Counsels on Diet and Food - adventistmm.org

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Ellen G. White a&;om;ûypkaom Counsels on Diet and Food

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"Testimony Studies on Diet and Foods" trnfjzifh 1926 ckESpfwGif

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xdkaMumifh E.G. White \pmtkyfpmayrsm;udk xdef;odrf;

apmifha½Smufonfh a*gyutzGJU\vrf;ñTefrIatmufwGif 1938

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[CTBH, pp. 41, 42] CH, pp. 107-108 (1890)

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MS, p. 49, (1897)

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Letter 120, 1901.

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R & H, May 8, 1883.

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COL, pp. 347-348 (1900)

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6T, pp. 369-370 (1900)

obm0w&m;rsm;onf bk&m;ocif\ynwfcsufrsm;yif

jzpfae&m xdkt&mrsm;udk *½kwpdkufavhvm&efrSm uREfkyf\wm0ef

omjzpfygonf/ cEmudk,fusef;rma&;ESifhywfoufonfh vkyfaqmif

&eftcsufrsm;udkavhvmum xdktcsufrsm;ESifhtnD uREfkyfwdkY

touf½SifaexdkifoifhMuonf/ þtcsufrsm;udk rodusKd;uRef

ûyjcif;onf tjypfusL;vGefjcif;wpf&yfjzpfygonf/

]]oifwdkYudk,fcE¨monf c&pfawmf\t*FgjzpfaMumif;udk

rodMuoavm/}} ]]oifwdkYudk,fcE¨monf bk&m;ocifay;oem;

awmfrlaom 0dnmOfawmfwnf;[laom oifwdkYtxJüudef;0yfí

oefY½Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\AdrmefjzpfaMumif;udkvnf;aumif;?

rdrdwdkYudk rdrdwdkYrydkifaMumif;udkvnf;aumif; rodMuoavm/

oifwdkYonf tzdk;ESifh0,fawmfrlaomoljzpfaomaMumifh bk&m;

ocifydkifawmfrlaom oifwdkY\udk,fcE¨mESifhpdwf0dnmOftm;jzifh

bk&m;ocif\*kPfaus;Zl;awmfudk xif½Sm;apMuavmh/}} 1aum?

6;15? 19-20/ uREfkyfwdkY\udk,fcEmonf tzdk;tcESifh c&pfawmf

0,fxm;onft&mjzpfojzifh uREfkyfwdkYonf xdkudk,fcE¨mudk

rdrdwdkYoabmtwdkif; vkyfcsifovdkvkyfEdkifcGifhr½Sdygacs/ odkY&mwGif

vlom;rsm;onf vkyfcsifovdkvkyfaeMuacsNyD/ pnf;rsOf;Oya'

rsm;ü jypf'PfpD&ifrIr½Sdonfhtvm; vlwdkYonf rdrdwdkY\

udk,fcE¨mudkûyusifhaeMuacsNyD/ rSm;,Gif;aomcHwGif;tvdkvdkufrI

rsm;aMumifh cE¨mudk,ftpdwftydkif;rsm;ESifh tpGrf;wefcdk;rsm;onf

tm;tifcsnfheJYum a&m*gb,rsm;ESifhjynfh0vsuf aumif;pGm


rvIyf½Sm;EdkifMuawmhacs/ pmwefonf xm0&bk&m;ociftm;

xduyg;&duyg;ajymqdk&ef ¤if;udk,fwdkifzefwD;vkyfaqmifcJhonfh

xdktusKd;qufrsm;udk toHk;ûywwfygonf/ olonf c&pfawmf

udk,fawmfwdkif tzdk;ay;í0,f,lcJhaom vlom;rsm;\udk,fcE¨m

rsm;tm; xm0&bk&m;ocif\a½SUarSmufwGifwifjywwfygonf/

vlonf zefqif;½Sif\udk,fpm;vS,fjzpfaMumif; azmfjyxm;onfh

jrifraumif;? ½Iraumif;aomjrifuGif;wpfckjzpfaeygwum;/

vlom;rsm;onf rdrd\cEmudk,fudk tjypfESifhjynhf0apum ysufpD;

qHk;yg;apvsuf½SdaomaMumifh xm0&bk&m;ocifonf toa&ESifh

uif;rJh&acsNyD/

vlom;taygif;wdkYonf trSefwu,fajymif;vJvmaom

tcsdefwGif udk,f? pdwf? ESvHk;? oHk;yg;udk xdcdkufepfemaprnfht&m

rsm;udk a½Smif½Sm;&ef êud;pm;um bk&m;ocifcsrSwfxm;awmfrlonfh

toufwmpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk tav;teufxm;vmMuvdrfhrnf/

xdkpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk em;axmifvdkufavQmufjcif;trIudk yk*¾vdu

wm0efwpfcktjzpfrSwf,lvmMuvdrfhrnf/ xdkpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk

csKd;azmufjcif;twGuf uREfkyfwdkYudk,fwdkif qif;&Jjcif;a0'emcHpm;Mu

&rnf/ vkyfaqmifusifhMuHrItm;vHk;twGuf xm0&bk&m;ocifxH

wGif uREfkyfwdkYavQmufvJMu&ygrnf/ xdkaMumifh uREfkyfwdkYtwGuf

ar;cGef;wpfckrSm ]]þavmuom;rsm;u rnfodkYajymqdkaeMu

oenf;}} qdkonfh ar;cGef;r[kwfbJ ]]c&pf,mefwpfOD;jzpfaom

uREfkyfonf bk&m;ocifay;oem;awmfrlonfhtoufwmudk rnfodkY

toHk;csusifhaqmif&rnfenf;/ uREfkyf\udk,fcEmudk oefY½Sif;aom

0dnmOfawmfudef;0yf&ef Adrmefawmfwpfcktjzpf taumif;qHk;

tajctaeodkYa&mufvmatmif xdef;odrf;apmifha½Smufrnfvm;?

(odkYr[kwf) avmutawG;tac:? tusifhtMuHrsm;ü rdrdudk,f

udk uREfkyfepfûryfvdkuf&rnfvm;}} qdkonfhar;cGef;jzpfygonf/

rodem;rvnfjcif;twGufBuD;av;aomtjypf'Pf

Health Reform, October, 1866.

xm0&bk&m;ocifonf uREfkyfwdkY\cE¨mudk,fzGJUpnf;

vIyf½Sm;rIrsm;udktkyfpdk;&ef pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;udkjy|mef;awmfrlcJhNyD;

jzpf&m þpnf;rsOf;rsm;onf oefY½Sif;rGefjrwfvSygonf/

xdkpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk azgufzsufusL;vGefolrsm;onf taES;ESifh

tjrefjypf'PfpD&ifjcif;udkcHMu&vdrfhrnf/ vlom;rsm;cHpm;ae&onfh

a&m*gtrsm;pkrSm usef;rma&;qdkif&m bk&m;ocifay;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk

csKd;azmufjcif;aMumifhjzpfygonf/ vlwdkYonf usef;rma&;udpöudk

pdwfr0ifpm;oa,mifjzpfaeNyD; rdrdudk,fudk t½kyfêud;jywfjzpfatmif

rem;raeêud;pm;aeMuygonf/ udk,fpdwfESpfyg;pvHk; csKH;csKH;us

onfhtcsdefodkYa&mufaomtcgusrS q&m0efyifhum aoonftxd

aq;ukcHMuygonf/

tNrJwaprodem;rvnfjzpfaeonfr[kwfyg

6T, p. 372 (1900)

usef;rmjcif;taMumif;ajymjyonhftcgwdkif; vlom;rsm;

zGifhqdkwwfonfhpum;rSm ]]igwdkY[m odoavmuf rvdkufem


Mubl;}} [líjzpf\/ udk,fcE¨musef;rma&;ESifhywfoufaom

tvif;w&m;rsm;udk vufawGUtoHk;cs&efrSm rdrdwdkYwm0efjzpf

onfudkvnf;aumif;? tusifhp½dkuftoD;oD;wdkYudk bk&m;ocif

ppfaq;awmfrlvdrhfrnfudkvnf;aumif; vlom;rsm;oabmrayguf

Muacs/ cE¨mudk,fudkjzpfuwwfqef;apmifha½SmufMu&rnfr[kwf

acs/ udk,ft*FgtoD;oD;ESifhwuG tao;i,fqHk;aomtarG;trSif

uav;rsm;udkyif rysufr,Gif;&avatmif av;av;pm;pm;

umuG,fapmifha½Smuf&ayrnf/

&½Sdxm;aomtvif;twGuf wm0ef0wå&m;

Good Health, November, 1880.

usef;rma&;qdkif&mtvif;w&m;udk &½SdvmonfhtcsdefrSpí

uREfkyfwdkYaeYpOfESifhtrQ ar;aeoifhonfhar;cGef;rSm ]]uREfkyfonf

t&m&mudk csKyfwnf;ûcd;jcHrI½Sd&Jhvm;/}} ]]uREfkyfpm;oHk;aeaom

tpm;tpmrsm;onf uREfkyftm; taumif;qHk;t&mrsm;udkNyD;ajrmuf

atmif vkyfudkifEdkifap&ef rpEdkifvdrfhrnfvm;}} [laomar;cGef;

rsm;jzpfygonf/ xdkar;cGef;rsm;\tajzonf ]½Sdygonf? rpEdkif

ygonf} [laomtajzrsm;rjzpfvQif uREfkyfwdkYonf bk&m;ocif\

a½SUarSmufwGif jypf'PfpD&ifjcif;udkcHMu&vdrfhrnf/ taMumif;rSm

toufwmvrf;c&D;xGef;vif;jyocJhaom tvif;w&m;rsm;twGuf

uREfkyfwdkYüwm0ef½Sdonf[k xm0&bk&m;ocifowfrSwfawmfrlaom

aMumifhjzpfygonf/ tvif;w&m;rsm;udk r&ao;onfhtcsdefwGif

bk&m;ocifonf rod[efaqmifaevdrhfrnfjzpfaomfvnf; tvif;

w&m;&½SdonfESifhwpfûydifeuf usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapEdkifonfh

tusifhp½dkufrsm;udkpGefYypfum cE¨mudk,fqdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk

uREfkyfwdkYvdkufavQmuf&ef xm0&bk&m;ocifawmif;qkdawmfrl\/

CTBH, p. 150 (1890)

usef;rmjcif;onf &wemwpfyg;jzpfonf/ avmut&m

rsm;teuf usef;rmjcif;onf tjrwfqHk;aomt&mwpfckjzpfonf/

csrf;omjcif;? ynm½SmazGjcif;ESifh &mxl;&mcHrsm;udk&½Sd&ef êud;pm;

jcif;rsm;wGif usef;rmjcif;onf tajccHusaomt&mwpfckjzpfonf/

rusef;rmvQif csrf;omjcif;? ynmwwfjcif;ESifh &mxl;½Sdjcif;wdkYü

aysmf½TifrIudk ½SmírawGUEdkifacs/ xdkaMumifh bk&m;ocifay;oem;

awmfrlonfh xdk&wemudk *½krxm;jcif;onf tvGefqdk;½Gm;aom

tjypfwpfckjzpfygonf/ touf½Sifaexdkif&efvnf; tiftm;

csnfheJYaponf/ usef;rma&;udktxdcdkufcHí todynmrsm;udk

&,laeolrsm;onf t½HI;orm;oufoufomjzpfaeygonf/

CTBH, p. 151 (1890)

xm0&bk&m;ocifonf rdrdzefqif;xm;aoma0ae,s

owå0grsm;tm; aysmf½TifrIESifh jynhfpHkpGmtouf½SifaexdkifEdkif&ef

enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh pDrHxm;awmfrlygonf/ odkY&mwGif ¤if;wdkYonf

raumif;rIrsm;udkpGefYum ynwfpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk apmifhxdef;&yg

rnf/ usef;rmNidrfoufjcif;qdkif&mtvdkawmfESifhtnD touf½Sif

vkyfaqmif&ygrnf/

Health Reformer, August, 1866.

xm0&bk&m;ocif\ynwfpnf;rsO f;rsm;ESi f htnD

touf½Sifaexdkifjcif;onf uREfkyfwdkYtm; usef;rmjcif;ESifh

jynfhpHkapygvdrfhrnf/


tjypftemtqmuif;aomylaZmfrIwpfck

CTBH, p. 15 (1890)

ylaZmfrnfh,Zfaumifwdkif;onf tjypftemtqmuif;&

rnf[k a½S;acwf,k'vlrsKd;rsm;\ylaZmfrIqdkif&mtcrf;tem;rsm;u

awmif;qdkygonf/ uREfkyfwdkY\cE¨mudk,fudkoefY½Sif;í bk&m;

ocifESpfoufzG,faom touf½Sifvsuf½Sdonfh,Zftjzpf ylaZmf

Mu&ef 1aum? 6;19-20 wGif xm0&bk&m;ocifawmif;qdkxm;

ygonf/ trSefrSm uREfkyfwdkYonf xm0&bk&m;ocif\vuf&m

awmfrsm;jzpfMuonf/ vl\udk,fcE¨mwGif xif½Sm;vsuf½Sdonfh

tHhMop&mrsm;udk oHk;oyfqifjcifvsuf½Sdaom qmvHq&mu

]]uREfkyftm; tHhMoaMumuf½GHUp&maumif;avmufatmif zefqif;

xm;awmfrlonf}} [k zGifhqdkcJhygonf/ vltrsm;onf odyÜH

ynm&yfrsm;udk avhvmod½Sd½Hkomru trSefw&m;udkyg tuRrf;0if

Muaomfvnf; rdrdwdkY\udk,fcEmudktkyfpdk;xm;onhf Oya'pnf;rsOf;

rsm;udkrl em;rvnfMuacs/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf uREfkyfwdkYtm;

tpGrf;owådrsm;udkay;oem;awmfrlxm;onfjzpf&m xdkt&mrsm;udk

tusKd;½SdatmiftoHk;cs&ef bk&m;ocif\om;orD;jzpfaom

uREfkyfwdkY\wm0efomjzpfygonf/ tu,fí uREfkyfwdkY\rSm;,Gif;

aomtae? tpm;rsm;tm;jzifh xdktpGrf;owådrsm;udk tm;enf;

arS;rSdefoGm;aprnfqdkvQif udk,fawmf½Siftm; uREfkyfwdkY*kPfûy

oifhonfhtwdkif; *kPfûyEdkifMuawmhrnfr[kwfacs/

[CTBH, pp. 52-53] CH, p. 121 (1890)

uREfkyfwdkY\cE¨mudk,fudk touf½Sifaeonfh,Zfaumif

wpfaumiftjzpf tyfESH&ef xm0&bk&m;ocifawmif;qdkawmfrl\/

aoaeaomcE¨mudk,f (odkYr[kwf) aocgeD;qJqJcE¨mudk,frsKd;udk

awmif;qdkawmfrljcif;r[kwfyg/ a½S;acwfa[NAJvlrsm;ylaZmfaom

,Zfaumifrsm;onf tjypftemtqmESifhuif;pif&ygonf/ a&m*g

b,ESifhjynfh0aeaom vlom;,ZfaumifudkvufcH&ef xm0&

bk&m;ocifESpfoufawmfrlvdrfhrnfvm;/ uREfkyfwdkYudk,fcE¨monf

oefY½Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfudef;atmif;&mAdrmefawmfjzpfaomaMumifh

xdkAdrmefawmfudk xdef;odrf;apmifha½Smuf&ef uREfkyfwdkYtm; xm0&

bk&m;ocifrdefYawmfrl\/ ]]oifwdkY.....onf.....rdrdwdkYudk rdrdwdkYrydkif

aMumif;udk.....rodMuoavm/ oifwdkYonf tzdk;ESifh0,f,lawmfrl

aomoljzpfaomaMumifh bk&m;ocifydkifawmfrlaom oifwdkY\

udk,fcEmESifhpdwf0dnmOftm;jzifh bk&m;ocif\*kPfaus;Zl;awmfudk

xif½Sm;apMuavmh}} [k wrefawmfaygvkuvnf; uREfkyfwdkY

tm;oGefoifxm;ygonf/ xdkaMumifh vlom;rsm;onf bk&m;

ocifüûy&rnfh0wfESifh vlUtodkuft0ef;rdom;pkrsm;wGif ûy&rnfh

0wfrsm;udk ausyGefatmifûyEdkifap&eftvdkYiSm rdrdwdkY\cEmudk,fudk

taumif;qHk;xdef;odrf;apmifha½SmufoifhMuygonf/

oem;p&maumif;aomtyfESHrIwpfck

3T, pp. 164-165 (1872)

usef;rmjcif;udkaumif;rGefaprnfh pm;enf;? aomufenf;

ESifh 0wfqifenf;rsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYod½Sdxm;&ygrnf/ zsm;emjcif;

qdkonfrSm usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh obm0w&m;rsm;udk

csKd;azmufjcif;\ tusKd;qufwpfckjzpfonf/ uREfkyfwdkY\t"du


wm0efrSm usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;tygt0if bk&m;ocif\

ynwfpnf;rsOf;rsm;udkem;axmifvdkufavQmufjcif;jzpfonf/

tu,fí uREfkyfwdkYemrusef;MuvQif uREfkyfwdkY\rdwfaqGrsm;udk

0rf;enf;aponf/ obm0w&m;udkazgufzsufojzifh uREfkyfwdkY

tEka<ua<ucJhMuvQifvnf; tjcm;olrsm;udk0rf;enf;aMuuGJap

Muygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf rdrdwdkY\rdwfaqGrsm;tm; usef;rm

aysmf½Tifaomtoufwmtm;jzifh tultnDay;Mu&rnfhtpm;

¤if;wdkY\aysmf½Tifaomtoufwmrsm;udk zsufqD;aeMuygonf/

trIawmfwdk;wufa&;twGuf bk&m;ociftm;ay;&rnfh0wfudk

vnf; ysufuGufapMuygonf/ xdkaMumifh uREfkyfwdkYonf bk&m;

ocif\ynwfawmfudk csKd;azmufolrsm;b0odkY a&mufoGm;Mu

onfr[kwfygvm;/

odkY&mwGif xm0&bk&m;ocifonf oem;Muifemjcif;?

aumif;jrwfjcif;wdkYESifhjynfhpHkonfjzpf&m usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;

rsm;udkcsKd;azmufaomaMumifh usef;rma&;csKdUwJhonfhtcsdefusrS

tvif;w&m;&½Sdolrsm;onf trSefwu,foabmaygufum

aemifw&cJhMuonfqdkvQif xdkoem;p&maumif;onfh emrusef;

aom,Zfaumifudkyif xm0&bk&m;ocifvufcHawmfrlygonf/

aemifw&aom xdka&m*gonf\usefaomtoufwmudk rjiif;y,f

jcif;t&mü udk,fawmf\u½kPmawmfonf BuD;jrwfvSygwum;/

xm0&bk&m;ocifonf oem;jcif;u½kPmawmftm;jzifh xdk0dnmOf

udk u,fq,fawmfrlygonf/ odkYaomf edrfhusí oem;p&maumif;

onfh,Zfaumifudk oefY½Sif;rGefjrwfaombk&m;ocifxHü tyfESH

ylaZmf&rnfjzpfonf/ rSm;,Gif;,kwfnHhaomtusifhp½dkufrsm;aMumifh

jrifhjrwfaomtpGrf;owådrsm; ysuf,Gif;aeacsNyD/ jyif;jyaomqE´

rGefrsm;vnf; aysmufysufukefacsNyD/ udk,fpdwfESpfyg;onf tvS

ysufaeacsNyD/

tb,faMumifhusef;rmjcif;ûyjyifrIqdkif&mtvif;udk

ay;&oenf;

2T, pp. 399-400 (1870)

raumif;onfhtusifh"avhrsm;udk vdkufpm;jcif;aMumifh

twdwfumvrSrsK d;qufrsm;tay:wGif usa&mufaeonfh

tarSmifxkBuD;udk wwftm;orQ z,f½Sm;ypfEdkif&eftwGufaomf

vnf;aumif;? csKyfwnf;rIuif;rJhjcif;aMumifh jzpfay:vmonfh

raumif;rItusKd;qufrsm;avsmhyg;oGm;&eftwGufaomfvnf;

aumif; xm0&bk&m;ocifonf uREfkyfwdkYtm; tvif;ay;awmfrl

cJhygonf/ ,HkMunfolom;orD;rsm;onf xdk½kyfwkudk;uG,fjcif;

aemufodkYvdkufygroGm;Edkifap&eftwGufvnf;aumif; þacwf

þtcgwGifjzpfysufaeaom ,dk,Gif;ysufpD;jcif;rsm;wGif epfarsm

roGm;Edkifap&eftwGufaomfvnf;aumif; avmuqdkif&mûyrl

usifhMuHrIrsm;ESifh uif;a0;EdkifrnfhtajctaexJodkY rdrdvlwdkYtm;

aqmifMuOf;&ef wefcdk;½SifOmPfawmftm;jzifh xm0&bk&m;ocif

pDrHawmfrlonf/ ,HkMunfolrdbrsm;ESifh om;orD;rsm;onf

c&pfawmf\udk,fpm;vS,frsm;? xm0&toufudk0ifpm;rnfholrsm;

tjzpf rm;rm;rwfrwf&yfwnfaeonfudk xm0&bk&m;ocif


vdkvm;awmfrl\/ xm0&bk&m;ocifxHrS cGeftm;&,lum

touf½Sifaexdkifolrsm;onf þurÇmBuD;xJwGif avmuaysmf½TifrI

cHpm;jcif;tm;jzifh jzpfysufaeaomazmufjyefysufpD;rIrsm;ESifh

vGwfuif;Muvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif yg;pyftvdkudkvdkufaeolrsm;

twGufrl c&pf,mefpHkvifjcif;udk&Edkif&ef rvG,fulygacs/

CTBH, p. 75 (1890)

usa&mufEdkifaomtEÅ&m,frsm;rS uif;vGwfEdkifap&eftvdkYiSm

xm0&bk&m;ocifonf aemufqHk;aomaeY&ufrsm;wGif touf½Sif

aexdkifvsuf½Sdonfh uREfkyfwdkYtay:odkY usef;rmjcif;qdkif&m ûyjyif

ajymif;vJa&;tvif;udk xGef;vif;apawmfrlonf/ pmwefuvnf;

vlom;rsm;tm; cHwGif;tvdkudkvdkufvsuf? tmom&r®uftvdkudk

jznfhvsuf? rnfonfht&mudkrQtav;rxm;bJ rdkufrJaom

vkyfaqmifrIrsm;ESifhom tcsdefûzef;vsuf touf½Sifaexdkifatmif

tpGrf;ukefêud;pm;aoG;aqmifaeygonf/ avmuaysmf½TifrIESifh rdrd

udk,fusKd;vGefuJaomaysmf½TifrIESifhjynfh0onfh toufwmrsm;\

qGJaqmifrIrsm;udkvnf; olazmfjyay;aeygonf/ csKyfwnf;jcif;

uif;rJhrIaMumifh udk,fpdwfESpfyg;½SdcGeftm;rsm;ukefqHk;oGm;ygonf/

xdkuJhodkY usqHk;oGm;olrsm;onf ajzmifhrwfjcif;w&m;\&efolBuD;

jzpfaom pmwef\xdef;csKyfrIatmuf½SdydkifeufxJodkY rdrdudk,fudk

rdrdpGefYypfaejcif;jzpfonf/

[CTBH., p. 52] CH, pp. 120-121 (1890)

wpfudk,fa&usef;rmap&ef t&m&mcsKyfwnf;jcif;onf

t"duusonf/ xdkodk Yqdk&mü pm;aomuf&mwGifomru

tvkyfvkyf&mwGifvnf; csKyfwnf;Mu&ygrnf/ oefY½Sif;jzLpifaom

toufwmESifh touf½Sifaexdkifvdkolrsm;taejzifh ¤if;wdkYtwGuf

udk,fawmfjyifqifxm;aom taumif;qHk;pm;aomufaexdkifyHkudk

od½Sd&eftwGufaomfvnf;aumif;? ¤if;wdkYtaeESifh csKyfwnf;

jcif;tusifhudk aeYpOfusifhoHk;jcif;tm;jzifh trSefw&m;ü oefY½Sif;

pifMu,fvmap&eftwGufaomfvnf;aumif; ,kwfnHhedrfhusaom

tpm;taomufrsm;aMumifh jzpfay:vmonfhraumif;usKd;rsm;rS

umuG,f&ef xm0&bk&m;ocifonf usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJ

jcif;qdkif&mtvif;awmfudk ay;oem;awmfrljcif;jzpfonf/

CTBH, p. 120 (1890)

udk,f? pdwf? 0dnmOfoHk;yg;pvHk;\ zGHUûzd;wdk;wufrIudk

txGwftxdyftxda&mufatmifydkYaqmif&efrSm usef;rmjcif;

ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&m owif;pum;\&nfrSef;csufjzpfonfudk

xm0pOfrSwfom;xm;Muyg/ bk&m;ocifcsrSwfonfh ynwf

pnf;rsOf;wnf;[laom obm0w&m;\pnf;rsOf;rsm;onf uREfkyf

wdkYtm;tusKd;ûy&ef csrSwfxm;awmfrljcif;jzpfonf/ xdkpnf;rsOf;

rsm;udk em;axmifvdkufavQmufjcif;onf þb0toufwmwGif

aysmf½TifrIudk wdk;yGm;ap½Hkomru tem*wfumvtwGuf jyifqif

&mwGifvnf; uREfkyfwdkYtm; taxmuftulay;ygvdrfhrnf/

usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;\ta&;ygyHk

9T, pp. 158-160 (1909)

þowif;pum;\tOD;ydkif;wGif uREfkyftm; ay;oem;

xm;awmfrlonfh xdkpnf;rsOf;rsm;onf twdwfumvü ta&;yg


DF- 2

cJhouJhodkY ,ckwGifvnf; ta&;ygqJjzpfojzifh wm0efododjzifh

ta&;w,lxm;oifhygonf/ tm[m&qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk vHk;0

rvdkufavQmufao;olwcsKdU½SdaeqJjzpfonf/ xdkaMumifh ,ckwGif

awmif;Zvm;atmufwGif zHk;uG,fxm;onfhtvif;udk,lum

olwpfyg;jrifomatmif xGef;vif;Muyg/

usef;rmpGmtouf½Sifjcif;qdkif&m xdkpnf;rsOf;rsm;onf

uREfkyfwdkYwpfOD;csif;twGufaomfvnf;aumif;? vlom;xkwpfckvHk;

twGufaomfvnf;aumif; rsm;pGmtusKd;½SdvSygonf/

xdkpnf;rsOf;tm;vHk;udk ,ckwGif prf;oyftwnfûyaeMu

ygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf c&pfawmfü ESpfjcif;r*FvmcH,lNyD;MuNyD

jzpf&m rdrdwdkYtm; ,kwfnHhedrfhusoGm;aprnfht&mtm;vHk;ESifh

uif;uif;½Sif;½Sif;pm;aomufaexdkifMurnfqdkvQif touf½Sifaom

OD;acgif;wnf;[laom c&pfawmfüBuD;xGm;vm&ef cGeftm;rsm;udk

ay;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/ xdkYjyifomru bk&m;ocifay;oem;rnfh

u,fwifjcif;udk uREfkyfwdkYjrifawGUMu&vdrfhrnf/

usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh

ywfoufí uREfkfyfwdkYem;vnfrI½Sdaomtcsdefa&mufrSom rSm;,Gif;

aomtm[m&rsm;\ raumif;aomtusKd;qufrsm;udk jynfhpHkpGm

uREfkyfwdkYawGUjrifEdkifMuvdrfhrnf/ rdrdwdkY\trSm;udkawGUjrifum

raumif;aomp½dkufrsm;udkpGefYypf&ef owåd½Sdolrsm;onf jyefvnf

ûyjyifajymif;vJ&mwGif ZGJ½SdzdkYvdktyfaMumif;? ½kef;uef&aMumif;rsm;udk

awGU½SdvmMuvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif oHk;aqmifoifhaomtm[m&

rsm;udk wpfBudrfwpfcgpm;oHk;zl;vmvQif tEÅ&m,fuif;onf[k

,cifutxif½SdcJhaom xdktpm;tpmrsm;onf tpmraMuonfh

a&m*grSpí tjcm;a&m*grsm;udk tpysKd;apaMumif; oabm

aygufvmMuvdrfhrnf/

ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;\tqifhtwef;

9T, p. 158 (1909)

ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfonf tvGefta&;ygaomtrSef

w&m;rsm;udk udkifwG,fvkyfaqmifaeygonf/ vGefcJhaomESpfaygif;

(40) rwdkifrDuwnf;u xm0&bk&m;ocifonf xdkowif;

pum;udk uREfkyfwdkYtm;ay;oem;awmfrlxm;ygonf/ &½Sdxm;onf

htvif;w&m;twdkif; uREfkyfwdkYvdkufavQmufaeMuygovm;/

xm0&bk&m;ocif\tMuHay;csufESifhtnD touf½Sifaexdkif&ef

vlrnfrQjiif;qdkaeygoenf;/ uREfkyfwdkYonf &½Sdonfhtvif;

w&m;\twdkif;tqESifhtnD wdk;wufzGHUûzd;oifhMuygonf/

usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk av;pm;

vdkufem&efrSm uREfkyfwdkY\wm0efomjzpfonf/ csKyfwnf;jcif;ESifh

pyfvsOf;onfhudpö&yfrsm;wGif tjcm;oltm;vHk;xuf uREfkyfwdkY

apmpD;pGmusifhaqmifaeoifhMuaomfvnf; bk&m;ocifay;oem;

onfh tvif;w&m;udk tav;rxm;Muaom w&m;a[mq&m

rsm;tygt0if toif;om;rsm;pGmwdkYonf uREfkyfwdkYtxJwGif½SdaeMu

ygonf/ xdkolrsm;onf êudufovdkpm;aomufaeMuonf/

êudufovdkvkyfaqmifaeMuygonf/


trIawmfwGifyg0ifvkyfaqmifaeaom acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh

q&morm;rsm;wdkY? usef;rma&;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;wGif

or®musrf;pmudktajcûyum rm;rm;rwfrwf&yfwnfMuyg/ urÇmh

&mZ0if\aemufqHk;aomaeYrsm;wGif touf½Sifvsuf½SdMuaom

,HkMunfolrsm;a½SUwGif aumif;aomyHkoufaorsm;udkjyMuavmh/

xm0&bk&m;ocifudk tvkyftauR;ûyolrsm;ESifh rdrdudk,fudk tvkyf

tauR;ûyaeolrsm;tMum; xif½Sm;onfhjcm;em;rIwpfckudk azmfjy

Muyg/

1T, p. 487 (1867)

]]bmomw&m;rJhaejcif;ESifh avmuwyfrufjcif;rsm;udk

y,f½Sm;vsuf ,ckb0ü £a`E´apmifhjcif;? w&m;ojzifhusifhjcif;?

bk&m;ocif0wfüarGUavsmfjcif;wdkYudk ûyae&rnftaMumif;---

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aumif;aomtusifhbufü pdwftm;BuD;í ydkifxdkufawmfrlaomtrsKd;

udk rdrdtzdkY pifMu,fapjcif;iSm udk,fudkpGefYBuJawmfrlaom---

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'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;udk r,HkMunfonfh ,ckacwfbmoma&;

orm;rsm;\aemufwGif csefaeMuawmhrnfvm;/ c&pfawmf

udk,fawmfwdkifu oefY½Sif;pifMu,faponfh ydkifxdkufaomtrsKd;?

aojcif;udkyif rjrnf;prf;&bJ aumif;uifEdkifiHawmfodkY csDaqmif

jcif;cH&rnfh uREfkyfwdkYonf aumif;aomtusifht&mü olwpfyg;

xufredrfhusoifhMuygacs/ xm0&bk&m;ocifudk aMumuf½GHU

jcif;tm;jzifh oefY½Sif;jcif;udkpHkvifapvsuf udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\

tnpftaMu;rsm;udkaq;aMum&mwGifvnf; tjcm;vlom;rsm;xuf

trsm;BuD;a½SUrSajy;aeoifhMuygonf/

usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifh

vlemrsm;twGufqkawmif;jcif;

9T, pp. 164-165 (1909)

tjypfrSuif;pifap&efESifh xdkoefY½Sif;jcif;udk xdef;odrf;Edkif&ef

twGuf ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;\ESvHk;om;ESifh tdrfrsm;ü

0dnmOfawmfbk&m;ocifudef;atmif;ae&ygrnf/ ,aeYtouf½Sif

aexdkifvsuf½Sdaom 0dnmOfa&;£oa&vrsm;onf xm0&bk&m;

ocifa½SUawmfwGif rdrdudk,fudkESdrfhcsum cE¨mudk,fAdrmefawmfü

ayusHaeaomtnpftaMu;rsm;udk aq;aMumypfMuaomtcsdef

wGif vlemrsm;udk,fpm; ¤if;wdkYûyvkyfaomqkawmif;oHrsm;udk

em;anmif;NyD; ¤if;wdkYwdkufauR;toHk;ûyrnfhaq;0g;rsm;udk

aumif;csD;ay;um a&m*grsm;udkaysmufuif;apawmfrlvdrfhrnf/

bk&m;ocifpDrHxm;onfh ½dk;pif;aomukxHk;rsm;udktoHk;ûyvsuf

,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifh a&m*grsm;udkukoaomtcsdefwGif ¤if;wdkY\

êud;pm;vkyfaqmifrIudk xm0&bk&m;ocifaumif;csD;ay;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/

bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm;onf tvif;w&m;&½Sdxm;

NyD;aemufydkif;rSmyif ûyjyifajymif;vJjcif;r½SdbJ rSm;,Gif;aom"avh

tusifhrsm;udk qufvufusifhoHk;aeMurnfqdkvQif rSm;,Gif;aom

vkyf&yfrsm;\qdk;usKd;rsm;udk aocsmaygufcHpm;Mu&vdrfhrnf/


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rcHpm;&atmif wefcdk;jyí u,fwifawmfrlvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/

olwdkYonf ]0rf;enf;vsuf tdyf&Muvdrfhrnf/} a[½Sm 50;11/

]]tpm;taomufudk ûcd;jcHp&mrvdkygbl;/ êudufovdk

pm;aomufEdkifygw,f/ aeraumif;&ifvnf; bk&m;ocifu

ukoay;rSmaygh}} [líajymqdkwwfonf/ rSm;,Gif;aom,HkMunf

jcif;udk qGJudkifxm;olrsm;onf udk,fpdwfESpfyg;pvHk;wGif bk&m;

ocif\rlvyHktoGifudk&apEdkifonfhwefcdk;vdktyfaeacsNyD/ xm0&

bk&m;ocifonf oifhudktemaysmufuif;atmif BuD;rm;pGmaus;Zl;

ûyxm;NyDjzpf&m pdwftvdkudkvdkufí xifovdkpm;aomufaexdkifEdkif

onf[k oifrxifoifhygacs/ ]oGm;avmh? aemufwpfzef raumif;rI

udkrûyESifh} [k c&pfawmfrdefYrSmawmfrlonfhtwdkif; vkyfaqmifMuyg/

cHwGif;awmifhwrIonf oif\bk&m;ocifrjzpfoifhygacs/

1T, pp. 560-561(1867)

usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;tvkyfonf vlom;rsm;

tusKd;tvdkYiSm bk&m;ocifpDrHxm;onfh ta&;BuD;aomvkyfief;

rsm;wGif wpfcktygt0ifjzpfonf/

vlemrsm;twGuf "r®trIaqmifrsm;qkawmif;ay;aomtcg

bk&m;ocifem;ranmif;&jcif;\taMumif;&if;udk uRefrjrifjcif;

(vision) wGif jrifawGUcJh&ygonf/ xdkq&mrsm;onf usef;rmjcif;

ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk csKd;azmufaepOfrSm qkawmif;

jcif;tm;jzifh bk&m;ocif\bkef;wefcdk;udk rxif½Sm;apEdkifMuyg/

,HkMunfjcif;ESif hjynfh0aomqkawmif;oHrsm;udk tjynfht0

em;anmif;aprnfhvrf;udkjyifqif&ef usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;

ESifh usef;rma&;Xmersm;udk udk,fawmf½SifpDpOfxm;awmfrlonf

udkvnf; uRefrjrifawGUcJh&ygonf/ emrusef;olrsm;udk oufom

aysmufuif;apjcif;? xm0&bk&m;ocif\bkef;wefcdk;udkxif½Sm;

Edkifolrsm;jzpfapjcif;ESifh c&pfawmf<uvmaomtcg u,fwifjcif;

&½SdEdkifapjcif;rsm;twGuf uREfkyfwdkY\,HkMunfjcif;onf tusifh

w&m;ESifhjynfh0aeygonf/

Sp. Gifts IV, pp. 144-145 (1864)

udk,fawmf½SifxHwGif qkawmif;vdkufNyDjzpfojzifh bk&m;

ocifu emrusef;rIrsm;rS u,fEkwfvdrfhrnf[k vltrsm;u

arQmfvifhaeMuonf/ odkY&mwGif ¤if;wdkY\qkawmif;oHudk bk&m;

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edrdwfvu©Pmjyí bk&m;ocifrpawmfrrlacs/ uREfkyfwdkYonf

usef;rma&;aumif;atmif rdrdwdkYvkyfaqmif&rnfht&mrsm;udk

vkyfaqmifaomtcsdefwGif aumif;csD;r*Fvm&v'frsm;udk arQmfvifh

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twGuf qkawmif;jynfhvmMuvdrfhrnf/ xdkenf;tm;jzifh emrawmf

onf xif½Sm;aprnfqdkvQif udk,fawmf½Sifonf uREfkyfwdkY\


qkawmif;oHudk xdktcsdefwGif em;anmif;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif

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vmatmif bk&m;ocifedrdwfvu©Pmjyawmfrlrnfr[kwfacs/

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&ojzifh a&m*goufom&ef aq;pm;aeolrsm;twGuf aocsm

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udk rqifrjcifysufpD;apcJhonfh xdkolrsm;udk u,frawmfrlvdrfhrnf

r[kwf[laomtcsufyifjzpfonf/ taMumif;w&m;aMumifh

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onf/ xdkuJhodkYaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;udk,fpm; qkyw¬emawmif;cHjcif;

udk em;anmif;tajzay;&ef roifhavsmf[k bk&m;ocifawGUjrif

awmfrlonf/ taMumif;rSm xdkolrsm;onf jyefvnfusef;rmvm

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jzpfonfudk udk,fawmf½Sifodawmfrlxm;aomaMumifhjzpfonf/

£oa&vrsm;\qHk;½IH;rIrS&onfhoifcef;pmwpfck

9T, p. 165 (1909)

rdrdtm;zufwG,fum rdefYqdkcsufrsm;udkvdkufavQmufrnf

qdkvQif xm0&bk&m;ocifonf tJ*kwåKvlrsm;tay:usa&mufcJhonfh

a&m*gqdk;rsm;rS uif;a0;aprnf[k a½S;acwf£oa&vrsm;tm;

rdefYawmfrlcJhonf/ þuwdawmfonf em;axmifvdkufavQmuf

rSom jynfhpHkrnfhuwdawmfjzpfonf/ tu,fíom xdk£oa&v

rsm;onf ¤if;wdkY&½Sdxm;onfhoGefoifcsufrsm;udk em;axmif

vdkufavQmufum tusKd;½SdatmiftoHk;ûycJhMurnfqdkvQif ¤if;wdkY

onf urÇmhtv,fwGif usef;rmcsrf;omjcif;twGuf o½kyfjy

oifcef;pmjzpfcJhMuvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif xdk£oa&vrsm;onf

bk&m;ocif\tvdkawmfudk rjznfhpGrf;EdkifcJhonfESifhtrQ &½SdcHpm;

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tHhzG,faomtvif;awmfodkY ac:oGif;awmfrlaomol\ *kPfaus;Zl;

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rif;pnf;pdrf½Sdaom ,Zfyka&m[dwfrsKd;? oefY½Sif;aomvlrsKd;? ydkifxdkuf

awmfrlaomtaygif;toif;jzpfMu\}} [k uREfkyfwdkYxH ayw½k

a&;om;azmfjyxm;ygonf/ 1ay? 2;9/

MH, p. 283 (1905)

tu,fíom xdk£oa&vrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY&½Sdxm;onfh

oGefoifcsufrsm;udk em;axmifvdkufavQmufum tusKd;½Sdatmif

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csrf;omjcif;twGuf o½kyfjyoifcef;pmjzpfcJhMuvdrfhrnf/ xm0&

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cJhMurnfqdkvQif tjcm;vlrsm;cHpm;ae&aoma&m*gb,rsm;ESifh

uif;a0;cJhMuvdrfhrnf/ ¤if;wdkYonf tjcm;vlrsKd;rsm;xuf usef;rm

oefpGrf;NyD; OmPf&nfxufjrufMuvdrfhrnf/

c&pf,meftajy;ûydifyGJ

CTBH, p. 25 (1890)

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ajy;Muaomfvnf; wpfa,mufwnf;omvQif qk&onf[k

oifwdkYrodMuoavm/ qkudk&rnfhtaMumif; ajy;Muavmh/ yGJü

ûydifí tcsif;csif;wdkufaomolrnfonfum; t&m&müwyfruf

jcif;udk csKyfwD;wwf\/ xdkolwdkYonf ñdI;EGrf;ysufpD;wwfaom

yef;OD;&pfudk&jcif;tvdkYiSm ûyMu\/ igwdkYrlum; rñdI;EGrf;? rysufpD;

Edkifaomyef;OD;&pfudk&jcif;tvdkYiSmûyMu\/}}

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aumif;aom&v'frsm;udkazmfjyxm;ygonf/ udk;uG,faombk&m;

rsm;udk a½S;acwf*&drsm;u *kPfûyusif;yonfhûydifyGJtrsKd;rsKd;rsm;udk

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avhusifh&onf/ cGeftm;udkqkwf,kwfaprnfh taysmftyg;

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udkvnf; a½SmifMu&onf/

atmifyGJqifvQif ¤if;wdkY&½SdrnfhqkrSm rMumrDrSmyif ysufpD;

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uav;udk trGeftjrwfxm;um ¤if;wdkYûydifyGJ0ifcJhMuygonf/

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avmufatmif rGefjrwfwefzdk;½SdvSaom? xm0&toufwnf;

[laom rysufpD;apEdkifonfh OD;&pfo&zltwGuf xdkxufru

tepfemcH? csKyfwnf;ûcd;jcHoifhMuygonf/

êud;pm;vkyfaqmif&rnfrSm uREfkyfwdkY\wm0efomjzpf\/

uREfkyfwdkY\taetxdkif? tpm;taomufESifh tvdkqE´rsm;udk

usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhtnDjzpfatmif vkyfaqmifMu&rnf/

þenf;tm;jzifh cE¨mudk,fusef;rmjcif;udkom uREfkyfwdkY&½SdMurnf

r[kwfbJ taumif;ESifhtqdk;udkcGJjcm;Edkifonfh pdwfwefcdk;rsm;udk

vnf; &½SdvmMuygvdrfhrnf/

'Ha,v\yHkoufao

CTBH, pp. 25-28 (1890)

csKyfwnf;jcif;ESifhywfoufonfhtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk

rSefuefpGmem;vnfEdkif&ef or®musrf;pm\&yfwnfcsufrsm;udk

uREfkyfwdkYavhvmMu&ygrnf/ csKyfwnf;jcif;ESifh csKyfwnf;jcif;

aMumifh&½Sdonfh aumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;taMumif;udkazmfjy&mwGif


AmAkvkefeef;awmfESifhqufpyfaeonfh 'Ha,vESifh ¤if;\tazmf

(3) OD;ujyocJhonfh erlemyHkoufaoxuf ydkíxda&mufwefcdk;

ygaomom"u[lír½Sdawmhacs/

xm0&bk&m;ocifonf trSefw&m;udk tNrJwap*kPfûy

awmfrlonf/ AmAkvkefbk&ifBuD;u odrf;ydkufcJhaom tjynfjynfrS

tvm;tvmtaumif;qHk;aomvli,frsm;wGif a[NAJvli,frsm;

onf ûydifbufuif;atmif xufjrufolrsm;jzpfMuonf/

aumif;jrwfaomvu©Pmwnf;[laom a,musfm;yDoonfh

cE¨mudk,f? usufoa&ESifhjynfhpHkaomrsufESmxm;? Munfvifaom

pdwf? trnf;pufuif;aomtoufwmrsm;onf usef;rmjcif;

pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk vdkufemolrsm;tm; obm0w&m;u*kPfûyonfh

wHqdyftrSwftom;aumif;rsm;jzpfonf/

'Ha,vESifh ¤if;\tazmfrsm;taMumif;udk acwftquf

qufwGiftouf½SifaexdkifMurnfhvli,frsm;\tusKd;tzdkYtvdkYiSm

or®musrf;pmwGif rSwfwrf;wifxm;awmfrlygonf/ vlom;rsm;

vkyfaqmifcJ haomt&mrsm;udk vlom;rsm;vkyfaqmifvdku

vkyfaqmifEdkifygonf/ xdka[NAJvli,frsm;onf pHkprf;aESmifh,Suf

jcif;rsm;aemufodkYrvdkufrygbJ csKyfwnf;ûcd;jcHonfhtusifhudk

axmufcHaom om"uaumif;rsm;udkazmfjycJhMuygovm;/ ,aeY

vli,frsm;onfvnf; tvm;wloufaocHjcif;rsm;udk vkyfaqmif

EdkifMuygonf/

þwGif uREfkyfwdkYtav;teufxm;um pOf;pm;oHk;oyf

oifhaomtcsufwpfckrSm ½Sm;yg;rIaMumifh tEÅ&m,fr½SdbJ

ayg<u,f0rIaMumifh tEÅ&m,frsm;wwfonfqdkonfhtcsufyifjzpf

onf/ uREf kyfwdk Yonf tvGeftuRHpm;aomufaexdkif&ef

aoG;aqmifjcif;cHae&wwfonf/ trIawmftwGuf toHk;ûyaom

cGeftm;rsm;ukefcef;roGm;ap&ef xdef;odrf;olrsm;onf tEÅ&m,f

jzpfapEdkifrnfht&mrsm;udk a½Smif&rnfjzpfouJhodkY tusKd;½Sdaom

t&mrsm;udk toHk;ûy&mwGifvnf; csKyfwnf;rI½Sd&ef vdktyfvSyg

onf/

rsKd;qufopfuav;rsm;ywfvnfwGif cHwGif;tvdkvdkuf

aprnfh qGJaqmifrIrsm;ESifhjynfhaeygonf/ txl;ojzifh ûrdUBuD;

rsm;wGif pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;trsKd;rsKd;ESifhjynfhpHkaeygonf/ rdrd

udk,fudk rnpfñl;ap&atmif 'Ha,vuJhodkY csKyfwnf;jcif;½Sd

olrsm;onf csKyfwnf;jcif;tusifh\tusKd;rsm;udk &½SdcHpm;Mu&

vdrfhrnf/ ¤if;wdkYonf udk,fcE¨mcGeftm;rsm;ESifh cHEdkif&nfpGrf;tm;

rsm;wdk;yGm;um ta&;êuHonfhtcsdefwGif vdktyfaomcGeftm;rsm;

udk vdkovdkxkwf,ltoHk;csEdkifMuvdrfhrnf/

cE¨mudk,fqdkif&m rSefuefaomtusifh"avhrsm;onf pdwf

wefcdk;udkvnf; wdk;wufzGHUûzd;aponf/ OmPfynmpGrf;&nf?

cEmudk,fcGeftm;ESifh touf½Snfjcif;wdkYonf rajymif;rvJEdkifaom

pnf;rsOf;rsm;tay:wGiftajcûyonf/ xdkt&mrsm;onf wdkufqdkifrI

wpfckaMumifh jzpfxGef;vmaomt&mrsm;r[kwfMuyg/ obm0udk

zefqif;awmfrlonfh bk&m;ocifonf obm0w&m;rsm;udk

csKd;azmufjcif;aMumifh jzpfay:vmonfhqdk;usKd;rsm;rS vlwdkYudk

u,fwif&ef yg0ifpGufzufawmfrlrnfr[kwfacs/ tvGefrSefuef


onfhqdk½dk;pum;wpfck½Sdonf/ ¤if;rSm ]]vltoD;oD;onf rdrdwdkY\

tem*wfudkxkvkyfonfh ydokumynm½Sifrsm;jzpfMu\}} [lí

jzpf\/ om;orD;rsm;\avhusifhynmay;a&;ESif h pm&dwå

wnfaqmufrIrsm;wGif rdbrsm;üwm0ef½SdonfqdkonfrSm rSefuef

aomfvnf; þurÇmwGif uREfkfyfwdkYaexdkifonfhtaetxm;ESifh

toHk;0ifrIrsm;onf uREfkfyfwdkY\vkyfaqmifrIrsm;wGif rsm;pGm

tajcûyaeygonf/ 'Ha,vESifh ¤if;\tazmfrsm;onf i,f½G,f

pOfu&cJhonfh oifMum;ynmay;rIrsm;\tusKd;&v'frsm;udk cHpm;

cJh&Muonf[kqdkEdkifaomfvnf; xdkt&mrsm;aMumifhom ¤if;wdkYonf

azmfjyygtaetxm;odkYwufvSrf;EdkifcJhMuonfr[kwfyg/ olwdkY\

tem*wfonf olwdkYudk,fwdkif a½G;cs,fusifhaqmifrIrsm;tay:

wGifvnf; rsm;pGmtajcûyaeygao;onf/ uav;b0rSpí&cJh

onfhoifcef;pmrsm;twdkif; touf½Sifaexdkif&ef olwdkYudk,fwdkif

qHk;jzwfcsufcs&ygao;onf/ ynm\rlvtpjzpfaom bk&m;

ocifudkaMumuf½GHUjcif;t&monf ¤if;wdkY\BuD;jrwfrItwGuf

tkwfjrpftajccHjzpfygonf/ 0dnmOfawmfbk&m;ocifuvnf;

aumif;aomtMuHtpnfrsm;ESifh jrifhjrwfaomoEéd|meftoD;oD;

wdkYudk taumiftxnfay:apawmfrl\/

R & H, Jan. 25, 1881.

