
of“b
are-
fced
impu
denc
e”)
18)
geni
tal
orse
xual
The
rear
eal
soa
vari
ety
ofle
gal
cont
exts
,fr
omco
nsti
tuti
onal
law
topr
oper
tyla
w,
each
with
itsow
nin
flec
tion
ofpr
ivac
y.In
the
tra
diti
onof
Gri
swol
dv.
Con
nect
icut
and
Bow
ers
v.H
ardw
ick,
for
ex
ampl
e,he
tero
sexu
alm
arri
age
isde
fine
das
a“z
one
ofpr
ivac
y”w
ith
spec
ial
prot
ecti
ons
agai
nst
stat
ein
curs
ion.
5“P
ubli
c,”
too,
isan
exce
edin
gly
com
plex
noun
,an
dw
hat
ism
eant
by“t
hepu
blic
”or
“apu
blic
”or
“the
publ
icsp
here
”w
illre
quir
ea
good
deal
ofex
plan
atio
nbe
low
.(S
eeth
efo
llow
ing
essa
y,“P
ublic
san
dC
ount
erpu
blic
s.”)
Publ
icity
,to
o,is
adi
stin
ctco
nce
pt,
mea
ning
not
mer
ely
publ
icne
ssor
open
ness
but
the
use
ofm
edia
,an
inst
rum
enta
lpu
blic
ness
asso
ciat
edm
ost
with
adve
rtis
ing
and
publ
icre
lati
ons.
Non
eof
thes
ete
rms
has
ase
nse
that
isex
actly
para
llel
toor
oppo
site
ofpr
ivat
e.N
one
are
sim
ple
oppo
sitio
ns,
orbi
nari
es.
Bec
ause
the
cont
exts
over
lap,
mos
tth
ings
are
priv
ate
inon
ese
nse
and
publ
icin
anot
her.
Boo
ksca
nbe
pub
lishe
dpr
ivat
ely;
apu
blic
thea
ter
can
bea
priv
ate
ente
rpri
se;
apri
vate
life
can
bedi
scus
sed
publ
icly
,an
dso
on.
Mar
riag
e,to
o,is
thou
ght
ofin
mod
ern
cult
ure
asth
eul
tim
ate
priv
ate
rela
tion
,bu
tev
ery
mar
riag
ein
volv
esth
est
ate
ifit
isto
carr
yth
efo
rce
ofla
w.
Itw
illbe
seen
belo
wth
atth
epu
blic
sphe
rein
llab
erm
as’s
infl
uen
tial
acco
unt
ispr
ivat
ein
seve
ral
cruc
ial s
ense
s.A
ndm
uch
wor
kon
gend
eran
dse
xual
ityin
cult
ural
stud
ies
has
show
nth
atpu
blic
sin
ario
us
way
sen
able
priv
acy,
prov
idin
gre
sour
ces
for
inte
rior
ity
and
cont
exts
for
self
-ela
bora
tion
.“P
ublic
”an
d“p
riva
te”
are
cru
cial
term
sfo
run
ders
tand
ing
thes
eex
ampl
es.
But
inea
chca
se,
the
term
sne
edto
beun
ders
tood
inm
ore
than
one
cont
ext
and
with
som
eat
tent
ion
toth
eir
hist
ory.
Alt
houg
hm
any
form
sof
the
publ
ic/p
riva
tedi
stin
ctio
nha
ve
been
chal
leng
edin
fem
inis
man
din
quee
rth
eory
,w
esh
ould
not
forg
etth
ata
chal
leng
eto
one
form
ofth
edi
stin
ctio
nm
ayno
tne
cess
arily
have
the
sam
eim
plic
atio
nsfo
rot
hers
.N
one
ofth
eve
rsio
nsof
publ
ican
dpr
ivat
eli
sted
abov
eca
nbe
dism
isse
das
mer
ely
arch
aic,
sinc
eth
eyar
eim
man
ent
toa
host
ofno
rms
and
inst
itut
ions
ofm
oder
nlif
ean
dm
ayin
man
yre
spec
tsbe
desi
rabl
e.
Itre
mai
nsas
diff
icul
tno
was
itw
asfo
rI)
ioge
nes’
sfe
llow
citiz
ens
toim
agin
ea
wor
ldith
neit
her
publ
icno
rpr
ivat
e.
Publi
can
dP
rivat
ein
Fem
inis
tT
heo
ry
Any
orga
nize
dat
tem
ptto
tran
sfor
mge
nder
orse
xual
ityis
ap
ub
licqu
esti
onin
gof
priv
ate
life,
and
thus
the
criti
cal
stud
yof
gend
eran
dse
xual
ityen
tail
sa
prob
lem
ofpu
blic
and
priv
ate
inits
own
prac
tice.
Bot
hth
eco
ntem
pora
ryw
omen
’sm
ovem
ent
and
gay
lib
erat
ion
took
shap
eas
soci
alm
ovem
ents
inth
e19
60s,
whe
nco
un
terc
ultu
reha
dbe
gun
toim
agin
ea
polit
ics
that
wou
ldtr
ansf
orm
pers
onal
life
acro
ssth
ebo
ard,
givi
ngpu
blic
rele
vanc
eto
the
mos
tpr
ivat
em
atte
rs.
Oth
erso
cial
mov
emen
ts—
tem
pera
nce,
aboli
tion
,la
bor,
suff
rage
,an
tira
cism
—ha
dal
soch
alle
nged
prev
ailin
gno
rms
ofpu
blic
and
priv
ate.
Ale
adin
gde
fens
eof
raci
alse
greg
a
tion
inth
eA
mer
ican
Sout
h,fo
rex
ampl
e,w
asth
atpr
ivat
eow
ners
ofpr
oper
tyor
busi
ness
esha
dth
eri
ght
toad
mit
who
mth
eych
ose,
just
beca
use
itw
aspr
ivat
epr
oper
ty.
Tofi
ght
such
argu
men
ts,
it
was
nece
ssar
yto
adva
nce
ast
rong
visi
onof
the
publ
icre
leva
nce
ofpr
ivat
elif
e,a
visi
onex
pres
sed
inth
eph
rase
“civ
ilri
ghts
:’E
ven
tnor
e,th
ough
,th
ew
omen
’san
dga
ym
ovem
ents
repr
esen
ted
30
31
PU
BL
IC
sA
ND
CO
UN
TE
RP
UB
LIC
P,B
LlC
AN
DP
RIV
AF
E
grou
psw
how
ere
byde
fini
tion
link
edto
aco
nven
tion
alu
nd
erst
andi
ngof
priv
ate
life
—ge
nder
role
s,se
xual
ity,
the
hom
ean
dfa
mily
.T
hey
wer
epu
blic
mov
emen
tsco
ntes
ting
the
mos
tpr
ivat
ean
din
tim
ate
mat
ters
.T
heir
very
entr
yin
topu
blic
polit
ics
seem
edsc
anda
lous
orin
appr
opri
ate.
An
unde
rsta
ndin
gof
publ
ican
dp
riva
tew
asim
plie
dno
tju
stin
thei
rth
eori
esan
dpo
licy
plat
form
sbu
tin
thei
rve
ryex
iste
nce
asm
ovem
ents
.In
seco
nd-w
ave
fem
inis
mat
the
heig
htof
iden
tity
poli
tics
,m
any
took
afa
irly
radi
cal,
even
drac
onia
nso
luti
onto
the
prob
lem
ofpu
blic
and
priv
ate.
The
yar
gued
that
the
dist
inct
ion
was
vir
tual
lysy
nony
mou
sw
ithpa
tria
rchy
.M
ale
was
topu
blic
asfe
mal
ew
asto
priv
ate.
Ina
1974
essa
yti
tled
“Wom
an,
Cul
ture
,an
dSo
ciet
y:A
The
oret
ical
Ove
rvie
w,”
Mic
helle
Zir
nbal
ist
Ros
aldo
clai
med
that
the
gend
erin
gof
publ
ican
dpr
ivat
ehe
lped
toex
plai
nth
esu
bord
ina
tion
ofw
omen
cros
s-cu
ltura
lly.
Inth
isco
ntex
t,pr
ivat
em
eant
dom
esti
csp
aces
and
func
tion
s,an
dpu
blic
refe
rred
toco
ntex
tsin
whi
chm
ensp
oke
and
mad
ede
cisi
ons
for
the
com
mun
ity.
9T
here
has
been
muc
hde
bate
abou
tho
ww
idel
yth
ispa
tter
nho
lds.
The
wom
en’s
righ
tsm
ovem
ent
had
com
ein
tobe
ing
agai
nst
anes
peci
ally
rigi
dve
rsio
nof
this
spat
ializ
edan
dge
nder
edsc
hem
e,th
ese
para
te-s
pher
eid
eolo
gyof
the
nine
teen
thce
ntur
y.B
utR
os
aldo
’sth
eory
laid
itat
the
orig
ins
ofm
ascu
lini
stcu
ltur
e.Je
anB
ethk
eE
lsht
ain,
conc
erne
dw
ithth
eno
rmat
ive
deve
lopm
ent
ofth
ete
rms
inW
este
rnth
ough
t,w
ascr
itica
lof
the
over
sim
plif
ica
tions
inth
isar
gum
ent.
Yet
she
trac
edth
een
dura
nce
ofa
gend
ered
oppo
siti
onof
publ
ican
dpr
ivat
efr
omPl
ato
and
Ari
stot
leto
mod
ern
tho
ug
ht.
1°E
ithe
rw
ay, t
hesc
ale
ofth
epr
oble
mw
asen
orm
ous.
Car
olP
atem
anw
asab
leto
clai
mth
at“t
hedi
chot
omy
betw
een
the
priv
ate
and
the
publ
icis
cent
ral
toal
mos
ttw
oce
ntur
ies
offe
min
ist
wri
ting
and
polit
ical
stru
ggle
;it
is,ul
timat
ely,
wha
tth
efe
min
ist
mov
emen
tis
abo
ut.
”11
One
cons
eque
nce
was
tose
edo
mes
tic
and
priv
ate
mat
ters
,
norm
ally
outs
ide
the
publ
icvi
ew,
asno
wbe
ing
ale
gitim
ate
area
of
com
mon
conc
ern.
Inpr
acti
ce,
this
mea
ntno
tju
stpu
blic
opin
ion
but
stat
ein
terv
enti
onin
thin
gslik
em
arit
alra
pe,
spou
sal
abus
e,
divo
rce,
pros
titu
tion
,an
dab
orti
onri
ghts
.E
ncou
nter
ing
mal
e
dom
inat
ion
mai
nly
inth
esp
aces
usua
llyca
lled
priv
ate,
nota
bly
the
hom
e,w
omen
coul
don
lyst
rugg
leag
ains
tth
atdo
min
atio
nby
see
ing
itas
aki
ndof
polit
ics.
Inth
ew
ords
ofC
atha
rine
Mac
Kin
non,
“For
wom
enth
em
easu
reof
intim
acy
has
been
the
mea
sure
ofth
e
oppr
essi
on.
Thi
sis
why
fem
inis
mha
sha
dto
expl
ode
the
priv
ate.
Thi
sis
why
fem
inis
mha
sse
enth
epe
rson
alas
the
poli
tica
l.T
he
priv
ate
isth
epu
blic
fr
thos
efo
rw
hom
the
pers
onal
isth
epoli
ti
cal.
Inth
isse
nse,
ther
eis
nopr
ivat
e,ei
ther
norm
ativ
ely
orem
pir
ical
ly:’
1’T
his
isa
fair
lyex
trem
efo
rmul
atio
n,an
dto
som
ede
gree
a
cont
radi
ctor
yon
e,si
nce
one
mea
ning
ofpr
ivac
yis
bodi
lyau
ton
omy
and
itspr
otec
tion
from
viol
ence
;M
acK
inno
ndr
aws
onth
isno
rmat
ive
idea
lev
enas
she
clai
ms
to“e
xplo
de”
priv
acy.
She
does
sobe
caus
esh
eis
wri
ting
inth
eco
ntex
tof
Roe
v.W
ade,
crit
iciz
ing
wha
tsh
ese
esas
the
inad
equa
telib
eral
logi
cby
whi
chab
orti
onis
legi
timat
edon
lyas
apr
ivat
epr
ivile
gera
ther
than
asa
publ
icri
ght.
Oth
erfe
min
ists
puta
diff
eren
tem
phas
ison
the
crit
ique
ofp
ub
lican
dpr
ivat
e.Pa
tem
anar
gued
that
the
prac
tical
cons
eque
nce
of
the
fem
inis
tcr
itiq
uew
ould
bem
uch
broa
der
than
wom
enen
ter
ing
publ
icar
enas
rese
rved
for
men
,th
ew
ayFa
nny
Wri
ght
trie
dto
doin
the
1820
s;ra
ther
,it
wou
ldbe
anen
tire
tran
sfor
mat
ion
of
gend
erro
les,
for
men
asw
ell
asw
omen
,le
adin
gto
aw
orld
in
whi
chth
edi
ffer
ence
sbe
twee
nw
omen
and
men
wou
ldbe
syst
em
atic
ally
unco
uple
dfr
omth
edi
visi
ons
betw
een
hom
ean
dpu
blic
,in
divi
dual
and
colle
ctiv
elif
e,pe
rson
alan
dpo
litic
al.M
ost
imm
edi
atel
y,“I
fw
omen
are
topa
rtic
ipat
efu
lly,
aseq
uals
,in
soci
allif
e,m
enha
veto
shar
eeq
uall
yin
chil
d-re
arin
gan
dot
her
dom
esti
cta
sks.
”M
ore
gene
rally
,“E
qual
pare
ntin
gan
deq
ual
part
icip
atio
nin
othe
rac
tiviti
esof
dom
esti
clif
epr
esup
pose
som
era
dica
lch
ange
s
32
33
PU
BL
CS
AN
DC
OU
NT
ER
PU
DL
IC
S
inth
epu
blic
sphe
re,i
nth
eor
gani
zati
onof
prod
ucti
on,
inw
hat
we
mea
nby
‘wor
k’an
din
the
prac
tice
ofci
tizen
ship
.”H
The
sear
gum
ents
infe
min
ist
scho
lars
hip
are
rela
ted
toth
epo
litic
alst
rate
gyde
clar
edin
the
fam
ous
slog
an“T
hepe
rson
alis
p0-
liti
caL
”4
Thi
ssl
ogan
can
beta
ken
tom
ean
man
ydi
ffer
ent
thin
gs.
The
mos
tba
sic
isth
atth
eso
cial
arra
ngem
ents
stru
ctur
ing
priv
ate
life,
dom
esti
cho
useh
olds
,int
imac
y,ge
nder
,an
dse
xual
ityar
enei
ther
neut
ral
nor
imm
utab
le,
that
they
can
bese
enas
rela
tions
ofpo
wer
and
subj
ect
totr
ansf
orm
atio
n.T
heim
plic
atio
nsof
this
insi
ght,
Iha
rdly
need
toad
d,ar
est
illun
fold
ing.
Inth
ew
ords
ofon
esc
hola
r,it
isth
e“u
niqu
ean
dw
orld
hist
oric
alac
hiev
emen
t”of
the
wom
en’s
mov
emen
tto
have
laid
bare
“the
soci
alna
ture
ofth
efa
mily
,th
e‘p
ublic
’na
ture
ofth
e‘p
riva
te,’
the
inte
rnal
connec
tions
that
exis
tbe
twee
nth
efa
mily
and
the
econ
omy.
