Countering Fragmentation with the Web of Things · The Internet of Things – Bridging the Silos...
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Countering Fragmentation with the Web of Things Interoperability across IoT platforms Dave Raggett W3C 27 April 2016
Transcript of Countering Fragmentation with the Web of Things · The Internet of Things – Bridging the Silos...
CounteringFragmentationwiththeWebofThings
Interoperability across IoT platforms
DaveRaggettW3C
27April2016
TheInternetofThings– BridgingtheSilos
Stillveryimmature,butwithmassivepotential
Lackofinteroperabilityattheapplicationlevel
Manyplatformsandassociated standardsl Addressingbroadrangeofdifferentrequirements
l Endtoendsecuritychallengingacrossplatforms
FragmentationandSilosareholdingback thepotential
Openorclosedsystem?l Closedsystemsincentive:control
l Opensystemsprompt:reducedcostsandincreasedmarketsize
l Needforwideadoptionofsharedopenstandards
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IoT Landscape
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TheIoT StandardisationChallenge4
WorldWideWebConsortium
Mission: leadtheWebtoitsfullpotentiall TheWebistheworld'slargestvendor-neutraldistributedapplicationplatform
FoundedbySirTimBerners-Lee, inventoroftheWebl 400+Members
l Member-funded internationalorganisation
DevelopsstandardsforWebandsemantic technologiesl HTML,CSS,scriptingAPIs,XML,SVG,VoiceXML,
SemanticWebandLinkedDataetc.l Developeroriented,enablingcooperationbetween
organisationswithverydifferentbackgroundsl W3Cpatentpolicyforroyaltyfreestandards
l W3Cstaffofengineersactivelyparticipatinginstandardisationl Increasinglyinvolvedinverticals:Mobile,TV,Automotive,Digitalpublishing
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Whatwewanttoavoid…6
WebofThings– Inter-Platformstandardsforinteroperability
TheWebwillenableatransitionfromcostlymonolithicsoftwaretoopenmarketsofapps
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Analogywithearlydaysofnetworking
BeforetheInternet,thereweremanynon-interoperablenetworktechnologies
l IPmadeitsimpletointerconnect networksandcreateinteroperable servicesindependent ofthenetworktechnologies
l TheInternet grewexponentially astheopportunities wererealised
l LikewisefortheWebwhichtookoverfromisolated informationservices
Directanalogywithtoday’s IoT silosandtheirlackofinteroperability
l TheWebofThingsistheequivalentofIPforsemanticinteroperability andendtoendsecurity
l TheWebofThingswillenableexplosivegrowthasthebarriers tointeroperability aretorndown
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WebofThings
Applicationsactonsoftwareobjectsthatstandforthings
l Local“things”l Remote“things
Richdescriptionsforevery“thing”l Datamodels,semantics,metadatal Ontologiesthatdescribe“things”
Thingsdon’tneedtobeconnectedl Abstractentitiesandunconnectedphysicalobjects
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DistributedWebofThings
l Thingdescriptions canbeusedtocreateproxiesforathing,allowingscriptstointeractwithalocalproxyforaremoteentity
l ScriptscanrunonserversoraspartofWebpagesinWebbrowserforhumanmachineinterface
l Thingtopologiesl PeertoPeer,PeertoPeer
viaCloud,Star,Device toCloud,StartoCloud
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CommunicationsStack– Cleanseparationofconcerns
Application Scripts that define thing behaviour in terms of their properties, actions and events, using APIs for control of sensor and actuator hardware
Things Software objects that hold their stateAbstract thing to thing messagesSemantics and Metadata, Data models and Data
Transfer Bindings of abstract messages to mechanisms provided by each protocol, including choice of communication pattern, e.g. pull, push, pub-sub, peer to peer, etc.