(AmAkvkefEdkifiH½Sd) oifwef;ausmif;wGifa&muf½Sdaeaom

xdkvli,frsm;? ('Ha,v? [meed? rda½SvESifh tmZ&d) wdkYonf

bk&ifheef;awmfxJodkY 0ifxGufcGifh½Sdonfomru bk&ifhpm;yGJrS

tpm;tpmrsm;udkvnf; pm;aomuf&ef tcGifh&xm;olrsm;jzpfMu

onf/ þodkYpDpOfvkyfaqmifjcif;onf ¤if;wdkYtm; *kPfûy&m

a&mufonfhjyif udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\cGeftm;rsm; wdk;yGm;vmap

onf[k bk&ifBuD;utxif½Sdaeygonf/

bk&ifBuD;\yGJawmfwGif 0ufom;ESifhwuG arma½S\

usrf;pmwGif roefY½Sif;aomtpm? rpm;oifhaomtpmtjzpf

wm;jrpfxm;aomtom;rsm;yg0ifaeygonf/ xdkaMumifh 'Ha,v

wdkYtwGuf tcufawGUcJh&ygonf/ tpm;taomufESifhywfoufí

rdbbdk;ab;rsm;u oGefoifxm;csufrsm;udk pGJvrf;usifhoHk;rnf

vm;? (odkYr[kwf) touftdk;tdrfudktqHk;½IH;cHum bk&ifhtrdefY

awmfudkqefYusifrnfvm;/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh bk&m;ocif\

trdefYawmfudk jiif;y,fjcif;tm;jzifh bk&if\tvdkudkvdkufum

avmuynmESifh csrf;omrIrsm;udk&,lrnfvm;/

'Ha,vrlum; rnfonfhb0a&mufoGm;rnfudk *½k

rxm;bJ bk&m;ocifudkopömapmifhod&ef qHk;jzwfcsufcsvsuf

]]yGJawmfrS<uif;aomtpmESifh aomufawmfrlaompyspf&nfudk

raomufrpm;bJ npfñl;jcif;udka½Smifrnf[k tMuH½Sdí rdrdudk

rnpfñl;aprnftaMumif; rdefYrpdk;tkyfudkcGifhawmif;av\/}}

'Ha,vonf tvGefZDZmaMumifol? tjrifusOf;NyD;

wpf,loefolwpfOD;jzpfonf[k ,ckacwfc&pf,meftrsm;pku

owfrSwfMuonf/ xdkuJhodkYaomta&;ygonfhudpörsm;wGif tpm;

taomufudk rsm;pGma½SUwef;rwifoifh[kvnf; olwdkYrSwf,lMu

ygonf/ rdrdwdkYonf bk&m;ocif\awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk

arSmufvSefum udk,fhoabmtwdkif; trSm;? trSeftwGufpHrsm;udk


owfrSwfcJhMujcif;jzpfaMumif; w&m;pD&ifaomaeYBuD;wGif ¤if;wdkY

awGUjrifMu&vdrhfrnf/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf ¤if;wdkYta&;rxm;

onfht&mrsm;udk txl;ta&;xm;aeaMumif; xdkaeYwGif olwdkY

awGUMu&vdrfhrnf/ xdkaMumifh udk,fawmf½Sifcdkif;aporQudk av;pm;

pGmjzifh vdkufavQmufoifhMuygonf/ vdkufavQmuf&efvG,faom

ynwfrsm;udkvdkufavQmufum tepfemcHNyD;vdkufavQmuf&rnfh

ynwfrsm;udk jiif;y,faeolrsm;onf trSefw&m;\pHudkavsmhcs

aejcif;jzpfonf/ ¤if;wdkYtm; erlem,lum vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf

bk&m;ocif\ynwfawmfrsm;udk ayghayghwefwefoabmxm;

vmMuvdrfhrnf/ ]]bk&m;ocifrdefYawmfrlonfum;}} [laom

pum;&yfonf t&mcyfodrf;wdkYwGif uREfkyfwdkYtwGuf pnf;rsOf;

wpfckjzpfoifhygonf/

tjypfaMumifh usqHk;ysuf,Gif;aeaomvlom;rsm;twGuf

bk&m;ocif\aus;Zl;awmftm;jzifh vkyfaqmifay;Edkifawmfrlaom

t&mrsm;ESifhywfoufaom xda&mufonfhyHkoufaowpfcktjzpf

'Ha,v\pm&dwåudk urÇmBuD;tm;wifqufawmfrlxm;ygonf/

ol\udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fonfh jrifhjrwfaomtoufwmqdkif&m

rSwfwrf;onf omrefvlom;rsm;twGuf tm;wufp&mwpfck

jzpfygonf/ pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;rsm;udk wGef;vSef&ef cGeftm;ESifh

tcuftcJrsm;Mum;wGif trSefw&m;bufü cdkifrmpGm&yfwnf&ef

cGeftm;rsm;udk xdktjzpftysufrsm;tm;jzifh uREfkyfwdkY&½SdEdkifMuygonf/

wdusjywfom;onfh csKyfwnf;ûcd;jcHjcif;qdkif&mtusifh

p½dkufrsm;udkcsKd;azmuf&ef 'Ha,vü ,kwåd½Sdonfhqifajcrsm;

½Sdaumif;½SdEdkifygonf/ odkY&mwGif olonf avmurif;pdk;&mZm

rsm;\ rsufESmomay;jcif;omru rdrd\toufxufyif bk&m;

ocifoabmusaomt&mrsm;udk ydkíwefzdk;xm;ygonf/ 'Ha,v

onf rdrd\odrfarGUEl;nHhaomtûytrlrsm;aMumifh rdef;rpdk;tkyf

tm½SayeufESifh&if;ESD;oGm;aomtcg bk&ifhyGJawmfrStusefrsm;udk

rpm;zdkYcGifhûyay;&ef awmif;cHcJhygonf/ ¤if;awmif;qdkcsufudk

vdkufavsmcJhrnfqdkvQif bk&ifhtrsufawmfoifhoGm;Edkifonfhjyif

touftEÅ&m,fudkygpdk;&drf&onfudk xdkrdef;rpdk;tkyfodxm;ygonf/

tpmudka½SmifvGef;vQif jzLzyfjzLa&mfjzpfum vlemyHkaygufvmNyD;

tm;tifrsm;vnf;avsmhyg;oGm;Edkifonf[k ,aeYvlom;trsm;pk

xifovdk olxif½Hkomru bk&ifhyGJawmfrS<uif;aom t&om

½Sdonfhtpm;tpmrsm;uom ¤if;wdkYudktom;ta&awmufajymif

vSyum udk,fpdwfESpfyg;pvHk; vef;qef;usef;rmaponf[k

xdkrdef;rpdk;tkyfBuD;u txif½Sdaeygonf/

xdkudpöudk (10) &ufMumprf;oyfNyD;rS qHk;jzwfay;zdkY

'Ha,vtoem;cHcJhygonf/ xdk (10) &uftwGif;wGif 'Ha,v

wdkYa[NAJvli,fwpfpkonf ½dk;½dk;tpm;tpmrsm;udkomoHk;aqmifNyD;

tjcm;vli,frsm;rSmrl bk&ifhyGJawmfusrsm;udkoHk;aqmifMu&efjzpf

ygonf/ tqHk;wGif 'Ha,vwdkYonf rdef;rpdk;tkyf\cGifhûycsufudk

&½SdcJh&m þudpöwGif rdrdatmifyGJqifNyD[k 'Ha,vcHpm;cJhrdygonf/

olonf vli,fwpfOD;omjzpfaomfvnf; pyspf&nfESifh avmu

aysmfarGUjcif;udkcHpm;aomtoufwmonf udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\

usef;rma&;udk txl;xdcdkufapEdkifonfudkodxm;ygonf/


DF- 3

(10) &ufMumaomtcg xGufay:vmaom&v'fonf

tm½Sayeufxifxm;onfht&mESifh vHk;vHk;qefYusifbufjzpfae

onfudkawGU&onf/ ½kyftqif;wGifomru cE¨mudk,fcGeftm;ESifh

pdwfwefcdk;t&mwGifyg cHwGif;tvdkudkvdkufcJhonfhtjcm;olrsm;xuf

ûcd;jcHcsKyfwnf;jcif;tusifhudkusifhaqmifcJholrsm;uomvGefonfudk

xifxif½Sm;½Sm;awGUae&ygonf/ xdkaMumifh 'Ha,vESifhtazmf

wdkYonf xdkoifwef;umvwGifomru bk&ifheef;awmfwGif

trIawmfaqmifonfhumvwpfavQmufvHk;wGif ½dk;½dk;tpm;tpm

rsm;udk qufvufoHk;aqmifcGifh&cJhMuygonf/

bk&m;ocif\axmufcHcsufudk&½Sdjcif;

xm0&bk&m;ocifonf þa[NAJvli,frsm;\pdwfESvHk;

NrJjrHjcif;ESifh udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;rsm;udk axmufcHonfh

taejzifh aumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;oGef;avmif;ay;cJhygonf/ ]]bk&m;

ocifonf xdkvkvifav;a,mufwdkYtm; txl;xl;aomodyÜH

twwfynmwdkYudkodapjcif;iSm xdk;xGif;íem;vnfEdkifaom

OmPfowådudkay;oem;awmfrl\/ 'Ha,vonfvnf; azmfjycsuf

jrifjcif;(vision)ESifhtdyfrufudkem;vnfEdkifaomOmPfynmESifhjynfhpHk

\/}} oifwef;umv (3) ESpfukefqHk;í ¤if;wdkY\t&nftaoG;

rsm;udkprf;oyfaomtcg ]]'Ha,v? [meed? rda½Sv? tmZ&dwdkYESifh

wlaomolwpfa,mufrQr½SdaomaMumifh olwdkYonf txHawmfü

cpm;&aomtcGifht&mudk&Mu\/ ½Sifbk&ifar;orQaomtwwf

ynmudk xdkvkvifwdkYonf EdkifiHawmfü½SdorQaom rm*kynm½Sd

aA'ifwwfrsm;xufomíq,fqwwfMuonfudk awGUjrif

awmfrl\/}}

þwGif vli,frsm;tygt0if uREfkyfwdkYtm;vHk;twGuf

oifcef;pmwpfckudkawGU&ygonf/ xm0&bk&m;ocif\awmif;qdk

csufrsm;udk wdwdususvdkufavQmufjcif;onf udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\

usef;rma&;udktusKd;ûyonf/ udk,fusifhw&m;ESifh OmPfynm

qdkif&mtjrifhqHk;aompHwpfckudkwufvSrf;Edkif&eftvdkYiSm bk&m;ocifh

xHwGif cGeftm;ESifhOmPfynmudkawmif;avQmufum toufwmESifh

qdkifaomt&mcyfodrf;wdkYwGif wduswif;usyfpGm csKyfwnf;ûcd;jcH&ef

txl;vdktyfvSygonf/ cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;qdkif&m pHkprf;

aESmifh,Sufjcif;udk atmifyGJqifcJhonfhenf;uav;udk 'Ha,vwdkY

tawGUtêuHwGif uREfkyfwdkYjrifawGUcJh&ygonf/ xdktcsufrSm

xdkvli,frsm;onf touftEÅ&m,fudkpdk;&drf&aomtajctaeodkY

a&mufonfhwdkif rdrdwdkYi,f½G,fpOftcguwnf;uod½Sdvmonfh

bmoma&;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;aMumifh aysmf½Tifauseyfjcif;cHpm;rI

tay: atmifyGJqifEdkifcJh½Hkomru bk&m;ocif\tvdkawmfudkvnf;

qufvufjznfhqnf;EdkifMuonfqdkaomtcsufyifjzpfygonf/

us,faomtoHESifh[pfa<u;&ef tqifoifhrjzpfao;acs

1T, pp. 486-487 (1867)

uREfkyfazmfjycsufwGifawGUjrifcJh&aom usef;rmjcif;ûyjyif

ajymif;vJa&;u@ESifhaumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;owif;pum;rsm;

tMum; qufET,fyHkrSm cE¨mudk,f½Sd vufarmif;ESifhvufwdkY


eD;uyfpGmqufpyfaeouJhodkYjzpfygonf/ xdkûyjyifajymif;vJa&;

vkyfief;udk toif;awmfBuD;wpfckvHk;u vkyfaqmif&rnf[kvnf;

azmfjycsuf (Vision) wGifod&ygonf/ w&m;a[mq&mrsm;ESifh

omreftoif;om;rsm;onf vufwGJnDnDvkyfaqmif&ygrnf/

bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm;rSm aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;owif;

pum;udka<u;aMumf&ef tqifoifhrjzpfMuao;acs/ ¤if;wdkYtwGuf

bk&m;ocifvkyfay;zdkY csefrxm;awmhbJ udk,fa&;udk,fwmudpörsm;

twGuf tvkyf½IyfaeMuygonf/ trSefrSm xm0&bk&m;ocifonf

xdkûyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;udkvkyfaqmif&ef ,HkMunfolrsm;tm;

ay;tyfxm;awmfrlonf/ vlwpfOD;u tjcm;olwpfa,muf

twGuf tpm;xdk;vkyfay;&ef rjzpfEdkifavmufatmifta&;ygonfh

vlwdkif;vkyfaqmif&rnfhtvkyfjzpfygonf/ ]]xdkaMumifh cspfolwdkY?

xdkuwdawmfrsm;ESifh igwdkYonfqdkifMuonfjzpfí udk,fcE¨m\

tnpftaMu;? pdwf0dnmOf\tnpftaMu;½SdorQwdkYESifh udk,fudk

udk,fuif;pifapvsuf bk&m;ocifudkaMumuf½GHUí oefY½Sif;jcif;

yg&rDESifhjynfhpHkMuukeftHh/}} tpm;MuL;jcif;onf ,ckacwfwGif

trsm;pkusL;vGefaeaomtjypfjzpfonf/ yg;pyft&omudkOD;pm;ay;

usifhaqmifjcif;onf vlwdkYtm; edrfhusaomtoufwmudkydkYaqmif

NyD; todOmPfrsm;udkxdkif;rIdif;aponf/ EIwfxGufpum;wGifazmfjy

xm;aomtrSefw&m;rsm;udk ta&;rxm;awmhonfhtxd udk,fusifh

w&m;rsm;udkysufjym;apygonf/ edrfhusaompdwfaeoabmxm;

rsm;onfvnf; xdkvlom;rsm;udkvTrf;rdk;oGm;wwfygonf/

bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm;onf ajymif;vJaom

toufwmudk&½SdEdkif&ef rdrd\tajctaerSefudkodxm;zdkYvdktyfyg

onf/ qmvHq&muJhodkY ]]uREfkyfonf aMumufrufzG,faom

vu©Pm? xl;qef;aomvu©Pmwdk YESif h jynfhpH konfjzpfí

udk,fawmfudkcsD;rGrf;ygrnf}} [ka<u;aMumfEdkifap&ef uREfkyfwdkY\

cE¨mudk,fzGJUpnf;wnfaqmufyHkudkem;vnfxm;&ygrnf/ ¤if;wdkY

onf cHwGif;awmifhwrIudk udk,fusifhw&m;ESifh todynmqdkif&m

u@rsm;\atmufwGif tNrJwrf;xm;oifhygonf/ cE¨mudk,f

onf pdwfESvHk;\vufatmufcHomjzpfoihfjyD; pdwfESvHk;\ocif

rjzpfoifhygacs/

jyefvnfíusef;rmvef;qef;&ef jyifqifjcif;

1T, p. 619 (1807)

udk,fcEmtnpftaMu;ESifh pdwf0dnmOftnpftaMu;rsm;udk

uif;pifapvsuf bk&m;ocifudkaMumuf½GHUaomtoufwmjzifh

oefY½Sif;jcif;yg&rDudkwnfaqmuf&ef rdrdvlwdkYtm; xm0&bk&m;

ocifrdefYqdkawmfrlygonf/ usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udk

udk,fwdkif vkyfaqmif&rnfhtpm; bk&m;ocifvkyfay;rnfhtcsdefudk

apmifhqdkif;aeolrsm;onf w&m;pD&if&maeYBuD;wGif bk&m;ocif\

trsufawmfpyspf&nfppfudkaomufMu&vdrfhrnf/

bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm;onf rdrdwdkYvkyfaqmif&rnfh

u@udk êud;pm;vkyfaqmifjcif;rûybJ rdrdwdkY\trSm;t,Gif;rsm;udk

z,f½Sm;um ûyjyifay;rnfhwefcdk;udkom apmifhaeMurnfqdkvQif

vnf;aumif;? aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;owif;pum;udka<u;aMumfzdkY

oifhavsmfaomolrsm;jzpfvm&ef udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\tnpftaMu;


rsm;udkoefYpifay;rnfh xdkwefcdk;awmftay:wGifomrSDcdkaeMurnf

qdkvQifvnf;aumif; csdefcGifütcsdefcH&aomtcsdefwGif avsmhae

Muvdrfhrnf[k uREfkyfudkjrifjcif; (vision) tm;jzifhjyawmfrlcJhygonf/

xm0&bk&m;ocifcdkif;apawmfrlonfhtwdkif; udk,fpdwfESpfyg;wGif

ayusHaeonfhtnpftaMu;rsm;udkoefYpifapvsuf bk&m;ocifudk

aMumuf½GHUaompdwfjzifh oefY½Sif;jcif;yg&rDwGifpHkvifzdkY êud;pm;

vkyfaqmifaeaomolrsm;tay:üom bk&m;ocif\cGeftm;ay;

onfhwefcdk;onfusa&mufygvdrfhrnf/

aESmifhaES;aeolrsm;tm;qifhac:jcif;

(R & H, May 27, 1902), CH, pp. 578-579.

cdkifrmwdusaom xdkpnf;rsOf;rsm;udkvdkufavQmuf&ef

ysufuGufjcif;aMumifh bk&m;ocifhvlwdkY\ordkif;pOfudk trnf;puf

xifapcJhygonf/ usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk

azgufzsufolrsm;onf pOfqufrjywf½SdcJhMu&m tusKd;quftm;

jzifh bk&m;ocifonf t½Suf&awmfrlcJhygonf/ udk,fawmf½Sif\

om;orD;rsm;onf tvif;awmftwdkif;avQmufvSrf;cJhMurnf

qdkvQif wpfBudrfwpfcgrQrawGUzl;cJhaomtumtuG,frsm;udk

¤if;wdkYtwGufpDpOfay;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/

þrQtcGifhta&;&½SdaeaomuREfkyfwdkYonf urÇmol

urÇmom;rsm;tm; usef;rmjcif;ûyjkyifajymif;vJa&;wGif a½SUwef;rS

yg0ifvmatmif vkyfaqmifoifhMuonfr[kwfygvm;/ rSm;,Gif;

aomtpm;taomufrsm;tm;jzifh uREfkyfwdkY\pdwf"mwfrsm;udk edrfhus

atmif vkyfaqmifaeMuygovm;/ uREfkyfwdkY\pGrf;&nfrsm;udk

wvGJtoHk;csaeMuygovm;/ twåvGefuJaomtrltusifhrsm;

tm;jzifh bk&m;ocif\oefY½Sif;aomynwfrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkY

vGefusL;aeMuygovm;/ ]tckwpfrsKd;? awmfMumwpfrsKd;} qdkonfh

pum;&yfonf vloHk;rsm;aoma0g[m&wpfckjzpfaeygNyDvm;/

c&pf,mefrqefonfhxdkvkyf&yfrsm;tm;jzifh uREfkyfwdkYudk nDuav;?

nDrav;[kac:awmfrlonfh u,fwif½Siftm;t½Suf&apMurnf

vm;/

uREfkyfwdkY\ESvHk;om;rsm;wGif bk&m;ocif\Nidrfoufjcif;

vTrf;rdk;apEdkifonfhtoufwmyHkpHrsKd;wGif touf½Sifvsuf {0Ha*vd

w&m;awmfudkvufawGUusifhoHk;onfh aq;bufqdkif&mtrIawmf

wGif tm;wufoa&m uREfkyfwdkYyg0ifoifhMuonfr[kwfygvm;/

c&pf,meft,l0g'udk ,HkMunfouf0ifolwpfOD;vkyfaqmifoifh

onfht&mrsm;udk tNrJwrf;owd&vsuf r,HkMunfolrsm;\

a½SUwGif½Sdonfh xdrdvJp&mrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYz,f½Sm;MuygpdkY/

c&pf,mef[laomtrnfemrudk rxdcdkufap½Hkomru ydkíyif

xif½Sm;vmap&eftvdkYiSm roefY½Sif;aom&r®ufrsm;udkjzpfay:ap

onfhtpm;taomufrsm;udk a½SmifMuOfMuygpdkY/

trIawmfjrwfwGif vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;tyfESHyg0ifMu&ef

xm0&bk&m;ocifonf ,HkMunfolwdkif;udk arwåm&yfcHvsuf½Sdyg

onf/ udk,fawmf½Sifonf ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udkvkyfaqmif&efvnf;

awmif;qdkaeygonf/ a0ae,sowå0gtaygif;wdkYonf usdefjcif;

tr*FvmatmufwGif idka<u;jrnfwrf;vsuf½SdMu&m bk&m;ocif\


om;orD;rsm;rSm rdrdwdkY\udk,fpdwf0dnmOfoHk;yg;pvHk;udk trSef

w&m;tm;jzifhoefYpifapvsuf aus;Zl;awmfüBuD;xGm;Edkifrnfhae&m

wGif touf½SifaexdkifoifhMuygonf/ usef;rma&;udkxdcdkuf

ysufpD;aponfhtrltusifhrsm;udk ¤if;wdkYz,f½Sm;aomtcsdefwGif

rSefuefaombmomw&m;½Sdjcif;taMumif;udk xif½Sm;pGmodjrifvm

Muvdrfhrnf/ bmoma&;qdkif&mtawGUtêuHrsm;wGif tHhMozG,f

aumif;onfhajymif;vJrIrsm;udkvnf; awGUjrifvmMuvdrfhrnf/

oufaotaxmuftxm;cdkifvHkaomt&mtm;vHk;

R&H, Feb. 10 (1910)

rdrdwdkYvkyfaqmif&rnfhu@rsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYvkyfaqmif

vsuf pm;aomufoifhaomt&mrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYod½Sdem;vnfum

usef;rma&;udk rnfodkYxdef;odrf;touf½Sif&rnfudkoabmayguf

jcif;onf tvGefrwefta&;ygvSygonf/ ¤if;wdk Yonf

usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkvdkufavQmufjcif;½Sdonf? (odkYr[kwf)

rdrdtvdktwdkif;touf½Sifaexdkifvsuf½Sdonfqdkonfhtcsufudk

awGUjrif&efvnf; taxmuftxm;cdkifvHkvsuf½Sdygonf/

rdrd\oabmqEt& rdrdêudufovdkpm;aomufEdkifonf[k

rnfolrQrxifMuygESifh/ oifonf rdrd\tpm;taomuftm;jzifh

xm0&bk&m;ocif\bkef;wefcdk;udkxif½Sm;apoljzpfaMumif;

oifESifhtwlpm;aomufrnfholrsm;tm; oifESifhtwlxdkifrpm;rD

uwnf;uod½Sdygap/ aojcif;ESifhuif;aomtoufwmtwGuf

wnfaqmuf&ef pm&dwåwpfck oifhü½SdaeaomaMumifh txufyg

enf;rSwpfyg; tjcm;enf;udk oifüa½G;p&mr½Sdygacs/ vlom;

toD;oD;ü aqmif½Gufp&mwm0efrsm;½Sdaeonf/ þwm0efrsm;udk

od½Sdem;vnfvsuf c&pfawmf\emrawmfüaqmif½GufMuyg/

cHwGif;tvdkvdkuf&ef tpHkprf;cHae&olrsm;wdkY? pHkprf;jcif;udk

rvdkufavsmbJ tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;udkpm;oHk;jcif;tm;jzifh

udk,fhudkudk,fumuG,fMuyg/ usef;rma&;ESifhjynfhpHkonfhtpm;tpm

rsm;udkpm;wwfvm&ef usifh,lvdkY&Edkifygonf/ xdkodkYêud;pm;

usifhaqmifaeolrsm;udk xm0&bk&m;ocifrpawmfrlygonf/

odkYaomf vlom;rsm;u rdrdtwGuf rdrdudk,fwdkifrêud;pm;vQif

xdkolrsm;twGuf bk&m;ocifu rnfodkYvkyfaqmifay;Edkifvdrfh

rnfenf;/ raumif;aomtusifhp½dkufrsm;ESifhuif;½Sif;oGm;ap&ef

aMumuf½GHUaompdwfjzifh uREfkyfwdkYonf udk,fhu@udkudk,fwdkif

vkyfaqmifMuygpdkY/ bk&m;ocifha½SUarSmufwGif taumif;qHk;tajc

taewGif½Sdae&ef xdef;odrf;zdkY oifhavsmfonfhuREfkyfwdkY\cEmudk,fudk

rSm;,Gif;pGmtoHk;ûyrdrnfpdk;ojzifh aMumuf½GHUwkefvIyfaompdwfjzifh

udk,fu@udk,fvkyfaqmifMuygpdkY/

pdwfESvHk;ajymif;vJjcif;onf ajymif;vJjcif;tppfjzpfonf

Special Testimonies, Series A, No. 9, p. 54 (1896)

bk&m;ocif\trIawmfwGif yg0ifvkyfaqmifaeolrsm;onf

avmu0rf;ajrmufjcif;rsm;ESifh twåvGefuJonfhZdrfcHjcif;rsm;udk

&,lydkifqdkifzdkY êud;pm;Mu&rnfr[kwfacs/ toif;awmfaq;½Hk

rsm;rS orm;awmfBuD;rsm;udkvnf; usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;


qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;twdkif; touf½SifapMu&rnf/ c&pfawmf\

aus;Zl;awmfonf vlom;rsm;\pdwfESvHk;xJwGif cdkifrmaom

pnf;rsOf;wpfckrjzpfoa½GUumvywfvHk; ¤if;wdkYonf rSefuefpGm

csKyfwnf;ûcd;jcHEdkifMurnfr[kwfacs/ urÇmay:wGifûycJhorQuwd

u0wfrsm;aMumifh rnfonfhvlom;rQ usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJ

a&;orm;jzpfrvmEdkifygacs/ tpm;taomufrsm;udk wm;jrpfydwfyif

½HkESifhvnf; oif\qdk;½Gm;onfhcHwGif;tvdkvdkufrIudk ryaysmufEdkif

ygacs/ nDtpfudkarmifESrwdkY? oifwdkY\pdwfESvHk;udk bk&m;ocif

\aus;Zl;awmftm;jzifh topfûyjyifajymif;vJjcif;rûyvkyfNyD;oa½GU

umvywfvHk; oifwdkYonf cyfodrf;aomtrIwdkYü csKyfwnf;

ûcd;jcHEdkifMuvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/

ywf0ef;usiftajctaersm;onf ûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udk

trSefwu,frjzpfay:apEdkifbJ pdwfESvHk;ajymif;vJrSom ûyjyif

ajymif;vJrIrsm;udkjzpfapEdkifonf[k c&pf,meft,l0g'uzGifhqdk

xm;ygonf/ pdwfESvHk;wGif c&pfawmfûyjyifaomt&mrsm;onf

ajymif;vJoGm;olwpfOD;\zGifhqdkrIrsm;wGif xif½Sm;ay:vGifvmyg

vdrf hrnf/ twGif;yd kif;udkajymif;vJ&ef tjyifyef;rStpûy

ajymif;vJjcif;onf t&mra&mufwwfyg/ oifhtwGuf bk&m;

ocif\tMuHawmfrSm tcuftcJtrsKd;rsKd;udkzefwD;ay;Edkifonfh

ESvHk;om;udkpwifajymif;vJ&efjzpfonf/ odkYrSom ajzmifhrwfjcif;

pnf;rsOf;rsm;onf pdwfESvHk;xJrSxGufvmum ûyjyifajymif;vJrI

rsm;onf twGif;ydkif;rSmjzpfouJhodkY tjyifyef;rSmvnf;jzpfay:

vmygvdrfhrnf/

Letter 3, 1884

bk&m;ocif\trdefYawmftwdkif; EIwfxGufpum;ESifh

0dnmOfawmfpmapmifrsm;rSwpfqifh&onfhtvif;w&m;rsm;t&

toufwmtqifhtwef;udk wwfEdkiforQjr§ifhwifaeolrsm;onf

enf;rsm;r[laomaqGrsKd;? rdwfaqGo*F[rsm;\qE´ESifhudkufnD

atmif rdrdwdkY\toufwmyHkpHudk ajymif;vJypfMuvdrfhrnfr[kwf

acs/ uREfkyfwdkYonf tm[m&qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk wdwdusus

vdkufavQmufum bk&m;ocif\tvdkawmfESifhtnD pm;aomuf

MurnfqdkvQif bk&m;ocif\pdwfawmfESifhawGUaomolrsm;jzpfMu

vdrfhrnf/ ar;p&mar;cGef;wpfckrSm ]]uREfkyfwdkYonf usef;rmjcif;

qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJoltppftrSefrsm;jzpfvdkMuygovm;}} [lí

jzpf\/

tajccHta&;ygrItwGufar;cGef;wpfck

usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;taMumif;udk uREfkyf\

vlwdkYxHodkYoGm;a&mufrQa0&ef xm0&bk&m;ocifu uREfkyfudk

ñTefMum;awmfrlygonf/ taMumif;rSm vltrsm;pkonf ¤if;wdkY

,cifuvdkufavQmufcJhMuonfh usef;rma&;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;

tay: opömazgufcJhMuacsNyD/ trsKd;orD;? trsKd;om;taygif;wdkY

onf c&pfawmfüpHkvifonfhyrmPtxd BuD;xGm;&ifhoefvmapvdk

onfrSm om;orD;rsm;tay:xm;½Sdonfh xm0&bk&m;ocif\

tMuHawmfjzpfonf/ xdktMuHtpnfawmfudk taumiftxnf

azmfEdkif&eftvdkYiSm vltaygif;wdkYonf udk,fpdwf0dnmOfwdkY\


wefcdk;tpGrf;toD;oD;wdkYudk rSefuefpGmtoHk;cs&ygrnf/ xdktpGrf;

wefcdk;tenf;i,fudkrQ ûzef;wD;rypfoifhygacs/

usef;rmjcif;udk rnfodkYxdef;odrf;&rnfqdkonfhar;cGef;

onf tajccHususta&;ygonfhar;cGef;wpfckjzpfygonf/ bk&m;

ocifudkaMumuf½GHUaompdwfjzifh þar;cGef;udk uREfkyfwdkYavhvm

aomtcg udk,fpdwfESpfyg;usef;rmcsrf;omap&eftvdk YiSm

taumif;qHk;vkyfaqmifoifhaomt&mrSm tpmtm[m&qdkif&m

½dk;pif;rIrsm;udkavhvmrSwfom;jcif;yifjzpfygonf/ þar;cGef;

twGuf uREfkyfwdkYpdwf½Snf½SnfjzifhavhvmMuygpdkY/ þudpöudk

owdynm½SdpGmjzifh udkifwG,fajz½Sif;Edkif&ef todynmvdktyfouJhodkY

aumif;rGefaomqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;vnf;vdktyfygonf/ obm0

w&m;rsm;onf uREfkyfwdkYqefYusif&rnfht&mrsm;r[kwfbJ

vdkufavQmuf&rnfht&mrsm;omjzpfonf/

tom;rsm;? vufzuf&nf? aumfzDESifh usef;rma&;udkxdcdkuf

aponfhtpm;tpmrsm;ESifhywfoufonfh ñTefMum;csufrsm;udk

&½Sdolrsm;? tepfemcHum bk&m;ocifESifhy#dnmOfûy&ef qHk;jzwf

csufcsrSwfxm;olrsm;onf raumif;rSef;odxm;onfhtpm;tpm

rsm;udk a½SmifMuOfoifhMuygonf/ cHwGif;tvdkvdkufrIudk&yfwefYum

raumif;aomt&mrsm;ESifhywfoufonfhtusifhrsm;udk&yfqdkif;ypf&ef

xm0&bk&m;ocifawmif;qdkawmfrlonf/ xm0&bk&m;ocif\

a½SUarSmufwGif pHkvifolrsm;tjzpf bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm;

r&yfxrD þtrIudkNyD;ajrmufatmifaqmif½Guf&ygrnf/

bk&m;ocif\usef<uif;olom;orD;rsm;onf ajymif;vJ

NyD;olrsm;jzpf&ygrnf/ þowif;pum;udkwifquf&jcif;rSm

touf0dnmOfrsm; ajymif;vJoefY½Sif;vm&eftwGufjzpfonf/

þvIyf½Sm;rIwGif uREfkyfwdkYonf 0dnmOfawmfbk&m;ocif\wefcdk;

udkcHpm;&efjzpfonf/ þowif;pum;onf jywfom;wdusí

tHhMozG,faumif;aomowif;pum;jzpfonf/ vufcH&½Sdolrsm;

twGuf t&mcyfodrf;onf wefzdk;½SdvSygonf/ wefzdk;BuD;vS

onfhxdkowif;pum;udk us,faomtoHESifh[pfa<u;Mu&ygrnf/

þowif;pum;onf uyfumvtqHk;wdkifatmif vltaygif;

wdkYxHa&muf½SdoGm;Edkif&ef uREfkyfwdkYü ppfrSefícdkifrmaom,HkMunf

jcif;½SdMu&rnf/

0dnmOfawmfpmaywcsKdUwpf0ufudkom bk&m;ocifhxHrS

vmaomowif;pum;tjzpfvufcHum rdrdwdkYêudufESpfoufaom

t&mrsm;udk ½Iwfcsxm;onfh 0dnmOfawmfpmrsm;udkjiif;y,fae

Muonfh ,HkMunfolwcsKdU½Sdygonf/ xdkuJhodkYaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf

rdrdwdkY\aumif;usKd;csrf;omudkomru toif;awmf\wdk;wufrI

rsm;udkxdcdkufatmifvkyfaqmifaejcif;jzpfonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf

tvif;w&m;&½SdpOf tvif;w&m;twdkif;touf½SifMu&efrSm

t"dutcsufjzpfonf/ usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udk ,HkMunf

vufcHygonf[k yg;pyfrSzGifh[a<u;aMumfaeaomfvnf; xdkûyjyif

ajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk aeYpOfESifhtrQqefYusiftouf½Sif

aeolrsm;onf udk,fhudkudk,fxdcdkufatmifvkyfaqmifaejcif;

r[kwfbJ tjcm;olrsm;twGufvnf; raumif;aomcHpm;rIrsm;udk

jzpfay:cHpm;apvsuf½Sdygonf/

rdrdwdkY\tusifhonf ,HkMunfjcif;ESifhudkufnD&rnfudk

vnf;aumif;? rdrdwdkY\toufwmrsm;udk oefY½Sif;pifMu,fap


&rnfudkvnf;aumif;? aemufqHk;aomaeY&ufrsm;wGif tvsiftjref

NyD;pD;&rnfhxdktrIawmftwGuf rdrdwdkYtqifoifh½Sd&rnfudkvnf;

aumif; od½Sdaomolrsm;ü BuD;rm;rGefjrwfaomwm0efwpfck

usa&mufaeygonf/ xdkolrsm;onf cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;jzifh

tcsdefESifhcGeftm;wdkYudkrûzef;wD;oifhMuacs/ ]]xdkaMumifh xm0&

bk&m;ocifxHawmfrS csrf;at;aomtcsdefumvonfa&mufvmí

oifwdkYtzdkYtvdkYiSm cefYxm;awmfrlESifhaom a,½Ic&pfudkapvTwf

awmfrlrnftaMumif; oifwdkYtjypfrsm;udkajyapjcif;iSm aemifw

&í pdwfajymif;vJjcif;odkYa&mufMuavmh/}} wref? 3;19-20/

uREfkyfwdkYtxJrS vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf 0dnmOfa&;cGeftm;enf;yg;ae

Mu&m xdkolrsm;onf vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;rajymif;vJMuvQif aocsm

aygufysufpD;qHk;½IH;jcif;odkYa&mufMuvdrhfrnf/ oifonf pGefYpm;

NyD; êud;pm;vkyfaqmifEdkifrnfvm;/

aumif;uifEdkifiHawmfwGif topfaomtoufwmjzifh

udk,fawmf½SifESifhtwl bkef;0ifpm;Murnfholrsm;\pdwfESvHk;topf

ûyjyifajymif;vJjcif;trIudk c&pfawmf\wefcdk;awmfwpfckwnf;

uom pGrf;aqmifEdkifygonf/ ]]'kwd,arG;jcif;udkrcHaomol

rnfonfum; bk&m;ocif\EdkifiHawmfudkrjrif&}} [k c&pfawmf

rdefY>rufxm;ygonf/ bk&m;ocifhxHawmfrSvmaom bmom

t,l0g'uom bk&m;ocifhtxHawmfodkYjyefvnfydkYaqmifay;Edkif

ygonf/ udk,fawmf½Siftm; rSefuefpGmudk;uG,fEdkif&ef uREfkyfwdkY

onf 0dnmOfawmftm;jzifh arG;zGm;jcif;cHMu&rnf/ topfarG;zGm;

jcif;udkcH,lrSom pdwfESvHk;onfoefYpifvmum bk&m;ocifudk

odwwf? cspfwwfonfhpGrf;tm;opfrsm;udk&½SdvmMuvdrfhrnf/

tvdkawmfudk qE´jyif;jypGmjzifhvdkufavQmufvmMuvdrfhrnf/

þt&monfom ppfrSefaom0wfûyudk;uG,fjcif;jzpfonf/

pnf;vHk;nDnmaoma½SUwef;

Letter 48, 1902.

usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;trIawmfBuD;udk wdk;wuf

zGHUûzd;atmifvkyfaqmif&ef uREfkyfwdkYtm;wm0efay;xm;onf/ xm0&

bk&m;ocifonf rdrdvlwdkYtm; nDnDnGwfnGwf½Sdapvdkawmfrl

onf/ xdktvdkawmfudk oifod½Sd&rnfjzpfouJhodkY 1867 ckESpf

uwnf;u udk,fawmf½Sifay;tyfxm;onfhwm0efudkvnf; pGefYypf

&rnfr[kwfacs/ usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk

oifrnfrQqefYusifí&yfwnfcJhonfudkowd&yg/ xdkvkyfief;BuD;

onf a½SUodkYcsDwuf&ygrnf/ taMumif;rSm þtrIawmfBuD;onf

urÇmBuD;tm; tzsm;temavsmhyg;um jzLpifoefY½Sif;aponfh

bk&m;ocif\enf;vrf;jzpfaomaMumifhwnf;/

tcsif;csif;uGJjym;jcm;em;atmifvkyfaqmifaeolwpfOD;

jzpfrSmpdk;ojzifh oif\oabmxm;udk txl;*½kpdkufyg/ usef;rma&;

pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkvdkufavQmufjcif;tm;jzifh &½Sdrnfhaumif;csD;r*Fvm

rsm;udk oif\rdom;pkxH oif,laqmifvmzdkYysufuGufaepOfrSm

þudpöESifhywfoufNyD; bk&m;ocifay;awmfrlonfhtvif;w&m;udk

qefYusifjcif;tm;jzifh vltrsm;tm;rxdcdkufygapESifh/

xm0&bk&m;ocifonf usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;

qdkif&mowif;pum;udk rdrdvlwdkYtm;ay;xm;awmfrlonf/


xdktvif;awmfonf ¤if;wdkY\vrf;c&D;tay:rSm 1872 ckESpf

uwnf;uvif;aeygonf/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf xdktvif;

udkwdkufzsufrnfhvkyfief;wGifyg0ifMurnfh rdrd\wynfhawmfrsm;

udktm;ay;axmufrEdkifrnfr[kwfacs/ olwpfyg;tm; qufvuf

rQa0&ef ay;xm;onfhowif;pum;udk ¤if;wynfhawmfrsm;u

qefYusifaomtcsdefwGif xm0&bk&m;ocifonf tvdkusawmf

rrlacs/ wpfae&mwnf;wGif trIaqmifaeaomtrIaqmifrsm;rS

wcsKdUu usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;onf

aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;owif;pum;\tpdwftydkif;jzpfaMumif;

a[mMum;aepOfwGif wcsKdUaomtrIaqmifrsm;u xdkpnf;rsOf;udk

vHk;vHk;BuD;qefYusifa[mMum;aeMu&m udk,fawmf½Sifonf

tvdkawmfusEdkifygrnfvm;/ þvkyf&yfudk bk&m;ocif\

a½SUarSmufwGif tjypfwpfckuJhodkYrSwf,lawmfrlonf/

pdwfwefcdk;½SdNyD; rdrdwdkY\,HkMunfjcif;taMumif;udk em;vnf

aomfvnf; udk,fusifhw&m;qdkif&mwm0ef½SdrIwGif pdwf0ifpm;rI

½SdaMumif; razmfjyonfholrsm;ESifhqufET,fae&onfxuf pdwf"mwf

usp&maumif;aomt&mr½SdawmhNyD/

usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mtvif;w&m;udk

odrfi,foGm;atmifvkyfaqmifolrsm;ü xdcdkufepfemrIr½SdbJ

xdktvif;w&m;udk tao;tzGJwpfckuJhodkYjzpfatmifvkyfaqmif

jcif;iSm rpGrf;Edkifacs/ bk&m;ocifay;awmfrlonfh xdktvif;w&m;

udkqefYusifvkyfaqmifaeolrsm;onf bk&m;ocif\trIawmfjrwf

wGif atmifjrifrI&vdrfhrnf[k rarQmfvifhEdkifacs/

1T, p. 618 (1867)

w&m;a[mq&mrsm;onf csKyfwnf;ûcd;jcHaomtoufwm

jzifhaexdkifjcif;taMumif;udk ta&;xm;a[mMum;Mu&ygrnf/

pm;aomufjcif;? vkyfudkifjcif;? 0wfpm;jcif;ESifh em;aejcif;rsm;

onf usef;rma&;ESifhqufET,faeaMumif;rsm;udkvnf; azmfjy

a[mMum;oifhygonf/ aemufqHk;aomaeY&ufrsm;twGuf

ay;awmfrlonfhtrSefw&m;udk ,HkMunfvufcHolrsm;onf þudpö

twGuf wpfckckvkyfaqmifMu&ygrnf/ þudpöonf ¤if;wdkYESifh

ywfoufaeygonf/ xdkaMumifh xdkûyjyifajymif;vJa&;wGif

pdwf0ifwpm;yg0ifvkyfaqmifMu&ef ¤if;wdkYtm; xm0&bk&m;ocif

awmif;qdkaeygonf/ tu,fí þawmif;qdkrIudkta&;rxm;cJh

vQif ¤if;wdkY\vkyfaqmifrIrsm;udk udk,fawmf½SifESpfûrdUawmfrlrnf

r[kwfacs/

aumif;csD;r*Fvmudkcvkwfwdkufrdjcif;

1T, p. 546 (1867)

]]oif\touf0dnmOfESifhwdkufyGJ0ifaeonfh avmu

aysmf½TifrIcHpm;jcif;udka½SmifMuOfyg}} [k xdkaumif;uifwrefu

rdefYqdkcJhygonf/ oifonf usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;

trIawmfudk *½krxm;cJhacs/ þowif;pum;udk trSefw&m;\

rvdktyfaom aemufqufwGJwpfcktjzpf oifrSwf,lcJhonf/ xdkodkY

r[kwfyg/ xdkowif;pum;onf trSefw&m;\tpdwftydkif;wpfck

jzpfygonf/ oifvkyfaqmifcJhzl;aomtvkyfrsm;xuf ydkítm½Hkpdkuf


DF- 4

êud;pm;vkyfaqmif&rnfhtvkyfwpfckonf oifha½SUodkYa&mufvm

acsNyD/ oif\tcGifhta&;jzpfaom xdkaumif;csD;r*Fvmudk trdt&

rqkyfudkifbJ aESmifhaES;MuefYMumum aemufwGefYaernfqdkvQif

oifonf qHk;½IH;rIudkcHpm;&vdrhfrnf/ tcuftcJenf;pGmjzifh a½SUodkY

wufvSrf;Edkif&ef oifoGm;&mvrf;ay:wGifcsxm;onfh xdkaumif;csD;

r*Fvmudk oifcvkwfwdkufaeygwum;/ oif\udk,fpdwfESpfyg;

udkusef;rmcsrf;omaprnfh þowif;pum;udk oifacsrIef;

wdkufzsufypfap&eftvdkYiSm pmwefonf xdkowif;pum;udk

uefYuGufp&mtaumif;qHk;t&mwpfcktjzpf oifha½SUwGifazmfjy

vdrfhrnf/

Letter 135, 1902.

xm0&bk&m;ocifonf rdrd\toif;awmfwGif rdrdqE´

tavQmuf trIaqmifrnfholrsm;udkqifhac:aeygonf/ emrusef;

vsuf½Sdonfh trsKd;om;ESifhtrsKd;orD;taygif;wdkYonf usef;rm

jcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;jzpfvmzdkYtcsdefa&mufacsNyD/

udk,fawmf\om;orD;rsm;onf rvdkvm;tyfaomtpmrsm;udk

0rf;AdkufxJodkYrxnfhbJ owd0D&d,jzifhpm;aomufMurnfqdkvQif

xm0&bk&m;ocifonf ¤if;wdkYtm; usef;rmjcif;cGeftm;ay;awmfrl

vdrfhrnf/ udk,fawmfonf vlwdkif;avQmufomatmif obm0

w&m;vrf;aMumif;BuD;udk aoaocsmcsmvHkvHkûcHûcHpDpOfawmfrl

xm;NyD;jzpfonf/ usef;rma&;udktm;ay;NyD; tm[m&ESifhjynfh0

aom ajrrSxGufonfhtpmudk uREfkfyfwdkYtwGuf xm0&bk&m;

ocifay;xm;awmfrlNyD;jzpfonf/

EIwfxGufpum;üvnf;aumif;? zefqif;awmfrlaomt&m

rsm;wGifvnf;aumif; azmfjyxm;onfh bk&m;ocif\ñTefMum;

csufrsm;udkrvdkufemolrsm;ESifh bk&m;ocif\rdefYrSmcsufrsm;udk

rvdkufavQmufolrsm;onf usef;rma&;csKdUwJhMuvdrfhrnf/ emrusef;

aomc&pf,mefrsm;b0jzifh touf½Sifaexdkif&vdrfhrnf/ 0dnmOf

a&;bufwGifvnf; tm;enf;aeMuvdrfhrnf/ ¤if;wdkYonf

toufom½SifaeMuaomfvnf; om,mcsrf;ajrhrIESifhuif;rJhaeMu

vdrfhrnf/ aus;Zl;awmftm;jzifhay;xm;onfh wefzdk;½Sdaomtcsdef

rsm;udk olwdkYûzef;ypfaeMuonf/

vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk tav;

rxm;cJhMuojzifh rdrdwdkY\cE¨mudk,fudk rsm;pGmemusifapcJhMuNyD/

xdkqHk;½IH;rIudk rnfonfhtcgrS olwdkYjyefvnftpm;xdk;EdkifMuawmh

rnfr[kwfacs/ odkY&mwGif ,cktcsdefonf ¤if;wdkYaemifw&

ajymif;vJ&rnfhtcsdefjzpfonf/ vlonf bk&m;ocifxufwwfzdkY

êud;pm;cJhNyD/ olonf rdrdudk,fwdkiftwGuf Oya'wpfckjzpfvm

cJhonf/ udk,fpdwf0dnmOfoHk;yg;pvHk;\pGrf;&nfrsm;udk edrfhus

ao;odrfatmifvkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh bk&m;ocifudktoa&rzsuf

awmhbJ udk,fawmf\awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udktm½Hkûy&ef vlwdkYtm;

xm0&bk&m;ocifawmif;qdkawmfrlonf/ tcsdefrusrD aoaMu

ysufpD;jcif;rsm;onf bk&m;ocifudkpGefYum avmuvrf;odkY

vdkufavQmufjcif;\&v'fjzpfonf/ udk,ftvdkudkomvdkufwwf

aomolrsm;onf jypf'PfpD&ifjcif;udkcHMu&rnf/ usef;rmjcif;

ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk azgufzsufusL;vGefjcif;tm;


xm0&bk&m;ocif rnfodkYta&;,lrnfudk w&m;pD&ifaom

tcsdefwGif uREfkyfwdkYawGUjrif&vdrfhrnf/ uREfkyfwdkY\vkyfaqmif

cJhorQudk jyefajymif;½IMunfhvdkufaomtcg or®musrf;pmudkom

tMuHay;vrf;jytjzpf uREfkyfwdkYpGJudkifcJhMurnfqdkvQif uREfkyfwdkY

&½Sdrnfh bk&m;ocifudkodjcif;ynmESifh uREfkyfwdkYwnfaqmuf

Edkifrnfh jrifhjrwfaompm&dwårsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYawGUjrif&vdrfhrnf/

om;orD;rsm;em;vnfrI½Sdvmrnfhtcsdefudk udk,fawmf½Sif

apmifhpm;aeygonf/ cE¨mudk,fudk rSefuefpGmrxdef;odrf;ojzifh

þavmuwGifrif;rlaeonfha&m*grsm;? pufqkyf½GH½SmzG,frsm;ESifh

csKdU,Gif;rIrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYawGUjrifaepOfwGif owday;pum;udk

rajymbJ aeEdkifMuygrnfvm;/ vlom;<uvmaomtcsdefwGif

urÇmBuD;onf aem{tcsdefuuJhodkYyif tMurf;zufrIrsm;? &mZ0wf

rIrsm;ESifhjynfh0aevdrfhrnf[k c&pfawmfrdefYMum;cJhNyD;jzpfonf/

odkY&mwGif xm0&bk&m;ocifonf uREfkyfwdkYtm; BuD;rm;aom

tvif;udkay;xm;awmfrlNyD;jzpfonf/ xdktvif;wGif uREfkyfwdkY

touf½SifaexdkifvQif udk,fawmf\u,fwifjcif;qkaus;Zl;udk

&½SdcHpm;Mu&vdrfhrnf/

cdkifrmaomajymif;vJrI½Sd&ef vdktyfaeygNyD/ rmepdwfESifh

jynfh0aeaomESvHk;udkESdrfhcsvsuf awGUEdkifonfhumvwGif xm0&

bk&m;ocifudk½SmMuygpdkY/ uREfkyfwdkYonf xm0&bk&m;ocif\

a½SUawmfwGif rdrdwdkY\pdwfESvHk;udk ESdrfhcszdkYvdkygonf/ taMumif;rSm

a½SUaemufrnDnGwfrIrsm;aMumifh jzpfay:vmaom'Pf&mrsm;onf

uREfkyfwdkY\tusifh"avhrsm;ay:wGifwnf½SdaeayNyD/

aeYtcsdefudkrsm;pGmtoHk;ûycJhNyD;jzpfonfhjyif ntcsdefvnf;

a&mufvmawmhrnfjzpf&m xm0&bk&m;ocifonf rdrdxHodkY

jyefvm&ef uREfkyfwdkYtm;qifhac:aeygonf/ ukef;ydkif;ESifh a&ydkif;

ESpfckpvHk;wGif bk&m;ocif\jypf'PfpD&ifrIrsm;udkawGUaeMu&ygNyD/

'kwd,u½kPmawmftcsdefudk uREfkyfwdkYtm;ay;oem;awmfrl

vdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ trSm;t,Gif;vkyf&ef tcsdefr½SdawmhNyD/

tem*wfxm0&EdkifiHawmftwGuf pm&dwårsm;wnfaqmuf&ef

uREfkyfwdkYü tcGifhta&;½Sdao;onfhtwGuf xm0&bk&m;ocif

tm; vltoD;oD;wdkY aus;Zl;wifMuyg/

ÀÀÀÀÀ


tcef;BuD; (2)

tm[m&ESifh0dnmOfa&;csKyfwnf;rIr½Sdjcif;onftjypf

(R&H, Jan. 25, 1881) CH, p. 67.

bmomw&m;½Sdonf[kqdkoltaygif;wdkYonf cE¨mudk,f

usef;rma&;udkvspfvsL½IraeMuygESifh/ csKyfwnf;rIr½Sdjcif;onf

tjypfr[kwfyg/ 0dnmOfa&;udkvnf;rxdcdkufapyg[kr<um;0gMu

ygESifh/ udk,fcE¨mESifhpdwf0dnmOfwdkY\obm0 (2) cktMum;wGif

tvGef&if;ESD;aomqufET,frI½Sdaeygonf/

MH, p. 129 (1905)

uREfkyfwdkYrdOD;zOD;\csKyfwnf;rIuif;rJhjcif;aMumifh {'if

O,smOfBuD;udk vufvTwfqHk;½IH;cJh&onf/ cyfodrf;aomt&mwdkYü

csKyfwnf;jcif;onf {'ifO,smOfudkjyefvnf&½Sdjcif;ESifh uREfkyfwdkY

xifonfxuf ydkíywfoufaeygonf/

MS, p. 49 (1897)

usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkcsKd;azmufjcif;onf bk&m;

ocif\ynwfudkvGefusL;jcif;jzpf\/ uREfkyfwdkYudktpysKd;ay;onfh

yk*¾dKvfrSm zefqif;½Sifc&pfawmfjzpfonf/ udk,fawmfonf vl\

cE¨mudk,fudkzefqif;awmfrlcJhonf/ udk,fawmfonf ynwfawmf

\t½SifjzpfouJhodkY usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkay;tyfcJholvnf;

jzpf\/ xdkaMumifh usef;rma&;ESifhywfoufonfhpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk

*½krxm;aomvlom;rsm;onf xm0&bk&m;ocifudktjypfûyae

Muonf/ c&pfawmfudkcspfygonf[kajymqdkaeMuolrsm;onfvnf;

rdrdwdkYtm; toufay;umu,fwifcJhaomudk,fawmfudk ½dkao

av;pm;rIr½SdMuacs/ udk,fawmf½Sifudk r½dkao? rav;pm;? tod

trSwfrûyMuacs/ usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkazmufzsufjcif;

aMumifh rdrdwdkY\cE¨mudk,fudk usef;rma&;csKdUwJhapMujcif;jzifh

þtcsufudkxif½Sm;apvsuf½SdMuonf/

4T, p. 30 (1876)

obm0w&m;udkpOfqufrjywfcsKd;azgufaejcif;onf

bk&m;ocif\ynwfudk pOfqufrjywfcsKd;azgufaejcif;jzpfonf/

ae&mwumwGifawGUjrifae&aom a&m*gb,rsm;? udk,ft*Fg

csKdU,Gif;rIrsm;? tdkemusKd;uef;jcif;rsm;ESifh rdkufrJrIrsm;onf urÇmBuD;

tm; tedXm½HktdrfBuD;wpftdrfuJhodkYjzpfapvsuf½Sdonf/ ,ckacwf

rsKd;qufrsm;onfvnf; udk,fpdwf0dnmOfwefcdk;tpGrf;rsm;csKdUwJh

aeMuolrsm;omjzpfonf/ usqHk;aeaomvlom;rsm;u bk&m;

ocif\ynwfawmfudkcsKd;azgufaeaomaMumifh rsKd;qufwpfckNyD;

wpfck rESpfûrdUp&mpufqkyfzG,frsm;onf ydkíydkíomrsm;jym;vm

ygawmhonf/ vltrsm;pkonf rSm;,Gif;aomcHwGif;tvdkvdkufrI

tm;jzifh tjypfrsm;udkusL;vGefaeMuonf/

4T, p. 417 (1880)

tvGeftuRHpm;jcif;? aomufjcif;? tdyfjcif;ESifh rsufpdudk

toHk;ûyjcif;rsm;onf tjypfjzpfonf/ udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\tpGrf;

owådtm;vHk;udk tcsKd;tpm;usepGmtoHk;ûyjcif;onf pdwfESvHk;

0rf;ajrmufrIudkjzpfaponf/ xdktpGrf;owådrsm;udk tqifhjr§ifhwif

rGrf;rHavav0rf;ajrmufrIonfvnf; ydkíoefYpifav;eufavav

jzpfygonf/

56 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf55

oefY½Sif;jcif;r&EdkifaomtcsdefwGif

Health Reform, March, 1878

vlom;rdom;pkrsm;wGifjzpfay:aeonfh emrusef;rItrsm;pk

rSm rSm;,Gif;aomtusifhp½dkuf\&v'frsm;jzpfMuonf/ bk&m;

ocifay;oem;awmfrlonfh usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mtvif;rsm;udk

*½krxm;jcif;? rodusKd;uRefûyjcif;rsm;\&v'frsm;yifjzpfonf/

usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkcsKd;azgufaomtoufwmjzifh bk&m;

ocif\bkef;wefcdk;udkcsD;rGrf;&efrSm rjzpfEdkifaomt&mwpfckjzpf

onf/ avmuaysmf½TifrIESifhqdkifaomcHwGif;tvdkvdkufrIudkusifhoHk;

aepOfwGif pdwfESvHk;u bk&m;ocifudkqufvuftyfESH&efrSm

rvG,fulygacs/ a&m*gjzpfaeaomudk,fcE¨mESifh yHkpHrrSefaom

pdwfwdkYonf udk,fpdwfESpfyg;udkoefY½Sif;atmif vkyfEdkifpGrf;r½Sdyg

acs/ atmifjrifpHkvifaomc&pf,meftusifhp½dkufrsm;udk&½SdEdkif&ef

udk,fcE¨musef;rmaezdkYvdkonfudk wrefawmf½Sifaygvkoabm

aygufxm;ygonf/ xdkaMumifh ]]olwpfyg;udkqHk;rNyD;rS udk,fwdkif

½HI;aomolrjzpf&rnftaMumif; udk,fudkxdk;íESdyfpufavh½Sd\}} [k

olzGifh[cJhygonf/ ¤if;jyif ]]c&pfawmfESifhpyfqdkifaomolwdkYonf

Zmwdyuwdudkvnf;aumif;? Zmwdyuwdpdwfrsm;ESifh tvdkqE´

rsm;udkvnf;aumif; vuf0g;uyfwdkifrSm½dkufxm;MuNyD}} [lívnf;

csKyfwnf;jcif;onf 0dnmOfqkaus;Zl;rsm;wGif tygt0ifjzpfaMumif;

qufvufazmfjyxm;ygonf/

qE´tavsmufrodusKd;uRefûyjcif;onf

tjypfudkyGm;rsm;aponf

2T, pp. 70-71 (1868)

udk,fcE¨musef;rma&;udk taumif;qHk;tajctaewGif

tNrJwrf;½SdaezdkYvkyfaqmifatmif êud;pm;&rnfrSm wm0efwpfck

yifjzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifay;tvif;twdkif; touf½Sifaexdkif

&efrSmvnf; rGefjrwfaomwm0efwpfckjzpfonf/ uREfkyfwdkY\trSm;

rsm;udkawGUrSmpdk;ojzifh tvif;w&m;udkrsufuG,fûyaevQif tjypf

usL;vGefjcif;avsmhusoGm;rnfr[kwfonfhtjyif ydkíyifwdk;vm

ygvdrfhrnf/ tjypfwpfckrStvif;udkuG,fxm;rdvQif tjcm;tjypf

wpfcktwGuf tvif;udkuG,fzdkY0efrav;awmhacs/ ynwfawmf

(10) yg;rS (1) yg;udkcsKd;azgufjcif;twGuf tjypfrsm;ouJhodkY

usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkcsKd;azgufjcif;twGufvnf; tjypfrsm;

vSygonf/ taMumif;rSm uREfkyfwdkYonf bk&m;ocif\ynwf

udkrcsKd;azgufbJ txufazmfjyygcsKd;azgufrIrsm;rS wpfckckudk

rvkyfaqmifEdkifMuacs/ uREfkyfwdkYonf bk&m;ocifudkcspfonf

xuf avmu\aysmf½TifcHpm;rIudkwyfrufaeaomtcsdefwGif

udk,fpdwfESvHk;oHk;yg;udkyHkí bk&m;ocifudkcspfEdkifMurnfr[kwfacs/

tpGrf;owåd½SdorQudk bk&m;ocifawmif;cHaeaomtcsdefwGif

bk&m;ocif\bkef;wefcdk;udkxif½Sm;aprnfh cGeftm;tpGrf;owådrsm;

udk uREfkyfwdkYonf aeYpOfavsmhyg;apvsuf½SdMuonf/ xm0&

EdkifiHawmfudk0ifpm;&ef jyifqifaeMuolrsm;[k udk,fudkudk,fajym

58 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftm[m&ESifh0dnmOfa&;----- 57

aeMuaomfvnf; uREfkyfwdkYonf rSm;,Gif;aomtusifhp½dkuf

rsm;aMumifh toufwmudkqkyfudkiftm; avsmhyg;vsuf½SdMuonf/

nDtpfudkarmifESrwdkY? oifudk,fwdkifrvkyfaqmifvQif

rjzpfonfhtvkyfwpfck½Sdygonf/ xdkif;rIdif;av;vHaomtoufwm

rSEdk;xMuyg/ c&pfawmfonf oifhudktoufay;vdrfhrnf/ oif\

pm;aomufvkyfudkifyHkrsm;udk ajymif;vJypfvdkufyg/ ESpfaygif;

rsm;pGmoifavQmufvSrf;cJhaomtoufwmwGif xm0&umvESifh

qdkifonfh oefY½Sif;aomt&mrsm;taMumif;udk ½Sif;½Sif;vif;vif;

em;rvnfEdkifcJhacs/ oif\tm½Hkrsm;onfxHkxdkif;um oif\

todOmPfrsm;onf xdkif;rIdif;aeygonf/ oifonf aus;Zl;awmf

üvnf;aumif;? trSefw&m;todjzifhvnf;aumif; BuD;xGm;cJh

jcif;r[kwfacs/ 0dnmOfa&;cGeftm;rsm;rwdk;wufvmbJ oifhb0

onf ydkíydkíomarSmifrdkufusvmygonf/

R & H, June 18, 1895.

bk&m;ocif\yHkoP²mefESifhtnD zefqif;½Hkomru bk&m;

ocifESifht&nftaoG;wltjzpf MuH½G,fjcif;cH&aom ]vl} onf

bk&m;ocifzefqif;orQwGif txGwftxdyfjzpfygonf/

udk,fawmf½Sif\yHkoP²mefawmfESifhwlnDpGm zefqif;xm;jcif;aMumifh

vnf; vludk bk&m;ociftvGefwefzdk;xm;awmfrl\/ bk&m;ocif

udkudk,fpm;ûyazmfjy&ef &nf½G,fxm;onfh udk,fcE¨mtm; cHwGif;

tvdkvdkufjcif;ESifh tjcm;aomraumif;onfhtusifhp½dkufrsm;

tm;jzifh npfñl;aponfhtjypftaMumif;oGefoifaejcif;onf

ta&;ygaeonfudk þtcsufu uREfkyfwdkYtm;xif½Sm;apygonf/

um,pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkcsKd;azgufjcif;aMumifh

jzpfay:vmonfhpdwfydkif;qdkif&mxdcdkufrIrsm;

pOfqufrjywfwdk;wufrIudkom½SmazGvkyfaqmifMu&ef rdrd

vlwdkYtm; xm0&bk&m;ocifrdefYrSmawmfrl\/ cHwGif;tvdkvdkufrI

onf pdwfydkif;qdkif&mwdk;wufrIESifh 0dnmOfa&;qdkif&moefY½Sif;jcif;

udk rsm;pGmt[efYtwm;jzpfonfudk uREfkyfwdkYod½Sdem;vnfzdkYvdk

ygonf/ usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifhywfoufí uREfkyf

avhvmod½SdorQt& vltrsm;pkonf ravsmfuefaomtpm;tpm

rsm;udkoHk;aqmifaeMuygonf/

MH, p. 307 (1905)