”Fo
rot
hers
,“t
hepe
rson
alis
poli
tica
l”m
eans
not
that
per
sona
llif
eco
uld
betr
ansf
orm
edby
polit
ical
actio
nbu
tth
atpo
litic
ssh
ould
bepe
rson
aliz
ed;
that
is,
ever
yone
’spo
litic
alvi
ews
shou
ldbe
read
asex
pres
sing
his
orhe
rpa
rtic
ular
,su
bjec
tive
inte
rest
s—
iden
titi
esof
race
,cl
ass,
gend
er,
and
sexu
alit
yin
evit
ably
colo
rev
eryo
ne’s
pers
pect
ive.
Thi
sse
cond
inte
rpre
tati
onof
“the
per
sona
lis
polit
ical
”le
ads
toa
som
etim
esdi
sabl
ing
skep
ticis
mab
out
any
clai
mto
tran
scen
denc
eor
any
appe
alto
univ
ersa
lid
eals
orth
eco
mm
ongo
od.
Bot
hof
thes
evi
ews
—th
epo
litic
alcr
itiq
ueof
pers
onal
life
and
the
iden
tita
rian
crit
ique
ofpo
liti
cal
life
—ar
eof
ten
desc
ribe
d,co
nfus
ingl
yen
ough
,as
iden
tity
polit
ics.
The
very
succ
ess
ofth
efe
min
ist
crit
ique
ofpu
blic
and
priv
ate
has
led
tone
wqu
esti
ons.
If“t
hepe
rson
alis
poli
tica
l,”is
adis
tinc
tion
betw
een
publ
ican
dpr
ivat
eal
way
sto
bere
ject
ed,
orex
plod
ed,
asM
acK
inno
npu
tsit
?T
hesl
ogan
requ
ires
are
lati
vely
broa
dse
nse
of“p
oliti
cal,”
tom
ean
cont
este
dor
shap
edby
dom
ina
tion
;it
leav
esva
gue
the
ques
tion
whe
ther
ineq
uiti
esin
“per
sona
llif
e”ar
eto
bere
dres
sed
thro
ugh
priv
ate
actio
n,no
n-st
ate
publ
icac
tion,
orst
ate
inte
rven
tion
,al
lof
whi
chca
nbe
polit
ical
in
this
broa
dse
nse.
For
man
y,it
has
been
unde
rsto
odto
mea
nth
at
thes
edi
stin
ctio
nssh
ould
nolo
nger
mat
ter.
Perh
aps
rhet
oric
ally
Joan
Wal
lach
Scot
tcl
aim
edin
Gen
der
and
the
Polit
ics
ofH
isto
ry(1
988)
that
the
polit
ics
ofge
nder
“dis
solv
es
the
dist
inct
ion
betw
een
publ
ican
dpri
vate
’Su
chrh
etor
iclu
mps
toge
ther
the
enor
mou
sra
nge
ofth
em
eani
ngs
ofpu
blic
and
pri
ate
,an
dit
has
ther
ehre
been
blam
edfo
rev
eryt
hing
from
the
rise
inco
nfes
sion
alm
emoi
rsto
polit
ical
corr
ectn
ess
and
the
to
tali
tari
ante
nden
cies
ofso
me
legi
slat
ive
refo
rmpr
ogra
ms
(hat
e
spee
chla
ws,
anti
porn
ogra
phy
stat
utes
,an
dsu
ch).
Mac
Kin
non’
s
lega
lpro
gra
ms
inpa
rtic
ular
,ha
vebe
ense
enas
just
ifyi
ngan
au
thori
tari
anst
yle
ofst
ate
regu
lati
onin
the
way
the)
’le
adto
the
crim
inal
izat
iofl
ofpo
rnog
raph
yan
dse
xra
ther
than
dom
inat
ion
or
hara
ssm
ent
per
se.
Sho
uld
noth
ing
bepr
ivat
e?O
r,on
the
oth
er
hand
,sh
ould
ever
ythi
ngbe
priv
atiz
ed?
Sho
uld
the
stat
ein
terv
ene
totr
ansf
orm
gend
erre
lati
ons
inth
ew
orkp
lace
and
hous
ehol
dV7
The
answ
ers
toth
ese
ques
tion
sha
veco
nseq
uenc
efo
rm
atte
rs
ofeq
uity
.af
firm
ativ
eac
tion,
abor
tion
,bi
rth
cont
rol,
rape
,ad
op
tion
,di
vorc
ean
dch
ildsu
pport
pali
mon
y,se
xual
hara
ssm
ent,
wel
fare
,hea
lth
care
,da
yca
re,
segr
egat
eded
ucat
ion,
and
soon
.In
man
yof
thes
ear
eas,
fem
inis
men
cour
aged
anac
tivi
stst
ate
to
asse
rtth
epu
blic
rele
vanc
eof
priv
ate
life.
Yet
the
effe
ctw
asno
t,
asso
me
fem
inis
tsha
dho
ped
(and
othe
rsfe
ared
),to
elim
inat
eor
“dis
solv
e”th
ebo
unda
rybe
twee
npu
blic
and
priv
ate.
Oft
enst
ate
actio
nw
asju
stif
ied
inth
ena
me
ofpr
ivat
eri
ght.
Iron
ical
ly,
inth
e
Uni
ted
Stat
es,
itw
asla
rgel
yin
the
cont
exts
offe
min
ist
agita
tion
—es
peci
ally
over
birt
hco
ntro
lan
dre
prod
ucti
vefr
eedo
m—
that
priv
acy
cain
eto
befu
llyre
cogn
ized
asa
dom
ain
ofC
onst
itut
iona
l
law
.So
me
dist
inct
ions
have
erod
ed,
orch
ange
d:at
the
very
leas
t,
thes
ein
itiat
ives
ofth
ew
omen
’sm
ovem
ent,
and
the
unde
rsta
nd
ing
ofpu
blic
and
priv
ate
impl
ied
byth
em,
enab
led
asi
gnif
ican
t
PU
EL
ICA
ND
PR
IVA
TE
I I
3435
PU
NL
ICS
AN
DC
OU
NrE
RpusL
ics
PU
E3L
CA
ND
PR
VA
1S
expa
nsio
nof
the
liber
alw
elfa
rest
ate
into
new
area
sof
soci
alli
fe.’
5N
ancy
Fras
er,
for
one,
has
poin
ted
out
that
som
efe
min
ists
’in
sist
ence
onan
over
sim
plif
ied
dist
inct
ion
betw
een
publ
ican
dpr
ivat
ebl
inde
dth
emto
thes
eco
nseq
uenc
es.
Byus
ing
“the
pub
lic”
or“t
hepu
blic
sphe
re”
tom
ean
ever
ythi
ngou
tsid
eth
eho
me,
they
blur
red
toge
ther
offi
cial
polit
ics,
the
stat
e,th
em
arke
t,an
dot
her
form
sof
asso
ciat
ion.
Mak
ing
thes
edi
stin
ctio
nsam
ong
dif
fere
ntm
eani
ngs
ofpu
blic
and
priv
ate
has
prac
tica
lad
vant
ages
,Fr
aser
wri
tes,
“whe
n,fo
rex
ampl
e,ag
itatio
nal
cam
paig
nsag
ains
tm
isog
ynis
tcu
ltur
alre
pres
enta
tion
sar
eco
nfou
nded
wit
hpro
gram
sfo
rst
ate
cens
orsh
ipor
whe
nst
rugg
les
tode
priv
atiz
ehouse
wor
kan
dch
ildca
rear
eeq
uate
dw
ithth
eir
com
rnod
ific
atio
n.”
9In
othe
rw
ords
,w
hile
the
pers
onal
is“p
olit
ical
”in
abr
oad
sens
e,st
ate
regu
lati
onm
ayno
tal
way
sbe
appr
opri
ate.
And
whi
leth
epr
ivat
ere
alm
ofth
eho
me
shou
ldof
ten
bea
mat
ter
ofpu
blic
care
and
conc
ern,
the
mar
ket —
like
the
stat
ean
dlik
eth
em
ajor
itar
ian
publ
icof
the
mas
sm
edia
—ha
sits
nde
stru
ctiv
ete
nden
cies
and
may
bea
bad
mod
elof
“the
publ
ic:’
Scho
lars
have
also
argu
edth
atpu
blic
and
priv
ate
have
alw
ays
been
mor
eth
ana
dich
otom
y.So
me
fem
inis
tsc
hola
rsha
vesh
own
that
wom
enha
vebe
enin
volv
edin
both
publ
ican
dpr
ivat
ere
alm
sin
mos
thi
stor
ical
peri
ods,
ofte
nto
asu
rpri
sing
deg
ree.
2°W
om
en’s
netw
orks
—of
goss
ip,
kins
hip,
affe
ct,
and
coun
tere
cono
mie
s—
have
had
impo
rtan
tpu
blic
aspe
cts
even
atth
ehe
ight
ofV
icto
rian
ideo
logy
.W
eha
vese
en,
lbr
exam
ple,
that
hil
esh
ew
ascr
itic
izin
gFa
nny
Wri
ght
for
viol
atin
ga
I ou
nd
arbe
twee
npu
blic
and
priv
ate,
Cat
hari
neB
eech
erw
ashe
rsel
f pur
suin
gan
activ
ean
din
nova
tive
care
erin
the
publ
icsp
here
.R
ecen
tve
rsio
nsof
fem
ini
sm,
stre
ssin
gth
edi
vers
ity
ofw
omen
’spo
siti
ons
indi
ffer
ent
cont
exts
ofcl
ass,
race
,re
ligi
on,
orlo
cale
,ha
veem
phas
ized
that
the
dom
inan
tdi
chot
omie
sof
ten
fail
toac
coun
tfo
rth
ese
var
iati
ons.
Oth
erfe
min
ists
,el
abor
atin
gde
cons
truc
tive
read
ings
of
gend
erca
tego
ries
that
emph
asiz
eth
eir
unev
ende
ploy
men
tor
inte
rnal
inco
here
nce,
have
trie
dto
conc
eive
pul)
lican
dpr
ivat
ein
less
spat
ializ
ing,
hypo
stat
ized
way
s.2’
itm
aybe
doub
ted
whe
ther
any
grou
p,ev
enin
the
mo
stre
stri
c
tive
cont
exts
ofpo
wer
,has
been
able
tom
onop
oliz
ea11
dim
ensi
ons
ofpu
blic
ness
oral
ldi
men
sion
sof
priv
acy
inth
ew
ayM
acK
inno
n
sugg
ests
men
have
done
.A
tan
yra
te,
the
dist
inct
ion
isne
ver
draw
nso
lely
inon
ew
ayor
sole
lyas
anan
tinom
y.T
hege
nder
ed
divi
sion
ofla
bor,
for
exam
ple,
isa
clas
sic
and
seem
ingl
ycl
ear
inst
ance
ofth
eid
eolo
gica
ldi
stin
ctio
nbe
twee
npu
blic
and
priv
ate
—in
this
case
,be
twee
npu
blic
wor
kan
dpr
ivat
ela
bor.
Inth
issy
s
tem
,as
man
yfe
min
ists
have
note
d,ge
nder
,la
bor,
and
publ
icne
ss
are
socl
osel
yal
igne
dth
atth
eyse
emsy
nony
mou
s.Pu
blic
wor
kis
paid
,is
perf
orm
edou
tsid
eth
eho
me,
and
has
long
been
the
real
m
ofm
en.
Priv
ate
labo
ris
unpa
id,
isus
ually
done
atho
me,
and
has
long
been
wom
en’s
wor
k.Fa
rfr
ombe
ing
sym
met
rica
lor
com
ple
men
tary
,th
isse
xual
divi
sion
ofla
bor
(and
divi
sion
ofse
xual
labor)
isun
equa
l.Pu
blic
wor
k,fo
rex
ampl
e,is
unde
rsto
odto
bepro
duc
tive,
ftrm
ing
voca
tiona
lid
entit
y,an
dfu
lfill
ing
men
asin
divi
dual
s;
priv
ate
labo
ris
unde
rsto
odas
the
gene
ral
repr
oduc
tion
ofso
ciet
y,
lack
ing
the
voca
tiona
ldi
stin
ctio
nof
atr
ade
ora
prof
essi
on,
and
disp
layi
ngw
omen
’sse
lfle
ssne
ss.
Thi
sge
nder
eddi
ffer
ence
inca
ll
ings
pers
ists
,w
ith
itsun
equa
lm
appi
ngof
publ
ican
dpr
ivat
e,
thou
ghth
een
try
ofw
omen
into
trad
esan
dpr
ofes
sion
sha
sw
eak
ened
itso
mew
hat.
Yet
the
sam
ese
para
tion
ofsp
here
sha
sal
way
sha
dot
her,
mor
e
com
plex
mea
ning
sof
publ
ican
dpr
ivat
ebe
side
sth
isdi
rect
cor
rela
tion
inge
nder
dom
inat
ion
and
econ
omic
syst
ems.
Eve
nth
e
mos
text
rem
ese
para
tion
ofsp
here
stu
rns
the
hom
ean
dits
adju
nct
spac
esin
toa
func
tion
alpu
blic
for
wom
en—
spac
esth
atca
nbe
fille
dw
ith
talk
and
with
the
form
atio
nof
ash
ared
wor
ld.T
here
are
norm
ativ
eco
unte
rcur
rent
sas
wel
l.In
capi
talis
m,
paid
wor
kca
me
3637
PU
BL
WS
AN
DC
OU
NrE
RP
uD
LIC
S
tobe
unde
rsto
odas
priv
ate
econ
omic
life.
The
wor
kpla
celo
stso
me
ofth
epu
blic
ness
that
had
been
the
hallm
ark
ofth
egu
ilds
and
trad
es.
Sow
hile
men
wer
em
arki
ngth
eir
wor
kpla
ceof
fm
ore
shar
ply
from
the
incr
easi
ngly
fem
ale
dom
esti
csp
ace,
they
wer
eal
som
arki
ngit
off
from
the
publ
ic.
Prof
essi
onal
ism
recu
pera
ted
som
eof
that
publ
icne
ssfo
rits
high
lytr
aine
dcl
asse
s,in
ane
wrh
etor
icof
expe
rtis
e—
but
not
for
wag
ela
bor.
Mal
ew
orke
rs,
inot
her
wor
ds,
unde
rwen
ta
loss
ofpu
blic
life
asar
tisan
alho
useh
old
econ
omie
syi
elde
dto
new
,mor
em
oder
nse
para
tions
ofw
orkp
lace
and
hom
eli
fe.
22
The
dom
esti
can
dre
prod
ucti
vefu
ncti
ons
ofth
efa
mily
,m
eanw
hile
,ac
quir
edev
ergr
eate
rpu
blic
sign
ific
ance
asre
form
mov
emen
tsm
ade
them
the
obje
cts
ofso
muc
hdi
scou
rse
and
asna
tion
alis
mca
me
tobe
sym
boli
zed
thro
ugh
them
.M
any
wom
en,
like
Cat
hari
ncB
eech
eran
dhe
rsi
ster
Har
riet
,fo
und
anen
try
into
publ
iclif
eex
actly
thro
ugh
thes
edi
scou
rses
abou
tpri
vacy
inre
form
,in
nati
onal
ism
,in
evan
gelic
alC
hris
tiani
ty,
and
inan
tisla
very
.T
hey
coul
ddo
soin
larg
epa
rtbe
caus
epr
ivat
em
arke
tsfo
rpr
int
linke
dw
omen
asre
ader
san
dw
rite
rs.
