Countering Terrorism and Countering Terrorism and

DemocratizationDemocratization: :

Case Study of Turkey Case Study of Turkey

Süleyman ÖZEREN, Ph. D.

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OUTLINEOUTLINE

Introduction

Conceptualization and Understanding of

the Threat

Case study: PKK/KCK Terrorist organization

Counterterrorism strategy

Current process

Integrated Counterterrorism Strategy:

Whole-of-society approach

Conclusion

TURKEY AND TERRORISM TURKEY AND TERRORISM

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Separatist terrorist gropus – PKK/KCK

Left wing terrorist organizations –

DHKP/C

Terrorist organizations exploiting

religion.

UNDERSTANDING TERRORISM UNDERSTANDING TERRORISM

Multi ethnicNot classical hierarchical structureNot centrally structuredProfiles of the terrorists may varyMore deadly methods are in placeBroader target profileFinancial resources are broaderCyberterrorism and the use of communication technologies International and transnational,Has a broader impact on international relations (Afghanistan

and Iraq…)Most of the time the religion of Islam is considered as the

source of radicalization…

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• Terrorism is a crime, having different dynamics.

• Terrorism; violence, anger, vengeance, blood,

illegitimacy, no rule,

• State; democracy, human rights, winning the

hearts and minds of the people, bounded by rules.

• Competition between the terrorists and the state

• The competition is all about gaining the ground.

• Terrorists force the state to deviate from the path

of rule of law,

UNDERSTANDING TERRORISM UNDERSTANDING TERRORISM

TERRORISM IS A COMMUNICATION STRATEGY TERRORISM IS A COMMUNICATION STRATEGY

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Political periphery

Society

Security Agencies Business

& Capital

Media

Terrorist group

CONCEPTUALCONCEPTUALIIZATZATIION ON

How you conceptualize terrorism will determine

your counterterrorism policies.

Conceptualization, not frame working; Islamic, Islamists,

global jihadi network, jihadi terrrorism, etc. Terrorist

are using the same concepts to describe themselves.

The society will be pushed away, at least they won’t

be supportive of what you are doing.

Identification of the ideological background is crucial

Concepts should be carefully used

INDIVIDUAL PROFILE- AGEINDIVIDUAL PROFILE- AGE

INDIVIDUAL PROFILE- AGEINDIVIDUAL PROFILE- AGE

45% of the members of the PKK/KCK is between the age of 30-34.

INDIVIDUAL PROFILE- PROFESSION INDIVIDUAL PROFILE- PROFESSION

LEVEL OF EDUCATION LEVEL OF EDUCATION

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GENDER AND MARITAL STATUS

77 of % the members of the

PKK/KCK terrorists are male and 23

% are female.

92 of % the members of the

PKK/KCK terrorists are single and

8% of them are married.

MONEY- LAUNDERİNG THROUGH ROJ TV

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PROPAGANDA & COMMUNICATION

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WEB SITES OF THE PKK AND AFFILIATED ORGANIZATIONS

www.diclehaber.com www.firatnews.com

www.hpg-online.com www.nadir.org

www.newroz.com www.newroz.net

www.pkk.org www.rojaciwan.com

www.rojaciwan.net www.serxwebun.com

www.serxwebun.org www.teyrenkurdistan.com

www.azadiyawelat.com www.beroj.com

www.ciwanen.org www.gelawej.org

www.sehid.com www.halklarinsesi.com

www.gunluk.com www.gündem-online.com

www.yeniözgürpolitika.com www.yüksekovagüncel.com

www.dozaciwan.com

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COUNTERTERRORISM STAGES

COUNTERING TERRORISM AND CRISIS COUNTERING TERRORISM AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT

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WHO IS DEALING WITH WHO IS DEALING WITH TERRORISM IN TURKISH TERRORISM IN TURKISH GOVERNMENT?GOVERNMENT?

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WHAT HAVE BEEN WHAT HAVE BEEN DONE? DONE?

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WHAT HAVE BEEN WHAT HAVE BEEN DONE? DONE?

Correctional System “Return to Life” operation in December 2000

Change from a dormitory system to F type cell

prevent recruitment

prevent propaganda

isolating the leadership Camera systems

Cells in the police centers are monitored for 24 hours.

Recording system cannot be altered.

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WHAT HAVE BEEN WHAT HAVE BEEN DONE? DONE?

Establishment of the Financial Crimes Investigation Board (MASAK) within the Ministry of Finance

The mission of MASAK is to make policies and to contribute making regulations,

to collect information fast and reliably and to analyze them,

to carry out examination and research,

and to convey the acquired information and results to

relevant authorities.