OykofaeYtwGuf tpm;tpmrsm;udkjyifqif&mwGif tjcm;

aeYrsm;wGif pm;aomtpm;tpmrsm;xuf ydkírsm;rsm;? ydkízG,fzG,f

&m&mjzpfatmifrjyifqifoifhacs/ ½dk;½dk;tpm;tpmrsm;udkom

jyifqifí ,cifaeYrsm;xufavsmhpm;oifhygonf/ odkYrSom pdwf

MunfMunfvifvifjzifh 0dnmOfa&;udpörsm;udkodjrifEdkifygrnf/

AdkufusyfvmonfESifhtrQ OD;aESmufvnf;xdkif;rIdif;vmygonf/

rGefjrwfaomEIwfxGufpum;rsm;udk Mum;aumif;Mum;Edkifrnf

jzpfaomfvnf; trGeftjrwfxm;Ed ki fawmhrnfr[kwfyg/

taMumif;rSm ravsmfuefaomtpm;tpmrsm;aMumifh pdwfonf

½IyfaxG;aeayNyD/ OykofaeYwGif tpm;MuL;jcif;tm;jzifh aumif;jrwf

aomtcGifhta&;rsm;udkcHpm;&ef roifhavsmfatmif rdrdudk,fudkrdrd

vltrsm;vkyfaqmifaeMuonf/


tm[m&ESifh0dnmOfa&;----- 59

5T, pp. 162-164 (1882)

uREfkyfwdkYusif;yaeonfhawmpcef;rsm;onf bk&m;ocif\

MuH½G,fcsufESifhvHk;0rudkufnDaMumif; azmfjycsuf (vision) tm;jzifh

uREfkyftm;jyawmfrlonf/ vlwdkYonf 0dnmOfawmf&½Sd&ef tqifoifh

rjyifbJESifh awmpcef;udkvmMuonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh uRefr\

nDtpfrrsm;onf pdwfESvHk;udkrjyifqifMubJ tjyifyef;tvSqif

rnfht0wfrsm;udkom jyifqifwwfMuonf/ bk&m;ocifwefzdk;

xm;aomt&mrSm pdwfESvHk;jyifqifjcif;jzpfygonf/ vlwdkYtwGuf

usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaprnfh tpm;tpmrsm;? udwfrkefYrsm;udk

jyifqifcsufûywfjcif;jzifh tcsdefûzef;wwfMuonf/ nDtpfrrsm;

taejzifh tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaomaygifrkefYrsm;ESifh usef;rma&;ESifh

jynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;udkomjyifqifcJhMuvQif EIwfxGufpum;udk

trGeftjrwfxm;&efESifh 0dnmOfawmf\vTrf;rdk;rIudkcHpm;Edkif&ef

tqifoifhydkíjzpfEdkifMuvdrfhrnf/

udk,fvufavhusifhcef;rsm;rsm;vkyfEdkifaomaetdrfrSm

pm;onfh½dk;½dk;tpm;tpmrsm;ESifhrwlonfh tpmrsm;jzifh0rf;Adkufonf

rMumrMumjynfhusyfaewwfygonf/ xdkaMumifh pdwfonf xHkxdkif;

rIdif;a0vmum xm0&umvESifhqdkifaomt&mrsm;udk em;rvnf

Edkifawmhacs/ xdkodkYjzifh 0dnmOfawmfudkrcHpm;vdkuf&bJ awmpcef;

NyD;qHk;oGm;ojzifh awmpcef;vm&jcif;udk olwdkYpdwfysufMu&

ygonf/ tdrfrSmuwnf;u rdrd\pdwfESvHk;udk eufeufeJeJ

ppfaq;jyifqifcJhyg/ tpm;tpmESifht0wftxnfrsm;udk OD;pm;ay;

jyifqifraeygESifh/

(cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;aMumifh trSefw&m;udkem;vnf

oabmaygufEdkifjcif;r½Sdawmhacs/)

(cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;aMumifh OD;aESmufwGif xHkxdkif;rI

rsm;jzpfay:aponf/)

(cHwGif;tvdkvdkufrIaMumifh pDrHudef;rsm;a&;qGJ&mwGifvnf;

aumif;? tMuHay;&mwGifvnf;aumif; t&nftcsif;nHhzsif;ap

ygonf/)

(cHwGif;tvdkvkdufjcif;aMumifh om;orD;rsm;\udk,fpdwf

0dnmOf\wefckd;tpGrf;rsm;udk ,kwfavsmhapygonf/)

(tpm;taomufudk csKyfwnf;jcif;tm;jzifh pdwfwefcdk;

rsm;wdk;yGm;apygonf/)

trSefw&m;udktrGeftjrwfxm;jcif;\tusKd;oufa&mufrI

2T, p. 66 (1868)

trSefw&m;\jrifhjrwfaompm&dwårsm;udk trGeftjrwf

xm;Edkif&eftwGufaomfvnf;aumif;? tjypfajzjcif;udkwefzdk;xm;

wwf&eftwGufaomfvnf;aumif;? xm0&umvESifhqdkifaom

udpörsm;udk aumif;rGefpGmwefzdk;jzwfwwf&eftwGufaomfvnf;

aumif; oifüMunfvifí cGeftm;ESifhjynfhpHkaompdwfESvHk;½Sdxm;zdkY

vdktyfygonf/ rSm;,Gif;aomtusifhp½dkufrsm;ESifh ravsmfuefaom

tpm;taomufrsm;udk usifhoHk;pm;oHk;jcif;aMumifh oif\

todOmPfpGrf;tm;rsm; usqif;aernfqdkvQif c&pfawmf\

toufwmtwdkif; aexdkiftouf½Sif&ef oifhudktm;ay;aeonfh


xm0&toufESifh u,fwifjcif;qdkif&mudpörsm;tay: oifwefzdk;

xm;Edkifawmhrnfr[kwfacs/ oifhudk xm0&toufay;vdkonfh

udk,fawmf½Sif\tvdkawmfESifhnDap&ef udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fum

êud;pm;vkyfaqmifrIrsm;udkvnf; oiftvdk½Sdawmhrnfr[kwfacs/

2T, p. 364 (1870)

oifpm;oHk;aomtpmrsm;onf tm[m&ESifhjynhfpHkonf

rSefaomfvnf; vdktyfonfxufrsm;pGmydkípm;oHk;vQif oifonf

udk,fpdwfESvHk;tm;jzifh bk&m;ocif\bkef;wefcdk;udkxif½Sm;apEdkif

ygrnfvm;/ tpm;MuL;aomolrsm;onf trSefw&m;udkMum;om

Mum;Edkifrnfjzpfaomfvnf; em;vnfcH,lEdkifMurnfr[kwfacs/

xdkuJhodkYaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf tjypfajzjcif;qdkif&mtaMumif;tcsuf

rsm;udk wefzdk;xm;wwfMurnfr[kwfonfhjyif vlom;rsm;twGuf

taocHcJhonfh r[m,ZfaumifBuD;udkvnf; trGeftjrwfxm;

EdkifMurnfr[kwfacs/ opöm½Sdwynfhawmfrsm;twGuf owfrSwf

jyifqifxm;onfh tvGefwefzdk;½Sd? aumif;jrwfonfhqkaus;Zl;

awmfudkvnf; wefzdk;xm;Murnfr[kwfacs/ wd&pämefpdwfrsm;u

uREfkyfwdkY\todOmPfESifhjynfhaompdwfESvHk;rsm;udk vTrf;rdk;roGm;

ygapESifh/

1T, pp. 548-549 (1867)

touf0dnmOfud kwd kufvSefaeaom avmut&mü

arGUavsmfcHpm;jcif;udk wcsKdUvlrsm;vdkufpm;aeMuonf/ avmu

aysmf½TifrIvdkufpm;jcif;onf 0dnmOfa&;zGHUûzd;rIudk t[efYtwm;

jzpfapygonf/ xdkolrsm;ü tNrJwrf;tjypfwifwwfaomoabm

½SdNyD; trSefw&m;udkajymvmaomtcgwdkif; qefYusif&eftqifoifh

½Sdaewwfonf/ xdkolrsm;onf udk,fhudkudk,f½Iwfcsaeolrsm;jzpfMu

onf/ ¤if;jyif rdrdwdkYtm; tjypf½Sm&ef xdktaMumif;udk

oufoufajymaeMuwmjzpfonf[lí olwdkYxifNyD; aMuuGJ

0rf;enf;um olawmfpifrsm;xHrS olwdkYxGufcGmoGm;Muvdrfhrnf/

olwdkYonf vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;rajymif;vJMuvQif "r®tpnf;ta0;

rsm;udk pdwf0ifpm;rIyaysmufum trSefw&m;udkcifwG,fMuawmh

rnfr[kwfacs/ xdkrQomru pmwef\trnf;a&miftvHawmf

atmufwGif pk½Hk;aeMuolrsm;xHodkY ¤if;wdkYjyefoGm;Muvdrfhrnf/

xdkolrsm;onf touf0dnmOfESifh &efbufûyaeaom udk,fum,

wyfrufrIudkpaw;EdkifMuvQif trSefw&m;jrm;BuD;\xdrSefjcif;rS

uif;vGwfMuvdrfhrnf/ tu,fí avmu\aysmf½TifcHpm;rI

udkvdkufpm;um ½kyfwkozG,fudk;uG,faeMurnfqdkvQif rdrdudk,f

udkrdrd trSefw&m;jrm;\ypfrSwfjzpfapMuvdrfhrnf/ trSefw&m;udk

vHk;vHk;zGifh[rnfqdkvQif ¤if;wdkYonf xdcdkuf'Pf&m&Muvdrfhrnf/

obm0rusaomtm;<uaq;rsm;onf usef;rma&;udk

xdcdkufapNyD; trSefw&m;udk a0cGJEdkifjcif;iSmrpGrf;aqmifEdkifavmuf

atmif OD;aESmufudkxdkif;rIdif;apygonf/ xdkt&mrsm;udkpGJvrf;

wyfrufaeolrsm;onf udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;tm;jzifh c&pfawmf

pDpOfxm;onfh u,fwifjcif;udk rSefuefpGmwefzdk;jzwfEdkifMurnf

r[kwfacs/ vlom;rsm;tm; aojcif;rStouf½Sifjcif;odkYydkYaqmif

&ef tjypfrJhaomtoufwmudk aemufqHk;wGifpGefYvTwfonfh

wdkifatmif qif;&Jjcif;a0'emrsm;udkcHawmfrljcif;jzifh pDrHcJhaom

u,fwifjcif;qkaus;Zl;udk ¤if;wdkYrSefuefpGmwefzdk;xm;EdkifMurnf

r[kwfacs/


2T, p. 486 (1870)

axmywfESifhtom;wdkYonf udk,fcEmcGeftm;rsm;udk <uap

wwf\/ xdkt&mrsm;onf tpmtdrfudkxdcdkufapí &om½Hkudk

vrf;vGJap\/ tm½HkaMumrsm;udkxHkxdkif;ap½Hkomru OmPfynm

pGrf;&nfrsm;udkvnf; ysufpD;ap\/ uREfkyfwdkYxdef;odrf;apmifha½Smuf

oifhaomxdkpGrf;&nfrsm;onf xm0&umvESifhqdkifonfht&mrsm;udk

rcGJjcm;Edkifawmhonfhtajctxd tm;enf;vmygonf/ 0dnmOf

a&;ESifh bk&m;ocif0wfüarGUavsmfpdwfrsm;udk oGufcsmyg'a&m*g

pGJuyfapygonf/ BuD;jrwfaumif;rGefonfhtrIawmfBuD;twGuf

bk&m;ocif&nfpl;xm;onfh ynm½SdtrsKd;om;? trsKd;orD;rsm;udk

&om½Hktm;jzifh tvG,fwulxdef;csKyfEdkifonfudkjrifawGUvdkaom

pmwefonf atmifyGJqifcJhygonf/

trSm;trSefcGJa0wwfjcif;ESifh qHk;jzwfjcif;rsm;tay:xdcdkufrI

COL, p. 346 (1900)

cEmudk,fcGeftm;rsm;udk ,kwfavsmhaponfht&mrsm;onf

pdwfwefcdk;rsm;udkvnf;xdcdkufapygonf/ trSefESifhtrSm;tMum;

a0cGJEdkifonfhpGrf;tm;rsm;udkvnf; avsmhyg;apygonf/ taumif;

udka½G;cs,fEdkifpGrf;r½Sdawmh½Hkomru ¤if;wdkYod½Sdxm;onfhtrSef

w&m;rsm;udk vdkufavQmufvdkonfhpGrf;tm;rsm;avsmhyg;vmygonf/

udk,fcE¨mpGrf;tm;rsm;udk rSm;,Gif;pGmtoHk;csjcif;onf

bk&m;ocif\bkef;wefcdk;udkxif½Sm;ap&rnfh uREfkyfwdkY\toufwm

udkwdkapygonf/ bk&m;ocifay;tyfxm;onfhtrIawmfudk

NyD;ajrmufatmifyg0ifxrf;aqmif&efyif roifhavsmfapawmhyg/

CTBH, p. 159 (1890)

pm;aomufjcif;ESifh 0wfpm;qif,ifjcif;qdkif&mtvif;udk

&½SdNyD; ynwfawmf (10) yg;ESifhwuG usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;

rsm;udk vdkufavQmufaeolrsm;onf ¤if;wdkYxrf;aqmif&rnfh

wm0efrsm;udkaxmufjyxm;onfh tvif;w&m;rsm;udk ausmay;

aeMuqJjzpfonf/ xdkolrsm;onf tjcm;wm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmif

&mwGifvnf; tacsmifcdkMuvdrfhrnf/ obm0w&m;rsm;ESifh

o[Zmwjzpfvm&ef ¤if;wdkYxrf;&rnfhxdkuyfwdkifudk a½Smif½Sm;

jcif;tm;jzifh rdrdwdkY\rodpdwfudk tnGefYwHk;apMuvdrfhrnf/

olwpfyg;utjypfwifrSmudka½Smif½Sm;&eftwGuf ynwfawmf (10)

yg;udkyif csKd;azgufvmMuvdrfhrnf/ wcsKdUrSmrl uyfwdkifudkxrf;&ef

vHk;0qE´r½SdMuawmhbJ t½SufuGJcH&rnfudk pufqkyf½GH½SmvmMu

vdrfhrnf/

SP. Gifts IV, pp. 148-149 (1864)

tmom&r®ufudkjznfhqnf;jcif;aMumifh a&m*g&½Sdolrsm;

onf pdwfa&mudk,fygrusef;rmMuacs/ ¤if;wdkYonf trSefw&m;

\oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;udk tav;rxm;½Hkomru bk&m;

ocif\awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udkvnf; em;rvnfEdkifMuawmhacs/

xdkuJhodkY udk,fudkudk,fepfrGef;atmifvkyfaqmifaeolrsm;tm; rcsD&ef

xm0&bk&m;ocifonf rdrdvufawmfudk atmufodkYtenf;i,frQ

edrfhay;awmfrlrnfr[kwfacs/

vltoD;oD;wdkYonf rdrdwdkY\udk,fpdwfESpfyg;usef;rm

csrf;oma&;udk twwfEdkifqHk;vkyfaqmifMu&ef wm0ef½Sdygonf/


DF- 5

vlwdkYonf tm½HkcHpm;rIrsm;udk xHkxdkif;atmifvkyfaqmifjcif;tm;jzifh

bk&m;ocif\jrifhjrwfaompm&dwåawmfESifh EIwfxGufpum;

avhvmjcif;rsm;udk tav;rxm;Edkifavmufatmif todpGrf;tif

rsm;xdkif;rIdif;onftxd cHwGif;tvdkudkvdkufaeMurnfqdkvQif

um£e\ylaZmfrIud k vufcHawmfrrlouJhod k Y ¤if;wd k Y\

rxdkufwefaomtyfESHrIrsm;udkvnf; vufcHawmfrlvdrfhrnf

r[kwfacs/ udk,fpdwfESpfyg;ü½SdaomtnpftaMu;rsm;udk oefYpif

apum bk&m;ocifudkaMumuf½GHaomoabmjzifh oefY½Sif;jcif;

yg&rDudkpHkvifapzdkY ¤if;wdkYtm; xm0&bk&m;ocifawmif;qdk

awmfrl\/ MunfvifaompdwfESifh oefY½Sif;aomtjrifopfrsm;

ydkifqdkifEdkif&eftvdkYiSmvnf;aumif;? ajzmifhrwfjcif;ESifh,SOfaom

ylaZmfrIudk xm0&bk&m;ociftm; jyefvnftyfESHEdkif&eftvdkYiSm

vnf;aumif; cHwGif;awmifhwrIESif h tmom&r®ufrsm;udk

jiif;y,fum usef;rma&;aumif;rGef&ef wwftm;orQvkyfaqmif

NyD;onfhtcsdefwGif vIdif;xefaoma&jyifay:rS aem{\oabFm

uav;udk apmifhrawmfrlouJhodkY xm0&bk&m;ocifonf

xdkoltm; u½kPmawmfoufoufjzifh u,frawmfrlvdrfhrnf/

aem{onf bk&m;ociftrdefYawmf½Sdonfhtwdkif; oabFmudk

wnfaqmufcJhygonf/ xdkaemufrS xm0&bk&m;ocifonf

vlrwwfEdkifaomu@wGif udk,fwdkifyg0ifvIyf½Sm;vsuf tHhzG,f

wefcdk;awmftm;jzifh xdkoabFmudkumuG,fapmifha½SmufcJhygonf/

1T, pp. 618-619 (1867)

&om½HkcHpm;rIudktav;ay;í 0rf;AdkufudkwvGJtoHk;ûy

aejcif;onf toif;awmfwGif;jzpfyGm;aeaomtcuftcJrsm;\

t&if;tjrpfjzpfygonf/ csKyfwnf;rIuif;rJhpGmjzifh pm;aomuf?

vkyfudkifolrsm;onf rqifrjcifajymqdkvkyfaqmifwwfygonf/

csKyfwnf;rIuif;rJholwpfOD;onf vlemwpfOD;vnf;jzpfEdkifygonf/

t&ufaomufrS csKyfwnf;rIuif;rJhEdkifonfr[kwfyg/ tm[m&

rjzpfaponfhtpmrsm;udk rMumcPpm;jcif;? tvGeftrif;pm;jcif;

ponfhcsKyfwnf;rIuif;rJhjcif;tjypfonf tpmaMucsufrIudkxdcdkuf

apygonf/ OD;aESmufudkxdcdkufapygonf/ qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk

rSm;,Gif;apygonf/ qifqifjcifjcifpOf;pm;vkyfaqmifjcif;rsm;udk

vrf;vGJapygonf/ þtcsufonf toif;awmfwGif;jzpfyGm;ae

aomtcuftcJrsm;\t&if;tjrpfwpfckyifjzpfonf/ xdkaMumifh

xm0&bk&m;ociftm; udk,fpdwfESpfyg;usef;rm½Tifvef;pGmjzifh

csD;rGrf;axmremEdkifonfhtajctaeodkYa&muf½SdEdkif&eftvdkYiSm

¤if;wdkYonf cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;udk pdwftm;xufoefpGm

jiif;y,fvsuf t&m&mwGifcsKyfwnf;jcif;tusifhudkavhusifhMu

&ygrnf/ xdktcsdefwGif ¤if;wdkYonf trSefw&m;\ppfrSefaom

vSyjcif;ESifh oefYpifjcif;udk aumif;rGefpGmod½Sdvmum rdrdwdkY\

toufwmESifh taumiftxnfazmfvmEdkifygvdrfhrnf/ qifjcifwHk

w&m;ESifhjynfhpHkNyD; ynmowdESifhjynfh0aom a½SUodkYcsDwufonfh

vrf;pOftm;jzifh ¤if;wdkYonf trSefw&m;taMumif;udk tjypf

wifcGifhESifhuif;vGwfatmif aexdkifvkyfaqmifEdkifMuvdrfhrnf/

2T, p. 404 (1870)

nDtpfudkarmifESrwdkY? Edk;Mum;Muygawmh/ uRefrawmif;yef

ygw,f/ oifwdkY[m usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;tvif;w&m;


udkr&vdkY rusifhoHk;cJhMuwmyg/ cHwGif;tvdkudkrvdkufbJ csKyfwnf;

vdkufr,fqdk&if tvkyfvnf;r½Iyfawmhbl;/ aiGukefvnf;

trsm;BuD;oufomoGm;r,f/ 'ghtjyif usef;rma&;vnf;trsm;BuD;

ydkaumif;vmr,f/ trSefw&m;udka0zefydkif;jcm;Edkifr,f/ pdwf

wefcdk;awGydk½Sdvmr,f/ trSefw&m;eJYywfoufwJhtaxmuftxm;

awGudk csifhcsdefzdkY OD;aESmufvnf;ydkMunfvmr,f/ oifarQmfvifh

aewJht&mudk olwpfyg;xHrQa0zdkYvnf; ydkNyD;tqifoifhjzpfvm

vdrfhr,f/

1T, pp. 487-489 (1867)

wcsKdUu usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;udk oa&mf

Muygonf/ rvdktyfaomt&mjzpfonf[kvnf; ajymMuygonf/

¤if;jyif xdkt&monf 'PRESENT TRUTH' [kac:onfh ],aeYtrSef

w&m;} wGifazmfjyxm;aomvlUtm½Hkudkajymif;aponfh pdwfvIyf½Sm;

rIwpfckjzpfonf[k wcsKdUuajymygonf/ xdkûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udk

vdkonfxufydkívkyfaqmifaeMuonf[kvnf; wcsKdUua0zef

Muygonf/ xdkolrsm;onf rdrdwdkY rnfonfht&mudkajymaeonf

udk rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkifrodMuyg/

bmomw&m;½Sdolrsm;tjzpf zGifh[aeaomfvnf; OD;acgif;

rSpí ajcz0g;txd a&m*gb,rsm;ESifhjynfh0aeolrsm;onf

vnf;aumif;? tvkyfudktvGeftuRHvkyfjcif;? tm[m&rjzpfaom

tpmrsm;udkpm;oHk;jcif;rsm;wdkYaMumifh udk,fpdwfESvHk;oHk;yg;pvHk;\

cGeftm;rsm;,kwfavsmhusqif;aeolrsm;onfvnf;aumif; trSef

w&m;\taxmuftxm;rsm;udk rnfodkYqef;ppfí bk&m;ocif\

awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk rnfodkYod½Sdem;vnfEdkifMuvdrfhrnfenf;/

¤if;wdkY\pdwfwefcdk;rsm;onf xHkxdkif;rIdif;a0aevQif tjypfajzjcif;

\wefzdk;udkvnf;aumif;? bk&m;ociftrIawmf\BuD;jrwfaom

xl;jcm;csufrsm;udkvnf;aumif; rnfodkYtrGeftjrwfxm;Edkifyg

awmhrnfenf;/ EIwfxGufpum;avhvmzwf½Ijcif;udk rnfodkY

ESpfûcdufEdkifygawmhrnfenf;/ rdrd\arQmfvifhjcif;taMumif;&if;udk

ar;vmaomtcg pdwfwdkaeolwpfOD;onf ½dkaoaMumuf½GHUaom

pdwf? El;nHhodrfarGUaompdwfESifh tajzay;&ef rnfodkYtqifoifh

jzpfEdkifygrnfenf;/ xdkodkYaomyk*¾dKvfrsKd;onf ¤if;\rrSefuefaom

xifjrifcsufrsm;aMumifh udpö&yfrsm;udk rSm;,Gif;aom½IaxmifhrS

jrifawGUvsuf c&pfawmfü½Sdaom El;nHhNidrfoufjcif;rsKd;uif;rJhjcif;

aMumifh vlY*Gpmrsm;ESifh&ifqdkif&aomtcg rdrd\,HkMunfjcif;udk

toa&,kwfapvsuf rnfrQtMumwGif pdwf½IyfaxG;vIyf½Sm;

vmvdrfhrnfenf;/ udpö&yftoD;oD;udk tqifhjrifhbmoma&;

½IaxmifhrS½IMunfhvsuf uREfkyfwdkYonf c&pfawmfESifhwlaom

yk*¾dKvfrsm;jzpfvm&ef aphpyfaocsmaomûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;

rsm;jzpfMu&ygrnf/

uREfkfyfwdkYonf udk,fawmf½Sif\awmif;qdkcsufrsm;twdkif;

em;axmifvdkufavQmufum uREfkyfwdkYtm; udk,fawmfay;oem;

awmfrlxm;onfh udk,fpdwfESpfyg;tm;jzifh bkef;wefcdk;udkxif½Sm;

apNyD; xm0&bk&m;ocif\yv’ifawmfa½SUrSm tjypfwifcGifh

uif;pGmjzifh &yfxEdkifMu&eftvdkYiSm aumif;uifAdkvfajct½Sifonf

uREfkyfwdkYtm; usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mtvif;w&m;


rsm;udk tvQHy,fcsay;awmfrlxm;onfudk uREfkyfjrifawGUcJhyg

onf/ pHudkjr§ifhwifum a½SUodkYvSrf;wufMu&ef uREfkyfwdkY\

,HkMunfjcif;u uREfkyfwdkYtm; awmif;qdkaeygonf/ tjcm;

usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;vdkufavQmufaeaomvrf;pOf

rsm;udk ar;cGef;xkwfaeolrsm;onf vufawGUusaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;yDyD

¤if;udk,fwdkifvnf; wpfckckudkvkyfjyoifhMuygonf/ tcsdefvkí

vkyfaqmifae&aom uREfkyfwdkY\trIawmfonf a&m*grsKd;pHkudk

cHpm;ae&onfh rESpfûrdUzG,ftajctaewpfckjzpfygonf/ vlrsm;pGm

wdkYrSm rdbrsm;\tusifhp½dkufqdk;rsm;aMumifh arG;&myga&m*grsm;

udkcHpm;ae&onfhvlemrsm;jzpfMuonf/ xdktajctaersKd;rSmyif

olwdkYonfvnf; ¤if;wdkYrdbrsm;vdkufcJhonfhvrf;a[mif;udk

vdkufouJhodkY ¤if;wdkY\om;orD;rsm;onfvnf; ¤if;wdkYenf;wl

vkyfaqmifaeMuonf/ rdrdwdkY\tusifhqdk;aMumifh tBuD;tus,f

emrusef;jzpfae&onfqdkonfudkyif rodavmufatmif xdkolrsm;

onf OmPfenf;yg;olrsm;jzpfaeMuonf/

pm;oHk;aomtpmtm[m&ESifh usef;rma&;? tusifhpm&dwå?

vl&m0ifjcif;rsm; qufpyfaeaMumif;udk od½Sdem;vnfoltvGef

enf;yg;vSygonf/ rdrdwdkYpm;aomtpmonf xm0&umvESifh

pyfqdkifonfh uHMur®mESifhyifqufpyfrI½Sdaeonfudk odol½Sm;yg;vS

ygonf/ todOmPfr½Sdojzifh a&m*ga0'emcHpm;ae&olrsm;tay:

arwåmjy&efrSm aumif;uifrSay;aomtvif;udk&um xdktvif;

udkvdkufavQmuf&jcif;\tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;udk od½Sdaeolrsm;\

wm0efomjzpfaMumif;udk jrifjcif; (vision) wGif uREfkyfawGUcJh&

ygonf/ c&pfawmf'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;udkajrmfvifhaeaom

owåraeYOykoftoif;om;rsm;onf xdkûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&m

trIawmfvkyfief;rsm;wGif pdwf0ifpm;rIudkazmfjyoifhygonf/

trsKd;om;? trsKd;orD;tm;vHk;tm; þtaMumif;udkoGefoifay;&

rnfjzpfNyD; xdktrIawmfBuD;udk pdwf0ifwpm;yg0ifusifhaqmif

vm&ef vIHYaqmfEId;qGay;&efrSm w&m;a[mq&mrsm;ESifh toif;om;

tm;vHk;\wm0efomjzpfonf[k oabmaygufoifhygonf/

Letter 93, 1898.

udk,fcE¨mtavhtusifhrsm;onf yk*¾dKvftoD;oD;\

atmifjrifrIESifh tBuD;tus,fywfoufaeygonf/ oifonf

pm;aomufrnfhtm[m&rsm;udk *½kwpdkufpm;oHk;avav? cEmudk,f

\vIyf½Sm;rIrsm;udk qufvufítcsKd;usus[efcsufnDnDvIyf½Sm;

Edkifap&ef ½dk;pif;NyD; tEÅ&m,fuif;aomtpmrsm;udk pm;oHk;vm

avav? oifxrf;aqmif&rnfhwm0efrsm;udk ydkrdkod½Sdvmavav

jzpfygonf/ udk,fcE¨m\tedXm½Hktajctaersm;u t&mcyfodrf;

wdkYtay:rSm wdrfrnf;BuD;yrm zHk;oGm;rnfudkpdk;ojzifh oifusifhoHk;

aeaomtrltusifhrsm;udk jyefvnfqef;ppfzdkYvdktyfygonf/

MS, p. 129 (1901)

uREfkyfwdkY\udk,fcE¨musef;rma&;udk uREfkyfwdkYpm;aom

tpmjzifh xdef;odrf;apmifha½Smufonf/ pm;oHk;rnfhtpm;tpmrsm;udk

oefYpifaompdwf\a½G;cs,frIatmufwGifrxm;EdkifvQifvnf;aumif;?

tpm;taomuftoD;oD;wGif csKyfwnf;rIr½SdvQifvnf;aumif;

xm0&toufudk&tHhaomiSm tuREfkyfrnfonfht&mudkvkyfaqmif


&rnfenf;qdkonfhar;cGef;udk tajzay;xm;onfh or®musrf;pm

udk udk,fpdwfESpfyg;usef;usef;rmrmjzifh uREfkyfwdkYavhvmEdkifMu

rnfr[kwfacs/ usef;rma&;ESif hrudkufnDaom pm;usif h?

aomufusifhrsm;onf usef;rma&;ESifhrjynfhpHkaomtajctaeudk

omjzpfapvdrfhrnf/ xdktusifhrsm;aMumifh tvGefEl;nHhonfhtpmtdrf

onf xdcdkufum aumif;rGefpGmtvkyfvkyfEdkifawmhrnfr[kwfacs/

xdktm[m&rsm;onf pHkprf;jcif;aemufodkYvdkufygum tjypfusL;vGef

aponfh yifudk,fp½dkufudkvnf; rsm;pGmjzpfay:apygonf/

2T, pp. 202-203 (1869)

jrifhjrwfaomwefcdk;awmfESifhjynfhpHkonfh u,fwif½Sifonf

yif qkawmif;jcif;trIudk ûyzdkYvdktyfaeonfqdkvQif aorsKd;

tjypfom;rsm;jzpfMuaom uREfkyfwdkYonf jyif;jyaompdwfjzifh

rem;raeqkawmif;oifhMuygonf/ jyif;xefaompHkprf;jcif;rsm;udk

&ifqdkif&pOfwGif c&pfawmfonf tpma&pmudkrrSD0JawmhbJ

qkawmif;jcif;tm;jzifh rdrdudk,fudk bk&m;ocif\vufawmfwGif

tyfESHawmfrlcJhygonf/ tjcm;c&pf,mefrsm;xuf ,aeYtrSefw&m;

udk,HkMunfvufcHvsuf½Sdaomolrsm;onf qkawmif;jcif;t&mwGif

udk,fawmf½Sifudk twk,loifhMuygonf/

]]ocifuJhodkYusifhí t½SifuJhodkYtapcHvQif xdkwynfhawmf

twGufvHkavmufayNyD/}} uREfkyfwdkY\xrif;pm;pm;yGJay:wGif

usef;rma&;udk taxmuftulrûy½kHomru trSefwu,frvdktyf

aomtpm;tpmrsm;ESif hjynhfaewwfygonf/ taMumif;rSm

uREfkyfwdkYonf udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;? a&m*guif;½Sif;jcif;ESifh

Munfvifaompdwfrsm;xuf þt&mrsm;udkydkíjrwfEdk;aeMuyg

onf/ a,½Ic&pfonf cGeftm;udk&½Sd&ef crnf;awmfbk&m;ocifxH

wGifqkawmif;cJhygonf/ pm;aumif;aomufzG,frsm;jzifh wnfcif;

xm;aompm;yGJwGif xdkif&onfxuf xdktrIudk a,½Ic&pfydkí

wefzdk;xm;awmfrlcJhonf/ tarSmif\wefcdk;rsm;ESifh&ifqdkif&efESifh

vkyfaqmif&rnfhwm0efrsm;udkxrf;½Guf&eftwGuf vdktyfaom

cGeftm;rsm;udk&½Sdzdk Y qkawmif;jcif;onf y"meusaMumif;

taxmuftxm;rsm;udk udk,fawmf½SifazmfjyawmfrlcJhygonf/

uREfkyfwdkY\cGeftm;rsm;onf csnhfeJYvSaomfvnf; xm0&bk&m;

ocifay;awmfrlonfhcGeftm;onf wefcdk;ygojzifh xdkcGeftm;udk

&½Sdoltaygif;wdkYonf atmifjrifolrsm;jzpfvmMuvdrfhrnf/

MoZm½Sdjcif;ESifhvl&m0ifjcif;tay:xdcdkufjcif;

MS, p. 93 (1901)

udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fonfhtusifhudk usifhoHk;&rnfhtcsdef

wGif usef;rma&;udktaxmuftulrûyrnfhtpmrsm;jzifh tpmtdrf

udkjynfhusyfaeapjcif;onf tvGefoem;p&maumif;onfhjzpf&yf

wpfckjzpfonf/ xdktpmrsm;onf tpmtdrfxJrSmyif ykyfodk;

aqG;ajrhNyD; qufvufwnf½Sdaewwf&m rusef;rmaomtpmtdrf

onf OD;aESmufudkxdcdkufapjyefygonf/ rdrdonf tMuHOmPf

ay;jcif;iSm t&nftaoG;rrDatmif rdrdudk,fudkvkyfaqmifaeonf

udkvnf;aumif;? trIawmfwdk;wufzdkY pDrHudef;csrSwf&mwGif

udk,fhudkudk,ft&nftaoG;rrDoljzpfatmif vkyfaqmifaeonfudk


vnf;aumif; xdkowdynmrJhaomtpm;orm;onfrod½Sdygacs/

olonf 0dnmOfa&;qdkif&mudpörsm;wGif trSm;trSefrcGJjcm;Edkif

awmhbJ aumfrwDxdkif&mwGifvnf; ][kwfw,f? aumif;w,f}

[kajym&rnfhudpörsm;wGif ]r[kwfbl;? raumif;bl;} [kajymae

wwfonf/ olonf rSef;csufESifhvGJrnfhtqdkûycsufrsm;udkvnf;

vkyfwwfygonf/ olpm;oHk;xm;onfhtpmrsm;u ol\OD;aESmuf

udkxdkif;rIdif;apNyD/

tmom&r®uftvdkudkjznfhqnf;jcif;aMumifh vlom;rsm;

onf trSefw&m;taMumif;udk oufaorcHMuawmhacs/ 0rf;Adkuf

xJodkY uREfkyfwdkYxnfhvdkufaomtpmrsm;aMumifh aumif;csD;r*Fvm

rsm;twGuf bk&m;ocifudkaus;Zl;wifvdkonfhpdwfxm;rsm;onf

ysufjym;vmygonf/ cHwGif;tvdkudkvdkufjcif;onf pdwf0rf;

uGJjym;jcif;? &efjzpfjcif;? oabmxm;uGJvGJjcif;ESifh tjcm;

raumif;rIrsm;jzpf&jcif;\taMumif;&if;jzpfonf/ pdwfr½Snfaom

pum;rsm;udkajymí MuifemrIuif;aomtûytrlrsm;udkûyusifhonf/

r½dk;om;aomtusifhrsm;onf aemufqufwGJay:xGef;vmum

tvdk&r®ufrsm;onf xif½Sm;vmonf/ 0rf;AdkufxJü raumif;

aomtpmrsm;jzifhjynfhaeapaomaMumifh OD;aESmuftm½HkaMum

rsm;xHkxdkif;oGm;Mu&m þtrIt&mrsm;udkawGUjrifvm&ygonf/

2T, p. 368 (1870)

tpm;taomuftm;jzifh bk&m;ocif\bkef;wefcdk;udk

xif½Sm;apEdkifonfqdkonfhtcsufudk wcsKdUyk*¾dKvfrsm;oabm

raygufEdkifMuacs/ cHwGif;tvdkvdkufrIaMumifh ¤if;wdkY\toufwm½Sd

qufqHa&;rsm;rSm ysufjym;cJhacsNyD/ xdktcsufudk ¤if;wdkY\

rdom;pk? ¤if;wdkY\toif;awmf? ¤if;wdkY\qkawmif;tpnf;a0;yGJ

rsm;ESifh ¤if;wdkY\om;orD;rsm;\ûyrlqufqHrIrsm;wGif xif½Sm;

pGmawGU&ygonf/ xdkt&monf ¤if;wdkYtoufwm\usdefjcif;

tr*Fvmjzpfvsuf½SdacsNyD/ xdkaMumifh aemufqHk;aomacwfumv

ESifhqdkifonfh trSefw&m;rsm;udk ¤if;wdkYem;vnfoabmayguf

vmatmif oifvkyfEdkifrnfr[kwfacs/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf

cyfodrf;aoma0ae,sowå0grsm;twGuf vdktyfaomt&mrsm;ESifh

aysmf½TifrIrsm;udk tvQHy,fjyifqifay;awmfrlNyD;jzpf&m udk,fawmf

\ynwfrsm;udk vlom;rsm;rcsKd;azgufcJhygvQif ¤if;wdkYonf

jrifhjrwfaomtvdkawmfESifhtnDvkyfaqmifum usef;rm? csrf;om?

0rf;ajrmuf0rf;ompGmtouf½SifMu&vdrfhrnf/ ¤if;jyif raumif;

aomted|m½Hkrsm;rSvnf; uif;a0;Muvdrfhrnf/

3T, pp. 486-487 (1875)

cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;onf um,pGrf;tm;rsm;udk usqif;

ap½Hkomru xm0&umvESifhqdkifaom oefY½Sif;onfht&mrsm;udk

ra0cGJrod½SdEdkifavmufatmif todOmPfpGrf;tm;rsm;udkvnf;

xHkxdkif;apygonf/ avmuom;rsm;onf tpm;MuL;aeMuNyDudk

vnf;aumif;? xdktusifhqdk;BuD;u udk,fusifhw&m;qdkif&mtpGrf;

rsm;udk vrf;vGJapvdrfhrnfudkvnf;aumif; c&pfawmfodxm;

awmfrlcJhonf/ cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;udk vlom;rsm;tBuD;tus,f

usifhoHk;aeMuojzifh c&pfawmfonf vlom;rsm;udk,fpm; xdkt&m

\wefcdk;udkacszsuf&eftwGuf &ufowåywf (6) ywfeD;yg;


tpma½SmifcJh&ygonf/ c&pfawmfenf;wl atmifyGJqifEdkif&eftvdkYiSm

xdktpma½Smifjcif;tusifhudk c&pf,mefrsm;usifhoHk;Mu&rnfjzpf

onf/ vrf;vGJaeaomcHwGif;tvdkvdkufrIqdkif&m pHkprf;aESmifh,Suf

jcif;\pGrf;tm;udk tcsdefMumjrifhpGmtpma½SmifpOfu c&pfawmf

cHpm;cJh&aom razmfjyEdkifavmufatmif jyif;xefonfha0'em

tm;jzifhom wdkif;wmEdkifygrnf/

vlom;rsm;udku,fEkwfEdkif&eftvdkYiSm vlom;rsm;trSm;

tpysKd;onfht&mrS vlom;u,fwifjcif;vkyfief;udk tpysKd;&

rnfudk c&pfawmfodxm;ygonf/ tm'Honf cHwGif;tvdkvdkuf

jcif;tm;jzifh tjypfw&m;wGifusqHk;cJhonfr[kwfygvm;/ bk&m;

ocif\ynwfawmfrsm;udkapmifha½Smuf&ef vlom;rsm;üwm0ef

½SdaMumif; od½Sdoabmaygufvm&ef udk,fum,qdkif&mtusifh

rsm;udk jyefvnfûyjyifjcif;tm;jzifh rdrd\u,fwifjcif;qdkif&m

vkyfaqmifrIrsm;udk tpysKd;awmfrlcJhygonf/ tusifhoDvydkif;wGif

tzsm;½ª;jcif;ESifh pm&dwåedrfhusqkwf,kwfjcif;rsm;onf vrf;vGJ

aeaomcHwGif;tvdkvdkufrIrsm;\ yifrtusKd;qufrsm;jzpfygonf/

"r®q&mrsm;xrf;aqmif&rnfhtxl;wm0efESifh

&ifqdkifae&aompHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;rsm;

trSefw&m;udk oGefoifaeaom"r®q&mrsm;tygt0if

vlom;tm;vHk;ü cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;udka½SmifMu&ef BuD;jrwf

aomwm0ef½Sdaeygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf rdrdwdkY\cHwGif;awmifhw

rIESifh tvdk&r®ufrsm;udk xdef;csKyfEdkifMurnfqdkvQif ydkítoHk;0if

olrsm;jzpfvmMuvdrfhrnf/ ¤if;jyif xdkolrsm;onf cE¨mudk,f

qdkif&mvkyfaqmifrIrsm;ESifh pdwfwefcdk;rsm;udk yl;aygif;toHk;cscJh

MurnfqdkvQif udk,fusifhw&m;rsm;ydkrdkaqmufwnfEdkifvmMuvdrfh

rnf/ csKyfwnf;jcif;tusifhudkusifhoHk;um ukd,fpdwfESpfyg;\

tpGrf;rsm;udk aygif;pyftoHk;cscJhMurnfqdkvQif BuD;jrwfrsm;jym;

aomtvkyfrsm;udk NyD;pD;pGmvkyfudkifaqmif½GufEdkifMurnfomru

pdwfESvHk;onfvnf; tNrJwrf;MunfvifaeMuvdrfhrnf/ ¤if;wdkY

onf txufygtwdkif; usifhMuHaexdkifEdkifcJhMurnfqdkvQif

¤if;wdkY\tawG;tac:ESifhtajymtqdkrsm;onf ydkrdkívGwfvyf

oGufvufvmvdrfhrnf/ ¤if;wdkYonf bmoma&;tusifhrsm;ü

ydkítm;aumif;vmvdrfhrnf/ ywf0ef;usif½Sdvlom;rsm;onfvnf;

¤if;wdkYudkydkítxifBuD;av;pm;Muvdrfhrnf/

tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmrsKd;udkyif csKyfwnf;jcif;r½SdbJ

pm;oHk;vQif xufjrufNyD; oefY½Sif;aompdwfxm;rsm;udk ysufpD;

oGm;apNyD; cE¨mudk,fzGJUpnf;rIrsm;udkvnf; xdcdkufysuf,Gif;ap

vdrfhrnf/

MS, p. 88.

wcsKdUyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf usef;rmaeoltvkyform;wpfOD;\

tpmaMucsufrIpepfudkyif ysuf,Gif;oGm;apEdkifonfh axmywf?

oMum;rsm;rsm;ESifhûyvkyfxm;aomudwfrkefYrsm;? aygifrkefYrsm;udk

awmpcef;odkY,laqmifvmwwfMuonf/ þuJhodkYaomrkefYrsm;udk

"r®q&m\pm;yGJay:odkY vmíwifay;wwfovdk ¤if;wdkYpm;yGJwGif

vmípm;&efvnf; "r®q&mudkzdwfMum;wwfMuonf/ usef;rma&;


twGufraumif;onfhtpm;tpmrsm;udk rsm;rsm;pm;&ef þodkYaom

enf;rsm;tm;jzifh "r®q&mrsm;onf tpHkprf;cH&wwfygonf/

¤if;wdkYonf xdktpmrsm;aMumifh awmpcef;wGifxrf;½Guf&rnfh

wm0efrsm;udk pGrf;aqmiftm;avsmhenf;vmum pdwfwdkvmMu

onf/ tpmraMurIrsm;udk cHpm;vm&onf/

"r®q&mrsm;onf r,Ofaus;oltjzpf olwpfyg;xifvQif

xifapOD;awmh/ xdktpm;tpmrsKd;udkrpm;oHk;bJ jiif;y,foifhMu

ygonf/ ¤if;jyif xdktoif;om;rsm;onf xdkuJhodkYaomtpmrsKd;

udk q&mrsm;tm; twif;rauR;oifhMuygacs/ usef;rma&;ESifh

rudkufnDonfhtpmrsm;ESifh q&mudk{nfhcHaomtcsdefwGif ¤if;wdkY

onf trSm;t,Gif;udkvkyfaqmifaeacsNyD/ xdktrSm;t,Gif;rsm;

aMumifh wefzdk;½SdvSonfhpGrf;tm;rsm;udk bk&m;ocif\trIawmf

twGufroHk;EdkifMuawmhbJ xdktoufwmrsKd;jzifh touf½Sif

aexdkifolrsm;pGmwdkYonf ¤if;wdkYü½SdaompGrf;tm;wpf0ufrQtxd

csK dUwJhoGm;wwfygonf/ "r®q&mrsm;onf OD;aESmufESif h

tm½HkaMumqdkif&mtpGrf;rsm;udk tjcm;olrsm;xufydkíumuG,f

apmifha½SmufoifhMuygonf/ tm½HkaMumrsm;udk xdcdkufvIyf½Sm;

oGm;aprnfh tpm;taomuftm;vHk;udka½SmifMuOfoifhygonf/

tm½HkaMumvIyf½Sm;rIaMumifh pdwfusa&m*gjzpfay:vmwwfygonf/

tpm;taomufMuL;jcif;aMumifh pdwfMunfvifrItm;enf;vmum

pdwfESvHk;½IyfaxG;vmygonf/ tpm;taomufwGif wdwdusus

csKyfwnf;rIrûyEdkifolwpfOD;onf 0dnmOfa&;bufwGif atmifjrifol

wpfOD;jzpfrvmEdkifacs/ usef;rma&;aumif;aponfhtpm;taomuf

rsm;udk odvsufESifhrvdkufembJ udk,fpdwfESpfyg;udk xdcdkufap

onfhtoufwmvrf;pOfjzifh touf½SifaexdkifolwpfOD;tay:odkY

oefY½Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfoufqif;&ef xm0&bk&m;ociftcGifh

ay;awmfrlEdkifrnfr[kwfacs/

t&mcyfodrf;udk bk&m;ocif\bkef;wefcdk;xif½Sm;ap&ef

vkyfaqmifyg

(1896) txl;oufaocHcsufrsm;? twGJ 1? trSwf 9? pmrsufESm 58/(1896) txl;oufaocHcsufrsm;? twGJ 1? trSwf 9? pmrsufESm 58/

(1896) txl;oufaocHcsufrsm;? twGJ 1? trSwf 9? pmrsufESm 58/(1896) txl;oufaocHcsufrsm;? twGJ 1? trSwf 9? pmrsufESm 58/(1896) txl;oufaocHcsufrsm;? twGJ 1? trSwf 9? pmrsufESm 58/

oifwdkYonf rnfonfhtrIudkûyonfjzpfap? vGJrSm;aeaom

tvdk&r®ufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;onfhoabmjzifhr[kwfbJ wm0ef

wpfck[koabmxm;um bk&m;ocif\bkef;wefcdk;udkaxmufvsuf

vkyfaqmifMu&ef 0dnmOfawmf\wdkufwGef;rIjzifh ½Sifaygvka&;om;

xm;cJhygonf/ cE¨mudk,ftpdwftydkif;toD;oD;udkumuG,f

apmifha½SmufMu&ygrnf/ 0rf;AdkufxJodkYoGif;vdkufaomt&mrsm;

onf jrifhjrwfaompdwfxm;ESifh oefY½Sif;aomtawG;tac:rsm;udk

ysufjym;oGm;aprSmpdk;ojzifh uREfkyfwdkYonf owdESifhpm;aomuf

Mu&ygrnf/ tpm;taomufrsm;udk owd½Sd½SdESifhpm;aomufum

bk&m;ocif\trdefYawmfESifhtnD aexdkiftouf½SifzdkY uREfkyfwdkY

wifjyonfudk ¤if;wdkY\aumif;usKd;csrf;omrsm;udk z,f½Sm;ypf

ovdkrsKd;oabmxm;um ]uREfkyfbmomuREfkyf? bmyJjzpfjzpf

êudufovdkvkyfcGifhr½Sdawmhbl;vm;} [k wcsKdUuar;vmMuygonf/

vltoD;oD;wdkYü ¤if;wdkYydkifqdkifonfhtcGifhta&;rsm;½SdMu

onf/ uREfkyfwdkYü yifudk,fvu©Pm½Sdonf/ udk,fydkifvu©Pm


vnf;½Sdonf/ wpfOD;wpfa,muf\ udk,fydkifvu©Pmonf

tjcm;olwpfOD;\udk,fydkifvu©PmESifhrwlnDyg/ vltaygif;wdkY

onf rdrdwdkY\rodpdwfappm;onfhtwdkif; rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkif

twGuf vIyf½Sm;vkyfaqmifaeMuygonf/ wm0efESifhMoZm

oufa&mufrIrsm;ESifhywfoufí bk&m;ocifay;tyfonfht&m

rsm;jzpfonf[k uREfkyfwdkY,HkMunfonf/ udk,fawmf½Sifonf

zefqif;jcif;ESifh u,fEkwfjcif;ESpfrsKd;pvHk;tm;jzifh uREfkffyfwdkYtm;

ydkifoawmfrlonf/ xdkaMumifh uREfkyfwdkY\udk,fcE¨mudk uREfkyfwdkY

rydkifyg/ bk&m;ocif\trIawmfudk pHkvifpGmrxrf;½GufEdkifavmuf

atmif udk,fcE¨mudkysuf,Gif;aponfhtusifhrsm;udk udk,fhoabm

twdkif; usifhaqmifEdkifcGifhuREfkyfwdkYür½SdMuacs/ uREfkyfwdkY\

toufwmESifhwuG pGrf;tm;taygif;wdkYudk xm0&bk&m;ocif

ydkifoawmfrl\/ udk,fawmf½Sifonf puúefYrjcm; uREfkyfwdkYudk

apmifha½Smufawmfrl\/ touf½Sifapawmfrl\/ uREfkyfwdkYtm;

udk,fawmf½SifwpfcPypfxm;cJhawmfrlrnfqdkvQif uREfkyfwdkYonf

aoyGJ0ifMuvdrfhrnfomwnf;/ uREfkyfwdkYtm;vHk;onf xm0&

bk&m;ociftay:wGif vHk;vHk;rSDcdktouf½SifaeMuygonf/

xm0&bk&m;ocifESifh uREfkyfwdkYtMum;½SdqufET,frIudk

em;vnfaomtcsdefwGif BuD;jrwfaomoifcef;pmwpfckudk uREfkyfwdkY

avhusufEdkifMuygonf/ ]oifhudk,foifrydkif? oifhudktzdk;tc

ay;í 0,fxm;NyD} [laompum;&yfudk tNrJwrf;owd&apyg/

odkYjzpfvQif uREfkfyfwdkYü½SdaomtpGrf;rsm;? Opömypönf;rsm;? MoZm

wefcdk;rsm;ESifhwuG yk*¾dKvftoD;oD;udk ydkifpdk;cGifhxm0&bk&m;ocifü

½SdaMumif; uREfkyfwdkYoabmaygufvmMuygvdrfhrnf/ udk,fawmf½Sif

tm; aumif;jrwfaomtvkyftauR;jzifh tapcHEdkif&ef rdrdwdkY\

udk,fpdwfESvHk;oHk;yg;udk rnfodkYudkifwG,fvkyfaqmif&rnfudk

uREfkyfwdkYavhusufMu&ygrnf/

2T, p. 60 (1868)

usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifh csKyfwnf;jcif;tusifh

udk bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm;usifhoHk;a&;qdkif&mtvif;w&m;

rsm;onf oifwdkY\b0vrf;aMumif;ay:wGif xGef;vif;vsuf

½SdaeygNyD/ xdktvif;awmfudkMunfhzdkYaemufwGefYum rdrd\tpm;

taomufESifhvkyfaqmifrIrsm;udkûyjyif&ef wHkYqdkif;aeolrsm;xJwGif

oifyg0ifaeonfudk uREfkyf(rr0Iduf)jrifawGUcJh&ygonf/ trSef

w&m;\tvif;udkvufcHvdkufavQmufrnfqdkvQif xdktrSefw&m;

tm;jzifh oefYpifjcif;cH&aomoltaygif;wdkY\toufwmESifh

pm&dwårsm;onf vHk;vHk;ajymif;vJoGm;ygvdrfhrnf/

atmifjrifaomtoufwmESifhqufET,fjcif;

Y.I. May 31, 1894.

pm;jcif;? aomufjcif;ESifh 0wfpm;qif,ifjcif;toD;oD;ü

0dnmOfa&;wdk;wufrItay: wdkuf½dkuftusKd;oufa&mufrI½Sdaeonf/

MH, p. 280 (1905)

ywf0ef;usifüaexdkifMuonfh r,HkMunfolrsm; êudufovdk

pm;aomufaeaomt&mrsm;udk a½SmifMuOfMu&ef £oa&v

rsm;tm; xm0&bk&m;ocifwm;jrpfawmfrlcJhonf/ wpfzufowf


DF- 6

vlrsKd;cGJjcm;onfhoabmrsKd;jzifh rdefYawmfrlaejcif;r[kwfbJ

tm[m&rjzp fonf htpm;taomufrsm;ud k wm;jrp fae

jcif;jzpfonf/ roefY½Sif;yg[k owfrSwfjcif;cHxm;&aomtpm

rsm;onf toHk;ûyrdolrsm;\cE¨mudk,fudknpfnrf;apygonf/

cE¨mudk,fudkysuf,Gif;apaomt&monf touf0dnmOfudkvnf;

ysuf,Gif;apygonf/ xdktpmrsm;udk toHk;ûyolrsm;onf bk&m;

ocifESifhrdwfo[m,zGJU&ef rxdkufwefMuawmhyg/ oefY½Sif;

jrifhjrwfaomtrIawmfudkvnf;xrf;½Guf&ef roifhavsmfawmhyg/

Health Reformer, Sept., 1871.

usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaponfh cHwGif;tvdkvdkufrIudk

usifhoHk;aepOfwGifvnf;aumif;? rmeaxmifvTm;rIrsm;vTrf;rdk;

aepOfwGifvnf;aumif; oefY½Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfonf uREfkyfwdkY

xHodkYvmí rprIray;Edkif½Hkomru pHkvifaomc&pf,meftoufwm

jzpfatmif êud;pm;&mwGifvnf; uREfkfyfwdkYtm;axmufrEdkifjcif;

r½Sdawmhacs/

2T, p. 400 (1870)

bk&m;ocif\jrifhjrwfaomZmwdawmfudk rQa0cHpm;aeol

taygif;wdkYonf urÇmwpf0ef;wGifjzpfysufaeaom avmut&mü

arGUavsmfcHpm;jcif;tm;jzifh pm&dwåysufjym;jcif;rsm;rSvGwfajrmuf

Muvdrfhrnf/ cHwGif;tvdkvdkufolrsm;rSmrl pHkvifaomc&pf,mef

toufwmudkydkifqdkifzdkY&efrjzpfEdkifygacs/

R&H., Jan. 25, 1881.