23
Wom
enin
man
ypl
aces
also
elab
orat
edpa
rall
elor
info
rmal
econ
omie
s—
priv
ate,
but
publ
icin
the
sens
eth
atth
eyla
ybe
yond
the
hom
e.T
hese
deve
lopm
ents
wer
esi
mul
tane
ous
with
the
rise
ofse
para
te-s
pher
eid
eolo
gy, n
otsi
mpl
yla
ter
reac
tion
sag
ains
tit.
The
econ
omic
sepa
rati
onof
the
mal
epu
blic
from
the
fem
ale
priv
ate,
insh
ort,
was
neve
ra
stat
icsy
stem
.It
was
one
norm
ativ
est
rand
amon
got
hers
inth
eel
abor
atio
nof
publ
ican
dpr
ivat
e.To
say
this
isno
tto
min
imiz
eits
pow
eror
toun
dere
stim
ate
the
de
gree
ofm
ale
dom
inat
ion
that
itre
pres
ente
d.In
fact
,be
caus
eth
ein
terw
eain
gof
gend
er,
labo
r,an
dpu
blic
ness
was
indi
rect
rath
erth
ande
fini
tion
al,
itco
uld
ofte
ngo
unre
cogn
ized
,an
dst
illdo
es.
Tose
eth
ism
ight
help
usto
unde
rsta
ndw
hyin
equa
lity
pers
ists
desp
ite
the
appa
rent
brea
kdow
nof
the
mos
tst
atic
fbrm
ofth
ege
nder
eddi
visi
onof
labo
r—
why
,fo
rin
stan
ce,
som
any
ofth
e
publ
ics
ofw
omen
’scu
ltur
eco
ntin
ueno
tto
reco
gniz
eth
emse
lves
aspu
blic
sbe
caus
eth
eyth
ink
ofth
eir
auth
enti
city
and
thei
rfe
mi
nini
tyas
root
edne
cess
arily
inpr
ivat
efe
elin
gan
ddo
mes
tic
rela
tions
;or
why
som
any
men
faile
dto
unde
rsta
ndth
epr
ivat
izat
ion
ofec
onom
iclif
eas
alo
ssbe
caus
eth
eyth
ough
tof
thei
rw
ork
as
havi
ngan
extr
adom
esti
c,vo
catio
nal
publ
icne
ss.
The
Lib
eral
Tra
dit
ion
Giv
enth
ese
com
plex
itie
sho
wdi
dth
eno
tion
ofpu
blic
and
pri
vate
com
eto
beim
agin
edas
abi
nary
inne
edof
dem
olit
ion?
The
answ
erlie
sin
the
way
aw
hole
set
ofdi
stin
ctio
nsw
ere
pow
erfu
lly
alig
ned
inth
eli
bera
ltr
adit
ion,
reac
hing
back
atle
ast
toJo
hn
Loc
kebu
tw
idel
yin
stit
utio
nali
zed
inpo
litic
san
dla
byth
enin
e
teen
thce
ntur
y.T
his
trad
itio
nbe
gan
asa
crit
ique
ofpa
tria
rchy
,
and
one
ofits
unin
tend
edco
nseq
uenc
esw
asth
ede
velo
pmen
tof
mod
ern
fem
inis
tth
ough
tin
the
eigh
teen
thce
ntur
y.B
utby
the
time
ofse
cond
-wav
efe
min
ism
inth
e19
60s,
this
liber
altr
adit
ion
had
com
eto
pose
seri
ous
lim
itat
ions
tobo
thfe
min
ist
and
gay
mov
emen
ts.
Inlib
eral
thou
ght,
priv
ate
pers
ons,
nolo
nger
defi
ned
bypri
va
tion
orpo
wer
less
ness
had
beco
me
the
prop
ersi
teof
hum
anity
.
The
ypo
sses
sed
publ
icly
rele
vant
righ
tsby
virt
ueol
bein
gpr
ivat
e
pers
ons.
Rig
hts
mea
ntno
long
erth
epr
ivil
eges
that
wen
tw
ith
vari
ous
publ
icle
gal
stat
uses
—fi
efow
ner,
copy
hold
erhu
sban
d,
lord
ofth
em
anor
,ch
ief
eunu
ch,
citi
zen,
prin
cess
—bu
tra
ther
clai
ms
that
all
pers
ons
coul
dm
ake
onth
eba
sis
ofpr
ivat
ehum
an
ity.
The
publ
icno
long
erun
ders
tood
asth
eau
dien
ceor
subj
ects
ofth
eru
ler,
beca
me
aco
mm
unit
yw
ith
inde
pend
ent
exis
tenc
e,
even
sove
reig
ncl
aim
san
dth
eab
ility
tore
sist
orch
ange
rule
rs.
Bot
hpu
blic
and
priv
ate
wer
ere
defi
ned,
and
1)0t
hga
ined
enor
mou
sly
insi
gnif
ican
cefo
llow
ing
the
concepti
on
of
sta
tepow
er
as
lim
ited
and
righ
tsas
vest
edin
priv
ate
perS
0flS
.4
PU
RL
ICA
ND
PH
IVA
]P
1 I
3839
PU
DL
JC
SA
ND
CO
UN
Tk
PU
BL
WP
Ub
LIC
,A
ND
pR
VA
r
Thi
sla
ngua
gefo
rpo
litic
sal
soga
ined
info
rcef
ulne
ssfr
omth
eus
eof
sim
ilar
term
sin
argu
men
tsfo
rca
pita
lism
.-T
hem
otto
ofB
erna
rdM
ande
ville
’sFa
ble
oj’th
eBe
es(1
714)
isa
fam
ous
exam
ple:
“Pri
vate
vice
s,pu
blic
bcne
fits
’A
ccor
ding
toM
ande
ville
, the
com
petit
ive
purs
uit
ofse
lf-i
nter
est
(“pr
ivat
evi
ces”
)co
uld
beco
unte
don
toyi
eld
good
effe
cts
(“pu
blic
bene
fits
”),
coun
tera
ctin
gm
ere
self
ishn
ess
thro
ugh
the
inte
ract
ions
ofth
em
arke
t.Su
chth
inki
ng,
asla
ter
deve
lope
dby
Ada
mSm
ithan
dot
hers
,le
ntpo
wer
ful
sup
port
toth
eid
eath
atec
onom
iclif
e,as
are
alm
ofpr
ivat
eso
ciet
y.sh
ould
beke
ptfr
eefr
omst
ate
orpu
blic
inte
rfer
ence
.In
tim
e,ca
pita
list c
ultu
rew
ould
give
this
dist
inct
ion
betw
een
publ
icpo
wer
and
apr
ivat
eec
onom
yan
addi
tion
aldi
men
sion
,re
map
ping
soci
allif
ein
todi
stin
ctar
enas
ofw
ork
and
“per
sona
llif
e,”
incl
udin
gth
ein
tens
ifie
dpr
ivac
ies
ofin
timac
y,fr
iend
ship
,an
dth
edom
esti
c.26
Mea
nwhi
le,
the
stat
ew
asev
olvi
ngin
toa
mod
ern
bure
aucr
acy,
wit
hits
norm
ativ
edi
stin
ctio
nbe
twee
nth
epu
blic
func
tion
ofof
fice
and
the
priv
ate
pers
onof
the
offi
ceho
lder
.A
ndas
priv
ate
pers
ons
cam
eto
bese
enas
driv
enby
self
-int
eres
t,th
epu
blic
cam
eto
bede
fine
das
disi
nter
este
d.T
hose
aspe
cts
ofpe
ople
’sliv
esth
atpa
rtic
ular
ize
thei
rin
tere
sts
cam
eto
bese
enas
inap
prop
riat
eto
publ
icdi
scus
sion
.To
bepr
oper
lypu
blic
requ
ired
that
one
rise
abov
e,or
set
asid
e,on
e’s
priv
ate
inte
rest
san
dex
pres
sive
natu
re.
(Thi
sno
tion
ofa
sepa
rati
onbe
twee
npu
blic
voic
ean
dpr
ivat
ese
lf-
hood
isof
ten
calle
d“b
rack
etin
g”;
acl
osel
yre
late
did
eain
John
Raw
is’s
liber
alle
gal
theo
ryis
calle
dth
e“v
eil
ofig
no
rance
.”27)
All
ofth
ese
char
acte
rist
ical
lym
oder
nde
velo
pmen
tsm
ade
poss
ible
avi
sion
offr
eedo
mas
nega
tive
liber
ty,
inhe
rent
inpr
ivat
epe
rson
s,an
da
visi
onof
polit
ical
life
asth
ere
stra
int
ofpo
wer
bya
criti
cal
publ
ic.
Inth
ese
resp
ects
,th
eyle
ntgr
eat
reso
urce
sto
the
deve
lopm
ent
ofa
crit
ique
ofge
nder
and
sexu
ality
.E
arly
fem
ini
sm,
inw
rite
rssu
chas
Mar
yA
stel
l,M
ary
Wol
lsto
necr
aft,
Judi
thSa
rgen
tM
urra
y,an
dth
eG
rim
kési
ster
s,w
asar
ticu
late
dth
roug
h
the
norm
ativ
ela
ngua
geof
the
liber
altr
adit
ion.
The
yw
ere
esp
e
cial
lyen
able
dby
itsvi
sion
ofth
eri
ghts
-bea
ring
priv
ate
pers
on,
its
role
for
acr
itica
lpu
blic
,its
prin
cipl
edsk
eptic
ism
abou
tpo
wer
.’
Sara
hG
rini
ké,
for
exam
ple,
was
able
tota
keth
eun
iver
sal
sell
of
reas
onas
anar
gum
ent
for
wom
en’s
acce
ss:
“Whe
nhu
man
bein
gs
are
rega
rded
asm
oral
bein
gs,s
ex,i
nste
adof
bein
gen
thro
ned
upon
the
sum
mit
,ad
min
iste
ring
upon
righ
tsan
dre
spon
sibi
liti
essi
nks
into
insi
gnif
ican
cean
dnoth
ingnes
s:’
29
Hav
ing
brac
kete
dse
xin
this
way
.G
rim
kégo
eson
toar
gue
for
ath
orou
ghde
gend
erin
gof
soci
alre
latio
ns:
“We
appr
oach
each
othe
r,an
dm
ingk
2w
ithea
ch
othe
r,un
der
the
cons
tant
pres
sure
ofa
feel
ing
that
we
are
ofdif
fere
ntse
xes;
and,
inst
ead
ofre
gard
ing
each
othe
ron
lyin
the
light
ofim
mor
tal
crea
ture
s,th
em
ind
isfe
tter
edby
the
idea
whi
chis
earl
yan
din
dust
riou
sly
infu
sed
into
it,
that
we
mus
tne
ver
Forg
et
the
dist
inct
ion
betw
een
mal
ean
dfe
mal
e.”
3°G
rim
kélo
ngs
to
tran
scen
dse
x,an
din
orde
rto
doso
she
decl
ares
itir
rele
vant
,
som
ethi
ng“i
nfus
ed”
into
the
indii
dual
,so
met
hing
to“f
orge
t:’
The
idea
lof
the
univ
ersa
lvo
ice
ofre
ason
has
allo
wed
her
aki
ndof
publ
icpa
rtic
ipat
ion.
But
the
pric
esh
epa
ysis
that
diff
eren
ces
of
sex
have
been
rule
dou
tof
cons
ider
atio
nas
mer
ely
priv
ate.
Inth
isre
spec
t,th
esa
me
liber
altr
adit
ion
that
enab
led
the
firs
t
wav
eof
the
fem
inis
tm
ovem
ent
also
pose
dim
med
iate
obst
acle
sto
itas
am
ovem
ent,
asit
wou
ldla
ter
toth
ega
ym
ovem
ent.
Wom
en
such
asW
olls
tone
craf
tan
dG
rim
kéar
gued
that
thei
rri
ghts
as
indi
vidu
als
need
edne
wre
spec
t.In
doin
gso
,th
eyap
peal
edto
the
idea
lof
adi
sint
eres
ted,
abst
ract
,un
iver
sal
publ
ic—
just
the
kind
ofpu
blic
inw
hich
part
icul
ariz
edvi
ews
and
the
gend
ered
body
wou
ldal
way
sse
emm
atte
rou
tof
plac
e,Li
keFa
nny
Wri
ght’
sm
an
nish
impu
denc
eor
Dio
gene
s’s
mas
turb
atio
n.T
his
tens
ion
was
felt
subj
ecti
vely
bym
any
wom
en,
incl
udin
gSa
rah
Gri
mké
’ssi
ster
,
Ang
elin
a,w
hobr
aved
the
denu
ncia
tion
ofre
lativ
es,
frie
nds,
and
stra
nger
s,as
wel
las
the
occa
sion
alvi
olen
tm
ob,
inhe
rw
illin
gnes
s
40
41
PU
BL
ICS
AN
DC
OU
NT
ER
PU
BL
IC
SP
UB
LIC
AN
DP
RIV
AI
B
toap
peal
to“t
heir
resi
stib
leto
rren
tof
are
ctif
ied
publ
icop
inio
n”bu
tw
hose
scan
dalo
usap
pear
ance
sin
publ
icca
used
her,
assh
eco
nfes
sed
tohe
rdi
ary,
grea
tsh
ame
and
self
-dou
bt.
Whe
nsh
em
arri
edth
eab
olit
ioni
stT
heod
ore
Wel
d,he
rpu
blic
spea
king
tour
sen
ded.
U
Thi
ssu
bjec
tive
anxi
ety
over
the
publ
icdi
spla
yof
the
body
and
the
gend
ered
norm
sof
com
port
men
tal
soha
sa
dire
cteq
uiva
lent
inlib
eral
noti
ons
ofw
hat
isap
prop
riat
efo
rpu
blic
disc
ussi
onan
dpo
litic
alac
tion.
Bec
ause
the
hom
ew
asth
eve
ryre
alm
ofpr
ivat
efr
eedo
mth
atlib
eral
ism
had
wan
ted
topr
otec
tfr
omst
ate
inte
rve
ntio
n,it
was
off-
lim
its
topo
liti
cs.
And
the
righ
tsof
wom
en,
seen
asan
issu
ein
tern
alto
the
hom
e,w
ere
ther
efor
ebe
stle
ftto
the
priv
ate
judg
men
tof
each
fam
ily.
The
yw
ere
inap
prop
riat
eto
poli
tics
.W
omen
wou
ldha
veto
deal
with
men
inth
epr
ivac
yof
thei
row
nfa
mili
es,
not
inpu
blic
.B
utof
cour
seth
epr
ivat
eco
nte
xtof
the
fam
ilyw
asju
stw
here
men
wer
eth
ough
tna
tura
llyto
rule
.A
sEl
iZ
aret
sky
puts
it,
“The
sepa
rati
onbe
twee
npu
blic
and
priv
ate
occl
uded
the
perp
etua
tion
ofre
lati
ons
ofdo
min
atio
n—
thos
ebe
yond
legi
tim
ate
auth
orit
y—
into
mod
ern
soci
ety.
Itdi
dth
ispo
litic
ally
byre
nder
ing
thos
ere
lati
ons
‘pri
vat
e.”
32
The
curb
ing
ofth
est
ate,
inth
ena
me
ofpr
ivat
elib
erty
,ha
den
tail
eda
curb
onpo
liti
csas
wel
l,fr
eezi
ngin
plac
eal
lth
ose
for
who
mth
ep
riva
tew
asth
epl
ace
ofdo
min
atio
nra
ther
than
liber
ty.