Transport REST based protocols, e.g. HTTP, CoAPPub-Sub protocols, e.g. MQTT, XMPPOthers, including non IP transports, e.g. Bluetooth
Network Underlying communication technology with support for exchange of simple messages (packets)Many technologies designed for different requirements
ApplicationDeveloper(WoT focus)
PlatformDeveloper(IoT focus)
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Scalability
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WebofThingsfortheMakerCommunity
ArduinoEthernetShieldl 16KBRAM
l MicroSD cardslot
l ControlledthroughSPIbus
l PollingorH/Winterrupt
l Cost:4.75GBPoneBay
ArduinoUnowithATmega328PMCUl 2KBRAM
l 1KBEEPROM
l 32KBFLASH
l LotsofI/Opins
l Cost:2.33GBPoneBay
https://github.com/w3c/wot-arduino
Opensourceprojectsareunderway,e.g.fortheArduinoandmorepowerfulMCUs
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TheWebofThingsintheHome
Gateway CloudbasedServices
Firewall
Ambientorbatteryoperated IoT devices
Powered,multi-protocol
BrowserforHMI
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Whatkindsofmetadatadoweneedforthis?
l Thinglifecycles,dataandinteractionmodelsl Asexposedtotheapplications
l Howtointeroperatewithanotherplatform?l Mappingfromthingdescriptions toplatform specificprotocols
l IPaddressandport forIPbasedprotocols
l PathsforRESTbasedprotocols suchasCoAP &HTTP
l Whatcommunicationpatternstouse?l Push,pull, pub-sub, peertopeer
l Real-timerequirementsl Transactional robustness&rollbacks
l Multiplexing andbuffering
l Sleepyambient&batterypowered devices
l Semanticmodelsofthingsandtheirconstraints
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Data&InteractionModels
Mustberichenoughtocoverbroadrangeofusecasesandplatforms
l Properties,actionsandeventscarryvaluesl Actionsareasynchronousandcanbepassedavalue,
andmayreturnasequenceofvalues
l Valuesasbasictypesl Null,true,false,numbers,strings
l Compound valuesl Arraysl Setsofname/valuepairsl Thingsl Streams
l Integrityconstraintsl Onsinglevalues,e.g.
l min/max,integer/floatl Acrossmultiplevaluesl Cardinalityconstraintsl Needforpathexpressions
l Complicationsl Proxychainsl Earlyandlatebinding
l Partiallydefinedtypesl Cyclicdependenciesacrossthingsl Softwaredependencies
l Metadataconstraints(versioning)
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Semantics
l Neededtoensurethatplatformssharethesamemeaningforthedatatheyexchange
l Simple approachistodefinesemantics aspartofthesystemspecificationsl Butthismakesiteasytolosetrackwhendataisstoredandpassedtoother systems,orwhen
asystemevolvestoaddresschangingrequirements
l Betterapproachistotagdataasbelonging toanontologythatdescribes therelationships betweenconceptsinamachineinterpretablewayl Whatkindofathingisit?
l e.g.atemperaturesensor
l Whatarethedomainconstraints?
l temperaturesensorsmustdescribetheirphysicalunits,whichmustbefromtheset{Kelvin,Celsius,Fahrenheit}
l Otherontologiescoulddescribethelocationofthesensorandwhatitismeasuring
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Semantics
l Ontologiesallowinformationtobeexchangedmeaningfully inawaythat isindependentofthedataformatsusedforitstransmission
l Ontologiesfurtherallowforchecksthattheinformationisconsistentwiththedomainmodels
l Thiscancoverricherconstraints,e.g. temporalconstraintsacrossactionsandproperties
l W3ChasasuiteofstandardsfortheSemanticWebandLinkedDatal RDF,XML,SPARQL,RDF-S,OWL,RIF,JSON-LD,RDFinCSV,...
l Enablesemantic basedsearchandcompositionofservicesl Ensurethatcompositionswilluseinteroperableservices
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OpenQuestions
l Whatneeds tobestandardised andhow?
l Whatarebestpracticesandhowcantheirusebeencouraged?
l W3Cisinagoodposition tostandardisecrossdomain ontologies
l Industryspecific groupsneedtostandardisedomainspecific ontologies
l Differentcontextsplacedifferentrequirementsondomainmodels
l Ideallytheontologies aremodularised toallowforeasyextension
l Furtherchallengesfromdivergencebetweenweaklycoupledcommunities
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WhatcanwelearnfromtheWeb?
l TimBerners-Lee, inventoroftheWeb,waskeenforwebsitestoaddsemanticannotations
l Tim’soriginalhopesforwebsitestomarkuptheirdatafailedtogettraction
l Microformats,awidelytalkedaboutalternative toRDFa,alsofailedtogettraction
l Webdevelopersweren’tgettingenoughbenefitsfortheefforttheyinvested
l Searchenginevendorstotherescue!
l Simpleflatsemanticsdocumentedonschema.org
l Instantbenefitviahowyourwebsiteispresentedinwebsearchresults
l showingarestaurantonGooglemaps,alongwiththeopeningtimes
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ImplicationsfortheWebofThings
l Weneedawaytosearchforservices basedupon theirnames, humanreadabledescriptions andmachineinterpretablesemanticdescriptions
l Weneedawaytocomposeserviceswiththeassurancethatagivencompositionwillworkasexpected.Thisimplies theneedtocheckforsemanticinteroperability
l Weneedtolook aftersecurity*andprivacy.l Endtoendsecuritynecessitatessharedassumptionsinrespecttotrustmodels,otherwise,platformswillonlybeableto
sharedatathatismarkedaspubliclyaccessible
l Privacyandconfidentialityareabout theagreementsbetweenconsentingparties.
l Thisrelatestoprivacypreferences,privacypolicies,stickypoliciesthatremainassociatedwithdataasitispassedthrough thenetwork,theneed totrackprovenance toensurethatdataishandledinaccordancewiththeagreementwiththedataowner,Servicelevelagreements,Machinereadableterms&conditions,Payments,andAutomatednegotiation.
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WebofThingsActivity
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WhereNext?W3CWebofThingsActivity
l W3CischarteringaWebofThingsWorkingGrouptostandardisehorizontalmetadatavocabularies
l Thisgroupisexpectedtolaunchlaterthisyear
l W3CWebofThingsInterestGroupisre-chartering
l ExpectedtoboostitsworkonreachingouttoindustryalliancesandSDOs
l IncludingIndustrie 4.0
l Interoperabilitytestsacrossplatformsusingopensourceimplementations
l Furtherjointpapersplannedonsecurity,privacyandrequirementsforopenmarketsofservices
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W3CWebofThingsInterestGroup
Workshop inBerlin(June 2014)l LaunchofWebofThingsIGin2015
l ChairedbyJörg Heuer,Siemens
l Taskforces
Thingdescriptions
APIsandprotocols
Discoveryandprovisioning
Security,privacyandresilience
Communicationsandcollaboration
Strongemphasis onimplementation experiencel Demosandplug-fests
l HelpstobuildasharedunderstandingMontrealFacetoFace,11-13April2016
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MembersoftheWebofThingsInterestGroup
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JointWhitePaperonSemanticInteroperability
l Contributorsareindividualsfromarangeofindustryalliancesandstandardsdevelopmentorganisationsl Editors fromW3C,oneM2M,IEEEP2413
l Inspirationfrommanyofthepapersonsemanticinteroperability
l Illustratetheconceptintermsofsomeusecases,alongwiththerequirements,andviewsonhowtoenablesemanticinteroperabilitywithinandacrossIoT platforms
l Discussbestpracticesforontologydesignanddistinguishcrossdomain(horizontal)metadataanddomainspecific(vertical)metadata
l Oncewehaveastableversionwewillinvitewiderexpertreviewandupdatethedocumentaccordingly
l WewillseekbroaddisseminationofthedocumentandwillpublishunderaCreativeCommonsLicense
l Wehope thatthedevelopmentprocesswillhelpshapeacommonperspectiveacrosscontributorsandthatthewhitepaperwillinfluencetheagendasofworkinggroupsacrosstheindustry
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LiaisonsandCollaborations
Reachingouttoindustryalliances andSDO’stodriveconvergencetounleashthepotential
l Plattform Industrie 4.0
Especiallythe“semantics”subgroup
l IndustrialInternetConsortium
l OpenConnectivityFoundation
l OPCFoundation
l IETF/IRTF
l oneM2M
l AIOTI