þt&monf ppfrSefaomoefY½Sif;jcif;jzpfonf/ pmawGU

oufoufr[kwf? pdwfvIyf½Sm;rIwpfckoufoufr[kwf? a&;om;

pDuHk;rIwpfckoufoufomr[kwfbJ aeYpOftoufwmxJodkY

xdk;azguf0ifa&mufvmonfh xda&mufaompnf;rsOf;wpfckjzpf

onf/ uREfkyfwdkY\udk,fcEmudk touf½SifoefY½Sif;í ESpfoufzG,f

aom,ZfwpfaumifuJhodkY xm0&bk&m;ocifxHwGif tyfESHEdkif&ef

tvdkYiSm rdrdwdkY\udk,fpdwfESvHk;oHk;yg;udk usef;rm½Tifvef;aprnfh

tpm;? taomuf? 0wfqifrItusifhaumif;rsm;udkusifhoHk;Mu

&rnf/

6T, p. 372 (1900)

uREfkyfwdkYonf avmuESifhpyfqdkifol (odkYr[kwf) avmu

ESifhrpyfqdkifoljzpfonfudk trSefw&m;tm;jzifh bk&m;ocifoD;jcm;

cGJxm;oljzpfaMumif; uREfkfyfwdkY\tpm;taomufqdkif&mtusifh

p½dkufrsm;uxif½Sm;aponf/

Letter, 135, 1902.

tpmpm;jcif;wGif csKyfwnf;rIuif;rJhjcif;onf emrusef;

rIudk rsm;pGmjzpfap½Hkomru bk&m;ocifomxdkufaombkef;udk

vnf; vk,lwwfonf/ bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm;pGmwdkYonf

udk,ftvdkudkjiif;&ef ysufuGufcJhMuaomaMumifh ¤if;wdkYtwGuf

xm0&bk&m;ocifowfrSwfxm;awmfrlonfhpHudk rrDEdkifMuacs/

xdkolrsm;onf aemifw&um ajymif;vJvmMuaomfvnf; twå

tvdkvdkufjcif;jzifh taxmuftrûycJhonfh xdkqHk;½HI;rIudk pMu0Vm

wpfckvHk;u jrifawGUMu&vdrfhrnf/

9T, pp. 165-166 (1909)

bk&m;ocifodkxm;awmfrlonfh usef;rma&;ESifh0dnmOfa&;

qdkif&maumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;udkqHk;½IH;cJh&ol rnfrQ½Sdygoenf;/


wcsKdUyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf BuD;us,faomtvkyfrsm;udkvkyfaqmifEdkif&ef

tvdkYiSm BuD;rm;aomatmifyGJrsm;ESifh xl;jcm;aomaumif;csD;rsm;

udk&&ef êud;pm;aeMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf xdkyef;wHk;wdkifodkY

a&muf&ef rsuf&nfusvsuf cGeftm;ygygqkawmif;&rnf[kvnf;

oabmaygufaeMuygonf/ xdkolrsm;onf zGifhqdkawmfrlonfh

tvdkawmfudkod&efqkawmif;vsuf usrf;pmudkavhvmMurnf

qdkvQifvnf;aumif;? twåtvdkudkjiif;y,fum bk&m;ocif\

tvdkudkvdkufrnfqdkvQifvnf;aumif; NidrfoufrIudk&½SdMuygvdrfh

rnf/ rcsdwifuJa0'emcHpm;jcif;? rsuf&nfusjcif;? ½kef;uef

êud;pm;jcif;rsm;aMumifh ¤if;wdkYawmifhwonfhaumif;csD;r*Fvm

rsm;onf ¤if;wdkYxHodkYa&mufrvmEdkifygacs/ twåudk vHk;vHk;

vsm;vsm;tyfESHypf&rnf/ ,HkMunfoltm;vHk;twGuf uwd

xm;awmfrlaomaus;Zl;awmfudk &,lcHpm;vsuf wifjyxm;onfh

tusifhrsm;udk ¤if;wdkYusifhaqmifMu&rnf/

]igüqnf;uyfvdkaomoljzpfvQif udk,fudkudk,fjiif;y,f

&rnf/ udk,fhvuf0g;uyfwdkifudk aeYwdkif;xrf;í ighaemufodkY

vdkuf&rnf} [k c&pfawmfrdefYrSmcJhygonf/ vkum 9;23/ ½dk;pif;

jcif;? udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;tusifhrsm;udkusifhjcif;tm;jzifh

u,fwif½Sif\aemufawmfodkYvdkufMuygpdkY/ EIwftm;jzifhvnf;

aumif;? oefY½Sif;aomtoufwmtm;jzifhvnf;aumif; c&pfawmf

udk olwpfyg;jrifomatmif ajr§mufwifMuygpdkY/ rdrdudk,fudk

bk&m;ocifxHwGiftyfESHolrsm;teD;odkY c&pfawmf<ujref;vmavh

½Sdygonf/ ESvHk;om;ESifhtoufwmwGif oefY½Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf

vIyf½Sm;zdkY tvdktyfqHk;aomtcsdefrSm ,ckyifjzpfonf/ oefY½Sif;

jcif;toufwm? tyfESHjcif;toufwmESifh touf½Sifaexdkif&ef

vdktyfaom xdkwefcdk;awmfudk qkyfudkifMuygpdkY/

3T, pp. 491-492 (1875)

cHwGif;tvdkudkvdkufavsmjcif;tm;jzifh uREfkfyfwdkY\ rdOD;?

zOD;wdkYqHk;½IH;cJh&onfh {'ifO,smOfudk cHwGif;tvdkESifh&r®ufrsm;udk

jiif;y,fjcif;tm;jzifh jyefvnf&,lEdkifrnf[k arQmfvifhEdkifMuyg

onf/ tpm;tpmrsm;udka½SmifMuOfjcif;? &r®ufrsm;udkxdef;csKyf

jcif;onf todOmPfrsm;udk qufvufzGHUûzd;apEdkifonfhjyif trSm;

ESifhtrSef? taumif;ESifhtqdk;rsm;udk cGJjcm;odjrifapEdkifNyD; rdrdwdkY

\txHk0goemrsm;udk c&pfawmf\tkyfpdk;rIatmufwGif vlom;

rsm;xm;Edkifaprnfh pdwfwefcdk;ESifhudk,fusifhw&m;aumif;jrwfjcif;

rsm;udkvnf; jzpfay:apygonf/ pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;udk rnfodkY

wGef;vSef&rnfhtaMumif; rdrdtoufwmtm;jzifh vlom;rsm;tm;

azmfjyEdkif&ef txuftdrfawmfudkpGefYNyD; þavmuodkY<uvmcJh

jcif;t&mwGif c&pfawmfazmfjycJhonfh tyfESHtepfemcHjcif;

taMumif;udk trSefwu,fod½SdcHpm;&oltaygif;onf pHkprf;

aESmifh,Sufjcif;udkjiif;y,fum c&pfawmfESifhtwlqif;&JcH&ef

a½G;cs,fMuygvdrfhrnf/

bk&m;ocifudkaMumuf½GHUjcif;t&monf ynm\tpjzpf

onf/ c&pfawmfatmifjrifcJhovdk atmifjrifaeolrsm;onf

pmwef\pHkprf;jcif;rsm;rS rdrdudk,fudktNrJwapumuG,fzdkYvdktyf

ygonf/ pmwefESifhol\aemufvdkufrsm;\vkyfaqmifrIrsm;udk


xm0&bk&m;ocif\vkyfaqmifrIrsm;jzpfonf[k tjrifrrSm;ap&ef

tvdkYiSm todOmPfcGeftm;rsm;tm;enf;roGm;ap&efESifh xdk;xGif;

odjrifrIrsm;½Sif;vif;aeap&ef cHwGif;awmifhwrIESifh&r®ufrsm;udk

todynmESifhjynfh0aomrodpdwf\xdef;csKyfrIatmufwGif xm;½Sd

Mu&rnf/ atmifjrifolrsm;tm; ay;tyfrnfhqkrsm;udk vltrsm;

vdkcsifMuaomfvnf; ¤if;wdkYonf c&pfawmfenf;wl tyifyef;

rcHvdkMuacs/ udk,ftvdkudkrjiif;vdkMuacs/ em;axmifjcif;ESifh

pOfqufrjywfêud;pm;jcif;tm;jzifhom c&pfawmfenf;wl uREfkyfwdkY

atmifyGJqifEdkifMuygvdrfhrnf/

cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkxdef;csKyfEdkifrIaMumifh axmifaygif;

rsm;pGmaomvltaygif;wdkYonf ysufpD;jcif;rSuif;a0;Muvdrfhrnf/

¤if;wdkYonf þtcsufwpfckudkausmfvTm;EdkifMuaomaMumifh

pmwefzefwD;onfhpHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;rsm;tay: atmifyGJqif&ef

pdwfwefcdk;udk&½SdMuvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif cHwGif;\aus;uRefrsm;

rSmrl pHkvifaomc&pf,mef\pm&dwårsm;udk &½SdEdkifMurnfr[kwf

acs/ ESpfaygif; (6000) wdkifwdkif pOfqufrjywfusL;vGefrIrsm;

aMumifh zsm;emjcif;ESifhaojcif;rsm;udk vlom;rsm;&ifqdkifaeMu&

ygonf/ uyfumvtqHk;odkYa&mufvmonfESifhtrQ cHwGif;tvdk

vdkufjcif;ESifhpyfqdkifonfh pmwef\pHkprf;jcif;rsm;onf ydkí

jyif;xefvmum ausmfvTm;zdkYvnf; ydkícufcJvmygonf/

(CTBH, p. 10) CH, p. 22 (1890)

usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&m tvif;w&m;rsm;

udktjrwfwEdk;xm;Muolrsm;ü trSefw&m;tm;jzifh oefY½Sif;ap

aomtrIawmfwGif ta&;ygaomtrtpwpfck½Sdaeum raoEdkif

aomtjzpfodkY0ifpm;&ef xdkufwefvmygonf/

tpmtm[m&ESifhudk,fusifhw&m;tMum;½SdqufET,frI

a½S;tcgu udk,fusifhw&m;ysufjym;rIrsm;

Sp. Gifts IV, p. 121 (1864)

a&vTrf;rdk;jcif;umvrwdkifrDu touf½SifaexdkifcJhMu

olrsm;onf wd&pämeftpmrsm;udkpm;um raumif;rIrsm;ESifhhjynfh0

onfhwdkifatmif avmuaysmf½TifrIcHpm;vdkonfh&r®ufudk jznfhqnf;

cJhMuygonf/ xdkaMumifh xm0&bk&m;ocifonf urÇmBuD;wGif

jzpfyGm;aeaom udk,fusifhw&m;ysufjym;rIrsm;udk a&vTrf;rdk;jcif;

tm;jzifh aq;aMumawmfrlcJhygonf/

vlom;rsm;usqHk;cJhonfhtcsdefrSpí tjypfw&m;onf

atmifvHvTifhaeonfjzpf&m vlenf;pkavmufom xm0&bk&m;

ocifud k opömapmif hodcJ h Muaomfvnf; vltrsm;pkrSmrl

udk,fawmf½Sifa½SUarSmufwGif pm&dwåysufjym;aeMuygonf/ aom'Hk

ûrdUESifha*garm&ûrdUwdkYonf ¤if;wdkY\qdk;,kwfrIrsm;aMumifh ysufpD;

oGm;cJh&ygonf/ tvGefrwef,kwfnHhonfhb0odkYa&mufoGm;

onftxd tmom&r®ufrsm;ESifh cHwGif;awmifhwrIudk xdkûrdUom;

rsm;jznfhqnf;cJhMuygonf/ ¤if;wdkYusL;vGefcJhaomtjypfrsm;onf

raumif;rIcGufzvm;jynfhonftxd pufqkyf½GH½SmzG,fjzpfcJh&m

aumif;uifrSrD;usum avmifuRrf;aoqHk;cJhMuygonf/


3T, pp. 163-164 (1873)

aem{tcsdefu urÇmay:odkY bk&m;ocif\trsufawmf

usa&mufapcJhaomtjypfrsKd;onf ,aeYwGifvnf;wnf½Sdaeyg

onf/ ,aeYvlom;taygif;onfvnf; tpm;MuL;? taomuf

MuL;vsuf½SdMuygonf/ aem{tcsdefu vlom;rsm;\&r®ufudk

vGJrSm;aomcHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;tjypfu Edk;Mum;awmufavmif

apcJhygonf/ xdktjypfrsm;onf aumif;uifEdkifiHrSta&;,l

tjypfay;&rnfhtajctxd qdk;,kwfedrfhuscJh&m xm0&bk&m;ocif

onf þurÇmBuD;tm; a&jzifhaq;aMumawmfrlcJh&ygonf/

tpm;MuL;? taomufMuL;onfh xdktjypfrsKd;onf aom'Hk

ûrdUom;rsm;\todw&m;rsm;udkvnf; ysufpD;apcJh&m xdkûrdUol

ûrdUom;taygif;wdkYonf &mZ0wfrIrsm;udk ESpfESpfûcdufûcdufusL;vGef

cJhMuygonf/ ]]xdkenf;wl avmwvufxufü vlrsm;wdkYonf

pm;aomufa&mif;0,fvsuf? pdkufysKd;vsuf? tdrfaqmufvsuf

aeouJhodkYvnf;aumif;? avmwonf aom'HkûrdUrSxGufaom

aeYü aumif;uifrS uefYESifha&maomrD;rdk;½Gmí xdkvltaygif;wdkYudk

okwfoify,f½Sif;ouJhodkYvnf;aumif; vlom;ay:xGef;aomaeYü

jzpfvdrfhrnf}} [k c&pfawmfowday;xm;ygonf/

þwGif c&pfawmfonf uREfkyfwdkYtwGuf ta&;tBuD;qHk;

oifcef;pmwpfckudkcsefxm;cJhygonf/ tvkyfrvkyfbJ ysif;&daejcif;

udk udk,fawmf½Siftm;ay;aejcif;r[kwfyg/ c&pfawmf\toufwm

yHkoufaorsm;onf þtcsufESifhqefYusifygonf/ taMumif;rSm

udk,fawmf½Sifonf êud;pm;aomtvkyform;wpfOD;jzpfcJhygonf/

udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fvsuf ZGJ½Sd½SdESifhêud;pm;vkyfaqmifwwfol

wpfyg;vnf;jzpfcJhygonf/ tpm;taomufudkt"duxm;jcif;onf

tEÅ&m,frsm;aMumif;udkom uREfkyfwdkYtm; udk,fawmf½Sifowd

ay;aejcif;jzpfonf/ cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;\&v'fudkazmfjyae

jcif;omjzpfygonf/ vlom;rsm;onf tjypfudk raumif;aom

t&mwpfcktjzpfrjrifEdkifavmufatmif udk,fusifhw&m;ydkif;wGif

tm;enf;aeygonf/ bk&m;ocifud kapmfum;ajymqd kum

aumif;aompnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh pdwfqE´rsm;udk pm&dwåysufjym;rI

taxGaxGu zsufqD;ypfonftxd &mZ0wfrIrsm;ESifh ,kwfnHh

aomtmom&r®ufrsm;onf vTrf;rdk;vmcJhygonf/ þt&m

tm;vHk;onf tpm;MuL;? taomufMuL;jcif;\&v'fjzpfonf/

'kwd,tBudrf<uvmaomtcgwGif jzpfysufaernfhtajctaerSm

þtajctaersKd;yifjzpfaeygonf/

vlom;taygif;tm; owday;xm;vdrfhrnfvm;/ xdkolrsm;

onf tvif;udkjrwfEdk;Murnfvm;/ (odkYr[kwf) cHwGif;ESifh

tmom&r®ufrsm;\aus;uRefb0a&mufvmMurnfvm;/ c&pfawmf

onf tpm;? taomufESifh t0wfrsm;xuf omíta&;ygaom

t&mwcsKdUudk uREfkyfwdkYtm;wifjyaeygonf/ tpm;MuL;?

taomufMuL;ESifh tqif,ifMuL;jcif;rsm;aMumifh xdkolrsm;onf

&mZ0wfom;rsm;jzpfvmMuygonf/ þtcsufonf aemufqHk;

aom acwfumv\xif½Sm;aomtjypfrsm;jzpf½Hkomru c&pfawmf

<uvmjcif;\txdrf;trSwfwpfckvnf;jzpfygonf/ tcsdef?

aiGaMu;ESifh cGeftm;rsm;onf udk,fawmf½Sifydkifqdkifaomt&mrsm;

jzpfaomfvnf; uREfkyfwdkYtm;tyfESHxm;aomxdkt&mrsm;udk rvdktyf


onfhyvTm;aom0wfqifrIrsm;wGif ûzef;wD;aeMuonf/ cGeftm;

udkavsmhyg;ap½Hkomru a&m*gb,rsm;udkyifjzpfaponfh rSm;,Gif;

aomcHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;twGuf toHk;ûyaeMuonf/ rSm;,Gif;

aomtoufwmyHkpHaMumifh a&m*gb,rsm;ESifh ysuf,Gif;aeonfh

xdkuJhodkYaomudk,fcE¨mudk touf½Sifaom,Zfaumiftjzpfjzifh

bk&m;ocifxHwGiftyfESH&efrSm rjzpfEdkifaomt&mjzpfonf/

cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkrcsKyfwnf;jcif;aMumifh

jzpfay:vmaomtusifhysufrIrsm;

Sp. Gifts IV, 124 (1864)

vlom;rsKd;EG,fwpfckvHk;ü udk,fpdwfESvHk;oHk;yg;pvHk;

qkwf,kwfaeonfudk vltrsm;tHhMowkefvIyfaeMuygonf/

bk&m;ocif\ynwfawmfrsm;ESifh usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;

pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkazgufzsufrIaMumifh xdkuJhodkYjzpfvm&onfudk

¤if;wdk Yem;rvnfMuacs/ bk&m;ocif\ynwfawmfrsm;udk

csKd;azgufusL;vGefrIrsm;onf csrf;om<u,f0rIudkjzpfaponfh

udk,fawmf\vufawmfudkz,f½Sm;ypfvdkufygonf/

tpm;taomufwGif csKyfwnf;rIr½SdbJ ,kwfnHhaom

&r®ufrsm;tvdkudkvdkufpm;jcif;onf oefY½Sif;jrifhjrwfaomt&mESifh

omreft&mrsm;udkrcGJjcm;Edkifavmufatmif El;nHhaompdwfrsm;udk

xHkxdkif;apygonf/

Sp. Gifts IV., 131 (1864)

rdrdudk,fudk tpm;taomuf\aus;uRefjzpfcGifhûyolrsm;

onf tpm;taomufwGif csKyfwnf;rIr½Sdjcif;aMumifh Edk;xvm

onfh raumif;aomtmom&r®uftvdkudkvdkufjcif;tm;jzifh

rMumrDrSmyif udk,fhudkudk,f,kwfnhHapMuygonf/ xdkolrsm;onf

usef;rma&;ESifh todynmbufwGif tBuD;tus,fxdcdkufoGm;

onftxd ,kwfnHhaomtmom&r®ufrsm;\tvdkudkjznfhqnf;cJh

Muonf/ xdktusifhqdk;rsm;aMumifh qifjcifawG;qEdkifonfh

pGrf;tm;rsm;vnf; tBuD;tus,fysufpD;ukefMuygonf/

Health Reformer, October, 1871.

tpm;taomufrrSefjcif;ESifh ravsmufywfaomt0wf

wefqmrsm;onf ,kwfrmaompdwfudkjzpfay:ap½Hkomru ESvHk;

udkvnf; tusifhysufapygonf/ ¤if;jyif jrifhjrwfaompdwfxm;

rsm;udkvnf; wd&pämefpdwfaygufoGm;apygonf/

R.&H, Jan. 25, 1881.

bmomw&m;½Sdonf[k zGifhqdkoltaygif;wdkYonf udk,fcEm

usef;rma&;udk *½krxm;bJraeMuygESifh/ ¤if;jyif csKyfwnf;jcif;

r½Sdjcif;onf tjypfr[kwf? 0dnmOfa&;udkvnf;rxdcdkufyg[k

rajymMuygESifh/ udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\obm0rsm;tMum;wGif

qufET,frIrsm;½Sdaeygonf/ yg&rDtqifhtwef;udk udk,fum,

tavhtxrsm;tm;jzifh jr§ifhwifEdkifovdk edrfhusoGm;atmifvnf;

vkyfypfEdkifygonf/ taumif;qHk;tpmrsm;udk tpm;MuL;jcif;

onfvnf; pdwfydkif;qdkif&mu@wGif Oyg'geftpGJrsm;udkjzpfay:

apEdkifygonf/ tpm;tpmraumif;vQifrl ydkíqdk;aomusef;rma&;

xdcdkufrIrsm;udkjzpfapEdkifygonf/ vl\usef;rma&;udkrwdk;wuf

aponfhtusifhp½dkufrsm;onf jrifhjrwfaompGrf;tm;rsm;udk


,kwfavsmhusqif;apygonf/ rSm;,Gif;aom pm;usifh? aomufusifh

rsm;onf awG;ac:vkyfudkifrIrsm;wGif trSm;t,Gif;rsm;jzpfay:

vmapygonf/ cHwGif;awmifhwrIudktvdkvdkufjcif;onf wd&pämef

pdwfoabmxm;rsm;tm; pdwf0dnmOfwefcdk;rsm;tay:vTrf;rdk;&ef

cGeftm;aumif;oGm;apygonf/

]]0dnmOfa&;udpörsm;udkwdkufcdkufaeonfh udk,fum,

wyfrufrIrsm;udka½SmifMuOfMuyg}} qdkonfhpum;udk ayw½kzGifhqdk

cJhygonf/ þowday;pum;onf aygufvGwfyJpm;aexdkifjcif;

rsm;udka½SmifMuOf&efom zGifhqdkxm;jcif;jzpfonf[k trsm;u,lq

xm;aomfvnf; ¤if;üeufeJaomt"dyÜg,frsm;vnf;½Sdaeao;yg

onf/ cHwGif;awmifhwrIESifh tvdk&r®ufrsm;udkjznfhqnf;ay;jcif;

rsm;udkvnf; þowday;csufu umuG,fxm;ygonf/ tm;udk

<uaponfht&mrsm;ESifh eDudkwif;yg0ifonfh vufzuf&nf? aumfzD?

aq;vdyf? t&ufESifh armfzD;(ef)rsm;toHk;ûyjcif;udkvnf; þowd

ay;csufu qefYusifxm;ygonf/ þtoHk;taqmifrsm;onf

udk,fusifhw&m;udkxdcdkufysufpD;aponfh avmuaysmf½TifrIcHpm;

jcif;rsm;wGif pm&if;0ifonf[k owfrSwfxm;Muygonf/

þtusifhqdk;rsm;udk apmapmusifhoHk;avav? avmuaysmf½Tif

cHpm;rI\aus;uRefjzpfzdkY cdkifrmavavjzpfonf/ 0dnmOfa&;

tqifhtwef;ydkíedrfhusoGm;zdkYaocsmavavjzpfygonf/

2T, pp. 413-414 (1870)

oifonf cyfodrf;aomtrIwdkYwGif csKyfwnf;jcif;½Sd&ef

vdktyfygonf/ pdwfwefcdk;rsm;udk jrifhrm;wdk;wufatmifûypk

ysKd;axmifonfESifhtrQ wd&pämefpdwfrsm; avsmhyg;oGm;ygvdrfh

rnf/ oifonf cHwGif;awmifhwrIESifh tvdk&r®ufrsm;udk pHkvif

aomxdef;csKyfrIatmufwGifrxm;oa½GU 0dnmOfa&;cGeftm;rsm;

wdk;wufrI½Sdvm&efrSmrjzpfEdkifygacs/ ]olwpfyg;udkqHk;rNyD;rS

udk,fwdkif½IH;aomolrjzpf&rnftaMumif; udk,fudkxdk;íESdyfpuf

avh½Sd\} [k ½SifaygvkuzGifhqdkxm;ygonf/

nDtpfudkarmifESrwdkY? Edk;Edk;Mum;Mum;½SdMuyg/ 0dnmOfawmf

bk&m;ocif\vkyfaqmifrIrsm;onf tay:,HaMumomru oif\

vkyfaqmifrItoD;oD;wdkYwGif twGif;ususvrf;jyvIyf½Sm;ygap[k

uREfkyfqkawmif;ay;ygonf/ xdkt&mrSm txl;vdktyfaeonfh

pnf;rsOf;wpfckjzpfonf/ avmuavmukwå&mESpfjzmaomudpö

rsm;twGuf vkyfaqmifEdkifonfpGrf;tm;wnf;[laom cdkifrmonfh

pnf;rsOf;vnf;jzpfonf/ oif\êud;pm;rIrsm;onf pdwftm;

xufoefrIavsmhyg;aeygonf/ vlta&twGufrnfa½GUrnfrQonf

cHwGif;tvdkvdkufrIudkrqefYusifojzifh 0dnmOfa&;tqifhtwef;

edrfhusaeygoenf;/ tpm;MuL;jcif;aMumifh OD;aESmufpGrf;&nf

rsm;xHkxdkif;um OD;aESmufoGufcsmyg'vdkufvkrwwfjzpfaeMu

ygonf/ xdkuJhodkYaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf OykofaeYwGif bk&m;ausmif;

wufaomtcg rsufpdrzGifhEdkifMuawmhacs/ tav;eufqHk;

toem;cHrIrsm;uyif ¤if;wdkY\xdkif;rIdif;av;vHaeaomtod

pdwf"mwfrsm;udk rEId;qGEdkifawmhacs/ trSefw&m;udk euf½Idif;aom

cHpm;csufrsm;jzifhwifjyaomfjim;vnf; ¤if;wdkY\pdwfydkif;qdkif&m

cHpm;rIrsm;onf rEdk;xEdkifMuawmhacs/ em;vnfrIrsm;vnf;


rwdk;wufEdkifMuawmhacs/ xdkuJhodkYaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf t&m

cyfodrf;wdkYwGif bk&m;ocif\bkef;wefcdk;udkxGef;vif;&ef avhvm

oif,lNyD;MuNyDvm;/

½dk;pif;aomtpmrsm;\MoZmoufa&mufrI

2T, p. 352 (1869)

bk&m;ocif\ynwfawmfudkapmifha½SmufzdkY 0efcHxm;ol

taygif;wdkYonf raumif;rIrsm;rSuif;a0;Murnfjzpfojzifh uREfkyf\

pdwf0dnmOfonf oufomrI&cJhygonf/ odkY&mwGif ynwfawmf

udkapmifhygrnf[k 0efcHuwdûyxm;olrsm;onfyif olYr,m;udk

jypfrSm;onfhtjypfrsm;udk usL;vGefaeMuygonf/ ¤if;wdkY\

xHkxdkif;aomtodpdwfrsm;udk Edk;Mum;vmatmif uREfkyfrnfodkY

ajymjy&rnfenf;/ udk,fusifhw&m;rsm;udk wdwdusususifhapmifh

jcif;onf touf0dnmOftwGuf wpfckwnf;aomtumtuG,f

jzpfygonf/ ,cktcsdefonf t½dk;pif;qHk;tpm;tpmrsm;udk

pm;oHk;&rnfhtcsdefjzpfonf/ tom;rsm;udk om;orD;rsm;\a½SUwGif

csrxm;MuygESifh/ tom;onf ,kwfnHhaom&r®ufrsm;udk Edk;Mum;

tm;aumif;ap½Hkomru udk,fusifhw&m;rsm;udkvnf; apmifhxdef;&ef

tm;enf;apygonf/ qDrygbJjyifqifxm;onfhtoD;tESHrsm;ESifh

opfoD;rsm;? rlvobm0rysufatmifjyifqifxm;onfhtoD;tESH

ESifhopfoD;rsm;onf aumif;uifEdkifiHodkY0ifpm;&ef jyifqifaeMu

oltaygif;\pm;yGJay:wGifxm;oifhonfh tpm;tpmrsm;jzpfonf/

tpm;tpmonf ½dk;pif;rIrsm;avav? tmom&r®ufrsm;udk

xdef;csKyf&efydkívG,fulavavjzpf\/ t&omudkOD;pm;ay;

oHk;aqmifjcif;onf udk,fpdwfESpfvHk;oHk;yg;pvHk;\usef;rma&;udk

xdcdkufapygonf/

,kwfnHhonfh&r®ufrsm;\tvdkudkjznfhqnf;aomolrsm;

onf tvif;w&m;udkrjrifvdkMuawmhacs/ taMumif;rSm ¤if;wdkY

rpGefYvTwfvdkaomtjypfrsm;udkjrif&rSmpdk;aomaMumifhjzpfonf/

tvif;awmfudkjrifvdkolrsm;rSmrl jrifEdkifMuygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf

tvif;udkra½G;bJ tarSmifudkoma½G;cs,fvQifvnf; ¤if;wdkY\

Oya'jidpGef;rIrsm;rSm xl;jcm;rnfr[kwfygacs/ tb,faMumifh

vltaygif;wdkYonf rdrdwdkY\udk,fpdwfESvHk;oHk;yg;udk xdcdkufap

onfhþt&mrsm;udk *½krpdkufMu&oenf;/ udk,fawmf½Sif\

trIawmfESifhbkef;wefcdk;xif½Sm;&eftwGuf taumif;qHk;tajctae

wGif½Sdaeatmif xdef;odrf;apmifha½Smufxm;zdkY Adrmefawmfwpfckudk

oifhtm; xm0&bk&m;ocifay;xm;awmfrlNyD/

2T, pp. 404, 405 (1870)

oifpm;aeaomtpm;tpmonf taumif;qHk;aoG;om;udk

jzpfEdkifonfh ½dk;pif;NyD; usef;rma&;ESifhjynfhpHkonfhtpmrsKd;r[kwfyg/

aoG;roefYvQif pdwfESvHk;ESifhtodOmPfpGrf;&nfrsm;xdkif;rIdif;vm½Hk

omru ,kwfnHhonfhtvdk&r®ufrsm;vnf; jyif;xefvmvdrfhrnf/

tm[m&r½Sdaomtpmrsm;udk pm;zdkYrêud;pm;oifhyg/ taMumif;rSm

xdktpmrsm;onf oif\udk,fcE¨musef;rma&;udkxdcdkufEdkif½Hk

omru oifESifhwuG oifhom;orD;rsm;\BuD;yGm;csrf;omrIrsm;

udkygxdcdkufapygonf/


oifonf tpmaMucsufrIudk xdcdkufapaomtpm? wd&pämef

pdwfudkEkd;qGaeaomtpm? pdwf"mwfESifh todynmpGrf;&nfrsm;udk

tm;enf;aponfhtpmrsm;jzifh oifhpm;yGJudkjyifaeygonf/ xl;uJ

aomtpmrsm;ESifh tom;rsm;onf oifhtwGuftusKd;rjzpfxGef;yg/

oif\tdrfom;rsm;ESifh oif\ESvHk;om;udk pepfwus

xm;odkyg&ef oifhtm; c&pfawmf\emrawmfü uREfkyfawmif;yef

ygonf/ aumif;uifrSvmonfhtrSefw&m;onf oif\udk,f?

pdwf? ESvHk;oHk;yg;pvHk;udkjr§ifhwifygap? oefYpifygap/ ]0dnmOfa&;udpö

rsm;udkwdkufcdkufaeonfh udk,fum,wyfrufrIrsm;udk a½SmifMuOf

Muyg/} nDtpfudkarmifESrwdkY? oifwdkYpm;aeaomtpmrsm;onf

,kwfnHhaom&r®ufrsm;udkjzpfay:vmatmif Edk;qGaeygonf/

pHkvifaomoefY½Sif;jcif;toufwmudk&½Sdatmif vkyfaqmif&rnfh

wm0efudkxrf;aqmif&rnfhtpm; oifonf oif\udk,fcE¨mudk

xdef;csKyfrIrûybJae\/ onf;cHwwfaomyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;jzpfvm

atmif tpmpm;&mwGif csKyfwnf;jcif;yg&rDudkoifwnfaqmuf

&rnf/

4T, pp. 35-36 (1876)

avmu"avhtusifhrsm;onf uREfkyfwdkY\rSwfausmuf

(odkYr[kwf) pHr[kwfygacs/ teHYt&omESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;

ESifh tm;<uaponfh obm0twdkif;r[kwfaomtpmrsm;udk

pm;aomufjcif;onf acwfpm;aeaom"avhwpfckjzpfonf/

xdk"avhaMumifh vlom;rsm;ü wd&päefpdwfrsm;tm;aumif;vmum

udk,fusifhw&m;zGHUûzd;rIrsm;tm;enf;oGm;ygonf/ cyfodrf;aom

trIwdkYü csKyfwD;jcif;udkusifhoHk;&efrqHk;jzwfvQif c&pf,mef

wdkufvSefyGJwGif atmifyGJqifolrsm;jzpfvmvdrfhrnf[k tm'H\

om;orD;rsm;tm; tm;ay;rxm;yg/ csKyfwnf;jcif;½SdcJhvQif

]tmumoaumif;uifudkxdk;íowf} aomolwpfOD;uJhodkY wdkufyGJ

0if&awmhrnfr[kwfacs/

csKyfwnf;jcif;tusifhudk bk&m;ocifha½SUwGifûy&ef0wf

wpfcktaejzifhvnf;aumif;? usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk tdrfeD;csif;

rsm;vdkufemvmatmifvkyfaqmif&ef wdkufwGef;zdkYwm0efwpfck

taejzifhvnf;aumif; oabmxm;um rdrd\cE¨mudk,fESifhwuG

cHwGif;awmifhwrIESifh&r®ufrsm;udk tvif;w&m;&½Sdxm;onfh rod

pdwf\xdef;csKyfrIatmufwGif c&pf,mefrsm;xm;cJhrnfqdkvQif

¤if;wdkYonf udk,fpdwfESpfjzmusef;rmcsrf;omMuygvdrfhrnf/

pmwefudkqefYusifwdkufvSef&ef pdwfwefcdk;rsm;udk&½SdMuvdrfhrnf/

¤if;wdkYudk,fpm;cHwGif;awmifhwrItay: atmifyGJqifcJhaomc&pfawmf

\emrawmftm;jzifh olwdkYonfvnf; rdrdwdkYtwGuf atmifyGJ

qifolrsm;jzpfvmMuvdrfhrnf/ xdkwdkufvSefyGJwGif rnfolrqdk

yg0ifwdkufyGJ0ifcGifh½SdMuonf/

---000---


DF- 7

tcef;BuD; (3)

usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifh

aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;owif;pum;

3T, pp. 161-162 (1873)

bk&m;ocif'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;twGuf vlom;rsm;

udkjyifqifaeonfh trIawmf\ta&;ygaomu@wpfckrSm

usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;yifjzpfaMumif; 1871 ckESpf?

'DZifbmv 10 &ufaeYwGif uREfkyfjrifjcif; (vision) &cJhygonf/

vufonf udk,fcEmESifhqufET,faeouJhodkY xdkûyjyifajymif;vJa&;

onfvnf; aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;owif;pum;ESifhqufpyfae

ygonf/ ynwfawmf (10) yg;udk vlom;rsm;ayghayghwefwef

oabmxm;Muaomfvnf; xm0&bk&m;ocifonf ynwfawmf

vGefusL;olrsm;tm; êudwifowday;pum;rajymbJ tjypf'Pf

pD&if&ef <uvmrnfr[kwfacs/ xdkowday;pum;udk wwd,

aumif;uifwrefuzGifhqdkxm;ygonf/ tu,fíom vlom;

rsm;onf ynwfawmf\ed,mrrsm;udk rdrdwdkY\toufwmwGif

taumiftxnfaz:um em;axmifvdkufavQmufcJhMuvdrfhrnf

qdkvQif ,aeYurÇmBuD;udk vTrf;ûcHxm;onfh a&m*gqdk;rsm;onf

,ckuJhodkYwnf½SdaeMuvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/

vlom;rsm;udkjyifqifjcif;

vlom;rsm;onf cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;? npfnrf;aom

tvdk&r®ufrsm;udkjznfhqnf;jcif;rsm;tm;jzifh obm0w&m;ESifh

bk&m;ocif\ynwfw&m;udkrcsKd;azmufEdkifMuap&eftvdkYiSm

xm0&bk&m;ocifonf ynwfvGefusL;jcif;rsm;\tjypfudkjrifzdkY

usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;tvif;w&m;udk vlom;rsm;tm;

ay;oem;awmfrlcJhygonf/ uREfkyfwdkY\0rf;omaysmf½Tifjcif;ESifh

zsm;em0rf;enf;jcif;rsm;onf obm0w&m;twdkif;vdkufavQmuf

jcif; (odkYr[kwf) obm0w&m;udkqefYusifcsKd;azgufjcif;tay:

wGifrlwnfygonf/ bk&m;ocifcsrSwfxm;onfhynwfrsm;udk

odvsufESifhvnf;aumif;? rodaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; vGefusL;

cJhMuolrsm;\ rESpfûrdUzG,ftajctaersm;udk cspfjcif;arwåmt½Sif

bk&m;ocifjrifawGUawmfrlygonf/ xdkaMumifh udk,fawmfonf

oem;cspfcifjcif;udktajcûyvsuf usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;

owif;pum;udk ay;oem;awmfrlygonf/ obm0w&m;awmf

twdkif; touf½SifaexdkifzdkYavhusufEdkif&eftvdkYiSm udk,fawmf

onf ynwfawmfESifhwuG ynwfawmfvGefusL;olrsm;cHpm;&rnfh

tjypf'Pfrsm;udkvnf; aMunmawmfrlxm;ygonf/ awmifay:

wGifwnfxm;onfhûrdUudk olwpfyg;xif½Sm;pGmjrifEdkifouJhodkY

ynwfawmfESifhywfoufaomt&mrsm;udkvnf; xif½Sm;pGmawGUjrif

Edkif&ef uGufuGufuGif;uGif; xifxif½Sm;½Sm;rdefYawmfrlxm;ygonf/

wm0ef½Sdolvlom;taygif;onf tvdkqE´½SdygvQif em;vnf

oabmaygufEdkifMuygonf/ vlrdkufrsm;rSmrl wm0ef½Sdvdrfhrnf

r[kwfacs/ ynwfw&m;udkxif½Sm;apNyD; em;axmifvdkufavQmufzdkY

wdkufwGef;&efrSm <uvmjcif;udkjyifqifay;rnfh aumif;uifwref

oHk;yg;owif;ESifhyl;wGJvkyfaqmif&rnfhtrIawmfyifjzpfygonf/


tm'H\½IH;edrfhjcif;ESifh c&pfawmf\atmifyGJqifjcif;

tm'HESifh{0wdkYonf cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkrcsKyfwnf;Edkif

aomaMumifh tjypfwGifusqHk;cJhMu&ygonf/ c&pfawmfonf

<uqif;vmum pmwef\tjyif;xefqHk;aompHkprf;aESmifh,Suf

jcif;rsm;udk&ifqdkifNyD; vlom;rsm;udk,fpm; cHwGif;awmifhwrItay:

atmifyGJqifcJhygonf/ xdkaMumifh tm'Honf tpmaMumifh

usqHk;um {'ifO,smOfudkqHk;½IH;cJh&aomfvnf; tm'H\om;orD;

rsm;rSmrl c&pfawmftm;jzifh cHwGif;awmifhwrIESifhwuG t&m

cyfodrf;wdkYudkcsKyfwnf;jcif;um; tpmtay:wGifatmifyGJqifEdkif

Muygonf/

trSefw&m;odkYod½SdEdkif&eftaxmuftulrsm;

rodem;rvnfaomaMumifh ynwfawmfudkvGefusL;rdyg

onf[k ,ckwGif qifajcwufvdkYr&awmhacs/ tvif;awmf

onf xif½Sm;pGmxGef;vif;aeNyDjzpfonfhtjyif bk&m;ocif

udk,fawmfwdkifonf oifMum;ydkYcsoljzpfae&m rnfolrQrod

em;rvnfyg[k ajymcGifhr½Sdawmhacs/ usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJ

a&;ESifhqufET,fonfh ,ckwGifudk,fawmfay;awmfrlvsuf½Sdaom

ppfrSefaomtawGUtêuHA[kokwrsm;ESifh cdkifrmaom'óersm;udk

em;axmifvdkufavQmuf&ef bk&m;ocifha½SUawmfwGif uREfkyfwdkY

tm;vHk;üwm0ef½Sdaeygonf/ usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&m

þbmom&yfudkvIHYaqmfay;jcif;jzifh vlxkBuD;\pdwfESvHk;rsm;wGif

pl;prf;od½Sdvdkpdwfrsm; eufeJpGmay:aygufvmzdkY xm0&bk&m;ocif

MuH½G,fxm;awmfrlygonf/ raumif;rIESifhjynfh0NyD; usef;rma&;csKdUwJh

aeaomOD;aESmufESifh cGeftm;rsm;ukefcef;,kwfavsmhaponfh

tusifh"avhrsm;ESifhjynfh0aomvlom;rsm;twGuf toufwmudk

jrifhjrwfoefY½Sif;apNyD; aumif;uifEdkifiHawmfom;rsm;ESifhtwl

aexdkif&ef oifhavsmfatmifjyifqifay;rnfh oefY½Sif;rGefjrwfaom

trSefw&m;udkod½Sdem;vnf&efrjzpfEdkifygacs/

oefY½Sif;aprnfvm; (odkYr[kwf) tjypfay;cHrnfvm;

]]nDtpfudkwdkY? touf½Sifjcif;vu©Pm? oefY½Sif;jcif;

vu©Pm? bk&m;ocifESpfoufzG,faomvu©PmESifhjynfhpHkaom

,Zfudk oifwdkYonfylaZmfí rdrdudk,fcE¨mudk bk&m;ociftm;

tyfES H jcif;wnf;[laom oifwd k Y ûytyfaom0wfud k ûyrnf

taMumif; bk&m;ocif\u½kPmawmfudkaxmufxm;í oifwdkYudk

igwdkufwGef;EId;aqmfay\} [k ½Sifaygvku toif;awmfudk

tm;ay;xm;ygonf/ vlonf raumif;aomt&mrsm;udkvdkufpm;

jcif;tm;jzifh rdrd\udk,fcE¨mudknpfnrf;atmifvkyfypfEdkifygonf/

xdkodkYnpfnrf;aevQif 0dnmOfa&;qdkif&m0wfûyolrsm;rjzpfEdkif

awmh½Hkomru aumif;uifEdkifiHodkY0ifpm;&ef rxdkufwefawmhacs/

tu,fí vlonf u½kPmawmftm;jzif hay;awmfrlonfh

usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mtvif;awmfudk ESpfouf

jrwfEdk;rnfqdkvQif xdktrSefw&m;tm;jzifh oefYpifjcif;cH&um

raoEdkifaomtajctaeESifh xdkufwefvmMuvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif

xdktvif;awmfudk*½krxm;bJ obm0w&m;rsm;udkvGefusL;rnf

qdkvQif olonf jypf'Pfay;jcif;udkcH&vdrfhrnf/

102 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufusef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifh----- 101

{vd,ESifha,m[efwdkY\trIawmfyHkpH

3T, pp. 61-64 (1872)

xm0&bk&m;ocifonf rdrdvlwdkYtm; usef;rmjcif;ûyjyif

ajymif;vJa&;taMumif;udk tm½HkûyMu&ef ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmqifhqdk

awmfrlvsuf½Sdonf/ c&pfawmf\<uvmjcif;twGuf vlom;rsm;

ud k jyifqifjcif;trIawmf\ ta&;BuD;aomu@wpfckrSm

þusef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;yifjzpf\/ ESpfjcif;q&m

a,m[efonf bk&m;ocif\yxrtBudrf<uvmjcif;twGuf

jyifqif&efESifh vlom;rsm;tm; OmPfynmESifhajzmifhrwfjcif;rsm;

bufodkYOD;vSnfhay;&eftwGuf {vd,\0dnmOfESifhwefcdk;tm;jzifh

vkyfaqmifcJhygonf/ c&pfawmf'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;twGuf

jyifqifrIrsm;vkyfaqmif&efESifh vlom;rsm;udka[mMum;&ef bk&m;

ocifay;oem;awmfrljcif;cH&onfh aemufqHk;aomacwfumv\

vlom;taygif;udk q&ma,m[efu udk,fpm;ûyygonf/ olonf

ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;wpfOD;jzpfygonf/ *gajAvudk,fwdkif

aumif;uifEdkifiHrSwdkuf½dkufqif;oufvmum a,m[ef\rdbrsm;

xHwGif usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;owif;pum;rsm;udkay;cJh

ygonf/ q&ma,m[eftaejzifh t&ufaopmrsm;udkraomufbJ

arG;uif;ptcsdefrSpí oefY½Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfESifhjynfh0aeoifh

aMumif; xdkaumif;uifAdkvfrif;uajymqdkcJhygonf/

q&ma,m[efonf taygif;toif;rsm;ESifhvnf;aumif;?

pnf;pdrf½SdaomtoufwmESifhvnf;aumif; uif;uif;½Sif;½Sif;

aexdkifcJ hygonf/ ukvm;tkwfarG;jzif h&ufvkyfxm;onfh

ol\½dk;pif;aom0wf½Hkonf yyvTm;vTm;csKyfvkyfxm;aom

,Zfyka&m[dwfrsm;ESifh wcsKdUvlrsm;\0wf½Hk (t0wftpm;) rsm;

twGuf ckdifrmaomjypfwifrIwpfckjzpfcJhygonf/ awmysm;&nfESifh

usKdif;aumifwnf;[laom ½dk;pif;aomolYtpmrsm;onfvnf;

ae&mwumwGifpdk;rdk;aeonfh tpm;MuL;jcif;? cHwGif;awmifhwrIudk

tvdkvdkufjcif;rsm;twGuf qHk;ryJhjyifrIwpfckjzpfaeygonf/

]]Munfh½Iavmh? xm0&bk&m;ocif\aeY&ufBuD;ra&mufrD

yka&mzuf{vd,udk oifwdkY½Sd&modkYigapvTwfrnf/ igonfvmí

oifwdkY\jynfudk usdefjcif;ab;ESifh'PfrcwfrnftaMumif;

om;wdkYESifhtbwdkYudkvnf;aumif;? tbwdkYESifhom;wdkYudkvnf;

aumif; toifhtwifhjzpfaprnf}} [k xm0&bk&m;ocifrdefYawmfrl

aMumif; rmvcdzGifhqdkxm;ygonf/ þwGif xdktrIawmf\

xl;jcm;csufrsm;udk yka&mzufBuD;uazmfjyxm;ygonf/ q&m

a,m[efonf c&pfawmfyxrtBudrf<uvmjcif;twGuf vlom;

rsm;udkjyifqif&ef {vd,\pdwfaeoabmxm;rsKd;ESifhvmcJhouJhodkY

c&pfawmf\'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;twGuf jyifqifMurnfh

olrsm;udk opöm½Sdaom{vd,ESifhcdkif;EIdif;azmfjyxm;ygonf/

ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mudpö&yfrsm;twGuf vIHYaqmfrI

rsm;ûyvkyfum vlxkBuD;\pdwfESvHk;udk Edk;Mum;atmifvkyfaqmif

Mu&ygrnf/ ½kyfwkudk;uG,fjcif;? tpm;MuL;jcif;? yyvTm;vTm;

0wfqifjcif;rsm;rS bk&m;ocifbufodkY vlom;rsm;tm; OD;wnf

ay;onfhxdkowif;pum;onf t&m&mwGifcsKyfwnf;jcif;ESifh

qufET,faeygonf/


xif½Sm;onfhjcm;em;rIwpfck

bk&m;ocifu txl;vrf;jyaumif;csD;ay;xm;onfh

ajzmifhrwfolrsm;ü½Sdaom udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;? ESdrfhcsjcif;ESifh

csKyfwnf;jcif;tusifhrsm;udk qdk;,kwfaomacwfwGif touf½Sif

aeMuonfhvlom;rsm;\ yvTm;íusef;rmjcif;udktaxmuftul

rûyaomtusifhrsm;ESifhEIdif;,SOfum vlxktMum;wifjyMu&yg

rnf/ vufonf cE¨mudk,fESifheD;eD;uyfuyfwnf½SdaeouJhodkY

usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mowif;pum;onfvnf;

aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;owif;pum;rsm;ESifh eD;eD;uyfuyfqufET,f

aeygonf/ ta&;ygonfh þowif;pum;udk rodusKd;uRefûy

jcif;onf udk,fpdwfESpfyg;,kwfnHhtm;enf;oGm;&jcif;\ t"du

taMumif;&if;jzpfonf/ rdrdwdkYra½SmifMuOfvdkonfhtpm;taomuf?

taetxdkifrsm;udkawGUrSmpdk;ojzifh tvif;w&m;udkrMunfhbJ

rsufpdpHkvHk;ydwfum cHwGif;awmifhwrIESifh tvdk&r®ufrsm;udk

jznfhqnf;aeolrsm;onf bk&m;ocifa½SUawmfwGif tjypfa&muf

aomolrsm;jzpfMuonf/

jzpf&yfwpfckwGif tvif;udkausmay;zl;olrsm;onf tjcm;

udpörsm;twGuf azmfjyxm;onfhtvif;w&m;rsm;udk*½krxm;zdkY

pdwfESvHk;cdkifrmoGm;ygonf/ pm;aomufjcif;ESifh 0wfpm;qif,if

jcif;qdkif&mynwfrsm;udkvGefusL;olrsm;onf xm0&tusKd;aus;Zl;

ESifhpyfqdkifonfh bk&m;ocif\awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udkvGefusL;&ef

jyifqifaejcif;jzpfonf/

xm0&bk&m;ocif\vrf;jyjcif;udkcH&olrsm;onf avmu

om;rsm;ESifhrwlbJ xl;jcm;aomolrsm;jzpfMuvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif

¤if;wdkYonf bk&m;ocif\vrf;jyrItwdkif; vdkufavQmufrnf

qdkvQif udk,fawmf½Sif\MuH½G,fcsufrsm;udkjznfhqnf;ay;rnf

omru tvdkawmfudkvnf;0efcHMuvdrfhrnf/ xdktcg c&pfawmf

onf ¤if;wdkY\ESvHk;om;wGif pdk;pHawmfrlojzifh bk&m;ocif\

Adrmefawmfonfvnf; oefY½Sif;vmvdrfhrnf/ oif\udk,fcE¨m

onf oefY½Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfudef;0yf&mAdrmefawmfjzpfaMumif;

udk wrefawmfBuD;aygvkuzGifhqdkxm;ygonf/

xm0&bk&m;ocifonf rdrdvlwdkYtm; um,pGrf;tm;udk

xdcdkufaprnfht&mrsm;udkjiif;y,f&ef awmif;qdkjcif;r[kwfyg/

udk,fcE¨musef;rma&;udk xdef;odrf;apmifha½Smuf&ef obm0

pnf;rsOf;rsm;twdkif; touf½Sifaexdkifzdk Yom ¤if;wdkYtm;

awmif;qdkaejcif;jzpfonf/ obm0vrf;aMumif;onf bk&m;

ocifzefwD;xm;onfht&mjzpfNyD; c&pf,mefrsm;rvdkufavQmufEdkif

avmufatmif rcufcJyg/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf uREfkyfwdkY

qufvuftouf½Sifum aysmf½Tifcsrf;ajrhrIudkcHpm;ap&ef o'¨g

w&m;ESifhjynfhpHkaomvufawmftm;jzifh <u,f0rsm;jym;pGmaom

aumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;udk jyifqifxm;awmfrlygonf/ touf½Snf

usef;rmaprnfhtpm;tpmrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYESpfûcdufap&eftvdkYiSm

udk,fawmfonf tpm;tpmrsm;tay:wGif uefYowfrIrsm;xm;½Sd

ygonf/ obm0twdkif;r[kwfaomtpm;tpmrsm;udk owdxm;

NyD; jiif;y,fMu&efvnf; xm0&bk&m;ocifrdefYqdkxm;ygonf/

uREfkyfwdkYonf vGJrSm;aomtpmrsm;udkzefwD;MuvQif um,

pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkcsKd;azgufaeMuacsNyD/ a&m*g&aponfh rSm;,Gif;

aomtusifhrsm;udkusifhaqmifaeMuacsNyD/


usef;rma&;vkyfief;rsm;udkae&may;yg

6T, p. 327 (1900)

usef;rma&;owif;pum;rsm;udk a&;om;xkwfa0xm;

onfhpmtkyfrsm;udk pdwfr0ifpm;jcif;onf bk&m;ociftay:

jypfrIusL;vGefaejcif;jzpfonf/ usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;

vkyfief;rsm;udk yifrtrIawmfBuD;rScGJxkwf&efrSm xm0&bk&m;

ocif\trdefYawmfr[kwfygacs/ ,aeYtrSefw&m;onf {0Ha*vd

trIawmfwGif yHkpHwpfrsKd;jzifhwnf½SdaeouJhodkY usef;rmjcif;ûyjyif

ajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGifvnf; yHkpHwpfrsKd;jzifhyg0ifaeygonf/

tjcm;tudkif;tcufrsm;rScGJxkwfxm;onfh rnfonfhtudkif;

wpfudkif;rQ pHkvifaomtudkif;wpfudkif;rjzpfEdkifygacs/

usef;rma&;{0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudk jr§ifhwifhazmfusL;ay;

Edkifolrsm;½Sdjim;aomfvnf; "r®q&mrsm;? uGefz&ifhOuúXrsm;ESifh

MoZm½S daom&mxl;rsm;udkpG Jud kifxm;olrsm;u xdkt&mudk

avsmufywfonfhtm½HkûyrIr½SdMuojzifh þw&m;awmfudkazmfusL;

&eftcufawGUaeMuygonf/ usef;rma&;{0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudk

yifrtrIawmfBuD;\nmvuf½Hk;wpfcktjzpf txufygyk*¾dKvfrsm;u

todtrSwfrûyMuacs/ "r®q&mwcsKdUtygt0if vltrsm;pku

þXme (usef;rma&;) udkav;pm;rIrjyaomfvnf; xm0&bk&m;

ocifonf BuD;yGm;wdk;wufrIrsm;udk tvQHy,fcsay;jcif;jzifh

þXmeudkta&;w,lxm;aMumif; azmfjyaeygonf/

avsmufywfpGmtoHk;ûywwfvQif þXmeonf vlom;

rsm;\ESvHk;om;xJodkY trSefw&m;a&muf½SdoGm;Edkif&ef vrf;aMumif;

ay;onfh oyfwpfckjzpfygonf/ aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;owif;

pum;udk tjynfht0vufcH&½SdNyD;aomtcsdefwGif uGefz&ifh

aumifpDrsm;wGifvnf;aumif;? toif;awmf\trIawmfwGif

vnf;aumif;? aetdrfrsm;wGifvnf;aumif;? xrif;pm;pm;yGJay:

wGifvnf;aumif;? tdrfaxmif½SdtpDtpOftoD;oD;wGifvnf;aumif;

usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udpörsm;udk ae&may;ygvdrfhrnf/

xdktcgwGif xdknmvuf½Hk;BuD;onf cE¨mudk,fwpfckvHk;twGuf

tvkyftauR;ûyum umuG,fapmifha½SmufoGm;ygvdrhfrnf/

odkY&mwGif aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;owif;pum;udk

a<u;aMumf&mü usef;rma&;qdkif&mtrIawmfudkygyl;wGJa<u;aMumf

&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;owif;pum;

rsm;udk a<u;aMumfolrsm;onf xdkowif;pum;udk aumif;uif

wrefoHk;yg;owif;pum;\ae&mwGif tpm;xdk;a[mMum;zdkY

êud;pm;Mu&rnfr[kwfyg/

MH, pp. 129-130 (1905)

bmoma&;azgufjyefrIrsm;aMumifh jzpfay:vmonfh

pufqkyfp&mtaumif;qHk;tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;wGif udk,fhudkudk,f

xdef;csKyfEdkifonfhtpGrf;rsm;udk vlom;rsm;qHk;½IH;jcif;onf wpfck

tygt0ifjzpfonf/ xdktpGrf;udkjyef&vQif ppfrSefaomwdk;wufrI

rsm;jzpfay:vmEdkifygonf/ pm&dwåwnfaqmuf&eftwGuf pdwfESifh

0dnmOfrsm;zGHUûzd;zdkYvdkygonf/ xdkzGHUûzd;rIudktaumiftxnfazmf&ef

udk,fcE¨monf Mum;cHypönf;wpfckjzpfonf/ xdktaMumif;&if;

aMumifh pmwefonf udk,fcE¨mpGrf;tm;rsm;usqif;,kwfnHhoGm;


ap&ef enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufaeygonf/ cE¨mudk,f

wpfckvHk;udk raumif;rIvufodkY 0uGuftyfvdkufjcif;onf pmwef

\atmifyGJyifjzpfygonf/ xdkaMumifh udk,fum,\obm0

wdrf;nGwfrIrsm;udk bk&m;ocifhwefcdk;awmf\tkyfpdk;rIatmufwGif

rxm;½SdvQif aocsmaygufysufpD;qHk;½IH;Muvdrfhrnf/

udk,fcE¨mudktkyfpdk;rIwpfckatmufwGifxm;&rnf/ xm0&

bk&m;ocif\wefcdk;awmfudk pdk;rdk;cGifhûy&ygrnf/ tvdk&r®ufrsm;

udk bk&m;ocif\xdef;csKyfrIatmufwGif½Sdaom (uREfkyfwdkY\)

tvdkqE´tm;jzifh xdef;csKyfxm;&ygrnf/ aus;Zl;awmftm;jzifh

oefY½Sif;aponfhusK d;aMumif;qifjcifwwfonfhtpGrf;onf

uREfkyfwdkY\toufwmudk pdk;rdk;ap&ygrnf/

bk&m;ocif\awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk OD;aESmufxJwGif

uREfkfyfwdkYxnfhxm;Mu&rnf/ trsKd;om;? trsKd;orD;taygif;wdkY

onf udk,hfudkudk,fxdef;csKyfwwfjcif;? jzLpifoefY½Sif;zdkYvdktyfjcif;?

npfnrf;aomtusifhrsm;ESifhuif;½Sif;pGmaexdkifjcif;rsm;twGuf rdrd

wdkYüwm0ef½Sdonfudkod½SdMu&rnf/ udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\wefcdk;cGeftm;

rsm;onf bk&m;ocifay;oem;onfhqkaus;Zl;jzpfonfudkvnf;

aumif;? xdkt&mrsm;udktrIawmfjrwfwGiftoHk;csEdkifzdkY aumif;rGef

pGmxdef;odrf;&rnfudkvnf;aumif; ¤if;wdkYod½SdzdkYvdktyfygonf/

"r®q&mrsm;ESifhvlxkyl;aygif;aqmif½Gufjcif;

1T, pp. 469-470 (1867)

usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;owif;pum;rsm;udk

aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;owif;pum;ESifh qufET,frI½Sdonfh

trIawmfBuD;\u@wpfcktjzpf vlxkBuD;tm; opöm½Sd½Sdwifjy

&efrSm trIawmf\ta&;BuD;aomvkyfaqmifrIwpfckjzpfygonf/

vlwdkYonf xdkowif;pum;udk t½Sdtwdkif;rdrdudk,fwdkifvufcH

½Hkomru tjcm;,HkMunfolrsm;tm;vnf; vufcHusifhoHk;vm

atmif wdkufwGef;ay;oifhMuygonf/

1T, p. 486 (1867)