Thi
ssi
deof
the
liber
altr
adit
ion
cont
inue
sto
limit
the
tran
sfo
rmat
ive
ambi
tion
sof
fem
inis
m,
and
ofth
ega
ym
ovem
ent
asw
ell.
For
exam
ple,
the
gay
wri
ter
And
rew
Sulli
van
ends
his
book
Vir
tual
lyN
orm
alw
ithan
appe
alto
the
liber
aldi
stin
ctio
nbe
twee
npu
blic
and
priv
ate,
argu
ing
for
apo
liti
csba
sed
on“a
sim
ple
and
lim
ited
prin
cipl
e”:
that
all p
ublic
(as
oppo
sed
topr
ivat
e)di
scri
min
atio
nag
ains
tho
mo
sexu
als
been
ded
and
that
ever
yri
ght a
ndre
spon
sibi
lity
that
hete
ro
sexu
als
enjo
yas
publ
icci
tize
nsbe
exte
nded
toth
ose
wh
ogro
wup
and
find
them
selv
esem
otio
nall
ydi
ffer
ent,
And
that
isal
l.N
ocu
res
orre
-edu
cati
ons,
now
renc
hing
priv
ate
litig
atio
n,no
polit
ical
impo
sitio
nof
tole
ranc
e;m
erel
ya
poli
tica
lat
tem
ptto
ensh
rine
form
alpub
liceq
ualit
y,w
hate
ver
happ
ens
inth
ecu
lture
and
soci
ety
atla
rge.
Eve
ryth
ing
else
,“w
hat
eer
happ
ens
inth
ecu
ltur
ean
dso
ciet
yat
larg
e,”
ispr
ivat
e,an
dth
eref
ore
off-
lim
its
topo
liti
cs.
But
that
incl
udes
alm
ost
the
enti
rety
ofho
mop
hobi
aan
dse
xism
and
the
coun
tless
daily
rela
tion
sof
priv
ilege
and
dom
inat
ion
they
enta
il.
Any
polit
ical
atte
mpt
toch
ange
thos
eco
ndit
ions
isse
en,
inS
ulli
van’
ssc
hem
e,as
anil
legi
tim
ate
atte
mpt
toge
tgo
vern
men
tin
volv
edin
priv
ate
life,
a“p
oliti
cali
mpo
sitio
nof
tole
ranc
e:’
Alth
ough
this
conc
epti
onof
poli
tics
isof
ten
call
edne
ocon
serv
atis
m,
its
core
idea
sde
rive
from
the
heyd
ayof
nine
teen
th-c
entu
rylib
eral
thou
ght.
14
Infa
ct,
the
libe
ral
dist
inct
ion
betw
een
publ
icau
thor
ity
and
priv
ate
free
dom
has
alw
ays
been
inte
nsio
nw
ith
othe
rvi
ews,
nota
bly
with
civi
chu
man
ism
sinc
eM
achi
avel
li.
Lib
eral
ism
still
has
pow
erfu
lco
ntem
pora
ryex
pone
nts,
such
asR
awls
.IBB
utm
ost
ofth
em
ajor
figu
res
ofou
rti
me
onth
esu
bjec
tof
publ
ican
dpri
vate
have
reac
ted
agai
nst
the
liber
altr
adit
ion.
Fem
inis
tssu
chas
Pate
man
and
Mac
Kin
non,
for
exam
ple,
poin
tou
tth
atth
elib
eral
prot
ecti
onof
the
priv
ate
from
publ
icin
terf
eren
cesi
mpl
ybl
ocke
d
from
view
thos
eki
nds
ofdo
min
atio
nth
atst
ruct
ure
priv
ate
life
thro
ugh
the
inst
itut
ions
ofth
efa
mily
,th
eho
useh
old,
gend
er,
and
sexu
ality
.A
rend
ttr
ied
tosh
owho
wm
any
ofth
est
rong
est
con
cept
ions
ofhu
man
ity
had
been
lost
orfo
rgot
ten
whe
nfr
eedo
m
was
iden
tifi
edw
ith
the
prot
ecti
onof
priv
ate
life
rath
erth
anw
ithth
egi
ve-a
nd-t
ake
ofpu
blic
activ
ity.
Hab
erm
assh
owed
that
mod
ern
soci
ety
isfu
ndam
enta
lly
stru
ctur
edby
apu
blic
sphe
re,in
clud
ing
the
criti
cal
cons
ciou
snes
sof
priv
ate
peop
le,
but
that
thes
e
42
PU
BL
ICS
AN
DC
OU
NT
SR
PU
BL
IC
S
publ
icid
eals
and
norm
sar
ebe
tray
edby
mod
ern
soci
alorgani
zatio
n.A
ndM
iche
lFo
ucau
ltre
nder
eda
stro
ngch
alle
nge
toth
eli
bera
ltr
adit
ion
alm
ost
wit
hout
usin
gth
ete
rms
“pub
lic”
and
“pri
vate
”by
show
ing
ingr
eat
deta
ilho
wits
key
term
san
dim
ma
nent
valu
es—
publ
ic,
stat
e,pr
ivat
e,fr
eedo
m,
auto
nom
y—
fail
toac
coun
tfo
rpo
wer
rela
tions
.
The
Publi
cS
pher
eA
rath
erdi
ffer
ent
face
oflib
eral
ism
’sdi
stin
ctio
nbe
twee
npu
blic
and
priv
ate
can
bese
enin
Kan
t’s
cele
brat
edes
say
“Wha
tIs
En
ligh
tenm
ent?
”(1
784)
.“T
hepu
blic
use
ofre
ason
,”K
ant
wri
tes,
“mus
tat
all
times
befr
ee,
and
ital
one
can
brin
gab
out
enli
ghte
nm
ent
amon
gm
en;
the
priv
ate
use
ofre
ason
,ho
wev
er,
may
ofte
nbe
very
narr
owly
rest
rict
edw
itho
utth
epr
ogre
ssof
enli
ghte
nm
ent
bein
gpa
rtic
ular
lyhi
nder
ed:’
Kan
t’s
has
been
calle
da
“tw
oha
ts”
theo
ry;
heim
agin
esm
en(n
otw
omen
)m
ovin
gco
nsta
ntly
betw
een
thes
etw
oco
ntex
ts,
havi
ngdi
ffer
ent
free
dom
san
ddif
fere
ntre
latio
nsto
pow
erin
each.
37
But
the
surp
risi
ngtu
rnco
mes
inhi
sde
fini
tion
ofpu
blic
and
priv
ate
uses
ofre
ason
:“I
under
stan
d,ho
wev
er,
unde
rth
epu
blic
use
ofhi
sow
nre
ason
,th
atus
ew
hich
anyo
nem
akes
ofit
asa
scho
lar
[Gel
ehrte
rjbe
fore
the
enti
repu
blic
ofth
ere
adin
gw
orld
.T
hepr
ivat
eus
eI d
esig
nate
asth
atus
ew
hich
one
mak
esof
his
reas
onin
ace
rtai
nci
viip
ost o
rof
fice
whi
chis
entr
uste
dto
him
.”33
Tom
ost
read
ers,
this
will
seem
coun
teri
ntui
tive
.T
heho
lder
ofa
civi
lpo
stw
ould
inm
ost
sens
esbe
apu
blic
figu
re—
paid
byth
est
ate,
wor
king
for
the
com
mon
good
,ac
coun
tabl
eto
the
com
mun
ity,
actin
gin
full
view
.T
hesc
hola
ror
wri
ter
wou
ldco
mm
only
beth
ough
tof
aspr
ivat
e—
unof
fici
al,
not
supp
orte
dby
the
stat
e,sp
eaki
ngon
beha
lfof
noon
ebu
thi
mse
lf,
perh
aps
unkn
own
exce
ptth
roug
hhi
sw
riti
ngs.
Yet
toK
ant
the
tell
ing
fact
isth
atth
eho
lder
ofa
civi
lpo
stca
nnot
sim
ply
follo
whi
sow
nw
ill;
hem
ust
PU
BL
ICA
ND
PP
IVA
TE
obey
rule
ses
tabl
ishe
dby
his
role
.H
em
aydi
sagr
eew
ithso
me
thin
ghe
isre
quir
edto
say;
but
his
thou
ghts
rem
ain
priv
ate
whet
her
heag
rees
orno
t.T
hesc
hola
ror
wri
ter
mak
eshi
svi
ews
know
nas
wid
ely
aspo
ssib
le.
He
isno
tli
mit
edto
his
role
but
spea
ks“as
am
embe
rof
the
enti
reco
mm
onw
ealt
h,or
even
ofco
smop
olit
anso
ciet
y.”
He
can
free
lycr
itic
ize
chur
chor
stat
e.K
ant
mak
esit
clea
rth
atth
isre
ason
ing
take
spl
ace
ina
prin
tpu
blic
,“t
heen
tire
publ
icof
the
read
ing
wor
ld,”
and
that
itis
mor
eth
anna
tiona
l;hu
ta
cler
gym
ansp
eaki
ngof
ilcia
llyto
his
cong
rega
tion
addr
esse
s“o
nly
ado
mes
ticas
sem
bly,
nom
atte
rho
wla
rge
itis
;an
din
this
resp
ect
heis
not
and
cann
otbe
free
,as
apr
iest
,be
caus
ehe
conf
orm
sto
the
orde
rsof
anoth
er.”
39
Ast
riki
ngfe
atur
eof
this
acco
unt
isK
ant’
sem
phas
ison
the
dif
fere
ntpu
blic
sto
whi
chth
ough
tca
nbe
rele
vant
,ra
ngin
gfr
omin
ner
free
dom
todo
mes
tic
asse
mbl
ies,
com
mon
wea
lths
,co
smo
poli
tan
soci
ety,
the
tran
snat
iona
lpu
blic
ofsc
hola
rs,
and
even
“the
enti
repu
blic
ofth
ere
adin
gw
orld
.”So
me
publ
ics
are
mor
epu
blic
than
othe
rs.
The
ygi
vegr
eate
rsc
ope
tocr
itici
sman
dex
chan
geof
view
s.B
utby
the
sam
eto
ken,
they
may
bele
ssdi
rect
lypo
litic
al,
perh
aps
not
anch
ored
ina
stat
eor
loca
lity.
Wit
hth
isco
ncep
tion
,K
ant
arti
cula
tes
ake
ydi
stin
ctio
nth
ough
one
that
cont
inue
sto
beco
nfus
edor
over
look
edev
enin
soph
istic
ated
theo
reti
cal
acco
unts
—be
twee
npu
blic
and
polit
ical
.T
hese
are
ofte
nth
ough
tto
besy
nony
mou
s.T
hey
are
very
near
lyso
,fo
rex
ampl
e,in
Are
ndt,
whe
reth
em
odel
ofth
epu
blic
iscl
earl
yth
epo
lis(t
heG
reek
city
-sta
te);
and
equa
lly
(or
oppo
site
ly)
inth
esl
ogan
“the
pers
onal
ispo
litic
al:’
Wha
tbe
long
sto
the
polit
yis
byde
fini
tion
ofpu
blic
rele
vanc
e,B
utK
ant
reco
gniz
esth
atth
ere
are
publ
ics,
such
asth
ere
adin
gw
orld
,th
atdo
not
cor
resp
ond
toan
yki
ndof
polit
y.T
hey
enab
lea
way
ofbe
ing
publ
icth
roug
hcr
itic
aldi
scou
rse
that
isno
tli
mit
edby
the
duti
esan
dco
nstr
aint
sof
offi
ceor
bylo
yalti
esto
aco
mm
onw
ealt
hor
nati
on.
I
444-
5
PU
BL
CS
AN
DC
OU
NT
ER
pu5L
CS
PU
BL
CA
ND
PR
IVA
IL
The
secr
itic
alpu
blic
sm
ay,
how
ever
,be
poli
tica
lin
anot
her
orhi
gher
sens
e.T
hey
may
set
ahi
gher
stan
dard
ofre
ason
,op
inio
n,an
dfr
eedo
m—
henc
eth
esu
bver
sive
pote
ntia
lin
his
pict
ure
ofen
ligh
tenm
ent.
(In
late
rye
ars,
Kan
t‘a
sfo
rced
tohe
dge
onth
isim
plic
atio
n;as
hera
naf
oul
ofth
ece
nsor
s,he
narr
owed
the
def
ini
tion
ofG
eleh
rter
toth
esc
hola
rpe
rse
rath
erth
anth
ere
ader
ingen
eral
.)4
Loc
ke,
too,
had
reco
gniz
edth
eex
iste
nce
ofa
criti
cal
publ
icno
tli
mit
edto
the
offi
cial
polit
ics
ofth
est
ate
and
havi
ngal
lth
efr
eedo
mfr
omau
thor
ity
ofpr
ivat
eri
ght.
But
inL
ocke
this
publ
icte
nds
tobe
imag
ined
asth
ena
tion
alpe
ople
,en
dow
edw
ithth
eso
vere
ign
abili
tyto
chan
geru
lers
,It
isin
ase
nse
aba
ck-
proj
ecti
onfr
omth
est
ate.
Kan
t’s
publ
ics,
thou
ghle
sslit
eral
lyre
vol
utio
nary
,ra
nge
mor
ew
idel
y,at
leas
tin
prin
t.T
hedi
ffer
ence
betw
een
the
publ
ican
dth
epo
liti
cal
has
been
take
nup
,cl
oser
toou
row
nda
y,by
Hab
erm
asin
The
Stru
ctur
alTr
anfo
rmat
ion
ofth
ePu
blic
Sphe
re(1
962)
.41
Subt
itled
‘An
Inqu
iry
into
aC
ateg
ory
ofB
ourg
eois
Soci
ety,
”th
e1)
00k
refl
ects
the
Fra
nkfu
rtSc
hool
trad
itio
nof
“im
man
ent
crit
ique
”;H
aber
mas
does
not
set
out
toin
vent
orce
lebr
ate
apu
tati
vely
lost
idea
lof
the
publ
ic(t
houg
hhe
has
som
etim
esbe
enre
adth
isw
ay);
hew
ishe
sto
show
that
bour
geoi
sso
ciet
yha
sal
way
sbe
enst
ruct
ured
bya
set
ofid
eals
that
wer
eco
ntra
dict
edby
itsow
nor
gani
zati
onan
dco
mpr
omis
edby
itsow
nid
eolo
gy.
The
seid
eals
,ho
wev
er,
cont
aine
dan
eman
cipa
tory
pote
ntia
l,H
aber
mas
thin
ks,
and
mod
ern
cult
ure
shou
ldbe
held
acco
unta
ble
toth
em.
But
far
from
mov
ing
tow
ard
am
ore
radi
cal
real
izat
ion
inpr
acti
ce,
mod
ern
cult
ure
has
com
prom
ised
the
idea
lsfu
rthe
r.“T
ende
ncie
spo
inti
ngto
the
colla
pse
ofth
epub
licsp
here
are
unm
ista
kabl
e,”
Hab
erm
asde
clar
esat
the
begi
nnin
gof
the
book
,“f
orw
hile
itssc
ope
isex
pand
ing
impr
essi
vely
,its
func
tion
has
beco
me
prog
ress
ivel
yin
sign
ific
ant.