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EnablingVerticalandHorizontalIntegrationforRealisingthePotentialforDigitalAutomation
Business Level
Field Level
integration alongthe supply chain
integration alongthe value chain*
high levelsof abstraction
low levelsof abstraction
Webof
Things
*value chain – the process or activities by which a company adds value to an article, including design, production, marketing, and the provision of after sales serviceIndustrie 4.0 AssetsThings = Industrie 4.0 Components
W3C and OPC collaborating on enabling integration across platforms through metadata standards for semantic interoperability and end to end security
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WebofThingsWorkingGroup
TheInterestGroup(IG)isworkingonl Usecases,requirements,technologylandscapeandplansfor
launchingworkinggroups(WG)
l IGspreparethegroundforstandardsbutdon’tdevelopstandards
l WGsarecharteredtodevelopstandards(W3CRecommendations)
We’recollecting ideasforaWorkingGroupincludingl Horizontalmetadatavocabularies(things,security,
communications)l Serialisationsofmetadata,e.g.,asJSON-LD
l APIsandbindingstospecificprotocolsandplatformsincollaborationwiththeplatformowners
WebofThingsWorkingGrouptobelaunchedin2016
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WebofThingsWhat,why,how,actions
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C-levelcorporatedecisionmakers
What istheproblemtobeaddressed?FragmentationoftheIoT intomanynon-interoperable platforms
Whyisitimportant?Solving thiswillenableexponentialgrowthaswesawwiththeInternetandtheWeb
l Thenetworkeffect:Metcalfe’slaw
Howitistobesolved?Inter-platformstandardsthatplayananalogousroletoIPforconnectingpreviously incompatiblenetworks
l Decouplingapplicationsfromprotocolsl Enablingdifferentplatformstointeroperatel Complementing,notcompeting,withplatforms
Whatactionareweseeking?CommittojoinW3C&assignstafftoparticipateinWebofThingsgroups
Ensureyourcompanyisinthedrivingseatfortheopen IoT
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SDO’sandIndustryAlliances
What istheproblemtobeaddressed?Difficultyofcreatingservices spanning differentplatformsduetoalackofsemanticinteroperabilityandamissmatchofassumptions aroundtrustandsecurity
Whyisitimportant?Solving thiswouldenableexponentialgrowthinservices likewesawforIPandtheWeb
Howitistobesolved?Inter-platformstandardsdefining aninterlinguaformetadata,andsharedassumptions inrespecttoendtoendsecurityacrossdifferentplatforms
Whatactionareweseeking?Activecollaboration onintegrationwiththeWebofThingsandalignmentofmarketingmessages
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EngineersandDevelopers
Whatistheproblemtobeaddressed?FragmentationofplatformsandIoT technologies,andhighcostofintegrationwithapiecemealapproach
Barriersforsemanticinteroperabilityandendtoendsecurity
Whyisitimportant?Simpler,faster,moreflexibleapplicationdevelopment
LeveragingexistingservicesandcommunitiesintheWebecosystem
Bepartofthenextbigthing,stronggrowthinjobopportunities
Howitistobesolved?OpenstandardsforWebbasedabstractionlayer,complementingexistingplatformsandstandards,andenablingplatformstointeroperatesecurely
Whatactionareweseeking?Jointworkonexperimentalimplementationsthatexplorewhatitmeanstointegratewiththewebofthings– helptocreateevaluationkits,andspreadtheword
Jointworkonwhitepaperstoforgeasharedunderstandingacrosscompanies,alliancesandSDOs
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TheBottomLine
TheWebisessentialforrealizingthefullpotentialoftheIoT
TheWebprovidesaunifying frameworkforsemanticinteroperability
TheWebactsasaglobalmarketplaceforsuppliersandconsumersofservices
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FormoreinformationonW3Csee:
www.w3.org
WorkwithustobuildtheWebofThings!
Thankyou!