þusef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIBuD;onf aumif;uifwref

oHk;yg;owif;pum;\u@wpfckjzpf½Hkomru vufESifhudk,fcEm

qufET,faeouJhodkY ¤if;trIawmfESpfckonfvnf; qufET,fae

aMumif; uREfkyfjrifjcif; (vision) &ygonf/ þtrIawmfBuD;udk

uREfkyfwdkYwdk;wufatmifvkyfaqmif&rnf[k uREfkyfjrifygonf/

"r®q&mrsm;ESifh vlxkBuD;onf twlwuGyl;aygif;aqmif½Guf

Mu&ygrnf/ bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm;onf aumif;uifwref

oHk;yg;owif;pum;udk[pfa<u;&ef tqifoifhrjzpfMuao;acs/

¤if;wdkYudk,fpm; bk&m;ocifvkyfay;zdkY rxm;&pfcJhoifhonfh

olwd k Yud k,fwd kifvkyfaqmif&rnfhtvkyfwpfck½S daeygonf/

olwdkYudk,fwdkifvkyfzdkY xm0&bk&m;ocifcsefxm;cJhjcif;vnf;jzpf

onf/ xdkt&mrSm wpfOD;twGufwpfOD;uvkyfay;vdkYr&onfh

yk*¾vdutrIawmfjzpfygonf/

1T, p. 559 (1867)

usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;owif;pum;onf

aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;owif;pum;ESifhqufET,frI½SdonfrSmrSef

aomfvnf; aumif;uifwrefowif;pum;r[kwfygacs/ uREfkyf

wdkY\"r®q&mrsm;onf usef;rma&;owif;pum;udka[majymMu


&rnfrSmrSefaomfvnf; xdkowif;pum;udk aumif;uifwref

oHk;yg;owif;pum;tpm; a[majym&rnfr[kwfacs/ usef;rmjcif;

ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;owif;pum;onf aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;

owif;pum;wGifazmfjyxm;onfhtjzpftysufBuD;rsm;udk&ifqdkif

Ed kif&ef vlwdkYtm;jyifqifay;aomt&mrsm;omjzpfygonf/

uREfkyfwdkYonf ûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udk pdwftm;xufoefpGm

pGJudkifvkyfaqmifoifhMuaomfvnf; csDwHkcswHkjzpfaeonfhyHkpHrsKd;udk

a½Smif½Sm;oifhovdk wpf,loefonfhyHkrsKd;udkvnf; a½Smif½Sm;oifh

Muygonf/

Letter 57, 1896.

usef;rmjcif;owif;pum;onf aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;

owif;pum;ESifheD;uyfpGmqufET,frI½Sdonf[kqdkaomfvnf;

vufudkcEmudk,fae&mwGiftpm;xdk;&efrjzpfEdkifouJhodkY xdkowif;

pum;udkvnf; aumif;uifwrefowif;pum;ae&mwGiftpm;xdk;

&efrjzpfEdkifacs/ aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;owif;pum;udka<u;aMumf

jcif;? ynwfawmf (10) yg;ESifh a,½I\oufaocHjcif;

taMumif;udka<u;aMumfjcif;rsm;onf toif;awmf\yifrwm0ef

jzpfonf/ wpfurÇmvHk;odkYoGm;í xdkowif;pum;rsm;udkzGifhqdk

a<u;aMumfMu&rnf/ xdkowif;pum;rsm;udka<u;aMumf&if;

usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;owif;pum;udkvnf; a<u;aMumf

Mu&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; usef;rmjcif;owif;pum;rsm;udk oD;oefY

a[mMum;jcif; (odkYr[kwf) usef;rmjcif;owif;pum;udk

aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;owif;pum;\ae&mwGif tpm;xdk;

a[mMum;jcif;rsm;udka½Smif½Sm;Mu&rnf/

usef;rma&;Xmersm;ESifhqufET,frI½Sdjcif;

MS, p. 23. (1901)

zGifhvSpfxm;onfhaq;ukocef;rsm;onf {0Ha*vdw&m;

a[mjcif;trIawmfESifheD;uyfpGmyl;wGJvkyfaqmif&efjzpfonf/ {0H

a*vdw&m;awmfudk qufvufo,faqmifoGm;&efjzpfonf[k

xm0&bk&m;ocifu uREfkyfudkñTefMum;ygonf/ {0Ha*vd[k

qdk&mwGif u@toD;oD;üyg½Sdaeonfh usef;rmjcif;ûyjyif

ajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;rsm;vnf;yg0ifygonf/ þtvif;w&m;udk

urÇmBuD;wGifxGef;vif;ay;&ygrnf/ taMumif;rSm urÇmBuD;onf

usa&mufawmhrnfhab;'Pfrsm;udk&ifqdkifzdkYjyifqifay;onfh

jzpfysufvsuf½SdaomvIyf½Sm;rIrsm;udkrjrifEdkifatmif rsufpduef;

aeygonf/ bk&m;ocif\opöm½Sdwynfhrsm;onf urÇmBuD;tm;

owday;Mu&rnf/

usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk

EIwfxGufpum;wGifawGU½Sdxm;&m aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;owif;

pum;udkzGifhqdk&mwGif xdkûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udpörsm;udkvnf; ydkí

xif½Sm;odomatmifvkyfaqmifMu&rnf/ usef;rmjcif;qdkif&m

{0Ha*vdw&m;awmfonf yifrtrIawmfBuD;ESifh cdkifrmpGmqufpyf

wnf½Sd&ygrnf/ usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udk jyefvnf

touf0ifMoZm½Sdvmjcif;onf {0Ha*vdw&m;a[m&ef aemufqHk;

êud;pm;vkyfaqmifjcif;\u@wpfckjzpfonf[k xm0&bk&m;ocif

rSwf,lxm;awmfrlygonf/

uREfkyfwdkY\orm;awmfBuD;rsm;onf bk&m;ocif\trI

awmfaqmifBuD;rsm;jzpf&rnf/ bk&m;ocif\aus;Zl;awmftm;jzifh


oefY½Sif;jcif;? ûyjyifajymif;vJjcif;cHxm;&onfhtpGrf;owådrsm;udk

ydkifqdkifxm;olrsm;jzpfMu&rnf/ ¤if;wdkY\MoZmwefcdk;onf urÇm

odkYa[mMum;&rnfhtrSefw&m;ESifhqufET,fae&ygrnf/ usef;rma&;

qdkif&mtrIawmfonf {0Ha*vdtrIawmfESifh pHkvifaompnf;vHk;

nDnGwfrIjzifh bk&m;ocifay;tpGrf;wefcdk;rsm;udkazmfjy&efjzpfonf/

{0Ha*vdw&m;awmf\MoZmoufa&mufrIatmufwGif aq;uko

jcif;qdkif&mtrIawmftm;jzifh BuD;us,faomajymif;vJrIrsm;jzpfay:

vmvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif aq;ukojcif;qdkif&mtrIawmfudk {0H

a*vdtrIawmfESifhwGJzufrvkyfaqmifvQif rMumrDrSmyif xdkaq;

trIawmfonf tiftm;csnfheJYoGm;vdrfhrnf/

Letter 146, 1909.

uREfkyfwdkY\aq;ukocef;rsm;ESifh bk&m;ausmif;rsm;onf

ydkíoefY½Sif;NyD; ydkíjrifhrm;aompHrsm;udk&½SdEdkifMuonf/ usef;rm

jcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udpörsm;udk vlwdkYtm;oGefoifay;&rnf/

vlom;rsm;taejzifhvnf; xdkajymif;vJa&;udpörsm;udk vufawGU

usifhoHk;Mu&rnf/ xdkûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk

jyefvnftouf0ifvmatmifvkyfzdkY xm0&bk&m;ocifqifhqdk

aeygonf/ vlom;rsm;\udk,fpdwfESpfyg;usef;rmaysmf½Tifap&ef

twGuf apwrefrsm;taejzifhvkyfaqmifay;p&mvkyfief;? uREfkyfwdkY

ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;wGif½Sdaeygonf/

]oifwdkYonf avmu\tvif;jzpfMuonf} [k c&pf,mef

rsm;udk&nfpl;vsuf c&pfawmfzGifhqdkxm;ygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf

aumif;uifrSvmaomtrSefw&m;udkzGifhqdk&rnfh bk&m;ocif\

bmoma&;orm;rsm;jzpfMuonf/ yxraumif;uifwref? 'kwd,

aumif;uifwrefESifh wwd,aumif;uifwrefwdkYxHrSvmaom

owifpum;udka<u;aMumfjcif;trIawmfonf aorsKd;jzpfaom

vlom;rsm;üay;tyfawmfrlonfhwm0efrsm;teuf tjrwfqHk;ESifh

toefY½Sif;qHk;jzpfonf/ vlemrsm;udkukoay;&efESifh usef;rma&;

pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkoGefoifay;&eftwGuf ûrdUBuD;rsm;wGif usef;rma&;

Xmersm;zGifhvSpfoifhygonf/

a½SUajy;oyfwpfck

Letter 203, 1905.

vrf;êudvrf;Mum;rStp vrf;rBuD;rsm;ay:½Sdvlom;rsm;

tm; uREfkyfwdkYvufvSrf;rDapEdkifrnfh usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJ

a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk aESmifhaES;MuefYMumrIr½SdbJ vkyfaqmifMuzdkY

vdktyfaMumif; xm0&bk&m;ocifu uREfkyftm;oGefoifawmfrl

aeygonf/

(Tract) CH, p. 535 (1893)

aq;zufqdkif&mtrIawmfvkyfief;onf emrusef;aeaom

vlom;rsm;xHodkY xdk;azguf0ifa&mufEdkifaomoyfwpfckjzpf&ef

xm0&bk&m;ocifpDpOfxm;awmfrlonfudk uREfkyfjrifawGU&ygonf/

tmCmwrsm;udkz,f½Sm;NyD;MoZmoufa&mufrIudkwdk;yGm;apyg

CTBH, pp. 121-122 (1890)

usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udk ydkítm½HkpdkufvmvQif

vlom;rsm;xHodkY aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;owif;pum;ra&mufzdkY

t[efYtwm;ûyaeonfh tmCmwpdwfrsm;udkz,f½Sm;ypfEdkifaumif;


DF- 8

z,f½Sm;ypfEdkifMuvdrfhrnf/ þtaMumif;t&mudk vlom;rsm;

pdwf0ifpm;vmcsdefwGif tjcm;trSefw&m;rsm;udk vufcHzdkYvrf;p

aygufoGm;wwfygonf/ usef;rma&;udpörsm;wGif uREfkyfwdkYowd

ynm½SdaMumif; ¤if;wdkYjrifawGUvmMuvQif or®musrf;pmyg

,HkMunfcsufrsm;wGif uREfkyfwdkYcdkifcdkifrmrm&yfwnfaeonf[k

,HkMunf&ef ¤if;wdkYydkítqifoifhjzpfvmMuvdrfhrnf/

þaq;zufqdkif&mtrIawmfudk tm½Hkûyoifhoavmuf

tm½HkrûyMuao;acs/ xdkaMumifh vltrsm;onf qHk;½HI;jcif;odkY

a&mufcJhMu&onf/ <uvmjcif;twGuf tqifoifhjzpfatmif

vlom;rsm;udkjyifqif&mwGif bk&m;ociftoHk;ûy&ef êud;pm;ae

aom þaq;zufqdkif&mtrIawmfudk toif;awmfBuD;u trSef

wu,fpdwf0ifpm;cJhrnfqdkvQif ,cktajctaexufrsm;pGmydkí

atmifjrifrIrsm;&½Sdvmvdrfhrnf/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf rdrd\

vlwdkYudkrdefYawmfrlNyD;jzpf&m om;orD;rsm;taejzifh bk&m;ocif\

rdefYawmfrlcsufwdkYudk vdkufavQmufapvdkonfrSm udk,fawmf\

tvdkawmfyifjzpfonf/ usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;owif;

pum;onf aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;owif;pum;r[kwfjim;

aomfvnf; ¤if;owif;pum;ESpfcktMum;wGif eD;eD;pyfpyf

qufET,frI½Sdaeygonf/ aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;owif;pum;udk

a[mMum;aeolrsm;onf usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;owif;

pum;rsm;udkvnf; oGefoifoifhMuonf/ rMumjrifhrDtcsdefwGif

&ifqdkif&awmhrnfhtajctaersm;twGuf toifhjyifqifEdkif&ef

tvdkYiSm xdkowif;pum;udk uREfkyfwdkYem;vnfxm;Mu&ygrnf/

xdkYjyifomru xdkowif;pum;udk xif½Sm;odomap&ef ae&m

ay;Mu&ygrnf/ pmwefESifhol\aemufvdkufaemufygrsm;u

xdkowif;pum;rjyefYyGm;&atmif [efYwm;zdkYêud;pm;Muvdrfhrnf/

xdktrIawmfwGif yg0ifvkyfaqmifaeolrsm;udkvnf; pdwf½Iyfatmif?

pdwfysufatmif wwftm;orQvkyfaqmifMuvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif

¤if;wdkY\êud;pm;rIaMumifh rnfolrQêud;pm;rI&yfqdkif;um pdwf"mwf

rusoifhMuacs/ udk,fawmf½Sifonf urÇmBuD;wGif w&m;qHk;jzwf

NyD;onfhtcsdeftxd rqkwfrepfvkyfaqmifcJhaMumif;udkwifjy&if;

a[½Sm,onf c&pfawmfbk&m;ocif\xl;jcm;csufudkazmfjyxm;

ygonf/ xm0&touf&pdrfhtHhaomiSm ay;awmfrlcJhonfhtzdk;tc

udkowd&vsuf rnfolrQpdwf"mwfusonfhtaMumif;? ½HI;edrfh

jcif;taMumif;rsm;udkrajymMuygESifh/

9T, pp. 122-123 (1909)

urÇmBuD;wGif tcuftcJcHpm;&rIenf;yg;oGm;um rdrd\

toif;awmfBuD;oefYpifvm&ef enf;vrf;wpfcktjzpf usef;rmjcif;

ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;trIawmfudk xm0&bk&m;ociftoHk;csawmfrl

cJhonf/ udk,fpdwfESpfyg;jyefvnfí usef;rmcsrf;omvmap&ef

c&pfawmfESifhtwl yl;wGJvkyfaqmifjcif;tm;jzifh vlom;rsm;onf

bk&m;ocif\tultnDay;aomvufrsm;jzpfvmEdkifaMumif; vlwdkY

udkoGefoifMuyg/ þtrIawmfü aumif;uif\wHqdyfyg½Sdaeyg

onf/ xdkYjyifomru xdktrIawmftm;jzifh tjcm;tzdk;weftrSef

w&m;rsm;onfvnf; vlom;rsm;xHa&muf½Sd&ef vrf;yGifhoGm;Edkif

ygonf/ þtrIawmfudk owdynm½Sd½SdjzifhudkifpGJoltm;vHk;twGuf

yg0ifvkyfaqmif&ef ae&mtvHktavmuf½Sdaeygonf/

---000---


tcef;BuD; (4)

pm;oHk;&efoifhavsmfaomtpm;tpmrsm;

tcef;(1) bk&m;ocifa½G;ay;onfhrlvtpm;tpm

uREfkyfwdkYtwGuf toifhavsmfqHk;jzpfaomtpm;tpmudk

od½SdEdkif&ef vlom;rsm;twGuf bk&m;ociftpueOD;auR;cJhonfh

tpmrsm;taMumif;udk uREfkyfwdkYavhvmMu&rnf/ vlom;rsm;

udkzefqif;awmfrlNyD; vlom;rsm;\vdktyfcsufudkodawmfrlaom

udk,fawmf½Sifu ]]Munfh½Iavmh? ajrwpfjyifvHk;ü pyg;oD;udkjzpf

apaompyg;yiftrsKd;rsKd;wdkYudkvnf;aumif;? rsKd;aphudkjzpfapaom

toD;ESifhjynfhpHkaomopfyiftrsKd;rsKd;wdkYudkvnf;aumif; oifwdkY

pm;p&mzdkYigay;\}} [k rdefYawmfrl\/ {'ifO,smOfrSxGufcGmvm

NyD;aemuf tjypf\usdefjcif;tr*FvmatmufwGif xGef,ufjcif;

tm;jzifh toufarG;&aomtcgwGifrl ]v,füjzpfaom [if;oD;

[if;½Guf} wdkYudk vlom;rsm;pm;cGifh&vmMuonf/

opfaphrsm;? opfoD;rsm;? tcGHrmoD;rsm;ESifh [if;oD;

[if;½Gufrsm;onf uREfkyfwdkYtwGuf bk&m;ocifa½G;cs,fay;

onfhtpm;tpmrsm;jzpfonf/ þt&mrsm;udk obm0usus

½dk;pif;pGmjyifqifpm;oHk;jcif;onf usef;rmBuD;xGm;rIudktvGefjzpf

apygonf/ xdktpmrsm;onf tjcm;½IyfaxG;pGmjyifqifxm;onfh

tpm;tpmrsm;uray;pGrf;Edkifaom cHEdkif&nfpGrf;tm;rsm;ESifh

todOmPfcGeftm;rsm;udkay;pGrf;ygonf/

Sp. Gifts IV, 120 (1864)

xm0&bk&m;ocifonf vlom;rsKd;EG,fpkwpfckvHk;pm;oifh

onf[kowfrSwfxm;onfhtpmrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkY\rdOD;zOD;wdkYtm;

auR;cJhygonf/ {'ifO,smOf0,f aojcif;qdkonfrSmr½Sdao;&m

tjcm;owå0grsm;\toufudkpm;jcif;onf udk,fawmf\tMuH

tpnfawmfESifhqefYusifygonf/ O,smOf½Sdtyifrsm;rS toD;rsm;

onf vlom;rsm;\vdktyfcsufudkjznfhqnf;ay;Edkifonfhtpmrsm;

jzpfygonf/

e*dkrl&if;tpmrsm;udkpm;&efqifhac:jcif;

(Written, 1890) E. from U.T. 5-6.

xm0&bk&m;ocifonf rdrdvlwdkYtm; ½dk;pif;aomtoD;

tESHESifh[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;udkpm;oHk;touf½Sifaexdkifaom

toufwmrsKd;odkYjyefvnfydkYaqmif&ef &nf½G,fxm;awmfrlonf/

bk&m;ocifonf tm'HESifh{0twGuf toD;rsm;udkrlvtajctae

twdkif;pDpOfauR;arG;awmfrlcJhonf/

7T, pp. 125-126 (1902)

xm0&bk&m;ocifonf vlom;rsm;udk,fpm;vkyfaqmif

vsuf½Sdygonf/ t&if;tjrpfrJhonfhtajctaersKd;odkY vlom;rsm;

a&mufoGm;rnfudk xm0&bk&m;ociftvdkr½Sdygacs/ xdkaMumifh

vlom;rsm;tm; pm;oHk;&efay;cJhonfhrlvtpmudkpm;oHk;&ef xm0&

bk&m;ocifonf vrf;jyawmfrlaeygonf/ ¤if;wdkYpm;oHk;rnfh

tpmwGif opfoD;opfaph? tcGHrmtoD;rsm;tjyif opfjrpftrsKd;

rsm;pGmvnf;yg0ifaeygonf/


wdkYjzifhjynfhpHkolrsm;jzpfvmatmif trIawmfwGifêud;pm;vkyfaqmif

olrsm;udk udk,fawmf½Siftvdk½Sdygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf tpm;

taomufwGifcsKyfwnf;rI½Sd&ygrnf/ tqDttdrfhrsm;NyD; t&om

cHpm;onfhtpmrsm;udk xdkolrsm;\pm;yGJay:wGifrwifoifhyg/

OD;aESmufonf tNrJwrf;tvkyf½IyfaeonfhMum;wGif udk,fum,

avhusifhcef;rsm;rvkyfEdkifaomtcsdefwGif ½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udkom

avsmhavsmhayghayghpm;oifhMuygonf/ Munfvifaompdwf? cdkifrm

aom&nfrSef;csuf? xufjrufaomOmPfynmrsm;udk 'Ha,v

ydkifqdkifxm;&jcif;\ta&;ygaomtaMumif;&if;rSm qkawmif;jcif;

toufwmESifhqufET,faeonfh ½dk;pif;aomtpm;tpmrsm;udk

pm;oHk;jcif;yifjzpfonf/

5T, p. 311 (1885)

cspfaomrdwfaqGrsm;? oifonf a&m*gr&aponfhvrf;pOf

udkvdkuf&rnfhtpm; a&m*g&atmifvkyfum udk,fhudkudk,fa&m*g

qdk;rsm;vufxJodkY0uGuftyfaeygwum;/ oifonf rl;,pf

aq;0g;rsm;udka½SmifMuOfum usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk wdwd

ususvdkufemoifhygonf/ oifhtoufwmudkoifjrwfEdk;vQif

½dk;pif;pGmjyifqifxm;onfh ½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udkpm;um um,avhusifh

cef;udkydkívkyfaqmifoifhygonf/ tdrfom;toD;oD;wdkYonf

usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;\tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;udk &,lcHpm;zdkY

vdktyfygonf/ rl;,pfaq;0g;oHk;pGJjcif;udk tNrJxm0&a½SmifMuOf

yg/ xdkt&monf a&m*gudkraysmufuif;apEdkifonfomru

cE¨mudk,fwGif;½SdvIyf½Sm;rIrsm;udktm;enf;oGm;apum a&m*gb,

rsm;udkydkítjzpfjrefapygonf/

Letter 3, 1884.

wd&pämeftaoaumifrsm;\tom;rsm;tay:wGif rSDcdk

toufr½SifbJ rlvtMuHtpnfawmf½Sdonfhtpmrsm;tay:wGif

jyefvnfrSDcdktouf½SifMu&ef xm0&bk&m;ocifqifhqdkaeaMumif;

jrifjcif; (vision) wGif rMumcPuREfkyfjrifawGUae&ygonf/

udk,fawmfonf uREfkyfwdkYtm; ydkíaumif;aomenf;vrf;rsm;udk

oGefoifawmfrlaeygonf/

tom;pm;jcif;udka½SmifMuOfvQifaomfvnf;aumif;? tom;

pm;jcif;\t&omudkravhusifhvQifaomfvnf;aumif;? toD;tESH

rsm;udkESpfûcdufvmatmiftm;ay;vQifaomfvnf;aumif; rMumrD

rSmyif tptOD;wkef;u bk&m;ocifMuH½G,fxm;awmfrlonfh

twdkif;jzpfvmvdrfhrnf/ rnfonfhtom;udkrQ bk&m;ocif\

om;orD;wdkYpm;oHk;Muvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/

tcef;(2) ½dk;pif;aomtpm

2T, p. 352 (1869)

,cktcsdefonf t½dk;tpif;qHk;tpm;tpmrsm;udkpm;oHk;

oifhaomtcsdefjzpfonf/

4T, pp. 515-516 (1880)

xm0&bk&m;ocifonf vlom;rsm;tm; ¤if;wdkY\pm&dwå

pGrf;tm;rsm;udk ûypkysKd;axmifapvdkawmfrlonf/ 0wfauswrf;aus

vkyf&if; tuGufacsmif;aeolrsm;onf <u,f0aomqkr*Fvmrsm;udk

&rnfholrsm;r[kwfMuyg/ wuf<uaompdwf? jrefqefaomtod

120 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufpm;oHk;&efoifhavsmfaomtpm;tpmrsm; 119

½dk;pif;aomtoufwmtwGufrufvHk;

oifonf xm0&bk&m;ociftm; pHkvifaomtrIawmf

tm;jzifh tvkyftauR;ûyEdkifap&eftvdkYiSm bk&m;ocif\vdkvm;

csufudk oif½Sif;½Sif;vif;vif;od&ayrnf/ oif\OD;aESmufonf

rGefjrwfaomt&mrsm;udkcGJjcm;odjrifum tzdk;rjzwfEdkifavmuf

atmif wefzdk;BuD;aomtaoG;awmftm;jzifh ûycJhaomtjypfajz

jcif;taMumif;udkwefzdk;xm;Edkif&ef t½dk;qHk;enf;jzifhjyifqifxm;

onfh½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udkompm;oHk;oifhygonf/ ]]ajrwvif;üûydifí

ajy;Muoltaygif;wdkYonf ûydifíajy;Muaomfvnf; wpfa,muf

wnf;om qkudk&onf[k oifwdkYrodMuoavm/ qkudk&rnf

taMumif; ajy;Muavmh/ yGJüûydifí tcsif;csif;wdkufaomol

rnfonfum; t&m&müwyfrufjcif;udkcsKyfwnf;wwf\/

xdkolwdkYonf ñId;EGrf;ysufpD;wwfaomyef;OD;&pfudk&jcif;tvdkYiSm

ûyMu\/ igwdkYrlum; rñId;EGrf;rysufpD;Edkifaomyef;OD;&pfudk&jcif;

tvdkYiSmûyMu\/ xdkaMumifh igajy;aomtcg trSwfwrJhajy;

onfr[kwf/ vufa0SYowfaomtcg tmumoaumif;uif

udkom xdk;íowfonfr[kwf/ olwpfyg;udkqHk;rNyD;rS udk,fwdkif

½HI;aomolrjzpf&rnftaMumif; udk,fudkxdk;íESdyfpufavh½Sd\/}}

vlwdkYonf ñId;EGrf;ysufpD;wwfaomyef;OD;&pfxuf ydkí

jrifhrm;aom&nf½G,fcsufr½Sdolrsm;yifvQif t&m&müwyfrufjcif;

udkcsKyfwnf;&ef rdrdudk,fudkþrQavmufxdk;íESdyfpufMuonf

qdkvQif xm0&bkef;wefcdk;ESifhjynfhpHkonfhOD;&pfo&zludkomru

xm0&bk&m;ocif\yv’ifawmfwnf½Sdoa½GU MumjrifhpGmae&rnfh

yifyef;qif;&Jjcif;a0'emrsm;pGmrSu,fq,fjcif;

2T, pp. 45-46 (1868)

usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udk oifhtoufwmwGif

vufawGUusifhoHk;zdkYvdktyfygonf/ udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fum

pm;aomuf&mwGif bk&m;ocif\bkef;wefcdk;udkaxmuf&ef vdktyf

ygonf/ 0dnmOfa&;udpörsm;ESifhppfcif;aeaom udk,fum,

wyfrufrIrsm;udka½SmifMuOfyg/ t&mcyfodrf;wdkYü csKyfwnf;jcif;

tusifhudkusifhzdkYvnf;vdktyfygonf/ þae&mwGif oifa½Smifz,f

vdkonfhuyfwdkifwpfck½Sdygonf/ ¤if;rSm oif\usef;rma&;udk

taumif;qHk;tajctaewGif xdef;odrf;xm;rnfhtpm;tpmrsm;

udkom oifpm;oHk;jcif;yifjzpfonf/ aumif;uiftxuft&yfrS

ay;awmfrlonfhtvif;twdkif; oiftouf½SifaexdkifcJhrnfqdkvQif

oif\rdom;pkwGifjzpfyGm;aeonfha&m*gtawmfrsm;rsm;udk

oifa½Smif½Sm;Edkifygvdrfhrnf/ oifhoabmtwdkif;aexdkifpm;aomuf

aejcif;aMumifh aocsmaom&v'fudkoif&ayvdrfhrnf/ oifhoabm

twdkif;pm;aomufaepOfwGif cHpm;ae&aoma&m*grsm;rS oif\

rdom;pkudku,fq,f&ef xm0&bk&m;ocifonf oifhtdrfodkY

vmí aumif;csD;ay;um edrdwfvu©Pmjyu,fq,fvdrfhrnf

r[kwfacs/ [if;cwftarT;têudif? wd&pämeftom;ESifh qDtrsKd;rsKd;

ESifhuif;aom½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;onf oifhtwGufaumif;csD;r*Fvm

wpfckjzpfvmrnfomru oifhZeD;tm;vnf; a&m*gb,rsm;ESifh

pdwfrcsrf;ajrhrIrsm;rS uif;a0;apvdrfhrnf/


aomtpmrsm;\El;nHhrIESifh t&om½SdrIrsm;oabmusvmum

,cifraumif;aomtpmrsm;xuf ESpfûcdufrItjynfhjzifhoHk;aqmif

vmygvdrfhrnf/ emusifrIESifh tvGeftuRHjzpfjcif;rsm;ESifhuif;NyD;

usef;rmjcif;ESifhjynhfpHkaomtpmtdrfonfvnf; tpmaMucsufrI

tvkyfudkyHkrSefvkyf&ef toifh½SdaeEdkifygonf/

a½SUodkYcsDwufMuygpdkY

Sp. Gifts, IV, 132 (1864)

tpm;tpmûyjyifajymif;vJa&;onf vkyftm;ESifhukefus

p&dwfudkoufomoGm;apvdrfhrnf/ rdom;pk\tm[m&vdktyfcsuf

udk ½dk;pif;í tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;jzifh tvG,fwul

jznfhwif;ay;EdkifonfhtcsKdtqdrfhrsm;aomtpmrsm;onf udk,fpdwf

ESpfyg;\usef;rmaeaomtpdwftydkif;rsm;udkyif xdcdkufysufpD;ap

Edkifonf/

rnfonfht&mwGifrqdk tvGeftuRHrjzpfoifhygqdkonfh

tcsufudk uREfkyfwdkYtm;vHk;oHk;oyfMu&ygrnf/ ½dk;pif;aom

enf;jzifhcsufûywfxm;onfh oefY½Sif;vwfqwfaom½dk;½dk;tpm

rsm;udkom uREfkyfwdkYauseyfrI½Sd½Sdpm;oHk;Mu&rnf/ xdktpmrsm;

onf ae&mwdkif;wGif&Edkifaomtpmrsm;jzpfoifhonf/ uREfkyfwdkY

onf aumif;uifEdkifiHwGif xm0&touf&&ef jyifqifaeolrsm;

jzpf&m raumif;aomtpmrsm;udka½Smif&rnf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf

tvif;wGifvnf;aumif;? c&pfawmf\r[mwefcdk;awmfatmuf

wGifvnf;aumif; trIawmfaqmifzd k YarQmfvifhxm;ygonf/


toufwm? xm0&umvcHpm;&rnfhcsrf;omjcif;? rysufr,Gif;bJ

xm0&bkef;wefcdk;wpfcktjzpfay;tyfjcif;cH&rnfh*kPfûyjcif;rsm;udk

&atmifêud;pm;aeolrsm;onf udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;tusifh

udk rnfrQpdwftm;xufoefpGmusifhoifhygoenf;/

c&pf,mefrsm;yg0ifqifETJaeaomûydifyGJrsm;wGif qk&rnfh

olrsm;twGuf azmfjyxm;onfhrufvHk;rsm;onf bk&m;ocif\

om;orD;rsm;tm; wd&pämefpdwfoabmxm;rsm;udkxdk;ESdyfum

tvdk&r®ufrsm;ESifh cHwGif;awmifhwrIrsm;udkcsKd;ESdrfNyD; t&m&mü

wyfrufjcif;udkcsKyfwnf;vsuf udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;tusifh

udkusifh&ef vrf;jyaeonfr[kwfygvm;/ urÇmBuD;xJwGif

auseyfESpfodrfhcHpm;rIrsm;aMumifh jzpfay:aeaompm&dwåysufjym;rIrsm;

rSvGwfajrmufvsuf jrifhjrwfaomobm0udk ¤if;wdkYrQa0cHpm;

jcif;ûyEdkifMuygonf/

ZGJ½Sdjcif;twGufcsD;jr§ifhrnfhqk

MH, pp. 298-299 (1905)

tcsKdtqdrfh? [if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;ESifh csufxm;onfh

tpmrsm;udkpm;aeusjzpfaeolrsm;ü obm0rusaomt&omudk

êudufESpfoufaeMuNyDjzpf&m ½dk;pif;aomtpmrsm;udk olwdkY

½kwfw&ufcHwGif;awGUEdkifMurnfr[kwfacs/ t&omcHpm;rIyHkrSef

jzpfvm&efESifh wvGJtoHk;csrIaMumifh a&m*g&aeonfhtpmtdrfudk

yHkrSeftaetxm;a&muf½Sdap&ef tcsdef,l&ygvdrfhrnf/ tm[m&

ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;udk ajymif;vJpm;oHk;&mwGif ZGJ½Sdolrsm;rSmrl

rMumrDrSmyif xdktpmrsm;udkt&omawGUvmygvdrfhrnf/ ½dk;pif;

pm;oHk;&efoifhavsmfaomtpm;tpmrsm; 123

aET;NyD;rSpm;oifhygonf/ xdkaMumifh&EdkiforQrD;zdkrsm;udk ajray:

wGiftNrJwrf;jyifqifxm;&ygrnf/

awmpcef;umvwGif vlwdkif;usef;usef;rmrm½Sdae&ygrnf/

aoG;vnfywfrIyHkrSefjzpfap&eftwGuf &moDOwktajymif;tvJay:

wGifMunfhum txl;ojzifheHeufydkif;ESifhnaeydkif;at;aomtcsdef

rsm;wGif aEG;aEG;axG;axG;0wfqifMu&ygrnf/ tdyfcsdefudk yHkrSef

twdkif;xm;umtdyfyg/ xrif;pm;csdefrsm;wGif ½dk;pif;aomtpmrsm;

udkompm;yg/ Mum;aygufrpm;ygESifh/ odkYûyvQif oifonf tzsm;

temuif;ygvdrfhrnf/ awmpcef;wpfavQmufvHk; udk,fa&mpdwfyg

usef;rmaysmf½Tifum Mum;em&rnfhtrSefw&m;rsm;udk ESvHk;oGif;Edkif

Murnfjzpfojzifh udk,fpdwfESpfyg;vef;qef;pGmjzifh tdrfodkY olwdkY

jyefvmEdkifMuygrnf/ tvkyfMurf;vkyfaomolrsm;onf awmpcef;

wufaepOf tvkyfMurf;rvkyf&awmhojzifh ,cifpm;cJhonfhtwdkif;

tqtwdkif;rpm;oifhawmhacs/ tu,fí pm;cJhrnfqdkvQif tpm

tdrfonf vdkonfxufydkítvkyfvkyfae&vdrfhrnf/ awmpcef;rS

tdrfjyefa&mufaomtcg Mum;em&onfhowif;pum;rsm;udk

vufawGUtoHk;csEdkif&eftvdkYiSm tpnf;ta0;udk pdwf"mwfcGeftm;

tjynfhjzifhwufa&mufum owif;pum;rsm;udk OD;aESmuf

MunfvifpGmjzifh Mum;emrSwfrdaeapzdkY uREfkyfqE´ûyrdygonf/

pm;aomtpmrsm;onf tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;yifjzpfvifhupm;

Adkufonf rw&m;jynfhaevQif OD;aESmufonf tpmcsufonfht*Fg

tpdwftydkif;rsm;\tultnDawmif;cHjcif;udkcHae&acsNyD/ xdkaMumifh

OD;aESmufonf xHkxdkif;vmum rsufvHk;tpHkonfzGifhr&awmhacs/

xdkaMumifh uREfkyfwdkYtm;vHk;onf udk,fusKd;pGefYonfhu@wGifyg0if

vkyfaqmifMu&efjzpfygonf/

Health Reform, August, 1866.

usef;rma&;aumif;atmif rnfonfhenf;udktoHk;ûyae

oenf;[k vltrsm;u uREfkyfudkar;Muonf/ usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;

rsm;udk vGefusL;rI&yfwefYyg/ raumif;aomtpm;tpmrsm;jzifh

tvdkjznfhjcif;udk&yfwefYum ½dk;½dk;tpmudkpm;yg/ usef;rma&;ESifh

jynfhpHkonfh½dk;½dk;t0wfudk0wfyg/ usef;rma&;udktaxmuftul

ûyonfhtvkyfrsKd;udkvkyfyg/ oifonf zsm;emrIuif;vdrfhrnf[k

uREfkyfajzyg&ap/

awmpcef;wGifauR;oifhaomtpmrsm;

2T, pp. 602-603 (1870)

[if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;? tqDrsm;uif;NyD; ½dk;pif;pGm

csufûywfxm;onfh usef;rma&;udktaxmuftulûyrnfhtpm

rsm;udkom awmpcef;odkY,loGm;oifhygonf/

vlwdkYonf csufûywfjcif;ESifhywfoufonfh usef;rma&;

pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkapmifha½SmufMuvQif awmpcef;twGufjyifqif

aomtpmrsm;tm;jzifh rnfolrQ udk,fhudkudk,fzsm;ematmif

vkyfMuvdrfhrnfr[kwfaMumif;udk uREfkyfoabmaygufygonf/

tu,fíom ydkifrkefYrsm;? udwfrkefYrsm;udkrjyifqifbJ ½dk;½dk;

aygifrkefYESifhopfoD;rsm;udk awmpcef;twGufjyifqifMurnfqdkvQif

awmpcef;usif;y&mumvwpfavQmufvHk; zsm;emrIuif;½Sif;cJhMu

ygvdrfhrnf/ awmpcef;umvwpfavQmufvHk;wGif tpmrsm;udk


rsm;udk acwåcPpGefYcGmum ½IarQmfcif;aumif;aomae&mrsm;jzpf

onfh a&acsmif;eHab; (odkYr[kwf) awmwef;uav;rsm;wGif

oGm;a&muftem;,loifhMuygonf/ opfyift&dyfaumif;aumif;

atmufwGif cif;xm;aompm;yGJudk usef;rma&;ESifhjynfhpHkaom

tpmrsm;? toD;tESHrsm;ESifh olwdkYjyifqifoifhygonf/ um;pD;

vm&jcif;? avhusifhjcif;vkyfjcif;ESifh jrifae&aom½Icif;rsm;aMumifh

Adkufqmvmum bk&ifrsm;yif oGm;&nfusavmufatmif t&om

aumif;onfhxrif;wpfeyfudk olwdkYNrdefNrdef½Suf½SufoHk;aqmifEdkif

Muygonf/

Letter, 135, 1902.

usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udkyg0ifvkyfaqmifaeol

rsm;onf usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaponfht&mrSeforQudkjzwfvdkuf

um ½dk;pif;í tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;udkoHk;aqmifMuyg/

toD;rsm;onf oHk;aqmif&eftaumif;qHk;jzpfonf/ tcsuf&

tûywf&vnf;vGwfonf/ tqDttdrfhrsm;aomtpmoGwfrkefYrsm;?

udwfrkefYrsm;? tcsKdyGJrsm;rStp cHwGif;awmifhwrIudktpHktprf;

ûyonfhtpm;tpmrsm;udkjzwfvdkufyg/ wpfBudrfwnf;ESifh t0tNyJ

rpm;bJ wpfBudrfvQif enf;enf;pDaus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;NyD;pm;yg/

½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;jzifh{nfhcHjcif;

6T, p. 345 (1900)

c&pfawmfonf {nfh0wfESifhywfoufaomoifcef;pm

wpfckudk rdrd\udk,fydkiftoufwmwGif oGefoifawmfrlxm;yg

tpmaMumifh oGufcsmyg'vdkufvkrwwfjzpfaeaomOD;aESmufonf

Mum;emoifhaom? em;vnfoifhaom? vdkufavQmufvufawGU

usifhoHk;oifhaom trSefw&m;rsm;udk vHk;vHk;qHk;½IH;&avawmhonf/

eHeufwdkif; tpmaEG;aEG;rsm;udkpm;zdkY uREfkyftMuHûyvdkyg

onf/ tpmaEG;aEG;rsm;udkpm;zdkY&ef rsm;pGmjyifqifp&mrvdkyg/

*&m[rf*sKHudk ,m*kvkyfíaomufyg/ xdk*sKHrIefYonf Murf;onf

[kxifvQif qefcgcsNyD;rS ,m*kusKdyg/ xdk,m*kylaepOfrSm EGm;EdkY

ESifha&mvdkufyg/ awmpcef;twGuf t&omESifhvnf;aumif;?

usef;rmjcif;ESifhvnf;aumif; jynfhpHkaomtpmudk&ygvdrfhrnf/

tu,fí oif,lvmaomaygifrkefYrsm;onf ajcmufaevQif zJhajc

um ,m*kûyvkyfNyD;aomufyg/ oifESpfoufygvdrfhrnf/ at;aom

tpmrsm;pm;onfudk uREfkyfoabmrwlyg/ taMumif;rSm xdktpm

rsm;udkacszsufEdkif&eftvdkYiSm ¤if;wdkYudk tpmtdrftylcsdefESifh

wlatmifaET;&ef cE¨mudk,fpepfrsm;rS cGeftm;rsm;pdkufxkwfae&yg

OD;rnf/ tjcm;½dk;pif;í tm[m&½Sdaom[if;wpfcGufrSm yJawmifh

ûywf[if; (odkYr[kwf) yJawmifhuif[if;jzpfonf/ yJawmifhrsm;udk

a&tenf;i,f? EGm;EdkY (odkYr[kwf) rvdkiftenf;i,fESifha&mNyD;

ûywfvQif [if;oD;ûywf[if;wpfcGuf&ygonf/ ,m*kvkyfpOfu

toHk;ûyovdk aygifrkefYrsm;udkvnf;xnfhí jyifqifEdkifygonf/

ypfuepfaeYv,fpm

1T, p. 517 (1867)

ûrdUBuD;jyBuD;rsm;wGifaexdkifMuaomrdom;pkrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY

tm; um,ESifhpdwåESpfckpvHk;wGif zdpD;rIay;aeonfhtvkyftudkif


H. to L., ch. 1, 54-55 (1865)

c&pfawmf\aemufvdkufjzpfonf[k rdrdudk,fudka<u;aMumf

aeMuolrsm;onf rMumcPzuf½Sif\aus;uRef? tpm;MuL;

jcif;\aus;uRefrsm;jzpfaeMuygonf/ bk&m;ocif\trIawmf

twGuf ay;qyftoHk;ûyoifhonfhtcsdefESif hcGeftm;rsm;udk

a&yef;pm;aeonfhawGUqHkyGJrsm;twGuf tm[m&rjzpfaponfh

[if;vsmrsm;jyifqifcsufûywfjcif;wGif toHk;ûyaeMuonf/ awGUqHk

yGJrsm;onf a&yef;pm;ae&m wpfaeYvkyfrSwpfaeYpm;&onfh

tvkyform;trsm;pkonf r½Sdr,fh½Sdr,fhaiGaMu;rsm;udk {nfhonf

rsm;twGuf tqDttdrfhESifhNyD;aomudwfrkefY? aygifrkefYESifh pm;p&m

trsKd;rsKd;udkjyifqifae&onfomru tdrfom;tm;vHk;twGuf

vdktyfaomt0wftxnfrsm;udkvnf;0,faeMu&ygonf/

0rf;AdkufudktxdcdkufcHvsuf t&omcHpm;rnfhtpmrsm;udk csufûywf

rnfhtcsdefrsm;udk rdrdwdkY\om;orD;rsm;tm; udk,fusifhw&m;ESifh

bmoma&;qdkif&moGefoifcsufrsm;udkay;&ef toHk;ûyoifhygonf/

a&yef;pm;aomvnfywfoGm;vmjcif;rsm;wGif tpm;MuL;

onfhtpDtpOfrsm;yg0ifvmygonf/ xdktpDtpOfrsm;wGif

usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaponfh tpm;taomufrsm;udkpm;oHk;jcif;jzifh

tpmajconfht*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;udk tBuD;tus,fyifyef;ap

Muonf/ xdkydkvQHtpmrsm;udkacszsufypf&ef rvdkvm;tyfaom

cGeftm;rsm;udktoHk;ûyvm&ojzifh armyef;rIrsm;udkcHpm;vmMu&

onf/ aoG;vnfywfrIrsm;xdcdkufvmonf/ t*Fgtpdwftydkif;

toD;oD;wdkYü cGeftm;rsm;txl;vdktyfvmygonf/ oifESifhpum;

onf/ tdkifem;wGif½SdawmfrlpOf rdrdtm;0ef;&Hxm;aom qmavmifae

onfhvltkyfBuD;udk 0rf;[m[mESifhtdrfodkYjyefrvTwfcJhacs/ ]]olwdkY

pm;p&mzdkYoifwdkYay;Muavmh}} [k wynfhawmfwdkYtm; udk,fawmf

rdefYawmfrlcJhygonf/ zefqif;jcif;qdkif&mwefcdk;awmf\vkyfaqmifrI

wpfcktm;jzifh xdkolrsm;vdktyfaeonfhtpmrsm;udk tvQHy,fjyifqif

auR;arG;awmfrlcJhonf/ jyifqifay;awmfrlonfhtpmonf tvGef

½dk;pif;vSygonf/ BuD;BuD;us,fus,fr[kwfvSyg/ aumif;uif\

t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk EIwfrdefYwpfcktm;jzifh êudufovdktoHk;ûyEdkif

onfhudk,fawmf½Sifonf tqDttdrfhrsm;ESifhjynfhpHkaomxrif;

wpfeyfudkjyifqifay;rnfqdku jyifqifay;Edkifygonf/ odkY&mwGif

tdkifem;wGiftvkyfvkyfaeonfh a&vkyfom;rsm;twGuf vdktyfaom

wpfaeYpmtpmudkom jyifqifay;awmfrlcJhonf/

tu,fíom ,aeYvlom;rsm;onf obm0w&m;ESifh

udkufnDpGmtouf½Sifaexdkifum tusifh"avhrsm;wGif ½dk;pif;cJh

MurnfqdkvQif &du©mrsm;onf vlom;rdom;pkwpfckvHk;\vdktyf

csufudkjznfhqnf;EdkifcJhvdrfhrnf/ pdwful;,Ofvdkvm;rIrsm;avsmhenf;

oGm;um bk&m;ocif\vrf;pOftwdkif;tvkyfvkyf&ef tcGifhydkom

vmygvdrfhrnf/ c&pfawmfonf ZdrfcHvdkonfhvlom;qE´rsm;

jznfhqnf;ay;um vlom;rsm;udkqGJaqmif&ef rêud;pm;cJhyg/

udk,fawmf½Sifjyifqifxm;awmfrlonfh ½dk;½d k;tpmrsm;onf

udk,fawmf\wefcdk;awmftwGufomru toufwmwGifvdktyf

onfh udk,fawmf\arwåmawmfESifh apmifha½SmufrIrsm;twGufvnf;

tmrcHcsufwpfckjzpfygonf/


DF- 9

tzdk;tcudkcHvdkucHMuygap/ c&pf,mefrsm;taejzifhrl þt&m

rsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;í vrf;rSefudkoma½G;cs,fusifhaqmifoifhMuygonf/

usef;rma&;ESifhtouf0dnmOfudkzsufqD;aeonfh a&yef;pm;ae

aom"avhqdk;rsm;udk ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif c&pf,mef

rsm;xda&mufpGmvkyfudkifaqmif½GufEdkifMuygonf/

rarQmfvifhbJa&mufvmrnfh{nfhonftwGuf

tqifoifhjyifqifjcif;

MH, p. 322 (1905)

wcsKdUtdrf½Sifrsm;onf {nfhonfrsm;udkzG,fzG,f&m&m

tpm;tpmrsm;jzifhtukeftuscHum {nfhcHauR;arG;Edkifap&eftvdkYiSm

rdom;pkxrif;pm;yGJudk jcpfjcpfûcwfûcwfvkyfum jyifqifwwfMu

onf/ þvkyfaqmifrIonf rrSefuefyg/ {nfhonfrsm;udk ydkí

½dk;pif;aomtpmrsm;jzifhom {nfhcHoifhygonf/ rdom;pk\

vdktyfcsuf yxrOD;pm;ay;tjzpf jznfhqnf;Mu&ygrnf/

rrSefuefaomûcd;jcHrIESifh vlrsm;wDxGifonfh"avhxHk;pHrsm;

onf vdktyfíaumif;csD;r*Fvmjzpfonfh {nfh0wfûyrIrsm;udk t[efY

twm;ûyavh½Sdwwfonf/ rdom;pkrsm;aeYpOfpm;oHk;aeonfhtpm

rsm;onf tdrf½Sifrrsm;twGuf tydkjyifqifrIrsm;vkyfp&mrvdkbJ

ûAef;pm;BuD;a&mufvmaom{nfhonfrsm;udk auR;arG;{nfhcHEdkifonfh

tpm;tpmrsKd;jzpfoifhygonf/

vufqHkusjcif;tm;jzifh owif;aumif;rsm;udk&um aumif;csD;

cHpm;&rnfh {nfhcHolxdktdrf½Sifonf usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapEdkifonfh

tpm;tpmtrsKd;rsKd;udkjyifqifjcif;jzifhtcsdefûzef;um tvnftywf

ûyjcif;aMumifh cHpm;&rnfhaumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;udk rMumcPqHk;½IH;&

wwfygonf/ c&pf,meftrsKd;om;? trsKd;orD;rsm;onf xdkuJhodkY

jyifqifxm;onfhtpm;taomufrsm;\MoZmvTrf;rdk;jcif;udk

rnfonfhtcgrQrcHoifhMuacs/ ¤if;wdkYtdrfodkYoifoGm;a&muf

vnfywfjcif;onf xdkuJhodkYaomtpmrsm;udkpm;oHk;&eftwGuf

r[kwfbJ tcsif;csif;rdwfo[m,zGJUum tjrifcsif;? tawG;

tac:csif;zvS,fNyD; tusKd;wlaumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;udkcHpm;Mu&ef

jzpfonfudk em;vnfoabmaygufMuygap/ xdkuJhodkYoGm;a&muf

vnfywfpOf ajymaompum;rsm;onfvnf; aemifaomtcgwGif

0rf;yef;womowd&p&maumif;avmufonfh wefzdk;½Sdaom

pum;rsm;omjzpfoifhygonf/

H. to L., ch. 1, 55-56 (1865)

{nfhonfrsm;udk{nfhcHolrsm;onf toD;tESHESifh[if;oD;

[if;½Gufrsm;udk ½dk;½dk;uav;jyifqifxm;onfh tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHk

aomtpmrsm;udkom jyifqif{nfhcHoifhygonf/ xdkuJhodkYaom

tpm;tpmrsm;onf jyifqifp&dwfoufomonfhjyif oifhwifh

avsmufywfpGmpm;oHk;ygvQif usef;rma&;udkvnf;rxdcdkufygacs/

cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkjznfhqnf;&ef avmuom;rsm;onf tcsdef

ukefcH? aiGukefcHNyD; usef;rma&;xdcdkufaprnfhxdktpmrsm;udk

a½G;cs,fjcif;jzifh usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkcsKd;azmufjcif;\


uREfkyfwdkYonf xl;uJonfht&omrsm;ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;udk

a½SmifMuOfum usef;rma&;ESifhjynfhpHkonfh½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udk wpfcsdefvHk;

pm;oHk;MurnfqdkvQifvnf;aumif;? uREfkyfwdkYonf aetdrfrsm;udk

½dk;pif;pGmtvSqifaqmufvkyfaexdkifMurnfqdkvQifvnf;aumif;

uREfkyfwdkY\toufwmrsm;onf r,HkMunfolrsm;tay: xda&muf

aomMoZmoufa&mufrIrsm;½Sd½Hkomru trSefw&m;\oefY½Sif;

aomwefcdk;awmfudkvnf; xif½Sm;pGmazmfjyvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif

uREfkyfwdkY\0wfpm;qif,ifrIrsm;onf avmuom;rsm;\0wfpm;

qif,ifrIrsm;ESifhwlae½Hkomru wcsKdUae&mrsm;wGif avmuom;

rsm;xufyif avmuqefaeonfjzpf&m trSefw&m;taMumif;

zGifhqdka[mMum;csufrsm;rSm xda&mufrIr½SdEdkifawmhacs/ trSefw&m;

udk,HkMunfygonf[k zGifh[aeolrsm;\tusifhonf ¤if;wdkY\

,HkMunfjcif;ESifhqefYusifaevQif xdktrSefw&m;udk rnfol,HkMunf

awmhrnfenf;/ uREfkyfwdkYtm; aumif;uifEdkifiHawmfodkYr0ifEdkif

atmif wHcg;ydwfolrSm xm0&bk&m;ocifr[kwfbJ avmuom;

rsm;\trltusifhrsm;twdkif; usifhMuHûyrlaeaom uREfkyfwdkY\

vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;omjzpfygonf/

MH, p. 47 (1905)

rsm;jym;pGmaomvlxkBuD;udk c&pfawmfauR;arG;cJhjcif;rSm

bk&m;ocif\wefcdk;awmftm;jzifh ûyjyifawmfrlonfh edrdwf

vu©PmwpfckjzpfonfrSmrSefaomfvnf; tpmrsm;rSmrl tvGef

½dk;pif;vSygonf/ *gvdvJjynfrSa&vkyfom;rsm;\aeYpOftpm;

tpmjzpfonfh ig;ESifhrkefYrsm;omjzpfygonf/

avmua&;&mtpm;tpmrsm;taMumif;udkodyfrpOf;pm;ygESifh

Letter, 73, 1896.