”42
The
mai
nst
ruct
ural
tran
sfor
mat
ion
ofth
eti
tle
isth
ehi
stor
icsh
ift
that
Hab
erm
asas
sign
sto
the
late
seve
ntee
nth
and
the
eig
h
teen
thce
ntur
y.H
aber
mas
begi
nsw
ithan
aris
tocr
atic
orm
onar
chic
alm
odel
that
heca
llsth
e“r
epre
sent
ativ
epu
blic
sphe
re,”
in
whi
chpo
wer
isdi
spla
yed
befo
rea
publ
ic(a
ndin
whi
chlo
uis
XIV
was
able
tosa
y,“L
’éta
t,c’
cst
moi
”).T
hepu
blic
ityof
the
cour
tw
as
embo
died
and
auth
orit
ativ
e.T
hem
onar
ch’s
presen
ce
vas
alw
ays
publ
ic,
and
cour
tlin
ess
alw
ays
had
anau
dien
ce.
Thi
ski
ndof
pub
licity
yiel
ded
toa
new
erm
odel
ofpu
blic
ness
inw
hich
the
publ
ic
isco
mpo
sed
ofpr
ivat
epe
rson
sex
erci
sing
rati
onal
-cri
tica
ld
isco
urse
inre
lati
onto
the
stat
ean
dpo
wer
.(T
he“s
pher
e”of
the
titl
e
isa
mis
lead
ing
effe
ctof
Eng
lish
tran
slat
ion;
the
Ger
man
Off
rnt
lichk
eit
lack
sth
esp
atia
lizi
ngm
etap
hor
and
sugg
ests
som
ethi
ngm
ore
like
“ope
nnes
s”or
“pub
licn
ess.
”T
heF
renc
htr
ansl
atio
n,L
‘Esp
ace
publ
ic,
isw
orse
.)T
his
shif
tca
me
abou
t,H
aber
mas
clai
ms,
thro
ugh
aw
ide
rang
e
ofcu
ltur
alan
dso
cial
cond
itio
nsth
atde
velo
ped
inth
ese
vent
eent
han
dei
ghte
enth
cent
urie
s,in
clud
ing
the
rise
ofne
wsp
aper
s,no
vels
,
and
othe
rpr
ivat
efo
rms
ofpr
int;
coff
eeho
uses
,sa
lons
,an
dre
late
dpr
ivat
eco
ntex
tsof
soci
abili
tyin
whi
char
gum
ent
and
disc
ussi
onco
uld
take
plac
e;th
eri
seof
criti
cal
disc
ussi
onof
art,
mus
ic,
and
lite
ratu
re;
the
reor
ient
atio
nof
dom
esti
car
chit
ectu
re;
the
deve
lop
men
tof
anid
eaof
the
fam
ilyan
din
tim
ate
life
asth
epr
oper
scat
of
hum
anit
y,fr
omw
hich
pers
ons
coul
dco
me
toge
ther
tofo
rma
publ
ic;
and
the
deve
lopm
ent
ofa
noti
onof
the
econ
omy,
beyo
ndth
eho
useh
old,
asa
real
mof
civi
lsoc
iety
that
coul
dbe
take
nas
the
obje
ctof
disc
ussi
onan
dde
bate
.T
hrou
ghth
ese
deve
lopm
ents
,a
publ
icth
at“f
rom
the
outs
etw
asa
read
ing
publ
ic”
beca
me
“the
abst
ract
coun
terp
art
ofpu
blic
auth
orit
y”an
d“c
ame
into
anaw
are
ness
ofit
self
asth
ela
tter’
sop
pone
nt,
that
is,
asth
epu
biic
ofth
e
now
emer
ging
publ
icsp
here
ofci
vil s
ocie
ty.”
43
The
publ
icin
this
new
sens
e,in
shor
t,w
asno
long
erop
p(>s
ed
toth
epr
ivat
e.It
was
priv
ate.
As
the
self
-con
scio
usne
ssof
civi
l
soci
ety,
itw
asop
pose
dto
the
stat
e:
I
46
47
PU
BL
ICS
AN
DC
OU
NIB
RP
UB
LJC
PU
BL
ICA
ND
PR
IVA
TI
The
bour
geoi
spu
blic
sphe
rem
aybe
conc
eive
dab
ove
alla
sth
esp
here
of
priv
ate
peop
leco
me
toge
ther
asa
publ
ic;
they
soon
clai
med
the
publ
icsp
here
regu
late
dfr
omab
ove
agai
nst
the
publ
icau
thor
itie
sth
emse
l4es
,to
enga
geth
emin
ade
bate
owi
the
gene
ral
rule
sgo
ver
ning
rela
tion
sin
the
basi
cally
priv
atiz
edbu
tpu
blic
lyre
leva
ntsp
here
ofco
mm
odity
exch
ange
and
soci
alla
bor.
The
med
ium
ofth
ispo
litic
alco
nfro
ntat
ion
was
pecu
liar
and
with
out
hist
oric
alpre
cede
nt:
peop
le’s
publ
icus
eof
thei
rre
ason.
The
publ
icsp
here
inth
isse
nse
is“a
cate
gory
ofbo
urge
ois
soci
ety,
”as
the
subt
itle
mai
ntai
ns,
not
just
beca
use
itsm
embe
rsar
em
ostl
ybo
urge
ois
but
also
beca
use
the
reor
gani
zati
onof
soci
ety
arou
ndth
ein
stit
utio
nsof
publ
iccr
itici
smw
ason
eof
the
mea
nsby
whi
chbo
urge
ois
soci
ety
cam
ein
tobe
ing,
cons
ciou
sof
itse
lfas
“soc
iety
.”H
aber
mas
cite
sK
ant’
s“W
hat
IsE
nlig
hten
men
t?”
and
itsid
eal
ofa
priv
ate
citi
zen
asa
scho
lar
“who
sew
riti
ngs
spea
kto
his
publ
ic,
the
wor
ld.”
Thi
s“w
orld
”is
both
broa
d,st
retc
hing
noti
ons
ofco
smop
olit
anis
man
dw
orld
prog
ress
toin
clud
e“t
heco
mm
unic
atio
nof
rati
onal
bein
gs,”
and
part
icul
ariz
ed,
bein
ggr
ound
edin
“the
wor
ldof
acr
itica
llyde
bati
ngre
adin
gpu
blic
that
atth
etim
ew
asju
stev
olvi
ngw
ithi
nth
ebr
oade
rbo
urge
ois
stra
ta.
Itw
asth
ew
orld
ofth
em
enof
lett
ers
but
also
that
ofth
esa
lons
inw
hich
‘mix
edco
mpa
nies
’en
gage
din
criti
cal
disc
ussi
on;
here
,in
the
bour
geoi
sho
mes
,th
epu
blic
sphe
rew
ases
tab
lish
ed’
4A
sC
raig
Cal
houn
poin
tsou
t,a
radi
cal
reve
rsal
has
take
npl
ace
betw
een
the
bour
geoi
sco
ncep
tion
trac
edby
Hab
erni
asan
dth
eG
reek
conc
epti
onof
publ
icfr
eedo
m:
“Unl
ike
the
Gre
ekco
nce
pti
on,
indi
vidu
als
are
here
unde
rsto
odto
befo
rmed
prim
aril
yin
the
priv
ate
real
m,
incl
udin
gth
efa
mily
.M
oreo
ver,
the
priv
ate
real
mis
unde
rsto
odas
one
offr
eedo
mth
atha
sto
bede
fend
edag
ains
tth
edo
min
atio
nof
the
stat
e.”
46
Hab
erm
assh
ows
that
this
unde
rsta
ndin
gof
the
publ
icsp
here
had
itsea
rly
crit
ics.
Chi
efam
ong
thes
ew
asth
eyo
ung
Kar
lM
arx,
who
obje
cted
toth
ena
ture
ofth
isne
wpr
ivat
efr
eedo
mle
adin
g“e
very
man
tose
ein
othe
rm
en,
not
the
real
izat
ion,
but
rath
erth
elim
itatio
nof
his
own
liber
ty:’
47
Not
ing
the
cont
radi
ctio
nbe
twee
n
the
univ
ersa
lcl
aim
sof
publ
icre
ason
and
itspa
rtic
ular
basi
sin
bour
geoi
sso
ciet
y,M
arx
wan
ted
toim
agin
e“t
heso
cial
cond
itio
nsfo
rth
epo
ssib
ility
ofits
utte
rly
unbo
urge
ois
real
izat
ion.
”48
Inde
ed,
wor
kers
and
excl
uded
grou
psof
man
yki
nds
wer
ebe
ginn
ing
togr
asp
this
poss
ibili
ty,a
sth
eex
plos
ion
ofni
nete
enth
-cen
tury
soci
al
mov
emen
tsm
akes
clea
r.L
abor
,C
hart
ism
,te
mpe
ranc
e,an
dot
her
mov
emen
tsw
ere
enab
led
byth
ene
wco
ndit
ions
ofth
epu
blic
sphe
re.
But
liber
alcr
itics
,su
chas
Ale
xis
deT
ocqu
evil
lean
dJo
hnSt
uart
Mill
,sa
wth
isex
pans
ion
ofcr
itica
ldi
scus
sion
asa
thre
atto
the
publ
icsp
here
and
bega
nto
trea
tth
epu
blic
asa
forc
eof
reas
on.
Hab
erm
asth
inks
that
atth
isju
nctu
relib
eral
thou
ghtb
egan
tobe
tray
itsow
nbe
stid
eals
:“T
helib
eral
ist
inte
rpre
tati
onof
the
bour
geoi
sco
nsti
tuti
onal
stat
ew
asre
acti
onar
y:it
reac
ted
toth
epo
wer
ofth
eid
eaof
acr
itica
llyde
bati
ngpu
blic
’sse
lf-d
eter
min
atio
n,in
itial
lyin
clud
edin
itsin
stit
utio
ns,
asso
onas
this
publ
icw
assu
bver
ted
byth
epr
oper
tyle
ssan
dun
educ
ated
mas
ses.
”9
Hab
erm
asdo
esno
the
rem
enti
onth
epl
ayin
gou
tof
the
sam
eco
ntra
dict
ion
rega
rdin
gge
nder
,an
omis
sion
for
whi
chhe
has
been
take
nto
task
bfe
min
ist
crit
ics
and
whi
chhe
has
sinc
eac
know
ledged
.5°
The
impo
rtan
tpo
int
for
him
isth
atth
eem
anci
pato
rypo
tent
ial
ofth
epu
blic
sphe
rew
asab
ando
ned
rath
erth
anra
dica
lized
and
that
chan
ging
cond
itio
nsha
veno
wm
ade
itsre
aliz
atio
nm
ore
diff
icul
tth
anev
er.
Hab
erm
asst
ress
eses
peci
ally
two
such
cond
ition
s:th
eas
ymm
etri
cal
natu
reof
mas
scu
ltur
e,w
hich
mak
esit
easi
erfo
rth
ose
with
capi
tal
orpo
wer
todi
stri
bute
thei
rvi
ews
but
hard
erfo
rm
argi
nal
voic
esto
talk
back
;an
dth
egr
owin
gin
terp
enet
rati
onof
the
stat
ean
dci
vil
soci
ety,
whi
chm
akes
itha
rder
toco
ncei
veof
the
priv
ate
publ
icsp
here
asa
lim
itat
ion
on
4849
PU
BL
ICS
AN
DC
OU
NT
ER
PU
BL
CS
PU
DL
CA
ND
PfU
VA
L
stat
epo
wer
.T
hese
tend
enci
esam
ount
tow
hat
Hab
erm
asca
llsa
“ref
euda
lizat
ion”
ofth
epu
blic
sphe
re—
inef
fect
,a
seco
nd“s
truc
tura
ltr
ansf
orm
atio
n:’
The
ypr
oduc
ea
publ
icth
atis
appe
aled
tono
tfo
rcr
itici
smbu
tfo
rbe
nign
accl
amat
ion.
Publ
icop
inio
nco
mes
less
toge
nera
teid
eas
and
hold
pow
erac
coun
tabl
ean
dm
ore
sim
ply
tore
gist
erap
prov
alor
disa
ppro
val
inth
efo
rmof
opin
ion
polls
and
occa
sion
alel
ecti
ons.
“Pub
licity
once
mea
ntth
eex
posu
reof
poli
tica
ldo
min
atio
nbe
fore
the
publ
icus
eof
reas
on;
publ
icit
yno
wad
dsup
the
reac
tion
sof
anun
com
mit
ted
frie
ndly
disp
osi
tion
,”H
aber
inas
wri
tes.
“In
the
mea
sure
that
itis
shap
edby
pub
licre
lati
ons,
the
publ
icsp
here
ofci
vil
soci
ety
agai
nta
kes
onfe
udal
featu
res
Eve
nth
ebo
urge
ois
conj
ugal
fam
ily,
whi
chha
din
the
ory
serv
edas
the
basi
sof
priv
ate
hum
anit
y(a
nap
pear
ance
that
,ac
cord
ing
toH
aber
mas
,ha
dal
way
sbe
enco
ntra
dict
edby
itsre
alfu
ncti
ons)
,n
ow
find
sm
ost
ofits
func
tions
take
nov
erby
mas
scu
ltu
rean
dby
’ot
her
inst
itut
ions
such
assc
hool
s.A
sa
resu
lt,it
“has
star
tcd
todi
ssol
vein
toa
sphe
reof
pscu
do-p
riva
cy.”
2H
aber
mas
’san
alys
isha
sbe
enth
esu
bjec
tof
avo
lum
inou
sd
eba
te,
muc
hof
itm
arre
dby
redu
ctiv
esu
mm
arie
san
da
naiv
eco
nfi
denc
eth
athi
ghly
capi
tali
zed
mas
sm
edia
can
bede
fend
edan
dce
lebr
ated
as“p
opul
arcu
ltur
e:’
Thr
eeth
emes
from
this
deba
tear
eim
port
ant
enou
ghto
war
rant
som
eco
mm
ent
here
.Fi
rst,
the
publ
ic-s
pher
een
viro
nmen
tH
aber
mas
desc
ribe
sca
nbe
seen
asth
eco
ntex
tof
mod
ern
soci
alm
ovem
ents
,in
clud
ing
iden
tity
po
litic
s.So
cial
mov
emen
tsta
kesh
ape
inci
vil
soci
ety,
ofte
nw
ithan
agen
daof
dem
ands
vis-
à-vi
sth
est
ate.
The
yse
ekto
chan
gepo
licy
byap
peal
ing
topu
blic
opin
ion.
The
yar
ise
from
cont
exts
ofcr
iti
cal
disc
ussi
on,
man
yof
them
prin
t-m
edia
ted.
The
ques
tion
for
deba
te,
then
,is
tow
hat
exte
ntth
een
viro
nmen
tfo
rcr
itica
lso
cial
mov
emen
tsis
beco
min
gm
ore
unde
moc
rati
c,“r
efeu
dali
zed,
”or
colo
nize
dby
chan
ging
rela
tion
sam
ong
the
stat
e,m
ass
med
ia,
and
the
mar
ket.
Thi
sis
not
asi
mpl
eis
sue.
Itha
sto
dow
ithth
ein
crea
s
ingl
ytr
ansn
atio
nal
natu
reof
publ
ics,
ofci
vil-
soci
ety
stru
ctur
essu
chas
corp
orat
ions
orno
ngov
ernm
enta
lor
gani
zati
ons,
and
ol’
inte
rsta
tere
gula
tory
appar
atu
ses.
Itha
sto
doas
wel
lw
ith
the
appa
rent
lyco
nfli
ctin
gtr
ends
of’
anev
erhi
gher
capi
tali
zati
onof
med
ia,
whi
char
ein
crea
sing
lyco
ntro
lled
bya
smal
lnu
mbe
rof
tran
snat
iona
lco
mpa
nies
,an
dth
eap
pare
ntde
cent
rali
zati
onof
new
med
ia.