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WHAT HAVE BEEN WHAT HAVE BEEN DONE? DONE?

Human Rights Training to Law Enforcement Personnel

During the course, awareness of the officers about human rights,

international principles with respect to human rights

specific actions leading to violations of human rights are examined in order to avoid such violations.

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WHAT HAVE BEEN WHAT HAVE BEEN DONE? DONE?

Anti-terrorism LawThe first criterion concerns the modus operandi: the law stipulates that terrorism involves the use of coercion, violence, terror, intimidation or threats.

The second criterion concerns the purposes for which the act is perpetrated.

The final criterion is that, in order to be considered a terrorist act, the act must have been committed by a person or persons belonging to an organization.

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WHAT HAVE BEEN WHAT HAVE BEEN DONE? DONE?

The law on compensation for damage arising from terrorism or efforts to counter terrorismLaw No. 5233 on compensation for damage resulting from terrorism or efforts to counter terrorism was enacted on 17 July 2004.

The main aim of this law is to establish the rules and procedures governing compensation for physical injury and material damage, and losses arising from the impossibility of returning to villages destroyed by terrorist activities or in the course of efforts to combat terrorism.

The Rehabilitation (repentance) LawThe main aim of Law No. 4959 of 29 July 2003 on social rehabilitation is to reintegrate members of terrorist organisations into Turkish society to strengthen peace and solidarity.

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WHAT HAVE BEEN WHAT HAVE BEEN DONE? DONE?

The Law on Prevention of Money LaunderingThe object of this law is to set forth the fundamentals that shall be applied for the prevention of money laundering.

Under this law: money-laundering offences are deemed to be offences preparatory to terrorism against the state. The Law on Witness Protection

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WHAT HAVE BEEN WHAT HAVE BEEN DONE? DONE?

Public Awareness, social projects, communication with families…Projects

Development of Prevention Strategies and Tactics in Fighting against Radicalization in Terrorist Organization

Developing Prevention Model in Countering Terrorism

Training Activities

Workshops

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PREVENTION ACTIVITIES PREVENTION ACTIVITIES

No quick fix and need to know it will take time.

Value system enlargement policies.Target groups need to be identified and

contacted before terrorist organizations.A constructive relationship with the

media.Suggestions need to fit in cultural

structure.

WHAT SHOULD BE DONE? WHAT SHOULD BE DONE?

Increase in cultural awareness of public officials especially by the concerned agencies.

Special attention to prisons and incarceration system.

Attention to social policies followed by prison sentences.

National and international cooperation.

WHAT SHOULD BE DONE? WHAT SHOULD BE DONE?

Social groups, movements, with moderate voice should be reached out by the governments.

A harmonized groups, composed of different religious, cultural, ethnic background can be a constructive base for efforts.

Such NGOs should be more active.

When we start with a wrong question of whether such NGOs have affiliation with terrorism, then whatever the answer we get will not lead us to the right direction.

The question should be “how can the governments work together with these NGOs?”

Governments should take a step forward and empower civil society to counter radicalization.

What should be done? What should be done?

Most of the time it is expected that the government agency calls the first shot to initiate dialogue,

Governments should take a step forward and empower civil society to counter radicalization,

This is not an easy task since it involves enduring effort to reach out every segment of the society.

How the government agencies and NGOs can realize ‘confidence building’ is the heart of the matter.

If there is an issue of ‘trusting each other’ then it should be the government agency to be the first to enlist some kind of dialogue or communication.

What should be done? What should be done?

Most of the time those in counterterrorism sector become ‘the victims of their own presumptive concerns’,

These individuals become captives of their concerns, emanating from

• lack of communication,

• lack of knowledge,

• miscommunication, or

• misguided perceptions.

• When it comes to enlisting channels of communication, same dilemma applies to the NGOs or religious groups as well.

• To overcome such a dilemma security apparatus, agencies, local governments, and NGOs should work together at the organizational level as well as community level.

What should be done? What should be done?

Macro level policies and micro level policies are directly related to each other.

The success of macro level policies can be determined by the micro level ones.

Face-to-face interactions are as important as the large scale projects.

Both should go hand-to-hand. NGOs become focal point for reaching out the

society. Public diplomacy: National and international level

What should be done? What should be done?

CURRENT PROCESS

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PARADIGM SHIFT IN COUNTERING TERRORISM

CONCLUSION

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Thank you for your

participation

Süleyman ÖZEREN, Ph.D.

Director

International Center for Terrorism and Transnational Crime

Police Academy

Anittepe, Ankara, Turkey

(cell) + 90 505 655 4278

(office) + 90 312 462 9080

(fax) + 90 312 412 5296

(Email) sozeren@egm.gov.tr