EIwfawmfxGufpum;rsm;onf uREfkyfwdkY\toufwm

a&pD;aMumif;wGifyg0ifvm&ef uREfkyfwdkYonf xdkEIwfawmfxGuf

pum;rsm;udk tNrJwrf;cH,lpm;oHk;pGJrSwfvsuf touf½SifaexdkifMu

&ygrnf/ c&pfawmftm;jzifh aeYpOftm;ûytouf½Sifaeolrsm;onf

avmutpmrsm;tay: pOf;pm;oHk;oyfrIavsmhcsum touf

0dnmOfrsm;twGuf ¤if;wdkYay;a0aeonfhtpmrsm;twGuf ydkí

pdwfaomua&mufaeMuygonf/

vltaygif;wdkYtwGuf uREfkyfwdkYaxmufcHay;oifhonfh

ppfrSefaomtpma½Smifjcif;[lrlum; tm;<uaponfhtpmrsm;udk

vHk;0a½SmifMuOfí xm0&bk&m;ociftvQHy,fay;oem;awmfrl

xm;onfh tm[m&jynfhaom½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udk rSefuefpGmpm;oHk;

jcif;jzpfonf/ vlwdkYonf rdrdwdkYpm;aomuf&rnfhavmutpm

rsm;taMumif;udkom pOf;pm;oHk;oyf&efr[kwfbJ rdrdwdkY\

bmoma&;tawGUtêuHwpfckvHk;udk cGeftm;jzpfaprnfh aumif;uif

rStpmtaMumif;udk ydkípOf;pm;oHk;oyfoifhMuygonf/

½dk;pif;aomtoufwm\ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&m

MoZmoufa&mufrI

5T, p. 206 (1882)

uREfkyfwdkYonf zuf½Sift0wfrsm;udkr0wfbJ oifhwifh

avsmufywfonfh½dk;½dk;t0wfrsm;udk0wfrnfqdkvQifvnf;aumif;?


tcef;(3) vHkavmufaomtpmtm[m&

(CTBH, pp. 49-50) CH, p. 178 (1890)

vTJrSm;aomcHwGif;t&omudkjznfhqnf;&ef pm;aomuf

jcif;oufoufonf rSm;,Gif;aomaMumifh tpm;tpmESifhywfoufí

uREfkyfwdkY*½krxm;oifh[laomoabmxm;udk uREfkyfwdkYvufrcH

oifhacs/ tpm;tpmudpöonf ta&;tygqHk;udpöwpfckjzpfonf/

rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ tiftm;qkwf,kwfaprnfhtpmrsm;udk

rpm;oHk;acs/ vltrsm;pkonf a&m*grsm;&um tm;tifukefcef;

aeMuNyD; tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkonfhtpmrsm;udkpm;oHk;&ef vdktyfae

Muonf/ usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJjcif;wGif yg0ifvIyf½Sm;aeol

rsm;onf tpGef;ra&mufap&ef tjcm;olrsm;xufydkía½Smif½Sm;

oifhMuygonf/ udk,fcE¨monf tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;

udk tvHktavmuf&½Sd&ygrnf/ rdrd\cspfom;orD;rsm;tm;

tdyfaysmfapaomtcGifhudkay;oem;awmfrlaombk&m;ocifonf

cE¨mudk,fusef;rma&;udk qufvufxdef;odrf;Edkif&ef oifhavsmf

aomtpmrsm;udk ¤if;wdkYtwGufjyifqifxm;awmfrlygonf/

MH, p. 271 (1905)

usef;rma&;ESifhjynfhpHkap&eftvdkYiSm uREfkyfwdkY\aoG;rsm;onf

oefY½Sif;aumif;rGefae&ygrnf/ taMumif;rSm aoG;onf touf

\yifrtcsuftcsmjzpfonf/ taoG;onf cE¨mudk,frSraumif;

aomt&mrsm;udkjyifqifum cE¨mudk,fudkzGHUûzd;BuD;xGm;aponf/

tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;jzifhjznfhwif;um oefY½Sif;aomavrsm;jzifh

oefYpifapcJhrnfqdkvQif aoG;onf toufudkwnfNrJapvsuf

c&pfawmfonf xdkvlxkBuD;twGuf t&omtrsKd;rsKd;ESifh

jynfhpHkaomxrif;wpfeyfudkjyifqifay;vdku jyifqifay;Edkifyg

onf/ odkY&mwGif cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkjznhfqnf;&eftwGuf

jyifqifay;aomtpmrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\aumif;usKd;twGuf

oifcef;pmwpfckudkrQay;Edkifrnfr[kwfacs/ odkYaomf þedrdwf

vu©Pmtm;jzifh ½dk;pif;rIqdkif&moifcef;pmwpfckudkoGefoif&ef

c&pfawmfqE´½SdcJhygonf/ tu,fíom ,aeYvlom;rsm;onf

urÇmOD;tcsdefu tm'HESifh{0wdkYuJhodkY ½dk;pif;aomtusifh"avh

rsm;? obm0w&m;rsm;ESifhtnD touf½SifaexdkifcJhMurnfqdkvQif

pm;eyf&du©mrsm;onf vlom;rsKd;EG,fpkwpfckvHk;twGuf tvQHy,f

jzpfcJhayvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif cHwGif;awmifhwrIudk tvdkvdkufjcif;

aMumifh vlwpfpktwGuf &du©mrsm;onf tvQHy,fjzpfaeaomf

vnf; usefwpfcktwGufrl ravmufriSjzpfaeum tedXm½Hk

jrifuGif;rsm;udkjrifawGUae&ygonf/

3T, p. 401 (1875)

,HkMunfolc&pf,mefrsm;onf udk,fcEmudk tvSjyifp&dwf

ESifh aetdrftvSjyifp&dwfrsm;udkvnf;aumif;? usef;rma&;xdcdkuf

aponfhtpmrsm;udk pm;oHk;jcif;udkvnf;aumif;? avsmhcJhMurnf

qdkvQif ¤if;wdkYonf bk&m;ocif\b@mawmfwdkufxJodkY ,ck

xufrsm;jym;pGmaomb@mrsm;udk ay;vªEdkifcJhMuvdrfhrnf/ xm0&

csrf;omxJodkY uREfkyfwdkY0ifpm;Edkif&ef bkef;pnf;pdrfrsm;ESifhwuG

aumif;uifEdkifiHawmfudkpGefYum qif;&Jom;wpfOD;tjzpfcH,lcJhaom

c&pfawmfudk xdkenf;tm;jzifh ¤if;wdkYtwk,lEdkifMuvdrfhrnf/


usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udk toa&,kwfaponfh

tiftm;qkwf,kwfaponfhtpmrsm;

Letter 135, 1902.

wcsKdUaomuREfkyfwdkY\,HkMunfolrsm;onf roifhavsmfaom

tpmrsm;udk todpdwf"mwfjzifh raumif;aomtpmrsm;udka½SmifMuOf

aeonfhwpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif cE©mudk,ftwGufr½Sdrjzpfvdktyfaom

tpmrsm;udkoHk;aqmifzdkY ysufuGufaewwfMuygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYjzwf

xm;onfh xdkraumif;aomtpmrsm;tpm; tm[m&ESifhjynfh0NyD;

t&omESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;udkpm;oHk;&ef ysufuGufjcif;tm;jzifh

roifhavsmfonfhyHkoufaorsm;udkrjyMuygESifh/ rdom;pkrsm;twGuf

tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;udkjyifqif&mwGif vdr®modkodyfrIESifh

yg;eyfrIrsm;udktoHk;ûy&efvdktyfvSygonf/ þvkyfaqmifrIudk

NyD;pD;pGmaqmif½GufEdkif&ef bk&m;ocifudkudk;pm;jcif;? &nfrSef;csuf

jyif;xefjcif;? tcsif;csif;ulnD½dkif;yif;vdkonfhqE½Sdjcif;rsm;vdktyf

ygonf/ tm[m&csKdUwJhaomtpmrsm;onf usef;rma&;ûyjyif

ajymif;vJrIvkyfief;tay: t½Suf&odu©musapygvdrfhrnf/ uREfkyfwdkY

onf aorsKd;rsm;jzpfae&m cEmudk,ftwGufoifhavsmfaomtm[m&

rsm;udk jznfhwif;Edkifrnfhtpmrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYpm;oHk;Mu&ygrnf/

(CTBH, p. 58) CH, pp. 155-156 (1890)

tpm;tpmESifhywfoufonfh oif\tusifhp½dkufudk pl;prf;

avhvmyg/ taMumif;tusKd;qufET,frIudkoHk;oyfyg/ odkY&mwGif

usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udkqefYusifonfhvkyf&yfrsm;udk

rodusKd;uRefvkyfaqmifjcif;tm;jzifh rSm;,Gif;aomoufaoudk

rcHrdygapESifh/ bk&m;ocifESifhomxdkufaomtrIawmftwGuf

cE¨mudk,ftpdwftydkif;toD;oD;udk tm;tifrsm;ESifhjynfh0apyg

onf/ aoG;vnfywfrIydkrdkpHkvifvmonfESifhtrQ cE¨mudk,f\

vkyfaqmifrIonfvnf; ydkíaumif;rGefpGmNyD;ajrmufvmygvdrhfrnf/

bk&m;ocifjyifqifxm;onfhtvQHy,f&du©mrsm;

(CTBH, p. 47) CH, pp. 114-115 (1890)

xm0&bk&m;ocifonf vrf;rSefaomcHwGif;tvdkvdkufrIudk

jznfhqnf;&eftwGuf tvQHy,frsm;jym;onfh&du©mrsm;udk vlom;

rsm;twGuf jyifqifxm;awmfrlonf/ t&omESifhjynfhpHkNyD; tm[m&

½SdaomajrtoD;tESHrsKd;pHkudk vlom;rsm;a½SUwGif xm0&bk&m;ocif

cifusif;xm;awmfrlonfh xdktpm;tpmrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm

pm;oHk;Edkifonf[k xm0&bk&m;ocifrdefYqdkxm;awmfrlygonf/

tqDrsm;? tarT;têudifrsm;rygbJ ½dk;pif;aomenf;jzifh csufûywf

xm;onfh toD;tESHESifh[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;onf EdkY (odkYr[kwf)

rvdkifESifha&mípm;oHk;vQif usef;rma&;ESifhtjynfhpHkqHk;tpmrsm;

jzpfMuonf/ xdktpmrsm;onf cE©mudk,fudkzGHUûzd;BuD;xGm;aponf

omru tm;<uaponfhtpmrsm;u ray;pGrf;EdkifonfhtodOmPf

pGrf;tm;rsm;ESifh udk,fcEmcGeftm;rsm;udkvnf; jzpfxGef;apygonf/

MS, p. 27 (1906)

uREfkyfwdkYüvdktyfaeaomtm[m&tm;vHk;udk toD;tESH?

[if;oD;[if;½GufESifh tcGHrmoD;rsm;wGifawGU½SdEdkifonf/ uREfkyfwdkY

onf xm0&bk&m;ocifxHawmfodkY ½dk;pif;aomoabmjzifh

csOf;uyfMurnfqdkvQif tom;rygbJ tm[m&jynfhonhftpmrsm;

jyifqifyHkrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYtm; udk,fawmf½SifoGefoifawmfrlvdrfhrnf/


wpfOD;pDonf rdrdwdkY\vdktyfcsufESifhtudkufnDqHk;tpmrsm;udk

a½G;cs,foifhMuygonf/

toD;tESHrsm;ESifh tcGHrmtoD;rsm;\obm0twdkif;

jznfhqnf;rIrSm tvQHy,fjzpfygonf/ wpfESpfxufwpfESpf ajrxGuf

oD;ESHrsm;udk wdk;wufvmaomydkYaqmifqufoG,frIrsm;tm;jzifh

ae&mwumodkYjzefYa0aeygonf/ tusKd;quftm;jzifh wpfcsdefu

½Sm;yg;ypönf;tjzpf aps;BuD;ay;&aomt&mrsm;onf ,ckwGif

aeYpOfoHk;ypönf;rsm;tjzpf vlwdkif;0,f,loHk;pGJEdkifonfh ukefypönf;

rsm;jzpfaeygNyD/ þukefypönf;rsm;rSm txl;ojzifhtajcmufcH

xm;onfhtoD;ajcmufrsm;ESifh oHbl;oGwftoD;rsm;jzpfMuonf/

tcef;(4) EdkifiHtoD;oD;rStpm;tpmrsm;

Letter 14, 1901.

pm;oHk;aomtpmrsm;onf &moDOwkESifhudkufnDoifhygonf/

wcsKdUtpm;tpmrsm;onf EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHwGifpm;oHk;&ef oifhavsmf

aomfvnf; tjcm;EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHwGif pm;oHk;&efroifhavsmfacs/

MH, pp. 296-297 (1905)

tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmtm;vHk;onf tajctae

t&yf&yfwGif½Sdaom uREfkyfwdkY\vdktyfcsufrsm;ESifhudkufnDonf

awmhr[kwfygacs/ tpm;tpma½G;cs,f&mwGif owdBuD;pGmxm;

oifhygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYpm;oHk;aeaomtpmrsm;onf uREfkyfwdkY

aexdkifaoma'o\&moDOwkESifhvnf;aumif;? uREfkyfwdkYvkyfudkif

aomtvkyftudkifrsm;ESifhvnf;aumif; avsmfuefzdkYvdkygonf/

rwlnDaomtvkyftudkifrsm;tvdkuf taumif;qHk;tpm;tpm

ay;qyftyfESH&ef roifhavsmfavmufatmif usef;rma&;rsm;

xdcdkufonftxd cE¨mudk,fudkvspfvsL½Irxm;ygESifh/ rn§Of;yef;

ygESifh/ uREfkyfod&oavmufajym&rnfqdkvQif wcsKdUtrIaqmif

aumif;rsm;onf usef;rma&;udk*½krpdkufMuojzifh aoyGJ0ifcJhMu

&ygonf/ cGeftm;jzpfapNyD; tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;udk

jyifqifjcif;jzifh udk,fcE¨mudkapmifha½Smufjcif;onf tdrfaxmif½Sif

rsm;\yxrOD;pm;ay;wm0efrsm;wGif wpfcktygt0ifjzpfonf/

t0wftxnfESifh tdrfaxmify&dabm*rsm;udk tzdk;csKdcsKdESifh0,f,l

toHk;ûyjcif;onf tpm;tpmrsm;udk jcpfjcpfukwfukwfESifh aiGaMu;

toHk;ûyjcif;xuf omíaumif;jrwfygonf/

yk*¾vduvdktyfcsuftwdkif;pm;aomufjcif;

7T, pp. 133-134 (1902)

tpm;tpmrsm;udktoHk;ûy&mwGif uREfkyfwdkYonf cdkifcHh

aumif;jrwfonfhb0ay;todudk toHk;ûyoifhygonf/ tpm;tpm

wpfckonf uREfkyfwdkYESifhrwnhfvQif rwnfh&jcif;\taMumif;&if;

udkod½Sd&ef pma&;ar;p&mrvdkbJ tpmajymif;NyD;pm;zdkYêud;pm;yg/

wGJípm;aomtpmwcsKdU\tusKd;oufa&mufrIudk rMumrDrSmyif

uREfkyfwdkYod½SdvmMuvdrfhrnf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf todOmPf½Sdaom

vlom;rsm;yDyD rdrdwdkYESifhtoifhavsmfqHk;jzpfaomtpmudk a½G;cs,f

qHk;jzwf&mwGif rdrdwdkY\tawGUtêuHrsm;ay:rlwnfvsuf tajccH

pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;pDtvdkuf avhvmoHk;oyfMuyg/

MH, p. 297 (1905)

xm0&bk&m;ocifonf usef;rmjcif;ESifhjynfhpHkonfhtpm

trsKd;rsKd;udk uREfkyfwdkYtwGuf jyifqifxm;onfjzpf&m yk*¾dKvf


[if;oD;[if;½GuftrsKd;rsKd;wdkYonfvnf; tom;rygbJ pHkvif

aomtpmtm[m&rsm;udka½G;cs,fEdkif&ef tcGifhaumif;wpfckudk

ay;aeygonf/ pyspfoD;ajcmuf? qD;oD;ajcmuf? yef;oD;ajcmuf?

opfawmfoD;ajcmuf? rufrGefoD;ajcmufESifh w½kwfqD;oD;ajcmuf

rsm;udk ae&mwumwGif oifhavsmfaomaps;EIef;jzifh0,f,l&½Sd

Edkif&m xdktpm;tpmrsm;tm;jzifh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;rsm;

yifvQif cGeftm;wdk;yGm;um usef;rmjcif;ESifhjynfhpHkvmEdkifMuygonf/

,OfpGef;wef;a'orsm;twGuftMuHay;csuf

Letter 91, 1898.

ydkíylaEG;aomt&yfa'orsm;wGif tvkyfvkyfudkifaeolrsm;

udk (rnfonfhtvkyfrsKd;udkvkyfudkifMuonfjzpfap) at;jraom

a'orsm;rS tvkyform;rsm;xuf tvkyfyrmPudkavsmhí

vkyfudkifapoifhonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf ajrrIefYoufoufjzpfonfudk

xm0&bk&m;ocifatmufarhawmfrlonf/

tpm;tpmrsm;wGif oMum;toHk;ûyjcif;enf;onfESifhtrQ

yljyif;aom&moDOwkaMumifhjzpfay:vmrnfha&m*gb,rsm; enf;yg;

oGm;ygvdrfhrnf/

usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;taMumif;oGefoif&mwGif

vdktyfonfhy&d,m,f

Letter 37, 1901.

uREfkyfwdkYonf rdrdwdkYvkyfaqmif&rnfhtvkyfrsm;udk ½dk;½dk;

ajzmifhajzmifhvkyfudkifaqmif½GufEdkif&eftvdkYiSm rdrdwdkY&ifqdkifae&

rsm;rSmvnf; jcm;em;aeayvdrfhrnf/ um,vkyfom;rsm;twGuf

taumif;qHk;jzpfaomtpmrsm;onf OmPvkyfom;rsm;twGuf

taumif;qHk;tpmrjzpfEdkifacs/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf usef;rm

a&;ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmtrsKd;rsKd;udk uREfkyfwdkYtm;ay;tyfxm;NyD

jzpf&m rdrdwdkY\vdktyfcsufESifhudkufnDaomtpmrsm;udk yk*¾dKvf

toD;oD;a½G;cs,fpm;oHk;oifhMuygonf/

EdkifiHtoD;oD;wGifawGUEdkifonfh

tm[m&jynfhpHkaomtpm;tpmrsm;

Letter 135, 1902.

tpm;tpmrsm;udk a½G;cs,fpm;oHk;jcif;t&mwGif OmPfoHk;

Muyg/ EdkifiHtoD;oD;wdkYonf cE¨mudk,fwnfaqmuf&mwGif r½Sd

rjzpfvdktyfaomtm[m&rsm;ESifhjynfhpHkonfhtpmtrsKd;rsKd;udk bk&m;

ocif\tpDtrHtm;jzifh xkwfvkyfaeygonf/ xdkt&mrsm;udk

usef;rma&;ESifhjynfhpHkonfh pm;aumif;aomufzG,ftjzpf ûyjyif

zefwD;Edkifygonf/

MH, p. 299 (1905)

owdynm½Sd½SdpDrHMuvQif usef;rma&;udktaxmuftul

ûyonfhtpm;tpmrsm;udk EdkifiHwdkif;eD;yg;wGif uREfkyfwdkY&½SdEdkifMu

ygonf/ qef? vlpm;*sKH? jrif;pm;*sKHESifh ajymif;zl;rsm;udk yHkpH

trsKd;rsKd;jzifhjyifqifum EdkifiHtoD;oD;odkYydkYaqmifaeMuygonf/

yJoD;? yJawmifhESifh yJeDuav;rsm;udkvnf; xdkenf;ESifESifydkYaqmif

a&mif;0,faeMuygonf/ jynfwGif;pdkufysKd;toD;rsm;ESifh jynfyrS

oGif;,lonfhtoD;rsm;tjyif a'otoD;oD;wGifpdkufysKd;onfh


bk&m;ocif\vrf;jyrItwGuftmrcHcsufwpfck

7T, pp. 124-125 (1902)

toufwmudk cdkifcHhapEdkifonfomru a&m*gb,

uif;½Sif;apEdkifonfh toD;tESHESifh[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;udk aygif;pyf

pm;oHk;Mu&ef urÇmtESHY½Sdvlom;rsm;tm; xm0&bk&m;ocif

oGefoifawmfrlvdrfhrnf/ usef;rma&;ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;udk

jyifqifonfhcsufûywfenf;rsm;udk ,cktcsdefwGif aps;wGifrawGU

zl;olrsm;onf ajrrSxGufaomtoD;tESHrsm;udk owdynm½Sd½Sd

vufawGUprf;oyfMuvdrfhrnf/ xdktoD;tESHrsm;udk toHk;ûyjcif;

ESifhywfoufonfhtvif;w&m;rsm;udkvnf; ¤if;wdkYtm; xm0&

bk&m;ocifay;oem;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf

¤if;wdkYtm; vkyfaqmif&rnfht&mrsm;udk jyawmfrlvdrfhrnf/

urÇmwpfjcrf;wGifaexdkifolrsm;tm; uRrf;usifrIESifh em;vnfrIudk

ay;oem;awmfrlonfh udk,fawmf½Sifonf tjcm;aomurÇmjcrf;½Sd

vlwdkYtm;vnf; uRrf;usifrIESifhem;vnfrIrsm;udk ay;oem;awmfrl

vdrfhrnf/ EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH½Sd&du©mb@mrsm;udk xdkEdkifiHESifhoifhavsmf

atmifjyifqifpm;oHk;&efrSm xm0&bk&m;ocif\tMuHawmfjzpf

onf/ £oa&vrsm;tm; qufvuftouf½SifE d ki f&ef

aumif;uifrSrEérkefYudk bk&m;ocifcsay;awmfrlcJhouJhodkY ajrxGuf

oD;ESHrsm;udk tom;ae&mwGiftpm;xdk;zdkYjyifqifwwfap&ef EdkifiH

toD;oD;rSvlwdkYtm; uRrf;usifrIESifhtodOmPfrsm;udk xm0&

bk&m;ocifay;oem;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/

onfhtajctaeudk em;vnfoabmaygufxm;Mu&rnf/ xm0&

bk&m;ocifonf urÇmay:½Sd rwlnDaomt&yfa'orsm;wGifaexdkif

olrsm;twGuf jyifqifrIrsm;udkvkyfaqmifxm;NyD;jzpfonf/ bk&m;

ocifESifhtwl vufwGJvkyfaqmifvdkolrsm;onf bk&m;ocif\

r[mpyspfO,smOftwGif;ü usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIudpörsm;

taMumif;udk rnfodkYoGefoif&rnfudk *½kwpdkufoHk;oyfMu&rnf/

pm;oifhaomtpmESifh rpm;oifhaomtpmrsm;udk cGJjcm;owfrSwf&m

wGifvnf; owdBuD;pGmxm;oifhMuygonf/ bk&m;ocifu,fwif

awmfrlonfh vlwdkYxHodkY u½kPmowif;pum;udkwifquf&mwGif

vlom;apwrefrsm;onf bk&m;ocifESifhyl;aygif;Mu&ygrnf/

9T, p. 159 (1909)

tpm;tpmESifhywfoufí vdkufavQmuf&rnfh wdusonfh

zGifhqdkcsufrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYrowfrSwfxm;Muaomfvnf; toD;

tESHESifh tcGHrmtoD;rsm;tvQHy,faygrsm;onfhEdkifiHrsm;wGif tom;

onf bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm;twGuf pm;oifhaomtpm

r[kwfygacs/

7T, p. 126 (1902)

wpfESpftwGif; vaygif;rsm;pGmvwfqwfaomtoD;tESH

rsm;&,lpm;oHk;EdkifonfhEdkifiHrsm;wGifaexdkifolrsm;udk toD;tESH

rsm;wGif½Sdonfhaumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;&,lcHpm;MuzdkY xm0&bk&m;

ocifqE´½Sdawmfrlonf/ tyifrsm;rStoD;rsm;udk vwfvwf

qwfqwfcl;pm;jcif;udk ydkívkyfaqmifavav? BuD;us,faom

aumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;udk ydkí&avavjzpfonf/


tcef;BuD; (5)

tpmaMucsufrIqdkif&mZD0ur®a0'

obm0w&m;rsm;udkav;pm;jcif;\tusKd;

Letter, p. 274 (1908)

tpmtdrfudk *½kwpdkufapmifha½Smufjcif;onf tawG;

tjrifrsm;udkMunfvifap½Hkomru pdwfwefcdk;udkvnf; wdk;yGm;

aponf/ tpmajccsufonfht*Fgrsm;vnf; yHkrSefxufapmí

ysufpD;jcif;rSumuG,f&ma&mufonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf owdynm

½SdpGmjzifhpm;jcif;? avhvmjcif;ESifh tvkyfvkyfjcif;rsm;tm;jzifh bk&m;

ocifay;todOmPfrsm;udk tav;xm;aMumif; xif½Sm;apMu

onf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf usef;rm½Tifvef;jcif;ESifhjynfh0Muap&ef

tvdkYiSm cE¨mudk,fudk xdkuJhodkYtajctaersKd;jzpfatmif xdef;odrf;

xm;zdkY wm0efusaeMuygonf/ rdrdwdkY\tajymtqdk? tusifh

tMuHtm;jzifh usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mtvif;rsm;udk

olwpfyg;a½SUwGifxGef;vif;vsuf bk&m;ocifay;xdktvif;w&m;

udk tav;xm;Mu&ygrnf/

tpm;MuL;jcif;aMumifhcHpm;&aomudk,fcE¨ma0'emrsm;

2T, p. 364 (1870)

tpm;MuL;jcif;aMumifh tpmtdrfudk rnfodkYxdcdkufapEdkif

oenf;/ tpm;MuL;jcif;aMumifh tiftm;rsm;qkwf,kwfvmyg

onf/ tpmajconfht*Fgrsm;vnf; tm;enf;vmum a&m*g

7T, p. 133 (1902)

rdrdwdkY\a'otoD;toD;rSxGufonfh obm0toD;tESH

rsm;rS usef;rma&;ESifhjynfhpHkonfhtpmrsm;jyifqifjcif;jzifh rdrdwdkY\

pGrf;&nfrsm;udk zGHUûzd;atmifvkyfaqmifzdkY urÇmt&yf&yf½SdvlwdkYtm;

tm;ay;&efrSm xm0&bk&m;ocif\tMuHawmfjzpfonf/ oefY½Sif;

aom0dnmOfawmf\vrf;jyrIudkcH,lum rdrdwdkY\uRrf;usifrIrsm;

ESifh wDxGifOmPfrsm;udktoHk;ûyvsuf xm0&bk&m;ocifudk

¤if;wdkYMunfhMuvQif xdkobm0ajrxGufoD;ESHrsm;udk usef;rma&;

ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;tjzpfodkY ûyvkyfyHkrsm;udk ¤if;wdkYavhusuf

vmMuvdrfhrnf/ xdkolrsm;onf tom;ae&mwGif tpm;xdk;

pm;oHk;Edkifrnfhtpm;tpmrsm;jyifqifyHkrsm;udk qif;&Jom;rsm;tm;

oGefoifvmEdkifMuvdrfhrnf/ þenf;tm;jzifh xdkqif;&Jom;rsm;

uvnf; tjcm;olrsm;tm; wpfvSnfhoGefoifEdkifMuvdrfhrnf/

þodkYtm;jzifh trIawmfwpfckonf pdwftm;xufoefrIESifh cGeftm;

ygygNyD;pD;oGm;ygvdrfhrnf/ þtrIudk ,cifuwnf;u NyD;pD;

atmifvkyfaqmifcJhvdrfhrnfqdkvQif vltrsm;onf ,aeYwGif trSef

w&m;wGiftouf½SifaeMu½Hkomru tjcm;olrsm;udkvnf;

oGefoifEdkifMuvdrfhrnfjzpfonf/ rdrdwdkYvkyfaqmif&rnfhwm0efudk

od½Sdatmif avhusufum taumiftxnfaz:vkyfaqmifMuyg/

uREfkyfwdkYonf rdrdwdkYtm; bk&m;ocifay;tyfxm;onfhwm0ef

rsm;udk olwpfyg;vkyfay;zdkYapmifhaeaom tultnDrJholrsm;

r[kwfMuyg/ olwpfyg;udkom tNrJwrf;tm;udk;rSDcdkaeolrsm;

r[kwfMuyg/

ÀÀÀ

146pm;oHk;&efoifhavsmfaomtpm;tpmrsm; 145

DF- 10

rSwfawmfrlonf/ aoG;em;xifa&mufjcif;udk atmifEdkifMu&rnf/

udk,fcEmtpdwftydkif;toD;oD;odkY toufaoG;rsm;udkjzefYay;onfh

aoG;aMumBuD;rsm;onf udk,ft*FgxJwGifwnf½Sdaeygonf/ oif\

tpmtdrfxJwGif oifxnfhvdkufaomtpmrsm;onf OD;aESmufudk

tyl½SdefwufaeonfhrD;zdkBuD;uJhodkYjzpfapvsuf½Sdonf/ ydkí

avsmhavsmhayghayghpm;yg/ tpmtdrfudktvkyfrrsm;aprnfh½dk;½dk;tpm

rsm;udkpm;yg/ oifü½Sdaomwd&pämefpdwfaZmrsm;udk zGHUûzd;rvmap

&ef tvdkrvdkufoifhygacs/ OD;aESmufxJwGif aoG;rsm;jynfhusyf

ydwfqdkYaejcif;onf 0dnmOfwefcdk;rsm;udk tm;enf;ap½Hkomru

wd&pämef\yifudk,fp½dkufudk tm;aumif;aponf/

trSefwu,foifpm;oHk;oifhaomtpmrSm udk,fcE¨m

wnfaqmufrIudktm;ay;onfhtpm;tpmrsm;xuf toufrkefY

wnf;[laom0dnmOfa&;qdkif&mtpmrsm;udk ydkírsm;rsm;pm;oHk;oifh

ygonf/ oifpm;onfhtpm;tpmrsm;onf ydkí½dk;pif;av?

oifhtwGufydkíaumif;avjzpfygonf/

cE¨mudk,f,EÅ&m;rSydwfqdkYrIrsm;

2T, pp. 412-413 (1870)

nDtpfudkarmifESrwdkY? oifwdkYonf rsm;pGmavhusufNyD;

acsNyD/ oifonf cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkjznfhqnf;um cE¨mudk,f

\vdktyfcsufxuf rsm;pGmydkípm;oHk;aeygonf/ aumif;aom

tpmrsm;jzpfvifhupm; csKyfwnf;rIr½SdbJ w&m;vGefpm;aomuf

jcif;onf tjypfjzpfonf/ tom;ESifhqdk;,kwfaomtpmrsm;udk

b,rsm;woDwwef;0ifa&mufvmygonf/ tu,fí ueOD;

uwnf;u a&m*g½Sdolrsm;tpm;MuL;vQif ¤if;wdkY\pGrf;tm;rsm;

onf wpfaeYwjcm;,kwfavsmhvmygawmhonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf

rdrdwdkY\0rf;AdkufxJodkYxnfhvdkufaomtpmrsm;ajczsuf&ef rvdkvm;

tyfaomvkyfaqmifrIrsm;wGif cGeftm;rsm;udktoHk;ûyaeMuygonf/

Letter, p. 73a (1896)

csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhrIaMumifh acgif;udkufjcif;? tpmraMu

jcif;ESifh avxdk;avatmifha&m*grsm;udk rMumcPcHpm;&wwf

Muygonf/ rEdkif0efrsm;udk 0rf;AdkufxJodkYxnfhrdjcif;aMumifh ½kyfydkif;

qdkif&mzdpD;rIwpfckudk cHpm;vm&ygonf/ OD;acgif;onf rMunf

rvifjzpfvmygonf/ 0rf;Adkufonfvnf; rNidrfroufjzpfvm

ygonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif 0rf;Adkufonf oGufcsmyg'vdkufum

tm½HkcHpm;rIr½Sdawmhacs/ tpmaMucsufonfht*Fgrsm;üvnf; cGeftm;

rsm;aysmufuG,foGm;acsNyD/ vlYcEmudk,fpuf,EÅ&m;\ xdktajccH

tkwfjrpfonf wjznf;jznf;,drf;,dkifvmum toufwmonf

rESpfûrdUp&mjzpfvmygonf/

Letter, p. 142 (1900)

ûcd;jcHpGmpm;aomufyg[k uREfkyftMuHûyvdkygonf/ oif

onf pOf;pm;csifhcsdefEdkifaom c&pf,mefuif;apmifhwpfOD;yDyD oif\

toufwmESifhusef;rma&;udk&efûyrnfh rnfonfht&mudkrQ yg;pyfxJ

t0ifrcHbJ tpmtdrfwHcg;udkumuG,fapmifha½Smufay;yg/ usef;rm

jcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mtvif;w&m;rsm;udk apmihfxdef;

vdkufavQmuf&ef oifüwm0ef½Sdonf[k xm0&bk&m;ocif

148 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftpmaMucsufrIqdkif&mZD0ur®a0' 147

0efav;apygonf/ xdktpmaMucsufrIpepfudkvnf; ysuf,Gif;

qdk;½Gm;oGm;apwwfygonf/ tpmtdrfonfvnf; xdktpmydkrsm;

udkacszsufypf&ef tvkyfydkvkyfae&ojzifh EGrf;vsvmygonf/

xdkEGrf;vsrIudk ]qmavmifrI} cHpm;&ovdk teufzGifhwwfygonf/

tpmaMucsufrIpepfudktem;ray;awmhbJ tpmtdrfxJodkY rqefY

rNyJxnhfvdkufum EGrf;vsaeaomxdktpmaMucsufrI,EÅ&m;BuD;

udkwpfzefvIyf½Sm;vnfywfapaomtcsdefwGif xdk ]qmavmifrI}

vdkvdk a0'emrsKd;udkcHpm;&wwfygonf/ tpm;tpmrsm;udk vGefMuL;

pGmpm;jcif;onf oifhwifhavsmufywfaomtpmtwdkif;tqudk

yHkrSeftcsdefowfrSwfí pm;jcif;avmuf udk,fcEmtwGuf tm[m&

rjzpfygacs/

yHkrSefudk,fvufavhusifhcef;rsm;jzifh

tpmaMucsufrIudkyHhydk;jcif;

nDtpfudkwdkY? oifwdkY\OD;aESmufrsm;onf xHkxdkif;ae

acsNyD/ oifpm;oHk;aeonfhtpmtwdkif;tqudk ½Sif;xkwfEdkifrnfh

yk*¾dKvfrSm um,tvkyform;wpfOD;omjzpfacsrnf/ um,

avhusifhcef;rsm;onf tpmaMucsufrItwGufvnf;aumif;?

udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\usef;rmaysmf½Tifjcif;twGufvnf;aumif; ta&;

ygvSygonf/ oifonf opfwHk;BuD;vdkaysmhaysmif;rIuif;rJhpGmjzifh

vIyf½Sm;vkyfaqmifwwfygonf/ xdkaMumifh usef;rma&;udk

taxmuftulûyEdkifrnfhum,avhusifhcef;rsm;udk oifvkyfzdkY

vdktyfygonf/ xdkavhusifhcef;aMumifh oifhpdwfESvHk;vnf;

rpm;vQifNyD;a&m? aumif;aomtpmrsm;udk *dwfqHk;atmif

pm;EdkifcGifh½Sdonf[k wcsKdUu,lqMuonf/ þ,lqcsufonf

rSm;,Gif;rIwpfckomjzpfonf/ usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;

orm;[k udk,fhudkudk,fzGifh[aeolrsm;yifvQif tpm;MuL;olrsm;

jzpfaeMuonf/ tpmaMuatmif tBuD;tus,fvkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh

tpmtdrftm;enf;vmonfhwdkifatmif tpmrsm;udk tpmtdrfxJodkY

rqefYrNyJxnfhaeMuonf/ xdktajctaewGif OD;aESmuf

tm½HkaMumrsm;onf tpmaMucsufrIwGif yg0ifulnDae&ojzifh

todtm½Hkrsm;onfvnf; xdkif;rIdif;vmygonf/ tm[m&ESifhjynhf0

onfhtpmrsm;jzpfvifhupm; vdkonfxufyd kípm;vmvQif

OD;aESmuftm½HkaMumrsm;udkxHkxdkif;apNyD; OD;aESmufcGeftm;rsm;

udkvnf; tm;enf;oGm;aponf/ tpm;MuL;jcif;onf tvkyfMuL;

jcif;xufyd kí cE¨mudk,fusef;rma&;udkxdcd kufapygonf/

pm;aomufjcif;ü csKyfwnf;rIuif;rJhjcif;onf tvkyfvkyf&mwGif

csKyfwnf;rIuif;rJhjcif;xuf touf0dnmOfqdkif&mcGeftm;rsm;udk

tBuD;tus,fxdcdkufysufpD;apygonf/

tpmaMucsufrIqdkif&mt*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;udk ydkrdktvkyf

rsm;aprnfh tvGeftuRHrsm;onfhtpmrsm; (tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHk

aomtpmrsm;jzpfvihfupm;) jzifh 0efrav;apoifhMuyg/

tpmaMucsufrIpepft& aoG;tjzpfodkYul;ajymif;ay;Edkifrnfh tpm

twdkif;tqxuf ydkírsm;aomtpmrsm;onf xdk,EÅ&m;udk

ydwfqdkYrIrsm;udkjzpfapygonf/ taMumif;rSm xdktpmydkrsm;onf

taoG;tom;rjzpfEdkifawmhojzifh ¤if;\wnf½SdrIonf tonf;udk


tusKd;½Sdaomavhusifhcef;wpfckjzpfygonf/ xdktcsdefwGif pdwfonf

ywf0ef;usif½Sdobm0tvSrsm;qDodkYa&mufoGm;um tpmtdrfqDodkY

tm½HkûyrIenf;yg;oGm;ygonf/ pm;vdkufrdaomtpmu rdrdtm;

'ku©ay;rnf[k oifpdk;&drfaevQif pdk;&drfonfhtwdkif;jzpfwwfojzifh

cHpm;&aom'ku©rsm;udk arhypfvdkufum 0rf;omp&mudpörsm;om

pOf;pm;oHk;oyfMuyg/

avaumif;avoefYjzifhtaxmuftulûyjcif;

vwfqwfaomavaumif;avoefYonf aoG;vnfywfrI

aumif;ap½Hkomru udk,fcE¨mudkjyefvnfvef;qef;apum

udk,fcE¨mudkusef;rmoefpGrf;apygonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif

udk,fcEmusef;rmrIonf pdwftay:odkYcdkifcdkifrmrmtusKd;oufa&muf

um pdwfNidrfoufrIudkjzpfay:apygonf/ xdktcsdefwGif cHwGif;

aumif;vmum tpmaMucsufrItm;vnf; aumif;vm½Hkomru

ESpfûcdufpGmtdyfEdkifvmygonf/

MH, pp. 272-273 (1905)

tqkwfudk vGwfvGwfvyfvyfvIyf½Sm;Edkifatmif wwfEdkif

oavmufcGifhûyoifhygonf/ tqkwf\pGrf;aqmiftm;onf

vGwfvyfpGmvIyf½Sm;rItm;jzifh zGHUûzd;ygonf/ tqkwfudk vGwfvyf

pGmrvIyf½Sm;Edkifatmif xdef;csKyfxm;vQif ¤if;onf tm;enf;oGm;

wwfygonf/ txl;ojzifh xdkifítvkyfvkyf&aomtvkyform;

rsm;onf cg;udkajzmifhajzmifhrxdkifbJ tvkyfvkyfaomtusifhonf

raumif;aomtusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;udkjzpfapygonf/ cg;ukef;NyD;

Munfvifvmygvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif xrif;pm;NyD;NyD;csif; jyif;xefaom

um,avhusifhcef;rsm;udk vHk;0rvkyfoifhonfhjyif xdkavhusifhcef;

rsm;taMumif;udk pmtm;jzifhyif ravhvmoifhygacs/ xdkodkY

vkyfaqmifjcif;onf tpmaMucsufrIpepfqdkif&m pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk

csKd;azgufjcif;wpfckomjzpfonf/ tpmpm;NyD;NyD;csif;tcsdefwGif

tm½HkaMumzGJUpnf;rIqdkif&mcGeftm;rsm;toHk;csxrf;aqmif&rnfh

jyif;xefonfhwm0efwpfckjzpfay:vmygonf/ tpmtdrfudk

taxmuftrûy&ef OD;aESmufpGrf;tm;rsm;onfvnf; tvkyf½Iyf

aeMuygonf/ xdkaMumifh tpmpm;NyD;NyD;csif; udk,fpdwfESpfyg;

udktvkyfay;rdvQif tpmaMucsufrItm;udk xdcdkufapygonf/

OD;wnfcsufwpfckwnf;jzifh yHkrSefvkyfaqmifoGm;zdkYvdktyfaom

xdktpmaMucsufrIpepf\cGeftm;rsm;onf wvGJtoHk;csjcif;udk

cH&um xdkpepfvkyfaqmifrIonfvnf; OD;wnfcsufvGJvmygonf/

CTBH, p. 101 (1890)

udk,fum,avhusifhcef;vkyfaqmifjcif;onf tpmaMucsuf

rIpepfudkusef;rmap&efrprIay;ojzifh tpmraMuonfha&m*gudk

oufomaysmufuif;apygonf/ odkY&mwGif um,avhusifhcef;

rsm;udk tpmpm;NyD;cgptcsdefwGif jyif;jyif;xefxefvkyfaqmif

jcif;ESifhavhvmjcif;rsm;onf tpmaMucsufrIudkxdcdkufapygonf/

taMumif;rSm tpmaMucsufrIvkyfief;udkvkyfaqmif&mwGif vdktyf

aomcGeftm;rsm;udk tjcm;u@rsm;wGiftoHk;ûy&ef vTJ,loGm;

jcif;aMumifhjzpfygonf/ odkY&mwGif xrif;pm;NyD;cgptcsdefwGif

acgif;armh? &ifaumhum jznf;jznf;vrf;avQmufjcif;onf txl;


aomtpmrsm;onfvnf; t&nftaoG;rrDonfhtjyif twdkif;

tqvnf;rSm;aeygonf/ oifpm;aomtpmrsm;onf taoG;

tom;rjzpfapEdkifonfhtpmnHhrsm;jzpf½Hkomru oifpm;aeonfh

twdkif;tqrSmvnf;rsm;vGef;vSygonf/ þodkYaompm;aomuf

enf;rsKd;jzifh oifhtpmtdrfudkoifusifhcJhayNyD/ þtusifhaMumifh

jzpfay:aeaom rvdkvm;tyfonfht&mrsm;udk oifowdrrlrdojzifh

þpm;aomufenf;onfom taumif;qHk;jzpfonf[k oifxif

aeygonf/ odkY&mwGif þenf;onf rSefuefaomenf;vrf;wpfck

r[kwfygacs/ oifhtpmtdrfonf tpm;tpmrsm;rS&oifhaom

cGeftm;rsm;udkr&½Sdygacs/ t&nfavmufudkom oifpm;aevQif

oifrSD0Jaeaomtpmonf oifhudktm;jzpfapvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/

odkY&mwGif t&nftpm;? tpdkiftcJjzpfaomtpmrsm;udk ajymif;í

oifpm;oHk;vQif oifhtpmtdrfonf uoduatmufjzpfaevdrfh

rnf/ odkYapumrl tpdkiftcJtpmrsm;udkydkNyD;pm;oHk;um oif\

tpmtdrfudkusifhay;&ygrnf/

Letter, p. 9 (1887)

tpm;tpmjyifqifyHkrSm;,Gif;aeaMumif;udkvnf;aumif;?

pGyfûywf? aumfzDESifhaygifrkefYudk yifwdkifpm;touf½Sifaexdkif

jcif;onf usef;rma&;udk taxmuftyHhrûyEdkifaMumif;udkvnf;

aumif;? tpmtdrfxJodkYt&nfrsm;rsm;oGif;jcif;onf usef;rma&;

udktaxmuftulrûyaMumif;udkvnf;aumif;? xdkuJhodkYaom

tm[m&wpfcktay:wGif rSDcdktouf½Sifaexdkifoltm;vHk;onf

ausmufuyfudkxdcdkufap½Hkomru t&nfrsm;aomtpmrsm;onf

xdkifaeolwpfOD;onf toufjyif;jyif;½ª&efrjzpfEdkifawmhacs/

ty,durQom touf½ªaomtusifhonf tqkwf\vIyf½Sm;rI

udktm;enf;oGm;apygonf/ tusÐusyfusyf0wfjcif;onfvnf;

tvm;wlqdk;usKd;udkjzpfay:apEdkifygonf/

tay:,Homtouf½ªjcif;aMumifh atmufqD*sift&enf;

um aoG;vnfywfrIaES;auG;vmygonf/ touf½ªxkwfjcif;

tm;jzifh tqkwfrSz,f½Sm;ypf&rnfh tqdyf½SdaompGefYypfypönf;

rsm;onfvnf; qufvufwnf½Sdaeum aoG;onf oefY½Sif;rI

uif;vmygonf/ xdkaMumifh tpmtdrf? tonf;ESifh OD;aESmuf

rsm;vnf;xdcdkufvmygonf/ tom;rsm;0gvmygonf/ tpm

aMucsufrItm;enf;vmonf/ ESvHk;onfvnf; xdkif;rIdif;vmyg

onf/ xdkaMumifh OD;aESmufwGif r½Sif;rvif;jzpfum tawG;

rsm;½IyfaxG;vmygonf/ tqHk;wGif cE¨mudk,fBuD;wpfckvHk;onf

av;vHxdkif;rIdif;vmum a&m*gb,rsm;udk[efYwm;zdkY cHEdkif&nf

r½Sdawmhacs/

t&nftm[m&rsm;jzifh[efYwm;jcif;

3T, p. 74 (1872)

oifonf um,usef;rma&;ESihfjynfhpHkao;vQif toHk;0if

xl;cRefolwpfOD;jzpfcJhvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif oifonf umv½SnfMum

pGma&m*gpGJcJholjzpfojzifh oif\tawG;tjrifrsm;vnf; ysufpD;

cJhum oifhudk,foifomtNrJwrf;oHk;oyfcJhygonf/ oifhtawG;

tjrifrsm;onf oif\cE¨mudk,fudkzsufqD;cJhacsNyD/ oifrSD0Jae


jcif;aMumifh tpmtdrfonf rsm;pGmxdcdkufysufpD;&ygonf/

þenf;tm;jzifh vnfacsmif;ESifhtpmaMucsufonfht*Fgrsm;

ysuf,Gif;um xdkrSwpfqifh tjcm;t*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;onf

tm;tifqkwf,kwfvmygawmhonf/

at;aomtpmrsm;aMumifhtm;tifukefcef;jcif;

MH, p. 305 (1905)

ylvGef;aomtpmudk rpm;oifhovdk at;vGef;aomtpm

rsm;udkvnf; rpm;oifhygacs/ tpmrsm;onf at;pufaeygvQif

tpmtdrfonf tpmrcsufrD ¤if;tpmrsm;udkaET;atmifvkyfae&yg

ao;onf/ xdkaMumifh tpmtdrfonf tm;ukefaponfhtvkyf

ydkudkvkyfae&ygonf/ a&cJpdrft&nfrsm;onf xdkenf;ESifESif

tEÅ&m,f½Sdygonf/ qlaeaoma&aET;rsm;onfvnf; tm;tif

rsm;udk,kwfavsmhoGm;apygonf/

(CTBH, p. 51) CH, pp. 119-120 (1890)

xrif;pm;pOf a&cJ&nfaomufjcif;onf rSm;,Gif;aom

tusifhwpfckjzpfonf/ tpmudk a&ESifharsmrcsoifhacs/ a&onf

oGm;&nfusrIudktm;enf;aponf/ a&onf ydkíat;vmonfESifh

trQ tpmtdrfonfvnf; ydkíxdcdkufvmygonf/ a&cJpdrfxm;

aomt&nfrsm;udk tpmrsm;ESifha&mípm;oHk;jcif;onf tpmaMu

csufrIudk tm;enf;oGm;aponf/ tpmajconfhvkyfief;udk jyefvnf

vkyfaqmifEdkif&ef tpmrsm;udkaET;NyD;onfhtxd tpmaMucsufrI

pepfudk &yfwefYoGm;apygonf/

tpmtdrfudktm;ukefapaMumif;udkvnf;aumif; ¤if;wdkYtm; uREfkyf

ajymxm;ygonf/

þtzGJUtpnf;rSvlrsm;pGmwdkYonf rpm;oifhaomtpm

rsm;udkpm;jcif;aMumifh tpmraMuonfha&m*grsm;cHpm;ae&onfudk

uREfkyfaumif;aumif;oabmaygufygonf/ tpmaMucsufrIqdkif&m

t*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;onf tm;enf;vm½Hkomru aoG;rsm;onf

vnf; qkwf,kwfvmygonf/ ¤if;wdkYpm;onhfreufpmonf

aumfzD? aygifrkefYESifh qD;oD;ajcmuf,dkrsm;omjzpfonf/ þtpm

rsm;onf usef;rma&;udktaxmuftulrûyEdkifygacs/ tem;,l

tdyfpufNyD;aomtcsdefwGif tpmtdrfonf tESpfom&ESifhjynfhpHkaom

tpmrsm;udkacszsufay;&ef ydkíaumif;rGefvmygonf/ xdkYaemuf

aeYv,fpmudk pGyfûywfESifh tom;tenf;i,fudkrsm;aomtm;jzifh

pm;oHk;Muygonf/ tpmtdrfuav;rSm ao;i,faomfvnf;

pm;oHk;olonf tmomrajyao;ojzifh t&nftrsm;BuD;udk

aomufvdkuf&m AdkufusyfoGm;ygawmhonf/

aET;½HkomaET;NyD; qlatmifylatmifrvkyf&rnfhtpm

2T, p. 603 (1870)

eHeufpmoHk;aqmifonfhtpmrsm;udk aET;½HkomaET;í pm;oHk;

&ef uREfkyftMuHûyvdkygonf/ xdkodkYvkyfaqmif&ojzifh oifü

rsm;pGmtyef;BuD;rnfrxifyg/

Letter, p. 14 (1901)

aq;aomufonfhtcsdefrsKd;rSvGJí uRwfuRwfqlaeaom

t&nfrsm;udkraomufygESifh/ ylaomtpm? t&nfrsm;rsm;pm;oHk;


yg/ jznf;jznf;csif;nufnuf0g;NyD;pm;yg/ tpmrsm;rsm;pm;jcif;

xuf nufnuf0g;pm;jcif;u ydkítusKd;½SdouJhodkY t&om

½Sdaomtpmrsm;rsm;udkpm;jcif;xuf yg;pyfxJwGif tcsdefMumMum

xm;í0g;NyD;pm;jcif;u ydkítusKd;½Sdygonf/ pdwfvIyf½Sm;aeol

rsm;? pdwfaomua&mufaeolrsm;ESifh a&;BuD;okwfysmjzpfaeol

rsm;onf pdwfrNidrfrcsif; tpmpm;&efroifhavsmfygacs/

taMumif;rSm tBuD;tus,ftoHk;ûyjcif;cHxm;&onfh y"meus

aomcGeftm;rsm;onf tpmaMunufaponfht&nfrsm;udk ay;pGrf;

Edkifjcif;r½SdMuawmhaomaMumifhjzpfonf/

MH, p. 305 (1905)

tpmudkjznf;jznf;ESif hnufnuf0g;pm;oifhygonf/

oGm;&nfESifhpm;vdkufaomtpmrsm; tcsKd;ususa&maESmoGm;ap

&efESifh tpmaMuaponfht&nfrsm; yHkrSeftvkyfvkyfEdkifap&eftvdkYiSm

þtcsufonf tvGefta&;ygvSygonf/

Letter, p. 27 (1905)

jyefvnfusef;rmvmatmif uREfkyfwdkYvkyfaqmifMurnf

qdkvQif cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkcsKyfwnf;jcif;? tpmudkjznf;jznf;

0g;pm;jcif;ESifh wpfBudrfvQiftpmrsKd;pHkrpm;jcif;rsm;onf t"du

jzpfygonf/ þtcsufudk xyfcgwvJusifhoHk;&efvdktyfygonf/

tpmpm;aomtcgwGif wpfBudrfwnf;ü tpmrsKd;pHkpm;jcif;onf

usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhrudkufnDyg/

MS, p. 3 (1897)

tom;udkjzwfum oufowfvGwfpm;awmhrnfqdkvQif

owdBuD;pGmxm;í jyifqifcsufûywfoifhygonf/ *sKH,m*kudk

tpmudk a&rsm;rsm;aomufí pm;aomufavav tpm

aMuzdkYcufavavjzpfygonf/ taMumif;rSm xdkt&nfrsm;udk

ukefcef;oGm;atmif a½S;OD;pGmpkyfay;ae&aomaMumifhjzpfonf/

tvkyf½Iyfaeolrsm;twGufowday;csuf

Letter, p. 274 (1908)

cHwGif;awmifhwrIESifhywfoufí aq;cef;tvkyform;rsm;?

ausmif;q&mrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;owdxm;zdkYvdkonfht&m

rsm;udkajymjy&ef uREfkyftm; bk&m;ocifñTefMum;awmfrlygonf/

þudpöESifhywfoufí avsmh&JrI½Sdvmjcif;ESifh tpmpm;zdkYtcsdef

ray;Edkifavmufatmif tvkyfrsm;aejcif;onf tvGeftEÅ&m,f

½SdvSygonf/ oifhtm; uREfkyfajymcsifaomowif;pum;rSm pm;zdkY

tcsdef,lyg/ tpmpm;onfhtcgwGif wpfcsdefwnf;ü tpmrsKd;pHk

udk ua&maomyg;rpm;ygESifh/ xdkodkYvkyfaqmifjcif;onf r[m

trSm;wpfckjzpfygonf/

jznf;jznf;csif;nufatmif0g;ípm;yg

(CTBH, pp. 51, 52) CH, p. 120 (1890)

tpmaMu&ef jznf;jznf;pm;oifhygonf/ tpmraMuonfh

a&m*gudka½Smif½Sm;vdkolrsm;ESifh bk&m;ocif\trIawmfwGif

taumif;qHk;yg0ifxrf;aqmifapEdkifrnfhwefcdk;rsm;udk xdef;odrf;

apmifha½Smuf&ef wm0ef½Sdonf[k oabmaygufolrsm;onf

þtcsufudkaumif;pGmowd&atmufarh&ayvdrfhrnf/ tpmpm;&ef

oifütcsdefenf;aevQif ua&maomyg;rpm;bJ tpmudkavsmhpm;


Letter, p. 142 (1900)

rnfa½GUrnfrQpm;&rnf[kñTefMum;&efrSm jzpfEdkifaomt&m

r[kwfygacs/ pOf;pm;csifhcsdefNyD; pm;aomufMu&rnfjzpfygonf/

vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf tm[m&jzpfaprnfh taumif;qHk;tpmrsm;ESifh

pm;oHk;oifhonfhtaumif;qHk;tcsKd;tqtwGuf rsm;pGmpdwfylae

Muygonf/ tpmraMuwwfolwcsKdUrSmrl tpmraMurSmpdk;ojzifh

tm[m&jzpfaprnfhtpmrsm;udkyif vHkvHkavmufavmufrpm;Mu

awmhacs/ ¤if;wdkYonf rdrdwdkY\cE¨mudk,fBuD;udk xdcdkufatmif

vkyfaeMuum udk,fhudkudk,fysufpD;oGm;atmifvkyfrdrSmudk uREfkyfwdkY

pdk;&drfaeygonf/

MH, p. 321 (1905)

rdrdwdkYpm;aomtpmrsm;onf ½dk;pif;í usef;rma&;twGuf

aumif;aomtpmrsm;jzpfvifhupm; rdrdwdkYtm;xdcdkufrSmpdk;ojzifh

tNrJwappdwfaomua&mufaeolwcsKdU½Sdygonf/ ]oifpm;aom

tpmrsm;u oifhtm;'ku©ay;vdrfhr,fvdkYrxifygESifh? 'DtaMumif;

awGudkvHk;vHk;rawG;ygESifh} [k xdkolrsm;tm; uREfkyfajymyg&ap/

oif\taumif;qHk; qHk;jzwfcsuft&pm;oHk;yg/ cEmudk,ftwGuf

cGeftm;jzpfap&ef xdktpmudkaumif;csD;ay;zdkY bk&m;ocifxHwGif

oifqkawmif;NyD;jzpf&m oif\qkawmif;oHudk bk&m;ocif

em;anmif;awmfrlrnfudk,HkMunfvsuf pdwfylyefrIr½SdygESifh/

MH, p. 306 (1905)

tvGefxdcdkufapEdkifonfhtjcm;trSm;wpfckrSm roifhavsmf

aomtcsdefrSm tpmpm;jcif;jzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh um,

rsm;rsm;pm;jcif;onf rSm;,Gif;rIwpfckjzpfonf/ 0g;pm;zdkYvdkonfh

tpmtajcmufrsm;udkpm;jcif;onf rsm;pGmomíaumif;ygonf/

usef;rmjcif;ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpm;tpmjyifqifjcif;onf aumif;csD;

r*Fvmwpfyg;jzpfonf/ ½dk;pif;aomenf;jzifh *½kwpdkufjyifqif

xm;onfh aygifrkefYñdkrsm;onf usef;rma&;twGuftaxmuf

tulûyonf/ aygifrkefYü tcsOf"mwfvHk;0ryg½Sdap&yg/ aoao

csmcsmusufatmifzkwf&ygrnf/ þenf;tm;jzifh El;nHhjcif;ESifh

rmwif;wif;jzpfjcif; ESpfrsKd;pvHk;udka½Smif½Sm;Edkifvdrfhrnf/

aygifrkefYñdkrsm;udk aumif;rGefpGmjyifqifcsufûywfxm;onfh

oufowfvGwf[if;ESifha&mípm;jcif;onf aysmhtdaeonfh*sKH,m*k

rsm;xufydkítm[m&jzpfygonf/ usufatmifzkwfNyD; 2 &uf

(odkYr[kwf) 3 &ufMumrS toD;rsm;ESifha&mípm;oHk;jcif;onf

zkwfNyD;cgpaygifrkefYxufydkíaumif;ygonf/ xdkaygifrkefYudk

jznf;jznf;ESifhnufnuf0g;pm;rnfqdkvQif cEmudk,f\vdktyfcsuf

rsm;rSmjynfh0aeayvdrfhrnf/

R & H, May 8, 1883.

aygifrkefYtvHk;rsm;vkyf&ef a&oefYoefYESifh EGm;EdkY (odkYr[kwf)

rvdkiftenf;i,fudktoHk;ûyum *sKHrIefYudke,fyg/ xdkaemuf rkefYnuf

rsm;udktvHk;rsm;vHk;um tdkAifxJwGifxnfhízkwfyg/ csKdNrdefaom

t&omESifhjynfhpHkaomaygifrkefYrsm;udk&ygvdrfhrnf/ oGm;twGuf

aomfvnf;aumif;? tpmtdrftwGufaomfvnf;aumif; tusKd;

xl;rsm;&½SdapEdkif&ef xdkaygifrkefYrsm;udk nufnuf0g;pm;yg/

aumif;aomtaoG;tom;ESifhcGeftm;rsm;udk wdk;yGm;apygvdrfhrnf/


ocifxHrS&onfhES,f xdkynmudkvnf; xm0&bk&m;ocifxHrSom

&½SdEdkifygonf/

R & H, July 29, 1884.

wpfcsdefwnf;wGif tpmrsKd;pHkudkrpm;ygESifh/ tpmoHk;rsKd;

av;rsKd;onfyifrsm;vSacsNyD/ aemufwpfBudrftpmpm;aomtcg

wGif tpmudktajymif;tvJvkyfum pm;oHk;Edkifygonf/ xrif;

csufonf [if;trsKd;rsKd;csufûywfum xrif;pm;yGJjyifwwfonfh

olr\wDxGifrItpGrf;rsm;udk toHk;csoifhygNyD/ tpmwpfrsKd;wnf;

udk xyfcgwvJ tpmtdrfxJodkYrxnfhoGif;oifhygacs/

2T, p. 63 (1868)

xrif;pm;onfhtcsdefwGif [if;trnfrsm;rsm;jyifqif

rpm;oHk;oifhouJhodkY xrif;pm;onfhtcgwdkif; [if;wpfrsKd;wnf;

jzifhvnf; rpm;oihfygacs/ tpmudk½dk;pif;pGmjyifqifpm;oHk;&rnf

rSmrSefaomfvnf; pm;oHk;rnfhtpmrsm;onf cHwGif;vdkufrnfh

tpmrsm;jzpf&rnf/

Letter, p. 73a (1896)

pm;p&mtrsKd;pHkjzifh tpmtdrfudkjynfhaprnfhtpm; wpfcg

pm;vQif tpm 2 rsKd; (odkYr[kwf) 3 rsKd;pm;jcif;onf tvGef

omíaumif;ygvdrfhrnf/

MS , p. 86 (1897)

vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf cHwGif;awmifhwrIudktvdkvdkufjcif;

tm;jzifh udk,fhudkudk,fzsm;ematmifvkyfaeMuonf/ tpmrsKd;pHkudk

pm;aeonfhtwGuf tpmtdrfonf tcsOfaygufvmwwfygonf/

avhusifhcef;rsm;udk tjyif;txefvkyfNyD;onfhaemuf tvGeftrif;

armyef;EGrf;vsaeaomtcsdefwGif tpmpm;jcif;rsKd;jzpfonf/ tpm

udkpm;NyD;onfESifhwpfûydifeuf tm½HkaMumqdkif&mpGrf;tm;rsm;onf

tjyif;txefvkyfaqmifvIyf½Sm;Mu&onf/ tpmrpm;rDESifh tpm

pm;NyD;cgptcsdef udk,fpdwfESpfyg;av;vHxdkif;rIdif;aepOfwGif tpm

aMucsufrIpepfonf [efYwm;jcif;cH&onf/ pdwfvIyf½Sm;jcif;?