Seco
nd,
mov
emen
tsar
ound
gend
eran
dse
xual
itydo
not
al
way
sco
nfor
mto
the
bour
geoi
sm
odel
of“r
atio
nal-
crit
ical
deba
te,”
espe
cial
lyas
that
mod
elha
sbe
ensu
bseq
uent
lyel
abor
ated
byli
aber
mas
.In
The
Stru
ctur
alT
rans
jbrm
atio
nof
the
Publ
icSp
here
,H
aber
mas
spea
ksof
“peo
ple’
spu
blic
use
ofth
eir
reas
on.”
But
wha
tco
unts
asa
use
ofre
ason
?In
late
rw
orks
,he
has
put
frw
ard
ahi
ghly
idea
lized
acco
unt
ofar
gum
enta
tive
dia
logue.
4B
utm
ove
men
tsar
ound
gend
eran
dse
xual
ityse
ekto
tran
sfor
mfu
ndam
nen
tal
styl
esof
embo
dim
ent,
iden
tity,
and
soci
alre
lati
ons
—in
clud
ing
thei
run
cons
ciou
sm
anif
esta
tion
s,th
evi
sion
ofth
ego
odlif
eem
bedd
edin
them
,an
dth
eha
bitu
sby
whi
chpe
ople
cont
inue
toun
ders
tand
thei
rse
lves
orbo
dies
aspu
blic
orpr
ivat
e.B
ecau
seth
isis
the
fiel
dth
atpe
ople
wan
tto
tran
sfor
m,
itis
not
poss
ible
toas
sum
eth
eha
bitu
sac
cord
ing
tow
hich
rati
onal
-cri
tica
lde
bate
isa
neut
ral,
rela
tivel
ydi
sem
bodi
edpr
oced
ure
for
addr
essi
ngco
mm
onco
ncer
ns, w
hile
embo
died
life
isas
sum
edto
bepr
ivat
e,lo
cal,
orm
erel
yaf
fect
ive
and
expr
essi
ve.
The
styl
esby
whi
chpe
ople
assu
me
publ
icre
leva
nce
are
them
selv
esco
ntes
ted.
The
abili
tyto
brac
ket
one’
sem
bodi
men
tan
dst
atus
isno
tsi
mpl
yw
hat
Hab
erm
asca
llsm
akin
gpu
blic
use
ofon
e’s
reas
on;
itis
ast
rate
gyof
dis
tinc
tion
,pr
ofou
ndly
linke
dto
educ
atio
nan
dto
dom
inan
tfo
rms
ofm
ascu
linity
.Ju
stas
the
gend
ered
divi
sion
ofpu
blic
and
priv
ate
kept
wom
enfr
omch
alle
ngin
gth
eir
role
inan
yw
ayth
atm
ight
have
been
po
ut
ical
,pu
blic
inte
ract
ions
are
satu
rate
dw
ith
prot
ocol
sof
gend
er
I
50
51
PU
BL
ICS
AN
DC
OU
NT
FR
F’,t
5L
CP
Ub,C
AN
DP
RV
AE
and
sexu
alid
entit
y.Ju
stas
Dio
gene
s’s
mas
turb
atin
gin
the
mar
ket
will
bese
enby
som
eas
philo
soph
y,by
othe
rsas
filth
,th
ecr
itica
llyre
leva
ntst
yles
ofpu
blic
ness
inga
ym
ale
sexu
alcu
ltur
ear
ese
ldom
reco
gniz
edas
such
but
are
tYpi
cally
deno
unce
das
slea
zean
das
crim
e.Fo
rm
oder
nga
ym
enan
dle
sbia
ns,
the
poss
ibili
ties
ofpub
licor
priv
ate
spee
char
edi
stor
ted
byw
hat
we
call
the
clos
et.
“The
clos
et”
isa
mis
lead
ing
spat
ial
met
apho
r.A
sEv
eK
osof
sky
Sed
gw
ick
has
show
nso
wel
l,it
isa
nam
efi
ra
set
ofas
sum
ptio
nsin
ever
yday
life
asw
ell
asin
expe
rtkn
owle
dge:
assu
mpt
ions
abou
tw
hat
goes
wit
hout
savi
ng;
wha
tca
nbe
said
wit
hout
abr
each
ofde
coru
m;
who
shar
esth
eon
usof
disc
losu
re;
wha
tca
nbe
know
nab
out
ape
rson
’sre
alna
ture
thro
ugh
tell
tale
sign
s,w
itho
uthi
sor
her
own
awar
enes
s;an
dw
how
illbe
arth
eco
nseq
uenc
esof
spee
chan
dsi
lence
.Sp
eech
isev
eryw
here
regu
late
dun
equa
lly.
Yet
iro
nic
ally
,co
mm
onm
ytho
logy
unde
rsta
nds
the
clos
etas
anin
di
vidu
al’s
lieab
out
him
-or
hers
elf.
We
blam
epe
ople
for
bein
gcl
oset
ed.
But
the
clos
etis
bett
erun
ders
tood
asth
ecu
lture
’sp
rob
lem
,no
tth
ein
divi
dual
’s.
No
one
ever
crea
ted
acl
oset
for
him
-or
hers
elf.
Peop
lefi
ndth
emse
lves
inits
oppr
essi
veco
ndit
ions
befo
reth
eykn
owit
,w
illy
-nil
l.It
isex
peri
ence
dby
lesb
ians
and
gay
men
asa
priv
ate,
indi
vidu
alpr
oble
mof
sham
ean
dde
cept
ion.
But
itis
prod
uced
byth
ehe
tero
norm
ativ
eas
sum
ptio
nsof
ever
yday
talk
.It
feel
spr
ivat
e.B
utin
anim
port
ant
sens
eit
ispu
blic
lyco
nstr
ucte
d.In
such
are
gim
eof
sexu
aldo
min
atio
n,pu
blic
ness
will
feel
like
expo
sure
,an
dpr
ivac
yw
illfe
ellik
eth
ecl
oset
.T
hecl
oset
may
seem
tobe
aki
ndof
prot
ecti
on.
Inde
ed,
the
feel
ing
ofpr
otec
tion
ison
eof
the
hallm
arks
ofm
oder
npr
ivac
y.B
utin
fact
the
clos
etis
ridd
led
with
fear
and
sham
e.So
ispu
blic
ityun
der
the
cond
itio
nsof
the
clos
et.
Bei
ngpu
blic
lykn
own
asho
mos
exua
lis
neve
rth
esa
me
asbe
ing
publ
icly
know
nas
hete
rose
xual
;th
ela
tter
alw
ays
goes
wit
hout
sayi
ngan
dtr
oubl
esno
thin
g,w
here
asth
efo
rmer
carr
ies
echo
esof
path
olog
ized
visi
bilit
y’,
Itis
perf
ectl
ym
eani
ng-
less
to“c
ome
out”
ashe
tero
sexu
al.
Soit
isno
ttr
ue,
asco
mm
onw
isdo
mw
ould
have
it,
that
hom
osex
uals
live
priv
ate
lives
wit
hout
ase
cure
publ
icid
entit
y.T
hey
have
neit
her
pri
acy
nor
publ
icne
ss,
inth
ese
norm
ativ
ese
nses
ofth
ete
rms.
Inth
eU
nite
dSt
ates
,th
eju
dici
ary,
alon
gw
ithth
em
ilita
ryan
dits
supp
orte
rsin
Con
gres
san
dth
eW
hite
Hou
se,
has
gone
togr
eat
leng
ths
tom
ake
sure
that
they
will
have
nei
ther
.56
Itis
this
defo
rmat
ion
ofpu
blic
and
pri
vate
that
iden
tity
poli
tics
—an
dth
epe
rhri
nati
veri
tual
know
nas
com
ing
out
—tr
ies
totr
ansfo
rm.
Inso
me
way
s,a
mor
eda
unti
ngve
rsio
nof
’ the
sam
epr
oble
mfa
ces
the
tran
sgen
dere
d,w
hodo
not
alw
ays
wis
hto
appe
alin
the
sam
ew
ayto
apr
ivat
eid
enti
tyas
the
basi
sfo
ra
publ
icre
valu
atio
n,O
ften
itis
the
mos
tpr
ivat
e,in
tim
ate
dim
ensi
onof
sex
assi
gnm
ent
and
self
-und
erst
andi
ngth
atm
ust
bem
anag
edat
the
sam
etim
ew
ithth
epu
blic
and
soci
alpr
esen
tati
ons,
thou
ghth
ese
may
mov
eat
diff
eren
tra
tes
and
todi
ffer
ent
degr
ees.
The
task
ofm
anag
ing
stig
ma
may
ofte
npr
esen
tit
self
asbe
ing
like
the
clos
et;
and
itm
aydi
spla
ya
sim
ilar
ineq
ualit
yin
clai
ms
tokn
owle
dge.
The
epis
tem
olo
gica
lle
vera
geof
med
ical
expe
rts,
for
exam
ple,
appe
ars
asa
very
publ
icki
ndof
know
ledg
ean
dau
thor
ity,
obje
ctiv
ean
dne
utra
lw
here
the
pati
ent’
scl
aim
sar
eun
ders
tood
tohe
subj
ecti
vean
din
tere
sted
,pe
rhap
sev
enpa
thol
ogic
al.
Tra
usge
nder
edpe
ople
typ
ical
lyha
veto
stru
ggle
agai
nst
that
supe
rior
clai
mto
know
’w
hat’
sgo
odfo
rth
emor
wha
tth
eir
true
natu
reis
,ev
enw
hile
they
are
depe
nden
ton
thos
esa
me
expe
rts
for
assi
stan
ce,
care
,an
dpu
blic
legi
timac
y.B
utof
cour
sea
sex
tran
siti
onis
not
som
ethi
ngth
atca
nbe
man
aged
priv
atel
y,an
dbe
caus
eit
isa
tran
siti
onra
ther
than
ane
wly
reve
aled
prio
rco
ndit
ion,
“com
ing
out”
isno
tan
enti
rely
help
ful
anal
ogy.
Ano
tion
ofpr
ivac
yas
ari
ght
ofse
lf-d
eter
min
atio
nm
aypr
ove
inm
any
cont
exts
tobe
extr
emel
yva
luab
leto
the
tran
sgen
dere
d.A
mer
ely
natu
rali
zed
priv
acy,
onth
eot
her
hand
,m
ight
bloc
k
52
53
PU
SL
CS
AN
DC
OU
N1S
RP
UB
LC
SP
UB
LIC
AN
DP
RV
AS
acce
ssto
the
heal
thse
rvic
esan
dot
her
kind
sof
publ
icly
avai
labl
eas
sist
ance
that
self
-det
erm
inat
ion
mig
htre
quir
e.T
hepr
ivat
efa
cil
ities
ofpu
blic
inst
itut
ions
—lo
cker
room
s,ba
thro
oms,
and
such
—
can
beth
em
ost
publ
icof
batt
legr
ound
s,es
peci
ally
for
FTM
s.A
ndth
etr
ansg
ende
red
rout
inel
yha
veto
cope
wit
hth
epu
blic
,in
sti
tuti
onal
,an
dst
ate
dim
ensi
ons
ofsu
chot
herw
ise
“per
sona
l”an
dpr
ivat
eis
sues
asna
min
g,se
xcl
assi
fica
tion
,he
alth
,an
din
tim
ate
asso
ciat
ions
.T
rans
gend
erac
tivis
mco
ntin
uall
ypo
ints
toth
epub
licun
derp
inni
ngs
ofpr
ivac
y,an
dpr
obab
lyno
whe
rem
ore
soth
anin
itsow
npr
acti
ce,
whi
chse
eks
topu
tin
toci
rcul
atio
na
new
pub
licly
avai
labl
ela
ngua
gefo
rse
lf-u
nder
stan
ding
.A
sth
ese
exam
ples
illu
stra
te,
the
mea
ning
ofge
nder
and
sex
ual
ityin
dom
inan
tcu
ltur
eis
only
part
lyde
tcrm
incd
indo
mes
tic
orfa
mili
allif
e.It
isal
soco
nsta
ntly
bein
gsh
aped
acro
ssth
era
nge
ofso
cial
rela
tion
s,an
dpe
rhap
ses
peci
ally
inth
em
ass
med
ia,
wit
hth
eir
visu
alla
ngua
geof
inco
rpor
atio
nan
dde
sire
.T
hepu
blic
sphe
reas
anen
viro
nmen
t,th
en,
isno
tju
sta
plac
ew
here
one
coul
dra
tion
ally
deba
tea
set
ofge
nder
orse
xual
rela
tion
sth
atca
nin
turn
beeq
uate
dw
ith
priv
ate
life;
the
publ
icsp
here
isa
pri
nci
pal
inst
ance
ofth
efo
rms
ofem
bodi
men
tan
dso
cial
rela
tion
sth
atar
eth
emse
lves
atis
sue.
Thi
sis
are
ason
for
skep
ticis
mab
out
the
reig
ning
prot
ocol
sof
wha
tco
unts
asra
tion
al-c
riti
cal d
ebat
e,in
clud
ing
the
idea
that
one
need
’sto
brac
ket
one’
spr
ivat
ese
lfin
orde
rto
enga
gein
publ
icdi
scus
sion
.B
utth
esa
me
reci
proc
ity
betw
een
publ
ican
dpr
ivat
eis
also
anad
vant
age
topu
blic
-sph
ere
anal
ysis
inre
lati
onto
som
eot
her
criti
cal
met
hods
,no
tabl
yps
ycho
anal
ysis
.Ps
ycho
anal
ysis
asa
cult
ural
phen
omen
on,
asZ
aret
sky
poin
tsou
t,ha
sco
ntri
bute
dpr
ofou
ndly
toth
etw
enti
eth-
cent
ury
reva
luat
ion
ofpe
rson
alan
dpr
ivat
elif
e.B
utas
am
etho
d,ps
ycho
anal
ysis
has
been
lim
ited
inits
abili
tyto
deal
wit
his
sues
ofpu
blic
and
priv
ate.
Mos
tps
ycho
anal
ytic
anal
yses
ofge
nder
and
sexu
ality
focu
son
intr
asub
ject
ive
dyna
mic
san
dfa
mili
alre
lati
ons,
gene
rali
zing
from
thes
eto
ab
stra
ctle
vels
ofcu
ltur
esu
chas
the
Sym
bolic
and
the
law
ofth
e
fath
er.
Inso
doin
g,th
eym
etho
dica
lly
embe
dth
eeq
uati
onof
gen
der
and
sexu
ality
wit
hth
ere
alm
ofth
efa
mily
and
the
indi
vidu
al
—bl
ocki
ngfr
omvi
ewth
em
edia
tion
ofpu
blic
san
dth
em
ulti
ple
soci
al,
hist
oric
al,
and
poli
tica
lfr
ames
ofpr
ivac
y.Fr
eud
him
self
stru
ggle
dto
over
com
eth
isli
mit
atio
nin
Gro
upPs
ycho
logy
,an
d
som
ela
ter
reco
nstr
ucti
ons
ofps
ycho
anal
ytic
met
hod,
from
Fran
tz
Fano
nto
fem
inis
tfi
lmth
eory
,ha
vefu
rthe
rre
vise
dhi
svo
cabu
lary
with
the
aim
ofin
corp
orat
ing
soci
alco
ntex
tsof
dom
inat
ion
into
our
unde
rsta
ndin
gof
psyc
hic
life
and
vice
vers
a.Y
etth
edi
stan
ce
betw
een
psyc
hoan
alyt
icge
nera
lity
and
the
com
plex
hist
orie
sof
publ
ican
dpr
ivat
ere
mai
nsgre
at.