pdwfaomua&mufjcif;ESifh ua&maomyg;jzpfaejcif;rsm;udk &ifqdkif

ae&olwpfOD;onf pdwfNidrfoufrIr&rcsif; tpmrpm;vQif ydkí

aumif;ygonf/

tpmtdrfonf OD;aESmufwGif eD;uyfpGmqufET,faeyg

onf/ tpmtdrfwGif tcufêuHvmaomtcsdefwGif tpmajconfh

t*Fgrsm;\tm;enf;rIudkulnDrp&ef tm½HkaMumpGrf;tm;rsm;odkY

OD;aESmufrSqifhac:vmygonf/ þqifhac:rIrsm;udk rMumcP

vkyfaqmifvm&onfESifhtrQ OD;aESmufonf xdkif;rIdif;vmyg

onf/ OD;aESmufonf tNrJwapav;vHxdkif;rIdif;aeaomtcg

udk,fum,vIyf½Sm;rIrsm;vnf; csKdUwJhvmygonf/ ½dk;pif;aom

tpmrsm;udkyif ûcd;jcHpGmpm;oHk;onfrSefOD;awmh udk,fum,

vIyf½Sm;rIrsm;onf enf;yg;vmygonf/ xdkaMumifh tpmpm;csdefwGif

aomursm;udky,f½Sm;xm;yg/ tvsifpvdkrpm;oHk;ygESifh/ cHpm;&

aomaumif;csD;r*FvmtjzmjzmtwGuf bk&m;ocifudk aus;Zl;wif

aompdwfjzifh pdwfat;at;xm;um jznf;jznf;pm;oHk;yg/

Letter, p. 213 (1902)

tpyfwnfhatmif tpmudka&mpm;wwfonfhynmonf

wefzdk;BuD;vSygonf/ txufrSOmPfynmrsm;udk xm0&bk&m;


DF- 11

onf tcsnf;ESD;owday;aeMuonf/ tusKd;quftaejzifh

emrusef;rIrsm;jzpfvmum a&m*gb,rsm;onf rif;rlvmygonf/

GW, p. 174 (1892) (Old edition)

usef;rmjcif;csKdUwJh&jcif;ESifh tvkyfvkyf&mwGifrwGifus,f

jcif;rsm;\taMumif;&if;rSm tpmraMujcif;yifjzpfonf/ tpmaMu

csufEdkifonfhpGrf;tm;rsm;udk wvGJtoHk;csaeaomtcsdefwGif

OD;aESmufonf taumif;qHk;vkyfaqmifEdkifonfhtaetxm;wGif

r½SdEdkifygacs/ vltrsm;onf tpmrsKd;pHkudk wpfcsdefwnf;rSm

ua&maomyg;pm;wwfMu&m tpmtdrfwGif rNidrfroufjzpfum

tqHk;wGifOD;aESmufudkrMunfrvifjzpfapygonf/

MS, p. 3 (1897)

wpfcsdefwnf;wGif tpmrsKd;pHkudkpm;jcif;onfraumif;yg/

toD;ESifhaygifrkefYrsm;udk tjcm;rwnfhonfhtpmrsKd;pHkESifha&mí

pm;jcif;aMumifh tpmtdrfa&m*grsm;jzpfay:vm&ygonf/

MS, p. 93 (1901)

vltrsm;onf ua&maomyg;pm;wwfMuonf/ wcsKdU

olrsm;rSmrl rwnfhaomtpmrsm;udka&mum wpfcsdefwnf;wGif

pm;wwfMuonf/ tpmtdrfudkxdcdkufatmifvkyfaeaomtcsdefwGif

touf0dnmOfudkrnfrQxdcdkufaponfudkvnf;aumif;? tpmtdrf

udk'ku©a&mufatmifvkyfaeaomtcsdefwGif c&pfawmfudk rnfodkY

½Iwfcsaeonfudkvnf;aumif; vltaygif;wdkYowd&MuvQif

¤if;wdkYonf tpmtdrfudkusef;rmatmifûypk&ef owåd½SdvmMuvdrfh

rnf/ udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fvmMuvdrfhrnf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf xrif;

pm;yGJrSmxdkifaepOfrSmyif bk&m;ocif\bkef;wefcdk;udkaxmufí

xdktajctaersKd;aMumifh pdk;&drf&onfha&m*grsm;&vmum rMumcP

aojcif;ESifh&ifqdkif&wwfygonf/

Letter, p. 54 (1896)

tpm;tpmrsKd;pHkudk wpfcsdefwnf;wGifpm;oHk;jcif;aMumifh

rESpfûrdUzG,f&mrsm;udkjzpfay:apNyD; tpmwpfrsKd;csif;pm;vQif

cE¨mudk,ftwGuf tusKd;½Sdaprnfht&mrsm;onfvnf; tpmrsm;

udka&mípm;vdkufjcif;aMumifh ysufpD;qHk;½IH;oGm;&wwfygonf/

þtusifhonf emrusef;rIudktNrJwrf;jzpfapvsuf rMumcP

aojcif;ESifh&ifqdkifapygonf/

Letter, p. 739 (1896)

oif\tvkyfonf xdkifívkyf&aomtvkyfjzpfvQif um,

avhusifhcef;rsm;udk aeYwdkif;vkyfyg/ xrif;wpfcgpm;wdkif; ½dk;pif;

aomtpm 2 rsKd;? 3 rsKd;xufrydkygapESifh/

7T, p. 257 (1902)

rwnfhaomtpmrsm;udka&mípm;rdjcif;aMumifh usef;rma&;

udkxdcdkufapum tpmtdrftcsOfaygufjcif;? aoG;roefY½Sif;jcif;

ESifh OD;aESmufrMunfvifjcif;rsm;udkjzpfay:apygonf/

tpm;MuL;aomtusifhESifh wpfcgpm;wdkif; tpmrsKd;pHk

pm;jcif;wdkYaMumifh tpmraMuonfha&m*gudkjzpfapygonf/

þenf;tm;jzifh El;nHhaomtpmcsuft*Fgrsm;udk xdcdkufysufpD;

apygonf/ tpmtdrfudktcsnf;ESD;'ku©a&mufapí OD;aESmufudk

tvkyfrsm;apygonf/ tvGeftuRHpm;jcif; (odkYr[kwf) rwnfh

aomtpmrsm;udka&mípm;jcif;rsm;aMumifh tpmaMucsufrIudk

txdemapygonf/ usKd;aMumif;rqDavsmfonfh edrdwfjyjcif;rsm;


uRJNrD;wdkaewwfMuonf/ tu,fí uREfkyfwdkYtMum;wGif

at;at;csrf;csrf;jzpfvdkvQif usef;rmaomtpmtdrfudkydkifqdkifcGifh

&atmifvkyf&ef ta&;ygvSygonf/

toD;ESifh[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;

MH, p. 299-300 (1905)

wpfcsdefwnf;wpfxdkifwnf;wGif trsKd;pHkaomtpmrsm;udk

rpm;oHk;oifhacs/ taMumif;rSm þt&monf tpm;MuL;jcif;udk

jzpfap½Hkomru tpmraMuonfha&m*gudkvnf;jzpfapEdkifygonf/

tpmpm;aomtcsdefwGif opfoD;rsm;ESifh [if;oD;[if;½Guf

rsm;udk a&mípm;jcif;onfraumif;yg/ tpmaMucsufrItm;csKdUwJh

vQif xdkt&mESpfckudk a&mípm;vdkufjcif;aMumifh pdwfusa&m*g

udkjzpfapvsuf pdwfydkif;qdkif&mvkyfaqmifrIrsm;udk tm;enf;ap

ygonf/ opfoD;rsm;ESifh [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;udk oD;jcm;cGJí

pm;vQif ydkíaumif;ygonf/

reufpm? aeYv,fpmESifh npmrsm;onf rxyfoifhygacs/

tpm;tpmwpfrsKd;wnf;udk aeYpOfrpm;oHk;oifhacs/ tpm;tpm

rxyfrSom pm;aomtcgwGifNrdef,SufNyD; cE¨mudk,ftwGufvnf;

ydkítm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkygvdrfhrnf/

tcsKdyGJrsm;ESifh[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;

Letter, p. 142 (1900)

ylwif;? yspfcsKd&nfrsm;? udwfrkefYcsKdrsm;ESifh [if;oD;[if;½Guf

rsm;udkwpfcsdefwnf;rSmpm;rdvQif tpmtdrfudkxdcdkufapygonf/

pm;aomufjcif;tm;jzifh aq;zufqdkif&momoemtrIawmfudk

aqmif½GufEdkifMuygonf/

MS, p. 41 (1908)

tpmcsufonfhudk,ft*Fg&yfrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYapmifha½Smufum

tpmrsKd;pHkudk tpmtdrfxJodkYrxnfhMu&efjzpfonf/ wpfxdkifwnf;

ESifhtpmrsKd;pHkudkpm;avh½Sdolrsm;onf udk,fhudkudk,f'ku©a&mufatmif

vkyfaeolrsm;jzpfonf/ uREfkyfwdkYa½SUwGifcsxm;onfhtpmrsm;onf

t&omaumif;aomtpmrsm;jzpfjcif;xuf uREkfyfwdkYESifhwnfhaom

tpmrsm;jzpfzdkY ydkíta&;BuD;onf/ txJwGif rnfodkYjzpfysuf

aeonfudkzGifhMunfh&ef wHcg;aygufrsm; tpmtdrfür½Sdav&m?

uREfkyfwdkYonf usKd;aMumif;qifjcifum tpmrsm;udkpm;oHk;Mu&

rnf/ oifonf tpmpm;NyD;onfhtcsdef rtDromcHpm;vm&vQif

trsKd;pHkaomtpmrsm;udk wpfxdkifwnf;wGif oifpm;rdaomaMumifh

cHpm;&aomtusKd;qufjzpfEdkifygonf/

aysmf½Tifom,maomtoufwmjzifh vIyf½Sm;oGm;vmEdkif&ef

tpmcsufonfhudk,ft*Fgrsm;onf ta&;ygvSygonf/ rnfonfh

t&mudk tpmtjzpfpm;oHk;&rnfudk a0zefydkif;jcm;EdkifonfhtodOmPf

rsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYtm; xm0&bk&m;ocifay;oem;xm;awmfrl

ygonf/ rnfonfhtpmonf uREfkyfwdkYESifhwnfhí rnfonfhtpm

onf uREfkyfwdkYudk'ku© ay;rnfqdkonfhtcsufudk todOmPf½Sdaom

vlom;rsm;jzpfonfh uREfkyfwdkYonf ravhvmMuawmhbl;vm;/

tcsOfaygufaeaomtpmtdrfudkydkifqdkifxm;olrsm;ü rMunfvif

rcsKdomaomoabmxm;rsm;½SdwwfMuonf/ t&mcyfodrf;wdkYonf

¤if;wdkYESifh qefYusifaeoa,mifjzpfum pdwfwdkaewwfMuonf/


(CTBH, p. 57) CH, p. 154 (1890)

wcsKdUyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrItwGuf

aumif;onf[kxifum EGm;EdkYudk oMum;rsm;rsm;ESifhaygufí

oHk;aqmifwwfMuonf/ odkY&mwGif EGm;EdkYESifhoMum;a&mí

aomufoHk;jcif;onf tpmtdrfxJütcsOfaygufapum usef;rma&;

udkxdcdkufapygonf/

Letter, p. 72 (1896)

i½kwfaumif;rIefYESifhtcsKdyGJrsm;udk pm;yGJay:wGifjyifqifjcif;

enf;avav? usef;rma&;twGuf ydkíaumif;avavjzpfygonf/

a&m,Suf½IyfaxG;aomtpmrsm;onf vl\usef;rma&;udkxdcdkuf

apygonf/ todOmPfuif;rJhaomwd&pämefrsm;yifvQif vlom;

rsm;pm;aeonfh xdkuJhodkYaomtpmrsm;udk rnfonfhtcgrQrpm;

yg/ qef;Mu,fí ½Iyf½IyfaxG;axG;a&m,Sufxm;onfhtpmrsm;

onf usef;rma&;udkysufjym;apygonf/

ÀÀÀ

Letter, p. 312 (1908)

oif\tdrfwGif tpm;tpmjyifqifjcif;tvkyfudk taumif;

qHk;ulnDay;EdkifonfhtpDtpOfrsm;xm;½SdzdkYvdktyfonf/ yk*¾dKvf

wpfOD;onf ntcsdefrsm;wGifzsm;wwf&m tawGUtêuH½Sdaom

orm;awmfwpfOD;u ]cifAsm;pm;wJhtpmawGudk uRefawmfowd

xm;rdw,f/ xrif;pm;wJhtcgwdkif;rSm cifAsm;pm;wmtrsKd;pHk

vGef;w,f/ opfoD;awGudk [if;oD;[if;½GufeJYa&mpm;awmh

tpmtdrftcsOfaygufwmaygh/ aoG;vnf;roefYawmhbl;aygh/

'ghtjyif tpmraMuawmh pdwfvnf;rMunfawmhbl;aygh} [k

oifhtm;ajymjycJhygonf/ udk,fcEm½Sdt*Fgtpdwftydkif;toD;toD;udk

ta&;w,lxm;&rnfqdkonfhtcsufudk oifem;vnfoifhygonf/

tpmudka½G;cs,fpm;oHk;&mwGif aMumif;usKd;qDavsmfrItay:wGif

tajcûyum qifjcifoHk;oyf&ygrnf/

EGm;EdkYESifhoMum;

MH, p. 302 (1905)

tpm;tpmrsm;wGif omreftm;jzifh oMum;txnfhrsm;

avh½Sdonf/ udwfrkefYrsm;? ylwif;rsm;? axmywfrkefY? *s,fvD

,dkbl;rsm;onf tpmraMua&m*g\taMumif;&if;wpf&yfjzpf

onf/ txl;ojzifh EGm;EdkY? oMum;ESifh Orsm;udk t"duxm;um

a&mpyfûyvkyfxm;onf/ ylwif;? MuufOEdkYaygif;rsm;onf

usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapygonf/ EdkYESifhoMum;udk twdkif;tqrJh

a&mípm;oHk;jcif;udka½SmifMuOfoifhygonf/


vufOD;ordkif;q&mjzpfaomarma½Sonf urÇmh&mZ0if\

acwfOD;wGif touf½SifaexdkifcJhMuaom vlom;rsm;\toufwm

taMumif;udk wdus½Sif;vif;pGmazmfjycJh&m arG;&mygrsufpdrjrif

aomuav;? arG;&mygqGHUtem;rMum;aom? ½l;ESrf;ESrf;jzpfaom

uav;i,frsm;taMumif;azmfjyxm;onfhrSwfwrf;wpfckwav

udkrQ uREfkyfwdkYrawGU&acs/ EdkYpdkYoli,fb0? uav;b0ESifh

q,fausmfouft½G,faoqHk;aomrSwfwrf;rsm;udkvnf; uREfkyfwdkY

rawGUMu&yg/ urÇmOD;usrf;wGifawGU&aomema&;aMumfjimrSm

]]tm'Honf toufESpfaygif;udk;&mhoHk;q,faphaomfaoav\/}}

]]a½Soonf toufESpfaygif;udk;&mhwpfq,fhESpfESpfaphaomfaoav

\}} ponfwdkYjzpfygonf/ ¤if;jyif ]]tmjA[Honf touf

BuD;&ihfí tdkrif;jcif;? aeY&ufumvjynfhpHkjcif;ESifhwuG---touf

csKyfítedpöa&muf\}} [lívnf; tjcm;olrsm;\ema&;aMumfjim

rsm;udkawGU&ygonf/ odkY&mwGif ]]cg&efonf tbaw&raorD

---aoav\}} [laom zcifraoqHk;rD aoqHk;cJh&aom

om;orD;rsm;\rSwfwrf;rsm;rSmrl ½Sm;yg;vSygonf/ tm'HrSaem{

txd vlom;rsKd;pkrsm;\oufwrf;rSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh ESpfaygif;

wpfaxmifeD;yg;½Sdygonf/ odkY&mwGif vlYoufwrf;rsm;onf

xdktcsdefrSpí wjznf;jznf;csif;wdkawmif;vmcJhygonf/

c&pfawmfyxrtBudrf<uvmpOftcsdefwGif vltdkrsm;

omru vlysKdvl½G,frsm;yifvQif aq;ukorIcH&ef u,fwif½Sif

xHodkY ac:aqmifjcif;cH&onftxd vlom;rsKd;EG,fpk\tajctae

onf qdk;½Gm;vmcJhygonf/ vltrsm;onf razmfjyEdkifavmuf

tcef;BuD; (6)

a&m*gjzpf&jcif;\taMumif;&if;jzpfaom

tpm;rSm;? taomufrSm;jcif;rsm;

(CTBH, pp. 7-11) CH, pp. 19-23 (1890)

vlonfpHkvifí vSywifhw,faomyHkpHjzifh zefqif;½Sif\

vufawmfrSay:xGufvmcJhygonf/ aeYpOfESifhtrQ wdk;yGm;aeaom

a&m*gb,rsm;ESifh &mZ0wfrIrsm;Mum;wGif ESpfaygif; 6000

vHk;vHk;qufvufwnf½SdaeEdkifjcif;rSm olYtm;oGef;avmif;

ay;oem;awmfrlcJhonfh cHEdkif&nf½SdrItwGuf xl;jcm;aomom"u

wpfckjzpfonf/ urÇmBuD;tm; a&rvTrf;rdk;rDu vlom;rsm;onf

tcsKyftwnf;uif;rJhpGm tjypfrsm;udkusL;vGefcJhMuaomfvnf;

obm0w&m;csKd;azgufjcif;udk todw&m;jzifhrcHpm;&rD ESpfaygif;

2000 ausmfMumjrifhcJhygonf/ tu,fíom tm'Honf ,aeY

acwfvlom;rsm;xuf omíBuD;rm;aomum,tpGrf;rsm;udk

rlvuwnf;urydkifqdkifxm;cJhvQif vlom;rsKd;EG,fpkonf xdkumv

rwdkifrDuwnf;u ysufokOf;cJhayvdrfhrnf/

urÇmBuD;wGif tjypfw&m;0ifcJhonfhtcsdefrSpí wpfacwf

NyD;wpfacwf vlom;rsm;\oabmxm;rsm;onf pOfqufrjywf

ao;odrfESdrfhusvmcJhygonf/ a&m*gb,rsm;udk rdbrsm;rS

om;orD;rsm;odkYvnf;aumif;? rsKd;qufwpfckrSwpfckodkYvnf;

aumif; vufqifhurf;cJhMuygonf/ ykcufwGif;rS EdkYpdkYoli,f

rsm;yifvQif rdbrsm;\tjypfaMumifh jzpfay:onfha&m*grsm;udk

cHpm;aeMu&ygonf/

169 170 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf

*kPfaus;Zl;awmfudkxif½Sm;apMuavmh/}} vlwdkYonf rdrdwdkY\

tpGrf;wefcdk;rsm;udk rvdkvm;tyfaomudpörsm;twGuf toHk;cs

vQifaomfvnf;aumif;? rdrdwdkY\todOmPfrsm;udkxdkif;rIdif;aponfh

vrf;pOfrsm;udk vdkufemusifhMuHaevQifvnf;aumif; xdkolwdkYonf

bk&m;ocifudkjypfrSm;aeMuygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf udk,fawmf½Sif

ydkifoonfh udk,fcEmESifhpdwf0dnmOftm;jzifh xm0&bk&m;ocif\

bkef;wefcdk;udk rxif½Sm;apatmif rvkyfaqmifMuyg/

vlom;rsm;u xdkuJhodkYudk,fawmftm;apmfum;aeonfh

Mum;rS xm0&bk&m;ocifonf vlom;rsKd;EG,frsm;tm; arwåm

xm;qJjzpfawmfrlonf/ ¤if;jyif pHkvifaomtoufwmjzifh

touf½SifaexdkifEdkifap&eftvdkYiSm ¤if;wdkYtm;pdk;rdk;xm;onfh

obm0w&m;rsm;ESifhtnD aexdkifMu&rnfhtaMumif; awGUjrif

EdkifMu&ef ¤if;wdkYtay:ü tvif;w&m;udkxGef;vif;apawmfrlyg

onf/ udk,fpdwfESpfyg;tm;jzifh bk&m;ocif\bkef;wefcdk;udk

xif½Sm;ap&ef tpGrf;owådrsm;udktoHk;ûyum xdktvif;w&m;

twdkif; touf½Sifaexdkif&efrSm tvGefta&;BuD;vSygwum;/

ajzmifhrwfjcif;udkvnf;aumif;? pm&dwåjzLpifjcif;udkvnf;

aumif;? txl;ojzifh aus;Zl;awmfBuD;xGm;jcif;udkvnf;aumif;

qefYusifaeaomurÇmBuD;wpfckwGif uREfkyfwdkYa&muf½SdaeMuyg

onf/ rnfonfhae&mudkMunfhMunfh npfnrf;rIrsm;? pm&dwå

ysufjym;rIrsm;? csKdU,Gif;ysufpD;rIrsm;ESifh tjypfusL;vGefjcif;rsm;udk

awGUjrifae&ygonf/ xm0&toufudkr&,lrDuav;wGif NyD;pD;

pGmvkyfaqmifMu&rnfhtrIawmfBuD;udk vltm;vHk;qefYusifaeMu

atmif jyif;xefonfha&m*grsm;udkcHpm;vsuf tvkyfvkyfudkifae

Mu&ygonf/

xm0&bk&m;ocifonf vlom;rsKd;EG,fpkudk xdkuJhodkYaom

rESpfûrdUzG,ftajctaersKd;jzifh zefqif;xm;onfr[kwfaomfvnf;

a&m*gb,rsm;ESifh taoapmjcif;rsm;tm; vlom;rsm;twGuf

vsmxm;awmfrlxm;onfht&muJhodkYrSwf,l&onftxd ½kyfydkif;

qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udkcsKd;azgufjcif;onf vTrf;rdk;aeygonf/

þtajctaersKd;udk bk&m;ocifjyifqifawmfrljcif;r[kwfbJ

vlom;rsm;\vkyfaqmifjcif;omjzpf\/ bk&m;ocifay;pnf;rsOf;

rsm;udkcsKd;azgufonfhtusifhqdk;rsm;aMumifh þtajctaeudk

a&mufvmjcif;vnf;jzpfonf/ obm0w&m;udk pOfqufrjywf

csKd;azgufjcif;onf bk&m;ocif\ynwfawmfudk pOfqufrjywf

usL;vGefaejcif;jzpfonf/ tu,fíom vlom;rsm;onf ynwf

awmfygpnf;rsOf;rsm;twdkif;touf½Sifum ynwfawmfq,fyg;

udkapmifha½SmufcJhMurnfqdkvQif ,ckwGif urÇmBuD;tm;vTrf;rdk;

aeonfha&m*gb,qdkif&musdefjcif;tr*Fvmonf wnf½SdcJhvdrfh

rnfr[kwfacs/

]]oifwdkYudk,fcEmonf bk&m;ocifay;oem;awmfrlaom?

0dnmOfawmfwnf;[laom oifwdkYtxJüudef;0yfí oefY½Sif;aom

0dnmOfawmf\AdrmefjzpfaMumif;udkvnf;aumif;? rdrdwdkYudk rdrdwdkY

rydkifaMumif;udkvnf;aumif; rodMuoavm/ oifwdkYonf tzdk;

ESifh0,fawmfrlaomoljzpfaomaMumifh bk&m;ocifydkifawmfrlaom

oifwdk Y\udk,fcE¨mESif hpdwf0dnmOftm;jzif h bk&m;ocif\

172 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufa&m*gjzpf&jcif;\taMumif;&if;jzpfaom--- 171

yHkoP²mefudkraqmifMuESifh/ aumif;jrwfaomt&m? ESpfoufzG,f

aomt&m? pHkvifaomt&mwnf;[laom bk&m;ociftvdk½Sd

aomt&monf tb,ft&mjzpfonfudk odEdkifrnftaMumif;?

pdwfESvHk;udktopfjyifqifí yHkoP²mefajymif;vJjcif;odkYa&mufMu

avmh}} [k rdefYqdkxm;ygonf/

3T, pp. 140-141 (1872)

,ckacwfvlom;rsKd;quf\ xl;jcm;onfhyHktoGif

vu©Pmudkxif½Sm;ap½Hkomru toufwmESifhusef;rma&;qdkif&m

pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk ¤if;wdkY*½krxm;aMumif; xif½Sm;aponfhed,mr

onf xl;qef;pGmaysmufysufaeonfrSm tHhMop&maumif;vSyg

onf/ ¤if;wdkYywfvnfwGif tvif;w&m;xGef;vif;aeaomfvnf;

þtaMumif;t&mudkrod½Sdolrsm;jym;aeygonf/ vltrsm;pku

t"duylyefaeaomt&mrSm tb,fuJhodkY pm;&? aomuf&?

0wf&rnfenf;qdkonfht&myifjzpfonf/ uREfkyfwdkY\udk,fcE¨mudk

rnfuJhodkYumuG,fapmifha½Smuf&rnfqdkonfhtcsufrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;í

a&;om;zGifhqdkxm;aomt&mrsm;teuf cHwGif;awmifhwrIonf

trsKd;om;? trsKd;orD;taygif;wdkYtm; rsm;aomtm;jzifh pdk;rdk;

xm;onfhr[mpnf;rsOf;Oya'yifjzpfygonf/

usef;rma&;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk vdkufavQmufjcif;

r½Sd½Hkomru yk*¾vduwm0efwpf&yftjzpf rrSwf,lMuaomaMumifh

vlom;rsm;\udk,fusifhw&m;qdkif&mwefcdk;rsm;onf tm;enf;

aeygonf/ rdbrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\rSm;,Gif;aomtusifhqdk;rsm;udk

om;orD;rsm;xHü tarGcsefxm;cJhMuygonf/ xdkaMumifh pufqkyf

½GHU½SmzG,faumif;onhfa&m*grsm;onf aoG;rsm;udknpfnrf;apvsuf

ygwum;/ xm0&bk&m;ocif\a½G;cs,fxm;onfhom;orD;rsm;

onf aemufqHk;aomþaeY&ufrsm;wGif ¤if;wdkY\ywf0ef;usifü

jzpfay:aeonfhxdkraumif;rIrsm;tv,fwGif npfnrf;rIuif;pif

pGmjzifh &yfwnfMu&ygrnf/ xdkolrsm;\cEmudk,fESifh pdwf0dnmOf

ESpfckpvHk;onf oefY½Sif;pifMu,f&ygrnf/ þtrIawmfudkNyD;pD;

pGmvkyfaqmif&rnfqdkvQif ,ckyifem;vnfrI½Sd½Sd? pdwftm;xufoef

pGmjzifh wm0ef,lvkyfaqmifMu&rnf/ oefY½Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf

onf xdkvkyfaqmifrItoD;oD;udkvrf;jyum vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;

xdef;csKyfoifhygonf/

vlom;rsm;onf 0dnmOfawmfudef;atmif;&mAdrmefawmf

udk npfnrf;apcJhMuNyD;jzpf&m jyefvnfEdk;xum bk&m;ocifay;

,cifvlom;tajctaeudkjyefvnf&,lEdkif&ef? tpGrf;ukefwdkufyGJ

0ifoGm;Mu&ef xm0&bk&m;ocifqifhqdkawmfrlaeygonf/ xm0&

bk&m;ocif\aus;Zl;awmfrSwpfyg; tjcm;rnfonfht&murQ

vlwdkY\pdwfESvHk;udk oabmaygufajymif;vJapEdkifawmfrrlyg/

"avhxHk;pHrsm;\uRefb0a&mufaeolrsm;onf ¤if;wdkYtm;

csnfaESmifxm;onfhoHajccsif;rsm;udk csKd;zsufEdkifrnfhwefcdk;rsm;udk

udk,fawmf½SifxHrSom&½SdEdkifMuygrnf/ vlwdkYonf rdrdwdkY\

udk,fpdwfESpfyg;ESifhwuG udk,fusifhw&m;qdkif&mtpGrf;owådrsm;udk

ysufjym;aprnfhtusifhqdk;rsm;udkvdkufpm;aepOf rdrd\udk,fcEmudk

touf½Sifaom,Zf? oefY½Sif;í ESpfoufzG,faom,Zftjzpf

bk&m;ociftm; tyfESH&efrSm jzpfEdkifonfht&mwpfckr[kwf

ygacs/ xdkaMumihf wrefawmfBuD;u ]]oifwdkYonf avmu


vkyfaqmifrIrsm;udk wwfEdkiforQonf;cHvdrfhrnfjzpfaomfvnf;

tqHk;wGif udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\tpGrf;wefcdk;rsm;udkxdcdkufaprnfh

'PfcwfrIrsm;xGufay:vmygonf/ xdkay;qyfrIrsm;onf tjypf

usL;vGefolomcHpm;&onfr[kwfbJ om;pOfajr;qufrsm;üyif

xdkqdk;usKd;rsm;udkawGUjrif&um xdkraumif;rIudk rsKd;qufwpfckrS

wpfckodkYvufqifhurf;wwfygonf/

,aeYvli,frsm;onf tem*wfvlYtodkuft0ef;twGuf

aocsmaomrmwdumwpfckjzpfonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf ¤if;wdkYtm;

Munfhum tem*wftwGuf rnfonfht&mudkarQmfvifhEdkifygrnf

enf;/ vltrsm;pkonf taysmftyg;udkjrwfEdk;Muum tvkyfvkyf

&efrvdkvm;Muacs/ udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,f&efESifh wm0efausyGef

atmifxrf;aqmif&ef pdwf"mwfwefcdk;rsm; ¤if;wdkYüavsmhyg;ae

ygonf/ ¤if;wdkYü udk,fhudkudk,fxdef;csKyfEdkifonfhwefcdk;rsm;r½SdMubJ

tao;tzGJudpörsm;twGufyif pdwfvIyf½Sm;jcif;? pdwfwdkjcif;rsm;

jzpfaeMuygonf/ acwftqufquftoufwmtoD;oD;wdkYjzifh

touf½SifaexdkifcJhMuolrsm;pGmwdkYonf pnf;urf;rJhpGmqifjcif

oHk;oyfrIuif;pGmjzifh touf½SifaexdkifcJhMuygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf

ysif;&daomtoufwm? toHk;zGmaomtoufwmrsm;aMumifh

raumif;rIom;aumifrsm;jzpfvmMu&m urÇmBuD;tm; 'kwd,aom'Hk

jzpfvmonfhtajctxd vlUtodkuft0ef;BuD;udk ysuf,Gif;apcJh

Muygonf/ tu,fíom cHwGif;awmifhwrIESifh tvdk&r®ufrsm;

udk usKd;aMumif;qifjcifrIESifh bmoma&;cH,lcsufrsm;tm;jzifh

xdef;csKyfcJhMurnfqdkvQif ,aeYvlYtodkuft0ef;BuD;onf jcm;em;

OD;aESmufrsm;udk tm;ukefapygonf/ vltrsm;pkonf udk,fcE¨m

usef;rmrIqdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udkrodMuao;bJ todOmPfESifh

pdwf"mwfrsm;udktysufjym;cHum cHwGif;awmifhwrIESifh tvdk&r®uf

rsm;udkjznfhqnf;aeMuonf/ ¤if;jyif xdkolrsm;onf obm0

w&m;udkcsKd;azgufrIrsm;\&v'frsm;taMumif;udk odvdkpdwfr½Sd

onfhyHkvnf;ay:vGifoa,mifjzpfaeygonf/ xdkolrsm;onf

aoG;udknpfnrf;apNyD; tm½HkaMumtpGrf;rsm;udk jznf;jznf;csif;

ysufpD;oGm;aponfhjyif zsm;emaoaMurIudk tusKd;quftaejzifh

jzpfyGm;aponfhcHwGif;awmifhwrIrsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;aeMuyg

onf/ þvkyfaqmifrIrsm;\&v'fudk ]bk&m;ocif\ûyjyif

awmfrljcif;} jzpfonf[k ¤if;wdkY\rdwfaqGrsm;u uifyGef;wyf

Muygonf/ olwdkYonf þenf;tm;jzifh xm0&bk&m;ocifudk

apmfum;aeMuonf/ obm0w&m;udkqefYusifvkyfaqmifMuojzifh

obm0w&m;\jypf'PfpD&ifrIudk olwdkYcHpm;aeMu&onf/ a&m*g

rsm;ESifh aoaMuysufpD;rIrsm;onf ae&mwumwGifrif;rlaeyg

onf/ txl;ojzifh uav;rsm;tay:wGifrif;rlaeygonf/ ,ck

acwfvlom;rsKd;qufrsm;onf ueOD;ESpfaygif; 2000 tcsdefwGif

touf½SifaexdkifcJhMuolrsm;ESifh tvGefYtvGefuGmjcm;vSygwum;/

cHwGif;awmifhwrItay:csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhrIaMumifh

jzpfay:vmaomvlrIa&;&v'frsm;

(CTBH, p. 44-45) CH, p. 112 (1890)

obm0ADZonf toufwmpnf;rsOf;udk csKd;azgufrI

toD;oD;tm; zGifh[uefYuGufvdrfhrnf/ olronf rw&m;


xm0&bk&m;ocifjzpfonf[k}} rdrdvkyfay;awmfrlonfhu@ESifh

¤if;wdkYvkyfaqmif&rnfhu@rsm;udk rdk;wdrfxufrSaeí £oa&v

rsm;tm; c&pfawmfrdefYqdkcJhygonf/ toufwmusifhpOfrsm;ESifh

ywfoufí wdusaomñTefMum;csufrsm;udk xdkuJhodkYay;awmfrlcJh&m

xdkñTefMum;csufudkvdkufemaomtcsdefwGif uwdawmfonf

jynfhpHkcJhum ]]olwdkYtpkpkü tm;enf;olwpfa,mufrQr½Sd/}}

þoifcef;pmrsm;onf uREfkyfwdkYtwGufvnf; wefzdk;

½SdvSygonf/ usef;rma&;udkxdef;odrf;vdkolrsm; apmifhxdef;&rnfh

awmif;qdkcsufrsm;½Sdygonf/ þt&mrsm;onf rnfonfhawmif;qdk

csufrsm;jzpfonfudk tm;vHk;avhusufoifhygonf/ 0dnmOfa&;

ESifh obm0qdkif&mynwfw&m;tvHk;pHkudkrod½SdbJ touf½Sif

aexdkifaeonfudk xm0&bk&m;ocifvdkvm;awmfrrlyg/ uREfkyfwdkY

onf udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\usef;rmaysmf½TifrIudk jyefvnf&½Sdatmif

bk&m;ocifESifhtwl vkyfaqmifaeMuolrsm;jzpfMuygonf/

udk,fwdkifzefwD;onfhemrusef;rIrsm;

H to L, ch. 3, p. 49 (1866)

vlom;rdom;pkrsm;onf rdrdwdkYusifhoHk;aeonfhtusifhqdk;

rsm;aMumifh a&m*g&aeMuonf/ usef;rmatmifaexdkifonfh

enf;rsm;udkvnf; ravhvmMu&m usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk

csKd;azgufjcif;\rESpfûrdUzG,f&mtusKd;qufrsm;udk olwdkYcHpm;ae&

ygonf/ rdrdwdkY\rSm;,Gif;aomtoufwmyHkpHaMumifh a&m*g

rsm;udkcHpm;ae&onf[k olwdkY0efcHcJhonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf cHwGif;

aomtajctaeudkazmfjyaeygvdrfhrnf/ ,aeYwGifawGUjrifae&

aomurÇmBuD;\tajctaeudk bk&m;ocifpDpOfzefwD;xm;jcif;

r[kwfbJ obm0w&m;rsm;udkcsKd;azgufjcif;aMumifh jzpfay:vm

onfht&momjzpfonf/

DA, p. 824 (1898)

aq;ukorIudkcH,laeaoma&m*gonfrsm;udk c&pfawmf

zGifhqdkawmfrlonfrSm ]]omíqdk;aomab;ESifhuif;vGwfrnf

taMumif; aemufwpfzefraumif;rIudkrûyESifh}} [líjzpf\/ a&m*g

b,qdkonfrSm obm0ESifh 0dnmOfa&;qdkif&m bk&m;ocif\

ynwfrsm;udkcsKd;azgufjcif;\&v'fjzpfaMumif; þodkYtm;jzifh

c&pfawmfoGefoifawmfrlcJhonf/ zefqif;½Sif\tMuHpnfawmf

twdkif;om vlom;rsm;touf½SifaexdkifcJhMurnfqdkvQif ,aeY

urÇmwGifjrifawGUae&aomr[mtedXm½Hkrsm;onf wnf½Sdaevdrfh

rnfr[kwfacs/

c&pfawmfonf a½S;acwf£oa&vrsm;\vrf;jyjzpfovdk

q&morm;vnf;jzpfcJh&m bk&m;ocif\ynwfrsm;udk em;axmif

vdkufavQmufjcif;\&v'fonf usef;rma&;jzpfaMumif; ¤if;wdkY

tm; udk,fawmfoGefoifawmfrlcJhonf/ ]]oifwdkYonf oifwdkY\

bk&m;ocifxm0&bk&m;ocif\pum;udk aphaphem;axmifí

ESpfoufawmfrlaomtusifhudkusifhvQifvnf;aumif;? ynwfw&m;

\tvdkodk Yvdkufí pD&ifawmfrlcsufwdk Yudkapmifha½SmufvQif

vnf;aumif; igonf tJ*kwåKvlwdkYü pGJapaoma&m*gwpfpHk

wpfckudkrQ oifwdkYürpGJap/ igonf oifwdkY\a&m*gudkNidrf;apaom


DF- 12

ocif\vufcsuftjzpf trsm;pkurSwf,laeMuonf/ obm0

w&m;rsm;udk qefYusifcsKd;azgufrIaMumifh jzpfay:vmaoma&m*g

b,rsm;twGuf xm0&bk&m;ocifüwm0efr½Sdygacs/

csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhpGm pm;aomufjcif;rsm;onf zsm;em

jcif;\taMumif;&if;jzpfwwfygonf/ obm0w&m;\tvdkvm;

qHk;aomt&mrSm rvdkvm;tyfaom0efrsm;udk olrxHrSz,f½Sm;

ay;&efjzpfygonf/

cHwGif;awmifhwrIudktvdkvdkufjcif;aMumifhzsm;emjcif;

MH, p. 227 (1905)

vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf udk,fhudkudk,ftvdkvdkufrIaMumifh a&m*g

&aeMuygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf obm0w&m;ESifhvnf;aumif;?

pifMu,fjcif;pnf;rsOf;ESifhvnf;aumif; nDnGwfatmifraexdkif

cJhMuyg/ pm;usifh? aomufusifh? 0wfusifh? vkyfusifhrsm;wGif

usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;twdkif; olwdkYrusifhaqmifcJhMuyg/

Y.I, May 31, 1894.

tvkyfêud;pm;jcif;ESifh pmMunfhrsm;jcif;aMumifh pdwfarm

vlarmjzpf&onfxuf usef;rmjcif;pnf;urf;rsm;udkazgufNyD;

tpm;rrSef? tcsdefrrSefjcif;aMumif; pdwfarmvlarmjzpfjcif;u

ydkíjyif;xefygonf/ pmêud;pm;jcif;onf pdwfwefcdk;usqif;&

jcif;\t"dutaMumif;&if;r[kwfbJ rpm;oifhaomtpmrsm;udk

pm;jcif;? pm;oifhaomtpmrsm;udkpm;aomfvnf; pm;csdefrrSef

jcif;? um,avhusifhcef;rsm;rvkyfjcif;wdkYonf pdwfwefcdk;usjcif;\

udkyxrOD;pm;ay;ae&mwGifxm;um csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhpGm

pm;aomufcJhMuygonf/ olwdkYonf toufwmusef;rma&;ESifh

pyfvsOf;í qifjcifrIr½SdaMumif; rdrdwdkY\toufwmyHkpHrsm;wGif

azmfjyaeMuaomfvnf; a&m*g&vmaomtcg rdrdwdkY\rSm;,Gif;

aomvkyfaqmifrIrsm;aMumifh jzpfay:vmonfhqdk;usKd;rsm;udk

bk&m;ocif\vufcsufjzpfonf[k ,HkMunfwwfMuygonf/

MH, pp. 234-235 (1905)

taMumif;&if;wpfpHkwpfckr½SdbJ a&m*grjzpfvmwwfyg

acs/ usef;rmjcif;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk *½krxm;jcif;tm;jzifh a&m*g

&zdkYenf;vrf;rsm;udkjyifqifum a&m*grsm;udkzdwfac:aeMuygonf/

vltrsm;rSmrl rdbrsm;xHrS qdk;arGrsm;udkcHpm;ae&ygonf/ rdb

rsm;vkyfcJhonfhtrSm;rsm;twGuf ¤if;wdkYüwm0efr½SdonfrSm

rSefaomfvnf; rnfonfha&m*gonf usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk

csKd;azgufjcif;aMumifh&½SdcJhjcif;[kwfr[kwfudk aocsmatmifpdppfzdkY

¤if;wdkYüwm0ef½Sdaeygonf/ xdkYtjyif ¤if;wdkYonf omí

aumif;rGefaomtoufwmyHkpHjzifh aexkdifjcif;tm;jzifh rdbrsm;\

tusifhqdk;rsm;udka½Smif½Sm;oifhMuygonf/

rnfodkYyifqdkapumrl vlaygif;rsm;pGmwdkYonf rdrdwdkY

udk,fwdkifusifhaqmifaeaomtusifhqdk;rsm;aMumifh a&m*g&ae

jcif;jzpfonf/ xdkolwdkYonf rdrdwdkY\pm;aomuf? 0wfqif?

vkyfudkifrItusifhp½dkufrsm;tm;jzifh usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk

csKd;azgufaeMu&m tusKd;quftm;jzifh a&m*gb,rsm;udk cHpm;

aeMu&onf/ odkYwdkifatmif xdka&m*grsm;\Zmpfjrpfudk bk&m;


apygonf/ þenf;tm;jzifh cHwGif;onf ydkít&omjyif;xef

onfhtpmrsm;udk tqufrjywfawmifhwvmonf/ tm;<uap

onfhtpmrsm;udk pm;vdkpdwfydkrdkjyif;xefrsm;jym;vmonfESifhtrQ

[efYwm;&ef ydkícufcJvmygonf/ tpmaMucsufonfhpepfrsm;

wGifvnf; tenf;ESifhtrsm;tqdyfoifhae&m pGrf;tm;rsm;usqif;

vmonfESifhtrQ xdktpmrsm;udkpm;vdkpdwfrsm;ydkíjyif;xefvmyg

onf/ rSm;,Gif;aomOD;wnfcsufudk wpfvSrf;avQmufrdonfESifh

aemufxyfwpfvSrf;avQmufzdkYrcufawmhacs/ t&ufaopmrsm;udk

¤if;wdkY\pm;yGJay:wGif vltrsm;wifrxm;Muaomfvnf; t&uf

aopmrsm;udkaomufpm;vdkpdwfjzpfaponfhtpmrsm;jzifh ¤if;wdkY\

pm;yGJudkjyifxm;Muygonf/ rSm;,Gif;aompm;usifh? aomufusifh

rsm;onf usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufap½Hkomru t&ufaopm

aomufpm;jcif;twGufvnf; vrf;zGifhay;wwfygonf/

tpmrSm;jcif;aMumifh&onfhtonf;a&m*g

2T, pp. 67-70 (1868)

vGefcJhaomOykofaeYu uREfkyfpum;ajymaepOf oifwdkY\

jzLzyfjzLa&mfjzpfaeaomrsufESmrsm;onf uREfkyfa½SUrSmxif½Sm;pGm

ay:vmygonf/ oifwdkY\usef;rma&;tajctaeESifh ESpf½Snf

vrsm;oifwdkYcHpm;ae&aoma0'emrsm;udk uREfkyfjrifawGUae&yg

onf/ oifonf usef;rma&;ESifhjynfhpHkatmifraexdkifcJhonfudk

vnf; uREfkyftm; pu©Ktm½HkwGifjycJhygonf/ oif\cHwGif;

awmifhwrIonf usef;rma&;ESif hrudkufnDcJ h&m oifonf

taMumif;&if;rsm;jzpfMuonf/ tpm;rrSefjcif;ESifh ttdyfrrSef

jcif;onf OD;aESmufpGrf;tm;rsm;udkvnf; ysufpD;apygonf/

6T, pp. 372-373 (1900)

vltrsm;onf cHwGif;awmifhwrIudktvdkvdkufrdjcif;aMumifh

a&m*g&aeMuouJhodkY aoyGJvnf;0ifaeMuygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf

rpm;oifhaomtpmrsm;udkpm;oHk;jcif;jzifh tpmraMuonfha&m*g

rsm;&um pm;oifhaomtpmrsm;udka½G;cs,fpm;oHk;Edkifrnfhwefcdk;

rsm;udk zsufqD;aeMuonf/ xdkaMumifh emwm½Snfa&m*grsm;udk

&um rMumcPaoyGJ0ifaeMuygonf/ todynmydkrdk<u,f0

oifholrsm;\ udk,fhaowGif;udk,fwl;aeaomtusifhp½dkufrsm;

aMumifh cE¨mudk,f½SdEl;nHhaomt*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;onf tiftm;

ukefcef;oGm;Muygonf/

toif;awmfrsm;onf bk&m;ocifay;tvif;w&m;rsm;

tay: opöm½SdoifhMuygonf/ toif;om;wdkif;onf rSm;,Gif;

aomcHwGif;tvdkvdkufrIrsm;udkypfy,fEdkif&ef ynmowd½Sd½Sdjzifh

vkyfaqmifoifhygonf/

t&uform;b0odkYa&mufaponfhenf;rsm;

MH, p. 334 (1905)

csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhrIrsm;onf tdrfaxmifrsm;rStpysKd;

wwfygonf/ usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaponfhtpmrsm;udkpm;oHk;

jcif;aMumifh tpmaMuaponfht*Fg&yfrsm;udktm;enf;apum

tm;<urIudkydkrdkjzpfaponfhtpmrsm;udk pm;vdkpdwfrsm;jzpfay:vm


taejzifh oifhtwGufvkyfray;Edkifaomt&mudk oifvkyfEdkifpGrf;

½Sdygonf/ pnf;urf;wuspm;oHk;yg/ oifonf cHwGif;awmifhw

rIudkjznfhqnf;ay;Edkif&eftvdkYiSm usef;rma&;twGuftaxmuf

tulrûyonfhtpm;tpmrsm;udk tcgtm;avsmfpGm tqrwef

pm;oHk;rdjcif;aMumifh tpmaMucsufonfht*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;udk

rMumcPoif'ku©ay;wwfygonf/ þodkYaomvkyfaqmifrI

rsm;aMumifh tpmtdrfonf tm;enf;vmum aumif;aomtpm

rsm;udkyif vufrcHEdkifygawmhacs/ rpm;oifhaomtpmrsm;udk

pOfqufrjywfpm;oHk;jcif;aMumifh oif\tpmtdrfonf tNrJwrf;

tm;tifqkwf,kwfaeygonf/ oifpm;aomtpmonf tqDttdrfh

rsm;vGef;onf/ oifonf cHwGif;t&om½SdrIudkomOD;pm;ay;ae

aomtcg tpmtdrftwGufroifhavsmfaom qef;jym;onfhenf;

rsm;jzifh tpmrsm;udkjyifqifoHk;aqmifaeygonf/ obm0onf

0efydae&m olrtm; 'ku©a&mufatmifvkyfaqmifaerIrsm;tm;

wGef;vSef&ef êud;pm;aeygonf/ xdkêud;pm;rIaMumifh csrf;pdrfhpdrfh

jzpfjcif;? zsm;emjcif;rsm;udk cHpm;vm&ygonf/ obm0w&m;

udkcsKd;azgufrItwGuf ay;qyfaeonfhjypf'Pfrsm;udk oifcHae&

jcif;jzpfonf/ jypf'PfpD&ifrIwnf;[laom a&m*ga0'emrsm;udk

rcHpm;&bJ Oya'csKd;azgufrIudk rjzpfEdkifonfhpepfxJwGif pnf;rsOf;

rsm;udk xm0&bk&m;ocifwnfaxmifawmfrlcJhygonf/ oifonf

usef;rma&;*½krxm;bJ cHwGif;udkOD;pm;ay;cJhonf/ oifonf

tpm;taomufbufwGif ajymif;vJrItenf;i,fudkûyvkyfcJhonfrSm

rSefaomfvnf; xdkt&monf vkyfaqmifoifhonfht&mrsm;\

tpmtdrfudktxdcdkufcHum cHwGif;awmifhwrIudktvdkvdkufcJhonf/

oifonf taoG;tom;rjzpfEdkifonfhtpmrsm;udkpm;cJhonf/

xdktpmrsm;aMumifh tonf;onf 0efav;vmum tckduftwefY

tm;jzifh tpmajconfht*Fgrsm;onfvnf; yHkrSeftvkyfrvkyfMu

awmhacs/ xdkaMumifh oifwdkYütonf;a&m*grsm;pGJuyfvmygonf/

usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk wdwdusus

vdkufavQmufcJhMuvQif oifwdkYtm;vHk;wGif tusKd;ygvdrfhrnf/

odkYaomf oifwdkYysufuGufcJhMuacsNyD/ oifawmifhwaomtpm

rsm;onfvnf; tedXm½HkoufoufomjzpfaeacsNyD/ *sKHrIefY? opfoD;?