57
Fina
lly,
ther
eis
som
ete
nsio
nbe
twee
nth
epu
blic
sof
gend
eror
sexu
ality
and
the
publ
icsp
here
asan
idea
l.O
nth
ispo
int,
ther
e
has
been
som
eco
nfus
ion;
criti
csco
mm
only
accu
seH
aber
mas
of
havi
ngad
opte
da
fals
eid
eal
ofa
unit
ary
pu
bli
c.5
8B
utH
aber
mas
does
not
imag
ine
apu
blic
unif
ied
inre
ality
,as
aco
nsti
tuen
cyor
a
sing
lem
edia
cont
ext.
“Non
publ
icop
inio
nsar
eat
wor
kin
grea
t
num
bers
,”he
wri
tes,
“and
‘the
’pu
blic
opin
ion
isin
deed
afi
c
tio
n:’
59
From
the
begi
nnin
g,hi
sac
coun
tst
ress
edm
any
diff
eren
t
kind
sof
publ
icdi
scou
rse,
from
tave
rnco
nver
sati
onto
art
crit
i
cism
.T
heid
eal
unit
yof
the
publ
icsp
here
isbe
stun
ders
tood
as
anim
agin
ary
conv
erge
nce
poin
tth
atis
the
back
drop
ofcr
itic
al
disc
ours
ein
each
ofth
ese
cont
exts
and
publ
ics
—an
impl
ied
but
abst
ract
poin
tth
atis
ofte
nre
ferr
edto
as“t
hepu
blic
”or
“pub
lic
opin
ion”
and
byvi
rtue
ofth
atfa
cten
dow
edw
ithle
gitim
acy
and
the
abili
tyto
diss
olve
pow
er.
A“p
ublic
”in
this
cont
ext
isa
spec
ial
kind
ofvi
rtua
lso
cial
obje
ct,
enab
ling
asp
ecia
lm
ode
ofad
dres
s.
As
we
saw
inK
ant’
s“W
hat
IsE
nlig
hten
men
t?”
itis
mod
eled
ona
read
ing
publ
ic.
Inm
oder
nso
ciet
ies,
apu
blic
isby
defi
niti
onan
inde
fini
teau
dien
cera
ther
than
aso
cial
cons
titu
ency
that
coul
d
5455
PU
6L
Cs
AN
DC
OU
NT
ER
PU
DL
CS
PU
BL
ICA
ND
PR
VA
Tr
benu
mbe
red
orna
med
)’°
The
Stru
ctur
alT
ran?
jrm
atio
nof
Publ
icSp
here
can
bere
adas
ahi
stor
yof
the
cons
truc
tion
ofth
isir
tual
obje
ctan
dits
mod
eof
addr
ess,
whe
rea
key
deve
lopm
ent
isth
efi
ctio
nof
“pub
lic
opin
ion”
asth
eid
eal
back
grou
ndof
all
po
ssi
ble
publ
ics.
Hab
erm
asdi
dno
tde
scri
beit
inth
ese
term
s,an
din
his
late
rw
ork
onco
mm
unic
ativ
era
tion
alit
yhe
incr
easi
ngly
col
laps
edpu
blic
reas
onin
toth
em
odel
offa
ce-t
o-fa
cear
gum
enta
tive
dial
ogue
—th
usm
akin
gth
esp
ecia
lco
ntex
tof
publ
ics
disa
ppea
rfr
omth
ean
alys
is.
But
ther
eis
none
cess
ary
conf
lict
betw
een
the
publ
icsp
here
and
the
idea
ofm
ulti
ple
publ
ics.
Cou
nte
rpu
bli
cs
The
stro
nger
mod
ific
atio
nof
Hab
erm
as’s
anal
ysis
—on
ein
whi
chhe
has
show
nli
ttle
inte
rest
,th
ough
itis
clea
rly
ofm
ajor
signif
ica
nce
inth
ecr
itica
lan
alys
isof
gend
eran
dse
xual
ity—
isth
atso
me
publ
ics
are
defi
ned
byth
eir
tens
ion
with
ala
rger
publ
ic. T
heir
Par
tici
pant
sar
em
arke
dof
ffr
ompe
rson
sor
citiz
ens
inge
nera
l.D
iscu
ssio
nw
ithi
nsu
cha
publ
icis
unde
rsto
odto
cont
rave
neth
eru
les
obta
inin
gin
the
wor
ldat
larg
e,be
ing
stru
ctur
edby
alte
rnat
ive
dis
posi
tion
sor
prot
ocol
s,m
akin
gdi
ffer
ent
assu
mpt
ions
abou
tw
hat
can
besa
idor
wha
tgo
esw
itho
utsa
ying
.T
his
kind
ofpu
blic
is,
inef
fect
,a
coun
terp
ubli
c:it
mai
ntai
nsat
som
ele
vel,
cons
ciou
sor
not,
anaw
aren
ess
ofits
subo
rdin
ate
stat
us.
The
sexu
alcu
ltur
esof
gay
men
orof
lesb
ians
wou
ldbe
one
kind
ofex
ampl
e,bu
tso
wou
ldca
mp
disc
ours
eor
the
med
iaof
wom
ensc
ultu
re.
Aco
unte
rpub
lic
inth
isse
nse
isus
ually
rela
ted
toa
subc
ultu
re,
but
ther
ear
eim
por
tant
diff
eren
ces
betw
een
thes
eco
ncep
ts.
Aco
unte
rpub
lic,
agai
nst
the
back
grou
ndof
the
publ
icsp
here
,en
able
sa
hori
zon
ofopin
ion
and
exch
ange
;its
exch
ange
sre
mai
ndi
stin
ctfr
omau
thor
ity
and
can
have
acr
itica
l rel
atio
nto
pow
er;
itsex
tent
isin
prin
cipl
ein
def
init
e,be
caus
eit
isno
tba
sed
ona
prec
ise
dem
ogra
phy
but
med
iat
edby
prin
t,th
eate
r,di
ffus
ene
twor
ksof
talk
,com
mer
ce, a
ndth
e
ç6
like.
Cou
nter
publ
ics
arc
ofte
nca
lled
‘sub
alte
rnco
unte
rpub
lics
,”bu
tit
isno
tcl
ear
that
all
coun
terp
ubli
csar
eco
mpo
sed
ofpe
ople
othe
rwis
edo
min
ated
assu
balt
erns
.So
me
yout
h-cu
ltur
epu
blic
sor
arti
stic
publ
ics,
for
exam
ple,
oper
ate
asco
unte
rpub
lies
,ev
enth
ough
man
yw
hopa
rtic
ipat
ein
them
are
“sub
alte
rns”
inno
othe
rse
nse.
At
any
rate
,ev
enas
asu
balt
ern
coun
terp
ubli
c,th
issu
bord
ina
test
atus
does
not
sim
ply
refl
ect
iden
titi
eslr
nie
del
sew
here
;pa
rtic
ipat
ion
insu
cha
publ
icis
one
ofth
ew
ays
byw
hich
itsbe
rs’
iden
titi
esar
efo
rmed
and
tran
sfor
med
.H
aber
mas
’sri
chhi
stor
ical
acco
unt
ofth
eno
rms
and
prac
tices
ofpu
blic
ness
inm
oder
nity
can
thus
reop
enth
ere
latio
nsbe
twee
nth
epe
rson
alan
dth
epo
litic
al.
Apu
blic
,or
coun
terp
ubli
c,ca
ndo
mor
eth
anre
pres
ent t
hein
tere
sts
ofge
nder
edor
sexu
aliz
edpe
rson
sin
apu
blic
sphe
re.
Itca
nm
edia
teth
em
ost
priv
ate
and
inti
mat
em
eani
ngs
ofge
nder
and
sexu
ality
.It
can
wor
kto
elab
orat
ene
ww
orld
sof
cult
ure
and
soci
alre
latio
nsin
whi
chge
nder
and
sexu
ality
can
beliv
ed, i
nclu
ding
form
sof
inti
mat
eas
soci
atio
n,vo
cabu
lar
ies
ofaf
fect
,st
yles
ofem
bodi
men
t,er
otic
prac
tices
,an
dre
latio
nsof
care
and
peda
gogy
.It
can
ther
efor
em
ake
poss
ible
new
form
sof
gend
ered
orse
xual
citi
zens
hip
—m
eani
ngac
tive
part
icip
atio
nin
colle
ctiv
ew
orld
mak
ing
thro
ugh
publ
ics
ofse
xan
dge
nder
.Su
cha
mod
elof
citi
zens
hip
orpu
blic
pers
onho
odw
ould
beve
rydi
ffer
ent
inde
edfr
omth
ebo
urge
ois
publ
icsp
here
,th
ough
deep
lyin
debt
edto
itas
aba
ckgr
ound
set
ofco
ndit
ions
.T
hebour
geoi
spu
blic
sphe
reco
nsis
tsof
priv
ate
pers
ons
who
seid
enti
tyis
form
edin
the
priv
acy
ofth
eco
njug
aldo
mes
tic
fam
ilyan
dw
hoen
ter
into
rati
onal
-cri
tica
lde
bate
arou
ndm
atte
rsco
mm
onto
all
bybr
acke
ting
thei
rem
bodi
men
tan
dst
atus
.C
ount
erpu
blic
sof
’se
xual
ityan
dge
nder
,on
the
othe
rha
nd,
are
scen
esof
’ass
ocia
tion
and
iden
tity
that
tran
sfor
mth
epr
ivat
eliv
esth
eym
edia
te.
Hom
ose
xual
sca
nex
ist
inis
olat
ion;
hut
gay
peop
leor
quee
rsex
ist
byvi
rtue
ofth
ew
orld
they
elab
orat
eto
geth
er,
and
gay
orqu
eer
57
PU
BL
ICS
AN
DC
OU
NT
LR
PU
BL
CS
PU
BL
ICA
ND
NV
AT
6
iden
tity
isal
way
sfu
ndam
enta
lly
infl
ecte
dby
the
natu
reof
that
wor
ld.
The
sam
eco
uld
besa
idof
wom
en’s
coun
terp
ubli
cs,
orth
ose
ofra
ce,
oryo
uth
cult
ure.
The
sepu
blic
cont
exts
nece
ssar
ilyen
tail
and
brin
gin
tobe
ing
real
ms
ofsu
bjec
tivity
outs
ide
the
con
juga
ldo
mes
tic
fam
ily.
The
irpr
otoc
ols
ofdi
scou
rse
and
deba
tere
mai
nop
ento
affe
ctiv
ean
dex
pres
sive
dim
ensi
ons
ofla
ngua
ge.
And
thei
rm
embe
rsm
ake
thei
rem
bodi
men
tan
dst
atus
atle
ast
part
lyre
leva
ntin
apu
blic
way
byth
eir
very
par
tici
pat
ion.
6’it
isin
part
toca
ptur
eth
epr
ofou
nddi
ffer
ence
betw
een
the
conc
epti
onof
citi
zens
hip
mad
epo
ssib
lein
such
coun
terp
ubli
csan
dth
eon
epr
evai
ling
inth
ebo
urge
ois
publ
icsp
here
that
som
any
criti
csin
gend
eran
dse
xual
ityst
udie
sha
vere
cent
lytu
rned
toth
elo
ng-u
nfas
hion
able
wor
kof
Han
nah
Are
ndt.
Are
ndt
was
espe
cial
lyun
fash
iona
ble
inse
cond
-wae
fem
inis
m,
Far
from
“dis
solv
ing
the
dist
inct
ion
betw
een
publ
ican
dpr
ivat
e,”
Are
ndt
insi
sts
onit.
For
man
yfe
min
ist
read
ers,
wha
tst
ood
out
was
that
“whe
nH
anna
hA
rend
tde
fine
spo
litic
sin
term
sof
the
purs
uit
ofpu
blic
happ
ines
sor
the
tast
efo
rpu
blic
free
dom
,sh
eis
empl
oyin
ga
term
inol
ogy
alm
ost
oppo
site
toth
atad
opte
dw
ithi
nth
eco
nte
mpo
rary
wom
en’s
mov
emen
t.”B
)B
oth
Adr
ienn
eR
ich,
inO
nlie
s,Se
cret
s,an
dSi
lenc
e,an
dM
ary
O’B
rien
,in
The
Polit
ics
ofR
epro
duct
ion,
inte
rpre
ted
Are
ndt
asem
brac
ing
the
syst
emin
whi
chm
ale
isto
publ
icas
fem
ale
isto
priv
ate.
The
ydi
smis
sed
her
asan
esse
ntia
lly
mas
culi
nist
thin
ker.
late
ly,
how
ever
,an
impr
essi
vera
nge
offe
min
ists
and
othe
rth
inke
rshae
begu
na
reco
nsid
era
tion
.T
hey
argu
eth
atfr
rA
rend
t pub
lican
dpr
ivat
ere
fer
less
toth
eno
rms
ofge
nder
than
toth
edi
ffer
ent
cond
itio
nsfo
rac
tion
that
defi
nehu
man
ity.
For
thos
ew
hoth
ink
that
gend
eran
dse
xual
ityar
ede
fine
dth
roug
hac
tion
inre
lati
onto
othe
rs,
and
that
they
can
bem
ade
subj
ect
totr
ansf
rrm
atio
nfo
rth
atre
ason
,A
rend
tca
nbe
read
aspr
escr
ibin
gw
hat
Bon
nie
Hon
igca
lls“a
nag
onis
ticpo
litic
sof
per
form
ativ
ity’
6’
InTh
eH
uman
Con
ditio
n,A
rend
ttr
ies
tore
cons
truc
tdim
en
sion
sof
hum
anit
ypu
tat
risk
byth
ew
orld
alie
natio
nof
the
mod
ern
age.
Aga
inst
the
curr
ent
ofhe
rti
me,
inw
hich
priv
acy
and
pers
onal
life
cam
eto
bevi
ewed
asth
ere
alm
ofin
divi
dual
ityan
d
free
dom
,A
rend
tse
esbo
thfr
eedo
man
din
divi
dual
ity
inth
e
wor
ld-m
akin
gpu
blic
activ
ityof
the
polis
,be
caus
eit
isa
com
mon
fram
ewor
kof
inte
ract
ion
that
isne
eded
toal
low
both
ash
ared
wor
ldof
equa
lsan
dth
edi
sclo
sure
ofun
ique
agen
cy.
The
priv
ate,
byco
ntra
st,
isth
ere
alm
ofne
cess
ityan
dth
em
erge
dvi
ewpo
ints
offa
mily
life.
Are
ndt
belie
ves
that
the
nece
ssit
ies
ofpr
ivat
elif
e
are
inap
prop
riat
eto
poli
tics
.B
utsh
edo
esno
tsa
yth
isou
tof
a
prud
ish
mor
ality
;he
rid
eal
ofpo
litic
allif
eis
acr
eativ
efa
shio
ning
ofa
com
mon
wor
ld,
and
she
unde
rsta
nds
the
wor
d“p
riva
te”
to
refe
rto
thos
eco
ndit
ions
—in
clud
ing
love
,pa
in,
and
need
ingen
eral
—th
atsh
eth
inks
ofas
not
bein
gde
fine
dor
tran
sfor
med
by
such
crea
tive
fash
ioni
ng.
As
Mar
yD
ietz
emph
asiz
es,
both
publ
ic
and
priv
ate
inth
isus
age
are
exis
tent
ial
cate
gori
es,
not
soci
alde
scri
ptio
ns.
The
yar
edi
ffer
ent
cont
exts
for
pers
onho
od.
The
pub
licth
atA
rend
tva
lues
som
uch
isth
esc
ene
ofw
orld
mak
ing
and
self
-dis
clos
ure;
itis
ther
efor
eto
bedi
stin
guis
hed
both
from
the
prev
ailin
gsy
stem
ofpo
litic
san
dfr
oman
yun
iver
salis
tno
tion
of
rati
onal
deba
te.
Itis
apo
litic
alsc
ene,
nece
ssar
ilylo
calb
ecau
seth
e
self
and
the
shar
edw
orld
disc
lose
dth
roug
hit
emer
gein
inte
rac
tion
with
oth
ers
.64
Are
ndt
sees
atle
ast
thre
egr
eat
rupt
ures
sepa
rati
ngou
row
n
time
from
the
clas
sica
lcul
ture
inw
hich
the
wor
ldm
akin
gdim
en
sion
ofpu
blic
actio
nw
asun
ders
tood
.T
hefi
rsti
sC
hris
tiani
ty,w
ith
itset
erna
lpr
ivat
epe
rson
and
deva
luat
ion
ofth
epu
blic
wor
ld;
the
seco
nd,
Rom
anti
cin
divi
dual
ism
,w
hich
lead
sus
tose
eth
epr
ivat
e
not
asth
epr
ivat
ion
ofpu
blic
ness
but
asan
orig
inar
yva
lue
inits
own
righ
t;th
eth
ird,
wha
tshe
calls
the
rise
ofth
eso
cial
.By
“the
so
cial
”sh
em
eans
the
mod
ern
way
ofun
ders
tand
ing
hum
anre
latio
ns
5859
PU
BL
ICS
AN
DC
OU
NT
ER
PU
BL
IC
PU
BL
ICA
ND
PR
IVA
S
not
asth
em
ediu
mof
actio
nan
dsp
eech
but
asbe
havi
oran
dre
gu
lati
on.
Fun
dam
enta
lhu
man
capa
citi
esof
wor
ldm
akin
gar
ere
stri
cted
insc
ope
and
cons
eque
nce
bym
ass
soci
ety,
adm
inis
trat
ion,
and
inst
rum
enta
lity
.In
the
cont
ext
ofth
eC
old
War
(The
Hum
anC
ondi
tion
‘,as
pub
lishe
din
1958
),th
isw
asa
bold
argu
men
t,fu
ndam
enta
lly
crit
iciz
ing
both
tota
lita
rian
ism
and
liber
alis
m.
Bec
ause
Are
ndt’
spu
blic
isan
actio
nco
ntex
tfo
rsp
eech
and
anag
onis
ticsc
ene
ofin
tera
ctio
n,it
isth
ere
alm
ofrh
etor
ic,
not
com
man
d;th
ere
isan
impl
icit
con
tras
ther
eto
the
tota
lita
rian
ism
that
Are
ndt
had
trea
ted
inhe
rpre
viou
sbo
ok,
asw
ell
asto
juri
dica
lm
odel
sof
pow
erge
nera
lly)
’B
utA
rend
tal
soof
fers
her
desc
ript
ion
ofpu
blic
and
priv
ate
asa
cont
rast
toth
edi
stin
ctio
nbe
twee
nst
ate
and
soci
ety
with
whi
chit
isof
ten
mad
esy
nony
mou
s,es
peci
ally
inli
bera
lism
.tT
hedi
ffer
ence
betw
een
Are
ndt’
spr
agm
atic
sens
eof
the
publ
ican
dth
elib
eral
univ
ersa
list
sens
eis
shar
p.It
also
occa
sion
su
nfo
rese
ente
nsio
nsin
Are
ndt’
sow
nth
ough
t,an
dth
usop
port
unit
ies
for
read
ing
her
agai
nst
the
grai
n.T
hew
omen
’sm
ovem
ent
and
cjue
ercu
ltur
ew
ould
repr
esen
tm
odel
case
sof
publ
ic‘
orld
mak
ing,
and
for
the
sam
ere
ason
that
they
are
gene
rall
yun
ders
tood
tobe
op
pose
dto
“fam
ilyva
lues
”:
Bei
ngse
enan
db
ein
ghe
ard
bot
hers
deri
veth
eir
sign
ific
ance
from
the
fact
that
ever
ybod
yse
esan
dhe
ars
from
adi
ffer
ent
posit
ion.
Thi
sis
the
mea
ning
ofpu
blic
life,
com
pare
dto
whi
chev
enth
eri
ches
tan
dm
ost
satis
fyin
gfa
mily
life
can
offe
ron
lyth
epr
olon
gatio
nor
mul
tiplic
atio
nof
one’
sow
npo
sitio
nw
ithit
sat
tend
ing
aspe
cts
and
pers
pect
ives
.T
hesu
bjec
tivity
ofpr
ivac
yca
nbe
prol
onge
dan
dm
ul
tiplie
din
afa
mily
,it
can
even
beco
me
sost
rong
that
itsw
eigh
tis
felt
inth
epu
blic
real
m;
but
this
fam
ily“w
orld
”ca
nne
ver
repl
ace
the
real
ityri
sing
out
ofth
esu
mto
tal
ofas
pect
spr
esen
ted
byon
eob
ject
toa
mul
titud
eof
spec
tato
rs.
67
Fam
ilial
ist
conce
pti
ons
ofna
tion
alor
publ
icm
embe
rshi
pco
me
in
for
such
wit
heri
ngre
mar
ksin
part
beca
use
Are
ndt
has
inm
ind
the
back
grou
ndof
fasc
ism
;bu
tth
isan
alys
isha
sno
tlo
stits
rele
vanc
ein
the
post
—C
old
War
peri
od.
Are
ndt
wri
tes
that
inm
ass
soci
ety
“peo
ple
sudd
enly
beha
veas
thou
ghth
eyw
ere
mem
bers
of
one
fam
ily,
each
mul
tipl
ying
and
prol
ongi
ngth
epe
rspe
ctiv
eof
his
nei
ghbor.
”6
8W
hile
mas
sso
ciet
ym
ight
seem
tohe
inm
any
resp
ects
the
oppo
site
ofth
efa
mily
,th
eco
mm
odit
y-ri
dden
was
teag
ains
tw
hich
the
intim
acy
ofth
ehe
arth
isus
ually
cont
rast
ed,
for
Are
ndt
thes
etw
om
odel
sof
soci
alsp
ace
shar
ea
I)as
icli
mit
atio
non
acti
onan
dsp
eech
.(T
hepo
int
mig
htbe
illu
stra
ted
thro
ugh
the
mid
-l99
0sph
enom
enon
ofth
eP
rom
ise
Kee
pers
mov
emen
t,
or“f
amily
valu
es”
rhet
oric
gene
rall
y.)
Of
cour
se,
som
efe
min
ists
(esp
ecia
lly
inw
hat
isca
lled
“dif
fere
nce
lem
inis
ni”)
and
som
e
quee
rth
eori
sts
mig
htta
kea
mor
eex
pans
ive
view
ofth
efa
mily
.
Are
ndt
clea
rly
has
inm
ind
acl
assi
cm
iddl
e-cl
ass
mod
elof
fam
ilylif
e,w
ith
itsid
eals
ofpr
oper
tyin
tere
st,
ethn
icsu
bjec
tivity
,p
rim
ary
alle
gian
ce,
and
undi
sput
edw
ill.
Muc
hof
the
ener
gycu
rren
tly
bein
gde
rive
dfr
omA
rend
t’s
wor
kby
lmin
ist
and
quee
rth
ough
tlie
sin
the
poss
ibil
ity
ofre
adin
gth
e
slog
an“T
hepe
rson
alis
poli
tica
l”w
ith
anA
rend
tian
un
der
stan
d
ing
ofth
epo
liti
cal.
Thi
sen
tail
sth
ew
orki
ngas
sum
ptio
nth
atth
e
cond
itio
nsof
gend
eran
dse
xual
ity
can
betr
eate
dno
tsi
mpl
yas
the
give
nne
cess
itie
sof
the
labo
ring
body
but
asth
eoc
casi
onfo
r
form
ing
publ
ics,
elab
orat
ing
com
mon
wor
lds,
mak
ing
the
tran
s
posi
tion
from
sham
eto
hono
r,fr
omhi
dden
ness
toth
eex
chan
geof
view
poin
tsw
ithge
nera
lize
dot
hers
,in
such
aw
ayth
atth
edis
clos
ure
ofse
lfpa
rtak
esof
free
dom
.
The
chal
leng
efa
cing
this
proj
ect
intr
ansg
ende
rac
tivi
sm,
fem
inis
m,
and
quee
rth
eory
isto
unde
rsta
ndho
ww
orld
mak
ing
un
fold
sin
publ
ics
that
are,
afte
ral
l,no
tju
stna
tura
lco
llec
tion
sof
peop
le,
not
just
“com
mun
itie
s,”
but
med
iate
dpu
blic
s.A
rend
t’s
6o6i
PU
SL
CS
AN
DC
OU
NT
Ek
-U
DL
DP
UB
LiC
AN
DP
RIV
A
lang
uage
of“s
peec
h”an
d“a
ctio
nin
view
ofot
hers
”so
unds
,in
this
cont
ext,
fair
lyan
tiqu
ated
—an
unfo
rtun
ate
faith
fuln
ess
toth
em
etap
hor
ofth
epo
lis
rath
erth
ana
com
plex
unde
rsta
ndin
gof
how
polit
ics
happ
ens.
Hab
erm
as,
mea
nwhi
le,
has
am
ore
care
ful
atte
ntio
nto
the
prac
tice
san
dst
ruct
ures
that
med
iate
publ
ics,
incl
udin
gpr
int,
genr
e,ar
chit
ectu
re,
and
capi
tal.
But
heex
trac
tsfr
omth
emsu
chan
idea
lized
imag
eof
pers
uasi
onth
atth
ew
orld
-di
sclo
sing
activ
ityof
aco
unte
rpub
lic
falls
out
ofvi
ew.
Bot
hth
ink
ers
shar
ea
stro
ngse
nse
that
the
utop
ian
idea
lsof
publ
ican
dpr
ivat
eha
vebe
enco
ntra
dict
edby
the
soci
alco
ndit
ions
for
real
izin
gth
emin
mod
ern
mas
scu
ltur
e.W
hat
rem
ains
,th
en,
isa
need
for
both
con
cret
ean
dth
eore
tica
lun
ders
tand
ings
of
the
cond
itio
nsth
atcu
rren
tly
med
iate
the
tran
sfor
mat
ive
and
crea
tive
wor
kof
counte
rpubli
cs.
Co
un
ter-
publ
ics
ofse
xan
dge
nder
are
teac
hing
usto
reco
gniz
ein
new
eran
dde
eper
way
sho
wpr
ivac
yis
publ
icly
cons
truc
ted.
The
yar
ete
stin
gou
run
ders
tand
ing
ofho
wpr
ivat
elif
eca
nbe
mad
epub
licly
rele
vant
.A
ndth
eyar
eel
abor
atin
gno
ton
lyne
wsh
ared
wor
lds
and
criti
cal
lang
uage
sbu
tal
sone
wpr
ivac
ies,
ne
indi
vid
uals
,ne
wbo
dies
,ne
win
timac
ies,
and
new
citiz
ensh
ips.
Indo
ing
so,
they
have
prov
oked
visc
eral
reac
tion
s,an
dne
cess
arily
so,
sinc
eth
evi
scer
alm
eani
ngof
gend
eran
dse
xual
ityis
the
very
mat
ter
that
they
wis
hto
disc
lose
aspu
blic
lyre
leva
nt.
Itis
ofte
nth
ough
t,es
peci
ally
byou
tsid
ers,
that
the
publ
icdi
spla
yof
priv
ate
mat
ters
isa
deba
sed
narc
issi
sm,
aco
llaps
eof
deco
rum
,ex
pres
sivi
tvgo
neam
ok,
the
eros
ion
ofan
ydi
stin
ctio
nbe
twee
npu
blic
and
priv
ate.
But
ina
coun
terp
ubli
cse
ttin
g,su
chdi
spla
yof
ten
has
the
aim
oftr
ansf
orm
atio
n.St
yles
ofem
bodi
men
tar
ele
arne
dan
dcu
ltiva
ted,
and
the
affe
cts
ofsh
ame
and
disg
ust
that
surr
ound
them
can
bete
sted
,in
som
eca
ses
reva
lued
.V
isce
ral
priv
ate
mea
ning
isno
tea
syto
alte
rby
ones
elf,
bya
free
act
ofw
ill.
Itca
non
lybe
alte
red
thro
ugh
exch
ange
sth
atgo
beyo
ndse
lf-e
xpre
ssio
nto
the
mak
ing
ofa
colle
ctiv
esc
ene
ofdi
sclo
sure
.T
here
sult
,in
counte
rpubli
cs,
isth
atth
evi
scer
alin
tens
ityof
gend
er,
ofse
xual
ity,
orof
corp
orea
lst
yle
inge
nera
lno
long
erne
eds
tobe
unde
rsto
odas
priv
ate.
Pub
licne
ssit
self
has
avi
scer
alre
sona
nce.
At
the
sam
eti
me,
thes
eco
unte
rpub
lics
are
enco
unte
ring
—
wit
hout
alw
ays
reco
gniz
ing
—li
mit
atio
nsin
thei
rpu
blic
med
ia,
thei
rre
lati
onto
the
stat
ean
dto
offi
cial
publ
ics,
thei
rem
bedd
ed-
ness
inla
rger
publ
ics
and
larg
erpr
oces
ses
ofpr
ivat
izat
ion,
and
thei
rre
lianc
eon
dist
orti
ngm
odel
sof
priv
acy
and
intim
acy.
One
does
n’t
“go
publ
ic”
sim
ply
asan
act
ofw
ill—
neit
her
byw
riti
ng,
nor
byha
ving
anop
inio
n,no
rby
expo
sing
ones
elf
inth
em
arket
plac
e.T
heco
ntex
tof
publ
icnc
ssm
ust
beav
aila
ble,
allo
win
gth
ese
actio
nsto
coun
tin
apu
blic
way
,to
betr
ansf
orm
ativ
e.H
owdo
esth
atco
me
abou
t?H
aber
mas
wou
ldha
veus
ask
whe
ther
itis
even
poss
ible
tobe
publ
icin
the
valid
atin
gse
nse
whe
nth
epu
blic
med
iaar
em
ass
med
ia,
and
toso
me
exte
ntth
isre
mai
nsa
ques
tion
for
coun
terp
ubli
csas
wel
l.C
ount
erpu
blic
sar
c,by
defi
niti
on,
form
edby
thei
rco
nfli
ctw
ithth
eno
rms
and
cont
exts
ofth
eir
cult
ural
envi
ronm
ent,
and
this
cont
ext
ofdo
min
atio
nin
evit
ably
enta
ils
dist
orti
on.
Mas
spu
blic
san
dco
unte
rpub
lics
,in
othe
rw
ords
,ar
ebo
thda
mag
edfo
rms
ofpu
blic
ness
,ju
stas
gend
eran
dse
xual
ity
are,
inth
iscu
ltur
e,da
mag
edft
rms
ofp
riv
acy
.69
6263