[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;jzifhûyvkyfxm;onfh [if;cwftarT;têudif

uif;aom½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;ESifh oifrwif;wdrfaomaMumifh bk&m;ocif

wnfaxmifxm;onfh usef;rma&;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk pOfquf

rjywfoifcsKd;azgufaeygwum;/ Oya'csKd;azgufrIwdkif;ü jypf'Pf

pD&ifrItoD;oD;½Sd&m xdkjypf'PfpD&ifrIudk oifcH&ayawmhrnf/

odkYwdkifatmif usef;rma&;raumif;&jcif;\taMumif;&if;udk

oifpOf;pm;aeao;ygonf/ oifudk,fwdkifvkyfaqmifrIrsm;\

qdk;usKd;rsm;rSu,fwif&ef xm0&bk&m;ocifonf edrdwfvu©Pm

wpfckrQjyawmfrrlrnfrSmaocsmvSygonf/

tqDttdrfhrsm;ESifhzsm;emjcif;

oifêudufovdkpm;aomufaejcif;aMumifh avmavmq,f

cHpm;ae&aoma&m*grsm;udk oufomaprnfha&m*gukxHk;r½Sdao;

yg/ okdY&mwGif tawGUtêuH&ifhusufaomorm;awmfBuD;rsm;


aumif;aomtpm\wefzdk;

rw&m;vkyfjcif;udk obm0u olrcHEdkif&nf½Sdoavmuf

wGef;vSefwHkYjyefrIrûybJ cHavh½Sdygonf/ xdkaemufrSom olr

cHpm;ae&aom0efxkyf0efydk;ESifh rw&m;vkyfaqmifrIrsm;udk rdrdxHrS

z,f½Sm;ypf&ef olrtBuD;tus,fêud;pm;vkyfaqmifavh½Sdonf/

xdktcgwGif acgif;udkufjcif;? csrf;pdrfhpdrfhjzpfjcif;? zsm;emjcif;?

tm½HkaMumqdkif&ma0'emrsm;cHpm;&jcif;? oGufcsmyg'jzpfjcif;ESifh

tjcm;a0'emrsm;jzpfay:vmygonf/ tpm;rSm;? taomufrSm;

jcif;rsm;onf usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufap½Hkomru toufwm\

om,mrIrsm;udkvnf; ysufpD;aponf/ oifonf usef;rma&;udk

txdcdkufcHvsuf? ttdyfysuf? tpm;ysufcHvsuf tpmaumif;yg[k

oifuifyGef;wyfxm;onfhxdktpmrsm;udk b,fESpfBudrf&,lzl;NyD

enf;/ cHwGif;tvdkvdkufonfhtpmuav;wpfcktwGuf ttdyf

tpm;ysufcHum oif'ku©cHae&ygwum;/

axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaomvlwdk Yonf olwdk Ybmom

aumif;w,f[kajymonfh roifhavsmfaomtpmrsm;udkpm;um

zsm;emaeMuonfh emwm½Snfa&m*grsm;cHpm;ae&onf/ wcsKdU

aoyGJ0ifaeMuonf/ xdkt&monf aps;BuD;BuD;ay;í0,fcJh&aom

cHpm;rIwpfckjzpfcJhonf/ odkYapumrl vltrsm;onf þt&mudk

vkyfaqmifcJhMuNyD; udk,fhudkudk,fowfcJhonfh xdkvlowform;

rsm;udk ¤if;wdkY\rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh w&m;a[mq&mrsm;u csD;rGrf;

pum;zGifhqdkum aoqHk;onfhtcsdefrSmyif aumif;uifEdkifiHawmfodkY

wdkuf½dkufydkYaqmifay;aeMuygonf/ pOf;pm;MunfhMuygOD;/

yxrajcvSrf;omjzpfygonf/ xm0&bk&m;ocifu uREfkyfwdkYtm;

awmif;qdkaeonfrSm cyfodrf;aomt&mwdkYü csKyfwnf;jcif;½Sd&ef

jzpfonf/ ]]oifwdkYonf pm;aomfvnf;aumif;? aomufaomf

vnf;aumif;? rnfonfhtrIudkûyaomfvnf;aumif; bk&m;ocif\

bkef;wefcdk;udkaxmufí cyfodrf;aomtrIudpöudkûyMuavmh/}}

xm0&bk&m;ocifudktjypfwifjcif;

uREfkyfESifh&if;ESD;orQrdom;pkrsm;wGif usef;rma&;ûyjyif

ajymif;vJrI\tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;udk&½SdcHpm;zdkY oifwdkYrdom;pkavmuf

tjcm;rnfonfhrdom;pkrSrvdktyfacs/ oifonf rdrdudk,fwdkif

taMumif;&if;udka0cGJr&onfhemusifrIrsm;? tm;tifcsnfheJYrIrsm;udk

cHpm;ae&onf/ bk&m;ocif\tvdkawmftwdkif; rdrdcHpm;

ae&onf[k xifjrif,lqvsuf t½IH;ay;zdkYoifêud;pm;aeyg

onf/ avmavmq,fusef;rma&;csKdUwJhonfh tajctaetxd

oifavQmufvSrf;cJhonfhajcvSrf;rsm;udkjrifEdkif&ef oifhrsufvHk;udk

zGifhNyD;MunfhEdkifcJhrnfqdkvQif taetxm;trSefudk ,cifurjrif

wwfonfh oif\OmPfenf;yg;rIudk oiftHhtm;oifhpGmawGU&

vdrfhrnf/ oifonf rdrdESifhrwnfhaomtpmrsm;udk zefwD;cJhonf

omru tu,fíom trSm;rSm;t,Gif;,Gif;oifrpm;oHk;rdcJh

bl;qdkvQif oifpm;rnfhtpmrsm;rS okcwpf0ufudkyif oif&½Sd

cJhvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ odkY&mwGif oifonf obm0ESifhqefYusif

aoGznfcJhojzifh tusKd;quftaejzifh a&m*grsm;udk&½Sdum

emusifrIa0'emudkcHpm;ae&ygonf/


vkyfaqmifoifhygonf/ roifhavsmfaomtpmrsm;udk pm;aomuf

jcif;aMumifh tpmraMuonfha&m*gonfrsm;½Sdaeaomae&mwGif

tpmtdrftwGuf 0efjzpfaprnfhtpmrsm;udkz,f½Sm;vsuf usef½Sd

aeao;onfh cE¨mudk,fcGeftm;rsm;udk *½kwpdkufqufvuf

xdef;odrf;oifhMuygonf/ xdcdkufysufpD;oGm;onfhtpmtdrfonf

tcsdefMumjrifhpGmtxdemcJhvQif e*dktajctaeodkYjyefvnfa&muf½Sd

EdkifzdkY&efcufaomfvnf; rSefuefpGmpm;oHk;jcif;rsm;tm;jzifh qufí

tiftm;rukefcef;oGm;atmif umuG,fEdkifonfhjyif tenf;ESifh

trsm;jyefvnfaumif;rGefvmwwfygonf/ a&m*gtoD;oD;wdkY

twGuf wdusaomaq;ñTef;rsm;udkay;&ef rvG,fulaomfvnf;

pm;aomufjcif;twGuf rSefuefaompnf;rsOf;rsm;udktm½Hkxm;

vsuf ûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udkvkyfaqmifEdkifMuygonf/ ¤if;jyif

xrif;csufrsm;onfvnf; cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkjzm;a,mif;&ef

pdkufvdkufrwfwwftyifyef;cHp&mrvdkygacs/

tpm;tpmûcd;jcHjcif;onf pdwfwefcdk;ESifhudk,fusifhw&m;

rsm;udkwdk;wufaumif;rGefapygonf/ tvdk&r®ufrsm;udkxdef;csKyf

jcif;udkvnf; taxmuftulûyygonf/

MH, p. 295 (1905)

cE¨mudk,fwnfaqmufrIudk taxmuftulûyonfhtpm;

tpmrsm;udka½G;cs,fpm;oHk;oifhygonf/ xdkodkYa½G;cs,f&mwGif

cHwGif;vdkufrIwpfckwnf;ESifhrvHkavmufygacs/ rSm;,Gif;aom

pm;aomufrIrsm;aMumifh cHwGif;awmifhwrIonf vrf;vGJvmNyD;

jzpfwwfonf/ tm;jzpfaprnfhtpmrsm;tpm; tiftm;ukefcef;NyD;

tpm;MuL;olrsm; aumif;uifEdkifiHodkY0ifpm;aeMuonf[kqdkae

Muygvm;? r[kwfEdkifyg/ xdkolrsKd;onf bk&m;ocif\a½TEdkifiH

\ykvJwHcg;rsm;udk rnfonfhtcgrQ0ifcGifh&Muvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/

xdkuJhodkYaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fum tepfem

cHonfhtoufwmydkif½Sifjzpfaom u&meDukef;xufwGiftaocH

cJhol u,fwif½Sifbk&m;ocif\vuf,mawmfbufwGif rnfonfh

tcgrQaexdkifcGifh&Muvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ odkY&mwGif xm0&tarG

awmfwnf;[laom omíaumif;aomtoufwmudk rQa0cHpm;

cGifhr&EdkifMuonfh rxdkufwefolrsm;xJrS xdkolrsm;twGuf

owfrSwfxm;onfhae&mwpfck½Sdygonf/

Letter 274, 1908.

vltrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\jyuawhtajctaeudk rSm;,Gif;

aomtpmrsm;tm;jzifh zsufqD;aeMuonf/ uREfkyfwdkYvufcH

usifhoHk;aeonfhtusifhp½dkufrsm;onf tem*wftoufwm\

pm&dwårsm;udkwnfaqmuf&mwGif taxmuftulûyaeaomaMumifh

tpm;tpmjyifqifenf;rsm;udkavhvmzdkYvdktyfouJhodkY usef;rmjcif;

ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udpörsm;udk *½kwpdkufavhusufzdkYvdktyfvSyg

onf/ tpmtdrfudkrrSefrueftoHk;ûyjcif;tm;jzifh ¤if;\0dnmOf

a&;tawGUtêuHudkzsufqD;ypf&ef vlwpfa,muftwGuf rcufcJ

vSygacs/

MH, p. 308 (1905)

tm[m&bufwGif rSm;,Gif;pGmusifhoHk;aeaomae&mrsm;

wGif ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk aESmifhaES;jcif;r½SdbJ


aeMuygonf/ udk,fpdwfESpfyg;tiftm;,kwfavsmhum EGrf;vs

csnfheJYNyD; taoapm&jcif;\r[mtaMumif;&if;rSm cHwGif;

awmifhwrIudk tvdkvdkufjznfhqnf;jcif;jzpfonf/ c&pfawmfü

cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkxdef;csKyfEdkifonfhwefcdk;½SdaMumif; oefY½Sif;

aompdwfESvHk;udkydkifqdkif&ef êud;pm;aeoltoD;oD;onf pdwfxJ

wGifrSwfom;xm;apvdkygonf/

ÀÀÀ

usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaprnfhtpmrsKd;udkom rMumcPawmifhw

wwfMuygonf/ vlYtodkuft0ef;tusifh"avhrsm;uvnf;

uREfkyfwdkYtm; vHkûcHpGmvrf;rjyEdkifMuyg/ ae&mtESHYwGifjzpfyGm;

aeaoma&m*gb,rsm;onf tpmtm[m&ESifhpyfvsOf;í a&yef;

pm;onfhtrSm;rsm;aMumifh jzpfay:aejcif;jzpfonf/

9T, p. 160 (1909)

uREfkyfwdkYonf usef;rmpGmtouf½Sifaexdkifjcif;ESifhpyfvsOf;

onfhpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk tod0ifvmaomtcsdefa&mufrSom rSm;,Gif;

aomtm[m&rsm;aMumifh jzpfay:onfhraumif;rIrsm;udk jynfhjynfh00

jrifawGUvmEdkifMuvdrfhrnf/ rdrdwdkY\trSm;rsm;udkawGUjrifum

toufwmyHkpHajymif;&ef owdå½Sdolrsm;onf ûyjyifajymif;vJrI

tqifhqifhü ½kef;uefrIrsm;? ZGJvHkYvrsm;vdktyfaMumif; awGUjrif

vmMuvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif ¤if;wdkYonf rSefuefpGmpm;aomuf

vmwwfaomtcsdefwGif tEÅ&m,fr½Sd[k ,cifuxifcJhonfh

tpm;tpmrsm;u tpmraMua&m*gESifh tjcm;aoma&m*grsm;udk

¤if;wdkYüjznf;jznf;csif;jzpfyGm;apcJhonfudk odjrifvmMuygvdrfhrnf/

9T, p. 156 (1909)

xm0&bk&m;ocifonf rdrd\om;orD;rsm; tNrJwap

wdk;wufaeapcsifawmfrlonf/ cHwGif;awmifhwrIudktvdkvdkufjcif;

onf pdwfwefcdk;wdk;wufrIESifh 0dnmOfa&;qdkif&moefY½Sif;jcif;

rsm;udk tBuD;tus,ft[efYtwm;ûyaMumif; uREfkyfwdkYavhusuf

zdkYvdktyfygonf/ usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJrItaMumif; zGifh[

vkyfaqmifaeoltrsm;wdkYonf rrSefruef? rqifrjcifpm;aomuf


vltaygif;wdkYonf cE¨mudk,f,EÅ&m;BuD;jzifh &if;ESD;Mu

rnfqdkvQif þuJhodkYaomtrSm;rsm;udk usL;vGefcJhMuvdrfhrnf

r[kwfacs/ xdkodkYr[kwfvQif olwdkYonf udk,fhudkudk,faoap

aomvkyf&yfrsm;udk qufvufvkyfaqmifum taoapmap&ef

twGufaomfvnf;aumif;? vltm;vHk;twGuf 0efxkyf0efydk;

wpfcktjzpf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm'ku©ay;zdkY touf½Sif&eftwGufaomf

vnf;aumif; udk,f\qE´udktvdkvdkufum touf½Sifaexdkif

cJhMuvdrfhrnf/

(CTBH, p. 51) CH, p. 119 (1890)

tm[m&ESifhjynhfpHkaomtpm;tpmrsm;udkyif tvGefYtuRH

pm;oHk;&ef jzpfEdkifacs½Sdwwfygonf/ raumif;aomtpmrsm;udk

a½SmifMuOfxm;NyD;jzpfojzifh aumif;aomtpm;tpmrsm;udk

êudufoavmufpm;Edkifonf[k r,lqoifhyg/ aumif;aomtpm

jzpfonfjzpfap? rjzpfonfjzpfap? tpm;MuL;jcif;onf vIyf½Sm;

touf½Sifaeaom,EÅ&m;BuD;udkydwfqdkYrIrsm;ûyum ¤if;\

vkyfaqmifrIrsm;udk taESmifht,Sufûywwfygonf/

Signs, Sept. 1, 1887.

tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;jzpfapOD;awmh? tpm;MuL;

jcif;onf cE¨mudk,fudkxdcdkufysufpD;ap½Hkomru pdwfwefcdk;ESifh

udk,fusifhw&m;rsm;udkyg tnGefYwHk;oGm;apygonf/

Letter 73a, 1896.

vlom;rsKd;EG,fpktm;vHk;eD;yg;onf cE¨mudk,fuvdktyf

onfxuf ydkípm;aeMuygonf/ xdkydkvQHtpmrsm;onf aqG;ajrh

tcef;BuD; (7)

tpm;MuL;jcif;

Letter 17, 1895.

tpmtdrfxJodkY tpmrsm;udktvGeftuRHxnfhjcif;onf

vltrsm;usL;vGefaeaomtjypfwpfckjzpfaeygonf/ tpmudkrsm;rsm;

pm;rdaomtcsdefwGif tpmaMucsufjcif;pepfwpfckvHk;wGif 0efyd

vmygonf/ toufESifhcGeftm;rsm;onf wdk;yGm;ae&rnfhtpm;

wdkawmif;qkwf,kwfvmygonf/ þodkYvkyfaqmifapvdkonfrSm

pmwef\tMuHtpnfjzpfygonf/ vlom;rsm;onf ydkvQHtpm

rsm;udk acszsufjcif;wnf;[laom rvdkvm;tyfonfhtydktvkyf

rsm;wGif rdrdwdkY\cGeftm;rsm;udkukefcef;apvsuf½SdMuygonf/

uREfkyfwdkYonf tpmudktvGeftuRHpm;jcif;tm;jzifh obm0

\vdktyfcsufrsm;twGuf bk&m;ocifjyifqifxm;onfhaumif;csD;

r*Fvmrsm;udk r>cif;rcsefûzef;wD;aeMuonfomru udk,fcE¨m

usef;rma&;udkvnf;xdcd kufatmifvkyfaqmifaeMuygonf/

uREfkyfwdkYonf bk&m;ocif\Adrmefawmfudknpfnrf;atmif

vkyfaqmifaeMu&m xdkcEmudk,fAdrmefBuD;onf tm;enf;ysuf,Gif;

vmygonf/ obm0onfvnf; bk&m;ocifjyifqifay;xm;

awmfrlonfhtwdkif; aumif;rGefpGmtvkyfrvkyfEdkifawmhacs/ vlom;

rsm;onf cHwGif;awmifhwrIudk twåqefqefjznfhqnf;cJhaom

aMumifh obm0wefcdk;rsm;udk twdkif;xuftvGeftvkyfvkyfap

cJhMuygonf/


4T, p. 96 (1876)

jyif;xefpGmtvkyfvkyfjcif;udk eD;pyfpGmtoHk;ûyaejcif;onf

vli,frsm;\BuD;xGm;rIudkxdcdkufapygonf/ odkY&mwGif vlaygif;

rsm;pGmwdkYonf tvGeftuRHtvkyfvkyfjcif;tm;jzifh rdrdwdkY\cEmudk,f

zGJUpnf;rIudk ûydysufapvsuf½Sdaomae&mwGif tvkyfrvkyfbJ ysif;&d

pGmaejcif;ESifh tpm;MuL;jcif;rsm;onf tvsiftjrefaocsmayguf

ysuf,Gif;oGm;zdkYOD;wnfaeonfh vlaxmifaygif;rsm;pGmwdkY\

cE¨mudk,fü a&m*gydk;rsm;udkysKd;ay;aeMuygonf/

4T, pp. 454-455 (1880)

tcsKdUolrsm;wdkYonf cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkxdef;csKyfjcif;

rûyawmhbJ usef;rma&;udktxdcdkufcHum pm;aomufaeMuyg

onf/ xdkaMumifh ¤if;wdkY\OD;aESmufrsm;onf rIdif;a0aeum

tawG;tac:rrSefawmhacs/ udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fum tpm;

taomufûcd;jcHcJhvQif ¤if;wdkYpGrf;aqmifEdkifrnfht&mrsm;udk NyD;ajrmuf

atmif ¤if;wdkYrvkyfEdkifMuawmhacs/ t&mcyfodrf;wdkYwGif csKyfwnf;

rI½SdcJhvQif bk&m;ocif\trIawmfü ay;qyftoHk;ûyoGm;Edkifonfh

udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\cGeftm;rsm;udk þvkyfaqmifcsufu bk&m;

ocifxHrSvk,laeygonf/

½Sifaygvkonf usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;

wpfOD;jzpfonf/ ]]olwpfyg;udkqHk;rNyD;rS udk,fwdkif½HI;aomolrjzpf

&rnftaMumif; udk,fudkxdk;íESdyfpufavh½Sd\}} [k olajymcJhonf/

bk&m;ocif\bkef;wefcdk;udkxif½Sm;apEdkif&eftvdkYiSm ½SdorQtpGrf;

owådrsm;udk cGeftm;tjynfh½Sdaeatmif xdef;odrf;apmifha½SmufzdkY

oGm;NyD; tykyftodk;rsm;tjzpfodkYajymif;oGm;ygonf/ aumif;aom

tpmrsm;jzpfvifhupm; vdkonfxufydkípm;rdvQif xdktydkrsm;onf

0efxkyf0efydk;wpfckozG,fjzpfvmygonf/ tpmtdrfonf xdkydkvQH

tpmrsm;udkacszsuf&ef tvkyfydkvkyf&ygonf/ xdktvkyfudkydkvkyf

&aomaMumifh armyef;EGrf;vsaoma0'emrsm;udkjzpfay:apygonf/

þodkYaomcHpm;csufudk 'All-gone feeling hunger' [k tqufrjywf

pm;avh½Sdaomxdkolrsm;uuifyGef;wyfNyD; tpmcsufonfht*Fgrsm;\

tvkyfydkvkyf&onfhtajctaeaMumifh xdkcHpm;csufjzpfay:vm&jcif;

jzpfygonf/

6T, p. 343 (1900)

{nfhonfrsm;udk yyvTm;vTm;{nfhcHvdkaomqErsm;aMumifh

rvdkvm;tyfaomaomursm;ESifh 0efxkyf0efydk;rsm;jzpfvmygonf/

[if;vsmrsKd;pHkudk jyifqifcsufûywf&ojzifh tdrf½Sifronf tvkyf

ydkívkyfvm&ygonf/ [if;vsmrsKd;pHkaomaMumifh {nfhonfrsm;

onf tpm;MuL;rdMuygonf/ xdktvkyfMuL;jcif;ESifh tpm;MuL;

jcif;wdkYaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom&v'frSm a&m*gb,rsm;jzpfonf/

xdkuJhodkYaompm;aumif;aomufzG,frsm;onf 0efxkyf0efydk;wpfck

jzpfonfhjyif xdcdkufepfemrIwpfckvnf;jzpfygonf/

Health Reform, June, 1878.

tirf;r&pm;aompm;aomufyGJrsm;ESifh roifhavsmfaom

tcsdefrsm;wGif tpmpm;jcif;rsm;onf tpmaMucsufonfhpepfrS

tarG;rSifuav;rsm;udkxdcdkufap½Hkomru xdktpm;taomuf

aMumifh pdwfydkif;qdkif&müvnf; tBuD;tus,fxdcdkufysufpD;apyg

onf/

194 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftpm;MuL;jcif; 193

DF- 13

bk&m;ocifrdefYawmfrlonfrSm ]]aumif;uifbHkü½Sdawmfrlaom

crnf;awmfbk&m;ocifonf pHkvifawmfrlaomaMumifh oifwdkY

onfvnf; pHkvifjcif;½SdMuavmh}} [líjzpf\/ bk&m;ocifonf

rdrd\tief;twmtwdkif; pHkvifouJhodkY uREfkyfwdkYonf vlom;

tief;twmtavQmufpHkvif&ef þwGif udk,fawmf½SifrdefYrSmae

jcif;jzpfonf/

MH, pp. 306-307 (1905)

tom;ESifhwuG usef;rma&;xdcdkufaponfhtpmrsm;udk

rpm;aomolrsm;pGmwdkYonf tm[m&jynfh0onfhtpmrsm;udk tcsKyf

twnf;rJhpm;Edkifonf[kxifum tvGeftMuL;pm;aeMuojzifh

rMumcPtpm;MuL;olrsm;jzpfvmMuygonf/ xdkxifjrif

vkyfaqmifrIrsm;onf rSm;ygonf/ aumif;aomtpmrsm;jzpfvifh

upm; tvGeftMuL;pm;oHk;jcif;jzifh tpmaMucsufonfht*Fgrsm;

udkxdcdkufatmif rvkyfoifhMuacs/

tpm;tpmrsm;udk pm;yGJay:wGiftm;vHk;csíjyifqifrxm;bJ

wpfrsKd;NyD;rSwpfrsKd;csauR;onfh ,Ofaus;rIrsm;vnf;½Sdonf/

xdk,Ofaus;rIt& aemufvmrnfhtpmudk aumif;raumif;rod

Edkifojzifh a&mufvmaomtpmudk rdrdESifhtoifhavsmfqHk;r[kwf

onfwdkif 0atmifpm;wwfMuonf/ odkY&mwGif aemufqHk;rS

a&mufvmaomtcsKdyGJ rdrdtwGufaumif;aomtpmtjzpf,lqum

pm;oHk;rdaomtcg pm;oifhonfhtwdkif;twmxufrsm;oGm;wwf

ygonf/ tu,fíom auR;zdkYjyifqifxm;aomtpmrsm;tm;vHk;

udk pm;yGJay:wGifcsíjyifqifxm;cJhvQif taumif;qHk;tpmudk

a½G;ípm;zdkYtcGifh&cJhMuygvdrfhrnf/

olüwm0ef½Sdaeonf[k ½SifaygvkcH,lxm;ygonf/ ½Sifaygvk

yifvQif csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhoGm;rnfhtEÅ&m,f½SdaevQif uREfkyfwdkYü

ydkíBuD;rm;aomtEÅ&m,f½Sdaeygonf/ taMumif;rSm udk,fawmf½Sif

ydkifawmfrlonfh uREfkyfwdkY\udk,fpdwfESpfyg;tm;jzifh bk&m;ocif\

bkef;wefcdk;udk rjzpfraexif½Sm;ap&rnf[k ½Sifaygvkem;vnf

oabmaygufovdk uREfkyfwdkYoabmraygufMujcif;aMumifhjzpf

onf/ tpm;MuL;jcif;onf þacwfumv\jypfrIwpfckjzpfonf/

tpm;MuL;jcif;onf t&ufaopmaomufjcif;uJhodkYyif

tqifhwltjypfwpfckjzpfaMumif; EIwfxGufpum;uzGifhqdkxm;yg

onf/ þtjypfrsKd;onf xm0&bk&m;ocif\a½SUawmfwGif

pufqkyf½GHU½SmzG,faumif;vS&m cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkrcsKyfwnf;

Edkifaomuav;wpfOD;tm; ¤if;êudufaomtpmudk t0tNyJ

pm;apum ¤if;tm; rdbrsm;udk,fwdkif £oa&vtkyfcsKyfolrsm;

a½SUodkYac:vmNyD; cJESifhaygufowfoifhonf[k arma½Stm;

xm0&bk&m;ocifrdefYawmfrlcJ hygonf/ tpm;MuL;jcif;udk

arQmfvifhjcif;uif;rJhaomtajctaewpfcktjzpf rSwf,lcJhygonf/

xdkolonf tjcm;olrsm;twGuf tusKd;rûyEdkifonfhtjyif udk,fudk

wdkiftwGufvnf; usdefjcif;tr*Fvmjzpfaeygonf/ olYudk

rnfonfhudpötwGufrS tm;udk;&efrjzpfEdkifacs/ ol\MoZm

vTrf;rdk;rIonf tjcm;olrsm;udk npfnrf;apEdkifonfjzpf&m

xdkuJhodkYaomyk*¾dKvfrsKd;r½SdvQif urÇmBuD;onf ydkíom,mygvdrfh

rnf/ xdkuJhodkYtpm;MuL;olrsm;onf rnfonfhvlrsKd;jzpfjzpf?

rnfrQynmwwfwwf? c&pf,mefwpfa,mufr[kwfacs/ c&pfawmf


tpm; aemufxyftpmrsm;udkyif xyfípm;um tpmtdrfudk

jznfhay;aeMuygonf/ tusKd;quftaejzifh tpmtdrfonf

tm;enf;oGm;um aumif;pGmtvkyfrvkyfEdkifawmhacs/

udk,fpdwfESpfyg;tm;enf;oGm;&jcif;taMumif;&if;

CTBH, p. 154 (1890)

uREfkyfwdkYonf usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udpörsm;udk

vufcHxm;Muaomfvnf; tpm;MuL;aeMuygonf/ cHwGif;

awmifhwrIudktvdkvdkufjcif;onf udk,fpdwfESpfyg;tm;tifukefcef;

oGm;&jcif;\taMumif;&if;jzpfNyD; ae&mwumwGifawGUae&aom

csnfheJYjcif;\tajccHtaMumif;vnf;jzpfygonf/

2T, pp. 362-365 (1870)

usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;onf usef;rma&;

udkxdcdkufaprnfhtpm;taomuftm;vHk;udk a½SmifMuOfcJhNyD;jzpf

aomfvnf; tm[m&jzpfaomtpmrsm;udk udk,fêudufoavmuf

pm;EdkifcGifh½Sdonf[k txif½SdaeMuygonf/ olwdkYonf xrif;

pm;yGJwGifxdkifaomtcg rnfonfhtwdkif;tqtxdpm;oifhonf[k

qifjcifoHk;oyfNyD;vkyfaqmif&rnfhtpm; cHwGif;tvdkudkvdkufum

tvGeftuRHpm;oHk;wwfMuygonf/ odkYjzifh tpmrsm;jzifhtjynfh

xnfhjcif;cH&aomtpmtdrfonf wpfaeYvHk;jynfhu,faeygawmh

onf/ pm;orQtpmrsm;xJrS aoG;om;rjzpfapEdkifawmhonfh

tpmydkrsm;onf tpmajcpepftwGuf 0efxkyf0efydk;wpfckjzpfyg

onf/ cE¨mudk,f,EÅ&m;BuD;udkvnf; taESmifht,Sufûyygonf/

wpfcgwpf&HwGif tpm;MuL;jcif;\qdk;usKd;rsm;udk csufcsif;

cHpm;&wwfygonf/ tcsKdUa&m*gcHpm;rIrsm;wGif emusifrIr½Sd

aomfvnf; tpmcsufonfht*Fgrsm;ü ¤if;wdkY\cGeftm;rsm;

qHk;½IH;&½Hkomru udk,fcE¨mcGeftm;\tajccHtkwfjrpfudk xdcdkuf

ysufpD;apygonf/

vdkonfxufydkípm;xm;aomtpmrsm;onf tpmcsuf

onfhpepfudk 0efav;ap½Hkomru zsm;emrIrsm;udkvnf;jzpfyGm;ap

ygonf/ xdktpmydkrsm;aMumifh tpmtdrfonf aoG;twdkif;tq

rsm;pGmvdktyfvmum ajcvuft*Fgrsm;ESifh ajczsm;vufzsm;rsm;udk

csrf;pdrfhpdrfhjzpfapygonf/ xdktpmydkrsm;aMumifh tpmcsuft*Fgrsm;

onf jyif;xefpGmtvkyfvkyfMu&&m ¤if;wdkYtm; tpmcsufNyD;

onfhtcsdefwGif vlonf EkH;csnfhoGm;ygawmhonf/ tNrJwrf;

tpm;MuL;wwfolrsm;onf xdkuJhodkYjzpfysufrIudk 'All gone feel-

ing hungry' [k uifyGef;wyfwwfMuaomfvnf; xdkcHpm;rIonf

tpmcsuft*Fg&yfrsm; tvkyfydkívkyfaqmif&aomaMumifh jzpfay:

vm&jcif;jzpfonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif pdwfvufrtDromjzpfum

OD;aESmufonfvnf; xHkxdkif;aewwfygonf/

xdkuJhodkYrvdkvm;tyfaoma&m*gvu©Pmrsm;udkcHpm;&

jcif;rSm t*Fg&yfrsm;\tpGrf;wefcdk;rsm;udk oHk;oifhonfxuf

ydkítoHk;ûyojzifh armyef;EGrf;vsoGm;onfhoabmyifjzpfonf/

]uRefawmhfudktem;ay;ygawmh} [k tpmtdrfuzGifhqdkaeaomfvnf;

xdkarmyef;EGrf;vsrIudk tpmqmavmifjcif;udkcHpm;ae&jcif;jzpf

onf[k vltrsm;teufzGifhqdkum tpmtdrfudktem;ay;&rnfh


odkYapumrl ]]igbmudkpm;pm;? bmudkaomufaomuf?

rif;tvkyfr[kwfygbl;}} [k oifajymaumif;ajymygvdrfhrnf/

a&m*gonfwpfOD;teD;tem;wGif½SdaeolwpfpHkwpfa,mufonf

xdka&m*gonfESifhtwl 'ku©rsm;udkrQa0cHpm;&wwfygovm;/

rdwfaqG? ¤if;wdkYudkpdwfqdk;aprnfht&mwpfckckudkvkyfMunhfyg/

olwdkYpdwfqdk;MurnfrSm "r®wmyifjzpfygonf/ olwdkYpdwfqdk;Mu

ouJhodkY olwdkY\om;orD;rsm;vnf; pdwfqdk;vmMuvdrfhrnf/

rdom;pktcsif;csif; u½kPmrzufawmhbJ pum;udk½dkif;½dkif;pdkif;pdkif;

atmfBuD;[pfus,fajymvmMuvdrfhrnf/ ¤if;wdkYtay:usa&muf

vmonfha0'emonf ywf0ef;usif½Sdvlom;rsm;tay:odkYul;puf

oGm;um xdkraumif;aomt&m\tusKd;qufrsm;udk rQa0cHpm;

vmMu&ygonf/ t&dyfrnf;BuD;wpfckudk olwdkYxdk;xm;acsNyD/

xdkodkYqdkvQif oif\pm;usifhaomufusihfrsm;onf tjcm;olrsm;

tay:odkYrul;pufbl;vm;/ aocsmayguful;pufrnfjzpfonf/

xdkaMumifh bk&m;ocifESifhwuG vlom;tcsif;csif;tay:wGifûy&rnfh

0wfrsm;udk wm0efausyGefEdkifap&eftvdkYiSm rdrdudk,fudktaumif;qHk;

usef;rma&;tajctaewGif½Sdaeatmif oif*½kxm;oifhygonf/

odk Yaomf usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;

udk,fwdkifu twdkif;tqrJhpm;aomufaeMuygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf

usef;rma&;udktaxmuftulûyrnfhtpmtm[m&rsm;udk oifhwifh

avsmufywfpGmpm;oHk;oifhMuygonf/

MS 93, 1901.

uREfkyfwdkYonf a,bk,stm;jzifh tvGeftuRHpm;aeMu

aMumif; uREfkyfwdkYtxJrStrsm;pkonf tpm;MuL;jcif;aMumifh

tqdkYtydwftwm;tqD;rsm;½Sdvmojzifh tpmajcpepfonfvnf;

yHkrSeftvkyfrvkyfEdkifawmhacs/ ta&;ygaomt*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;udk

rvdktyfbJtvkyfrsm;aponfhjyif tpmajcpepftwGuf xdcdkuf

aponfh xdktpmydkrsm;udkacszsuf&mwGif tpmajconfht*Fgrsm;udk

ulnD&ef tpmtdrfrS OD;aESmufausmqdkif&mcGeftm;rsm;udk qifhqdk

wwfygonf/

tpm;MuL;jcif;aMumifh rnfonfhMoZmoufa&mufrIrsm;

udk tpmtdrfüjzpfapoenf;/ tpmtdrfonf tm;tifqkwf,kwf

oGm;um tpmcsuft*Fgrsm;onf csnfheJYoGm;ygonf/ tusKd;quf

taejzifh a&m*gb,rsKd;pHkcHpm;vm&wwfygonf/ tu,fí

a&m*g½Sdxm;ESifholrsm;tpm;MuL;cJhygvQif ½Sdxm;ESifhaoma&m*g

rsm;onf ydkrdkqdk;½Gm;vmum tiftm;rsm;aeYpOfqkwf,kwfvm

ygonf/ taMumif;rSm ¤if;wdkYonf pm;oHk;rdonfhtpmrsm;udk

acszsuf&ef cGeftm;rsm;udkrvdktyfbJ toHk;ûycJhMuygonf/ tvGef

qdk;½Gm;onfhtajctaeodkYa&muf½SdoGm;awmhrnfjzpfygwum;/

uREfkyfwdkYonf tpmraMuonfha&m*gudkcHpm;zl;Muojzifh

oabmaygufygonf/ rdom;pkxJrSm þa&m*grsKd;cHpm;ae&ol

½Sdav&m xdka&m*g\aMumufp&mhtajctaeudk uREfkyfwdkYodxm;

ygonf/ vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufonf tpmraMua&m*gonf

wpfOD;jzpfvmvQif xdkolonf udk,fpdwfESpfyg;pvHk;wGif 'ku©

onfwpfOD;jzpfvmygonf/ xdkaMumifh vlpdwf½SdaomrdwfaqG

rsm;onfvnf; ¤if;ESifhtwl udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\'ku©udkcHpm;vm

&ygonf/


em;axmifaeMuygonf/ xdkolrsm;onf rsufpdtpHkudkrzGifhEdkif

awmh½Hkomru a[maeonfhw&m;awmfudkvnf; rMum;Edkif?

rodEdkifMuawmhacs/ xdkuJhodkYaomtajctaersKd;onf bk&m;ocif

tm; bkef;wefcdk;xif½Sm;apvsuf½Sdonf[k oifxifygovm;/

xdkolrsm;onf bk&m;ocifudk toa&,kwfapvsuf½SdMuygonf/

tpmraMuonfha&m*gonfjzpfvm&jcif;rSmvnf; xdkenf;ESifESif

yifjzpfonf/ tpmudktcsdefrSefrSefpm;oHk;&rnfhtpm; cHwGif;tvdk

udkvdkufum reufpm? aeYv,fpmESifh npmrsm;tMum; oa&pm

rsm;udk ¤if;wdkYpm;wwfMuygonf/ tu,fí xdkolonf

txdkiform;rsm;jzpfcJhvQif tpmaMupepfudktaxmuftulûyrnfh

avhaumif;avoefYudk ¤if;wdkYr&½SdEdkifMuawmhacs/ vHkavmuf

aomum,avhusifhcef;rsm;udkvnf; olvkyfEdkifawmhrnfr[kwfacs/

MH, p. 307 (1905)

uREfkyfwdkYonf OykofawmfaeYtwGuf tpm;tpmrsm;udk

jyifqif&mwGif tjcm;aeYrsm;wGifjyifqifonfhtpmrsm;xuf ydkí

trnfrrsm;oifhacs/ 0dnmOfa&;udpörsm;udk pdwfMunfMunf

vifvifjzifh qifjcifoHk;oyfEdkif&eftvdkYiSm ½dk;½dk;tpm;tpmrsm;

udkjyifqifum tjcm;aeYrsm;xuf avsmhípm;oifhygonf/

AdkufMuyfvmvQif OD;aESmufxdkif;rIdif;vmwwfonf/ pdwfESvHk;

xdkif;rIdif;aevQif trSefw&m;rsm;udk Mum;omMum;Edkifrnfjzpf

aomfvnf; tav;xm;Edkifrnfr[kwfacs/ vltrsm;onf Oykof

aeYwGif tpm;MuL;jcif;tm;jzifh rGefjrwfaomtcGifhxl;rsm;udk &,l

cHpm;&eftwGuf rdrdwdkYxifonfxufydkí rxdkufwefolrsm;jzpf

aeMuygonf/

rtDromjzpfum zsm;emjcif;tusKd;qufudkcHpm;aeMu&aMumif;

xm0&bk&m;ocifu uREfkyftm;azmfjyawmfrlonf/ xdk'ku©udk

xm0&bk&m;ocifu uREfkyfwdkYüpD&ifawmfrljcif;r[kwfbJ uREfkyfwdkY

bmomuREfkyfwdkYzefwD;cJhMujcif;omjzpfygonf/ a&m*ga0'emrsm;

onf tjypfusL;vGefjcif;\qdk;usKd;jzpfonfudk ¤if;wdkYod½Sd

em;vnf&ef xm0&bk&m;ociftvdk½Sdawmfrlygonf/

vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf tpmudkua&maomyg;pm;wwfMuovdk

wcsKdUrSmrl rwnfhaomtpmrsm;udka&mípm;aeMuonf/ tpmtdrf

udkxdcdkufatmifvkyfjcif;onf 0dnmOftoufwmudkxdcdkufap

aMumif;udkvnf;aumif;? tpmtdrfudkrw&m;toHk;ûyjcif;onf

c&pfawmfudktBuD;tus,ftoa&rJhaponfudkvnf;aumif;

vltaygif;wdkYod½Sdem;vnfMuvQif tpmtdrfudkusef;rmvef;qef;

ap&eftwGuf udk,ftvdkudkjiif;&ef owåd½SdvmMuygvdrhfrnf/

uREfkyfwdkYonf bk&m;ocif\bkef;wefcdk;udkxif½Sm;ap&ef tpm;

taomuftm;jzifh xrif;pm;yGJwGifxdkif&if; aq;zufqdkif&m

c&pf,mefomoemvkyfief;udkvkyfaqmifEdkifMuygonf/

bk&m;ausmif;wGiftdyfidkufjcif;

2T, p. 374 (1870)

uREfkyfwdkYonf tpm;tpmudkoifhwifhavsmufywfpGm

rpm;oHk;aomtcsdefwGif rdrd\udk,fcE¨mudktjypfûyaeMuygonf/

tpm;tdk;rsm;onf OykofawmfaeYü bk&m;ausmif;xJwGifxdkifum

EIwfxGufpum;a[mMum;aeonfudk xdkifvsuf? idkufvsuf


txdkifrsm;aomtrIaqmifrsm;twGuftMuHay;csuf

MH, pp. 308-310 (1905)

tpm;MuL;jcif;onf txl;ojzifhaES;auG;av;vHpGm

oGm;vmaexdkifonfhyifudk,fp½dkuf½Sdolrsm;udk xdcdkufepfemaponf/

xdkolrsm;onf tpmudkavsmhpm;um um,avhusifhcef;rsm;udk

ydkívkyfaqmifoifhygonf/ vltaygif;wdkYonf arG;&mygtpGrf;

owådrsm;ESifhjynfhpHkaeaomfjim;vnf; cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkjiif;qef

&ef pdwfrxdef;EdkifvQif ¤if;wdkYatmifjrifoifhonfhtwdkif;twm\

wpf0ufudkyif atmifjrifEdkifjcif;r½Sdygacs/

pma&;q&mrsm;ESifh pma[mq&mrsm;onf þtcsufwGif

csKdU,Gif;aeMuygonf/ xdkolrsm;onf tm;&yg;&pm;NyD;onfESifh

wpfûydifeuf pm;yGJwGifxdkifum qufNyD;zwfjcif;? a&;jcif;? avhvm

jcif;rsm;udkûyvkyfwwfMuonf/ tanmif;ajytnmajyvIyf½Sm;

zdkYyif tcsdefray;Muawmhacs/ xdkaMumifh tusKd;quftaejzifh

¤if;wdkY\tawG;tqrsm;ESifh tajymtqdkrsm;onf oGufvuf

csufcsmrIr½SdawmhbJ olwpfyg;oabmaygufem;vnfatmif

ra&;Edkif? rajymEdkifMuawmhacs/ þodkYtm;jzifh ¤if;wdkY\

vkyfaqmifrIrsm;onf atmifjrifrIESifhuif;vmygawmhonf/

ta&;ygaomwm0efrsm;udkxrf;aqmif&ef wm0ef½Sdaeol

rsm;ESifh 0dnmOfa&;udpörsm;wGif wm0ef,lapmifha½Smuf&olrsm;onf

xdk;xGif;od½SdrIxufjrufolrsm;jzpfoifhygonf/ xdkolrsm;onf

tjcm;olrsm;xuf tpm;taomufwGif csKyfwnf;jcif;½Sdoifhyg

onf/ tqDttdrfhESifhjynfhpHkaom t"durusonfhtpmrsm;udk

¤if;wdkY\pm;yGJay:wGif jyifqifrxm;oifhygacs/

arhwwfjcif;\taMumif;&if;

Letter 17, 1895.

cyfodrf;aomtrIwdkYwGif csKyfwnf;jcif;ESifhpyfvsOf;onfh

taMumif;t&mudk oifhtwGuf uREfkyftm; xm0&bk&m;ocif

tvif;ay;awmfrlonf/ oifonf tpm;t&mwGif csKyfwnf;jcif;

uif;rJhaeonf/ vdktyfonfxuf ESpfqrsm;aomtpmrsm;udk

rMumcPoifpm;aeonf/ xdktpmrsm;ykyfodk;vmonfESifhtrQ

oiftouf½ª&mwGif tcuftcJawGUvmNyD; ESmap;acsmif;qdk;jcif;

ydkíjyif;xefvmygonf/ oif\tpmtdrfonfvnf; tvkyfydk

rsm;vkyfaqmifvm&um oifpm;vdkufrdonfhtpmrsm;udk acszsuf

&ef vdktyfonfhtiftm;rsm;udk&Edkif&ef OD;aESmufxHrSawmif;cH

vm&ygonf/ oifonf rdrdudk,fudk oem;MuifemrI½SdaMumif;

þvkyfaqmifrIwGif vHk;0azmfjyrxm;yg/

oifonf xrif;pm;pm;yGJwGifxdkifwdkif; tpm;MuL;ol

jzpfaeygonf/ þtcsufonf arhavsmhwwfjcif;\t"du

taMumif;&if;jzpfaeygonf/ oifajymcJhonfhpum;rsm;udk uREfkyf

odxm;onfht&mrsm;jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif xdkt&mrsm;udkrajym

rdyg[k oifajymqdkavh½Sdonf/ xdkuJhodkYarhavsmhwwfjcif;rSm

tpm;MuL;jcif;aMumif h jzpfonfudk uREf kyfodxm;ygonf/

xdktaMumif;rsm;udkajymaejcif;jzifh rnfodkYtusKd;xl;rnfenf;/

xdktaMumif;rsm;udkajymqdkaejcif;jzifh raumif;rIrsm;udkrukpm;

Edkif&m/


½dk;pif;aomtpm ESpfrsKd;oHk;rsKd;xufrydkapygESifh/ pm;aomtcg

wGifvnf; tqmajy½Hkavmufompm;yg/ um,avhusifhcef;rsm;

udk rSefrSefvkyfyg/ xdkaemuf rnfodkYtusKd;xl;vmonfudk owdûy

Munfhyg/

um,tvkyform;rsm;twGufrl OmPtvkyform;rsm;

enf;wl tpm;tpmtwdkif;tqESifht&nftaoG;udk txl;*½kûy

&ef rwdkufwGef;vdkyg/ odkYapumrl tpm;taomufwGif csKyfwnf;rI

½SdvQif ¤if;wdkYonf ydkíusef;rma&;aumif;vmrnfrSmaocsmyg

onf/

wcsKdUu pm;aomuf&rnfhtpm;tpmpm&if;udk wdwdusus

azmfjyay;apvdkMuonf/ tpm;MuL;cJhjcif;twGuf olwdkYoHa0*

&um ¤if;wdkYpm;aomufrdcJhonfht&mrsm;udkom wpfcsdefvHk;

pOf;pm;aewwfMuonf/ trSefrSm xdkodkYrjzpfoifhygacs/ vlwpfOD;

wpfa,muftwGuf tjcm;olwpfOD;wpfa,mufu tpm;tpm

pnf;rsOf;rsm;csrSwfray;Edkifyg/ vltoD;oD;wdkYonf qifqifjcifjcif

xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf;jzifh pnf;rsOf;ed,mrtwdkif; vkyfaqmifoifh

Muygonf/

tpmraMujcif;ESifhbkwftpnf;ta0;rsm;

7T, pp. 257-258 (1902)

vlom;rsm;onf tvQHy,faomtpm;tpmrsm;jzifh jyifqif

xm;onfhpm;yGJwGifxdkifum tvG,fwultpmaMucsufEdkifonf

xuf tqrwefydkípm;oHk;aeMuonf/ tpmydkrsm;ESifh 0efydaeaom

BuD;rm;aomwm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmifae&olrsm;onf

ta&;ygaom&v'frsm;udkjzpfay:aponfhqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk aeYpOf

ESifhtrQvkyfae&ygonf/ tcsdefwdktawmtwGif;rSmyif rsm;aom

tm;jzifh qHk;jzwfcsufcsMu&onfjzpf&m csKyfwnf;jcif;aumif;

aomolrsm;omvQif xdktvkyfrsm;udk atmifjrifatmifxrf;aqmif

EdkifMuygonf/ pdwf"mwfcGeftm;rsm;onf udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\wefcdk;

rsm;udk rSefuefaomxdef;odrf;apmifha½SmufrIatmufwGif tm;aumif;

aeygonf/ tu,fíom 0efxkyf0efydk;onf rsm;pGmrBuD;us,f

vQif cGeftm;opfrsm;onf tusOf;tusyftoD;oD;udk&ifqdkifwdkif;

xGufay:vmwwfaomfvnf; ta&;ygaompDrHudef;rsm;udk csrSwf

ae&olrsm;ESifh ta&;BuD;onfhqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udkcsae&olrsm;onf

rSm;,Gif;aomtpm;tpmrsm;udkoHk;aqmifrdjcif;aMumifh xdcdkufrI

rsm;ESifh&ifqdkifae&ygonf/ yHkrSefr[kwfaomtpmtdrfaMumifh yHkrSef

r[kwfaomraocsmaompdwf"mwftajctaersm;udkjzpfay:apyg

onf/ xdkaMumifh pdwfqdk;rmefqdk;jzpfjcif;? Murf;wrf;pGmajymqdk

aexdkifjcif;ESifh w&m;rQwrIuif;rJhpGmvkyfaqmifjcif;rsm;udk usifhoHk;

vmygonf/ urÇmavmutwGuf aumif;usKd;ûyrnfhpDrHudef;

rsm;udkab;z,fxm;um w&m;rQwrIr½Sdaom? zdESdyf&ufpufaom?

½kwf&if;Murf;wrf;aomtvkyfrsm;udkvkyfaqmifvmMu&m tusKd;

quftaejzifh a&m*gb,rsm;xlajymvmygonf/

OmPtvkyform; (odkYr[kwf) xdkifítvkyfvkyf&aom

0efxrf;rsm;twGuf tMuHwpfckay;vdkygonf/ &JpGrf;owådESifh

pdwfxdef;wwfolrsm;êud;pm;Munfhyg/ xrif;pm;onfhtcgwdkif;


pdwfoabmxm;rsm;onfvnf; raorcsmjzpfaeonf/ a&m*g

&aeaomtpmtdrfonf OD;aESmufudkvnf; a&m*gb,rsm;ESifh

jynhf0aponf/ rSm;,Gif;aomxifjrif,lqcsufrsm;udk qufvuf

qkyfudkifap&ef vlwpfOD;wpfa,muftm;acgif;rmaponf/

xdkuJhodkYaomyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;\OmPfynm[kac:qdkEdkifaomt&monf

bk&m;ociftwGuf rdkufrJrIomjzpfaeygonf/

þtcsufonf bkwftpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif jzpfay:ae

aomtajctae\taMumif;&if;wpfckjzpfaMumif; uREfkyfwifjy

ygonf/ aocsmpGmavhvmoHk;oyfNyD;rS ajzqdkoifhaomar;cGef;

rsm;ESifh ta&;ygaomqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk pOf;pm;oHk;oyfrIrûybJ

tvsifpvdktajzay;qHk;jzwfaewwfonfhbkwftpnf;ta0;rsm;

wGif jzpfay:aeaomtajctae\taMumif;&if;rSm þtcsufyif

jzpfaMumif; uREfkyfwifjyay;aeygonf/ wpfaoG;wpfoHwnf;

acgif;ndwfoabmwloifhaomt&mrsm;udk acgif;,rf;uefYuGuf

Mujcif;jzifh tpnf;ta0;wpfck\ywf0ef;usiftajctaeudk vHk;vHk;

ajymif;vJcJhMuygonf/ xdk&v'frsm;udkvnf; uREfkyftm; rMum

cPwifjyvsuf½Sdygonf/

oifwdkYonf pm;aomufjcif;trIwGif csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJh

rI½Sdojzifh omrefrD;ESifhoefY½Sif;aomrD;tMum;½Sdjcm;em;rIudk

xifxif½Sm;½Sm;jrifawGUzdkY t&nftcsif;rrD[k trIawmfaqmif

nDtpfudkarmifESrrsm;tm; zGifhqdk&ef xm0&bk&m;ocifoGefoif

awmfrlaomaMumifh ,ckwGif þt&mrsm;udk uREfkyfwifqufae

ygonf/ ¤if;jyif oifonf csKyfwnf;rIr½Sdjcif;tm;jzifh oifhtm;

tpmtdrfonf rdrd\tvkyfrsm;udkyHkrSefrvkyfEdkifawmhacs/ xdkaMumifh

tusKd;quftjzpf OD;aESmufxdkif;rIdif;jcif;? qHk;jzwfcsufaES;auG;

jcif;rsm;jzpfay:vmygonf/ rwnfhaomtpmrsm;udk a&mípm;rd

jcif;aMumifh pdwfa0'emrsm;jzpfay:vmonf/ xdktpmrsm;aMumifh

tpmtdrfxJwGif tcsOfaygufvmonf/ xdkaMumifh aoG;rsm;onf

npfnrf;vmonf/ tqHk;wGif OD;aESmufonf xdkif;rIdif;½IyfaxG;

vmygonf/

tpm;MuL;aomtusihf (odkYr[kwf) wpfcsdefwnf;wGif

tpmrsKd;pHkpm;wwfaomtusifhonf tpmraMuonfha&m*gudk

rMumcP&½Sdapygonf/ xdkaMumifh tpmaMucsufonfht*Fg&yf

rsm;wGif temw&rsm;jzpfay:vmygonf/ pm;oHk;aomtpm\

twdkif;tqtvGeftuRHjzpfjcif; (odkYr[kwf) rwnfhaomtpm

rsm;udka&mpm;jcif;rsm;aMumifh tpmtdrfonf ¤if;\tvkyfrsm;udk

avsmufywfpGmrvkyfEdkifawmhacs/ oabmxm;wdkufqdkifrIr½Sdaom

pdwfxifjcif;rsm;onf owday;Mujim;aomfvnf; tcsnf;ESD;om

jzpfaeonf/ xdkaMumifh tusKd;quftaejzifh a0'emudkcHpm;vm

&ygonf/ a&m*gb,rsm;onf usef;rmjcif;\ae&mwGif

tpm;xdk;ae&m,lwwfMuygonf/

þt&mESifhbkwftpnf;ta0;rsm; rnfodkYywfoufae

ygoenf;[k wcsKdUuar;Muygonf/ tvGefoufqdkifaeygonf/

rSm;,Gif;aompm;usifhrsm;\tusKd;qufrsm;udk bkwftpnf;ta0;

rsm;odk Y,lvmwwfygonf/ tpmtdrf\tajctaeaMumifh

OD;aESmufonf xdcdkufaeonf/ yHkrSefr[kwfaomtpmtdrfaMumifh


usef;rma&;udk aumif;aeygvsufESifh wpfaeYvQif oHk;Budrfpm;ae

Muonf/ usef;rma&;ESifhywfoufonfh bk&m;ocifay;pnf;rsOf;

rsm;udk csKd;azgufcJhvQif jypf'PfpD&ifrIudk aocsmayguf&ifqdkif

Mu&vdrfhrnf/

pm;aomufjcif;trIwGif tajrmftjrifuif;rJhaeMuaom

aMumifh wcsKdUyk*¾dKvfrsm;\tm½HkcHpm;rIrsm;onf oGufcsmyg'

vdkufum ¤if;wdkYonf av;vHxdkif;rIdif;NyD; idkufrsOf;aeMuonf/

cHwGif;tvdkudk twåqefqefvdkufpm;rdjcif;\tusKd;qufrsm;udk

cHpm;ae&aom rusef;rmonfhxdkw&m;a[mq&mrsm;onf

usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf axmufcHcsufaumif;rsm;

r[kwfMuyg/ tpm;MuL;jcif;aMumifh a0'emrsm;udkcHpm;&aomtcsdef

wGif xrif;wpfeyfwavudk wpfcgwpf&Hrpm;jcif;jzifh jyefNyD;

tm;opfavmif;ay;oifhygonf/ uREfkyfwdkY\trIaqmifrsm;onf

xdkûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udpörsm;udk yg;pyfrSa[mMum;jcif;xuf

vufawGUtoufwmtm;jzifh ydkíazmfjyoifhMuygonf/ apwem

a0jzmonfhrdwfaqGrsm;u pm;aomufzG,f&mtrsKd;pHkudk ¤if;wdkY

twGufjyifqifauR;arG;aomtcsdeftcgrsm;wGif usef;rma&;

pnf;rsOf;rsm;udktav;rxm;&ef tjyif;txefpHkprf;jcif;cH&aomf

vnf; vufzuf&nf? aumfzDtygt0if [if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;

ESifhjynfhpHkaom xdkpm;aumif;aomufzG,frsm;udk ¤if;wdkYjiif;y,f

jcif;tm;jzifh rdrdwdkYonf vufawGUusaomusef;rmjcif;ûyjyif

ajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;jzpfaMumif; oufaojyEdkifMuygonf/

wcsKdUrSm toufwmpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk csKd;azgufjcif;\&v'frsm;

udk ,ckwGifcHpm;aeMu&m usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&m

bk&m;ocifay;xm;onfhowday;pum;rsm;udk *½krxm;aMumif;

azmfjyaeonf/ ]]oifwdkYwGif tb,folonf xm0&bk&m;ocif

udkaMumuf½GHUoenf;/ xdkolonf udk,fawmfuRef\pum;oHudk

em;axmifygap/ tb,folonf tvif;r½SdbJ arSmifrdkufü

oGm;vmoenf;/ xdkolonf xm0&bk&m;ocif\emrawmfudk

cdkvIHí rdrdbk&m;ocifudktrSDûyygap/}} csKyfwnf;jcif;rJhpGm

pm;aomufjcif;rSvnf;aumif;? roefY½Sif;aomavmuaysmfarGUjcif;

cHpm;rIESifh qdk;npfrItaygif;rSvnf;aumif; uREfkyfwdkYtm; u,fr

Edkif&ef xm0&bk&m;ocifxH uREfkyfwdkYwdk;0ifcsOf;uyfjcif;rûybJ

aeMuawmhrnfvm;/ udk,fawmftm; aMumuf½GHUjcif;tm;jzifh

uREfkyfwdkY\pm&dwårsm;pHkvifpGmoefY½Sif;Edkifap&eftvdkYiSm udk,fpdwf

ESpfyg;udk ysuf,Gif;aponfht&mrSeforQudkypfy,fvsuf xm0&

bk&m;ocif\a½SUarSmufwGif rdrdudk,fudkrESdrfhcsMuawmhbl;vm;/

4T, pp. 416-417 (1880)

uREf ky fwd k Ytoif;awmfr Sw&m;a[mq&mrsm;onf

pm;aomufjcif;ESifhpyfvsOf;onfh ¤if;wdkY\tusifhp½dkufrsm;udk

vHkavmufpGm*½krxm;Muacs/ ¤if;wdkYonf tpmrsm;udk tqrwef

pm;aeMuonf/ wpfxdkifwnf;rSmyif tpmrsKd;pHkudkpm;aeMuonf/

wcsKdUrSmrl usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;trnfcHoufouf

rsm;omjzpfMuonf/ xdkolrsm;onf tpm;tpmESifhywfoufí

rnfonfhpnf;urf;uvem;rSrxm;bJ xrif;BuD;rsm;pm;onfh

tcsdefMum;wGifvnf; toD;tESHrsm;udk êudufovdkpm;aomufum

tpmaMucsufonfht*Fgrsm;udk 0efav;apMuvsuf½Sdygonf/

wcsKdUrSm wpfaeYvQif xrif;ESpfBudrfpm;jcif;jzifh udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\


DF- 14

tcef;BuD; (8)

cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkxdef;csKyfjcif;

Sp. Gifts IV, 120 (1864)

tm'HESifh{0wdkYonf wifhw,faomtqif;oP²mefESifh

jynfhpHk½Hkomru tqpftcsKd;useum vSycefYnm;rIwGifpHkvif

olrsm;jzpfcJhMuonf/ xdkZeD;armifESHonf tjypfuif;NyD; usef;rm

a&;ESifhjynfhpHkMuonf/ ,aeYacwfvlom;rsm;\tajctaeESifh

rsm;pGmuGmjcm;vSygwum;/ wifhw,fjcif;rsm;onf uG,faysmuf

aeacsNyD/ pHkvifaomusef;rma&;udkrawGU&awmhacs/ uREfkyfwdkY

Munfhonfhae&mwdkif;wGif a&m*gb,rsm;? udk,ft*FgcsKdU,Gif;rI

rsm;ESifh rdkufrJqdk;oGrf;rIrsm;udkomawGU&onf/ tHhMozG,faumif;

aom þedrfhusrIrsm;\taMumif;&if;udk uREfkyfpHkprf;Munfhvdkuf&m

{'ifO,smOfudkjyefMunfh&ef uREfkyftm; xm0&bk&m;ocifñTefMum;

awmfrlygonf/ rpm;ap½Hkonfomru xdyifrxdapvdkaom

tyif\toD;udkpm;&ef {0onf a>r\vSnfhjzm;rIudkcHcJh&ygonf/

{0ü aysmf½TifrIcHpm;Edkifonfht&mrsm;½Sdaeygonf/ olr\

ywfvnfwGif toD;rsKd;pHk½Sdaeygonf/ odkYapumrl O,smOftwGif;½Sd

pdwf½Sdwdkif;pm;cGifhûyxm;onfhtoD;rsm;xuf rpm;&efwm;jrpf

xm;aomtoD;udk pm;csifpdwfydkíjyif;xefcJhygonf/ olronf

rdrd\qE´udkrcsKyfwnf;EdkifcJhacs/ odkYjzifh olronf xdktoD;udk

pm;cJh½Hkomru olr\MoZmanmif;rIaMumifh cifyGef;jzpfolonf

vnf; pm;cJhrd&m ESpfOD;pvHk;tay:odkY usdefjcif;tr*Fvmusa&muf

trIawmfvkyfief;udk [efYwm;onfhtrnf;pufrsm;jzifh zefwD;ae

Muygonf/

tpm;MuL;jcif;? taomufMuL;jcif;? ttdyfMuL;jcif;ESifh

tMunfhMuL;jcif;wdkYonf tjypfjzpfonf/ udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\

cGeftm;rsm;udk nDnGwfrQwpGmvkyfaqmifusifhoHk;jcif;onf

aysmf½Tifjcif;udkjzpfaponf/ xdkcGeftm;rsm;udk ydkíoefYpifatmif

jr§ifhwifonfESifhtrQ ydkíppfrSefaomaysmf½TifrIrsm;udk cHpm;Mu&\/

4T, pp. 408-409 (1880)

zsm;emjcif;twGuf w&m;a[mq&mtrsm;nnf;wGm;ae&

jcif;\taMumif;&if;rSm um,avhusifhcef;vkyfaqmifrIenf;yg;

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xdkt&mrsm;u tBuD;tus,fxdcdkufaponfudk ¤if;wdkYrodMu

acs/ oifuJhodkYaompdwf"mwfav;vHolrsm;onf tpmudkavsmhí

pm;oifh½Hkomru udk,fum,avhusifhcef;rsm;udkvnf; ra½Smif½Sm;

oifhMuacs/ w&m;a[mq&mrsm;pGmwdkYonf rdrdwdkY\ocsKØif;wGif;

udk rdrdwdkY\oGm;rsm;jzifhwl;aeMuygonf/ tpmajc&ef a&muf½Sd

vmaomtpmrsm;udkacszsuf&ef vkyfaqmifae&aomtpmcsuf

onfht*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;onf emrusef;jzpfvmum OD;aESmuf

udk tBuD;tus,fxdkif;rIdif;apygonf/ usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;

udk csKd;azgufrItoD;toD;twGuf csKd;azgufolonf rdrd\

cE¨mudk,füyif jypf'PfpD&ifrIudkcHpm;Mu&ygrnf/

ÀÀÀ

212tpm;MuL;jcif; 211

jzpfygonf/ aem{tcsdefu þurÇmBuD;tm; jypf'PfpD&ifaponfh

jypfrIrsKd;onf ,aeYacwfwGifvnf;wnf½Sdaeygonf/ vlom;

taygif;wdkYonf tpm;MuL;? taomufMuL;onfhtajctxd

,aeYwGif pm;aomufaeMuygonf/ rSm;,Gif;aomcHwGif;

awmihfwrIudktvdkvdkufjcif;wnf;[laom ae&mwumwGifpdk;rdk;

aeaomþtjypfonf aem{tcsdefrSvlom;rsm;\tmom&r®uf

rsm;udkawmufavmifapum pm&dwåysufjym;rIrsm;udk ae&mwum

üESHYjym;apcJhygonf/ tMurf;zufrIrsm;ESifh tjypfusL;vGefjcif;

rsm;onf aumif;uifEdkifiHodkYem;aygufaponfhwdkif BuD;rm;cJhyg

onf/ þudk,fusifhw&m;npfnrf;rIrsm;udk tqHk;wGifa&tm;jzifh

aq;aMumum urÇmBuD;tm;oefYpifapcJhygonf/ &mZ0wfrI

usL;vGefjcif;udk ESpfûcdufp&mwpfckuJhodkYjzpfvmap&eftvdkYiSm

xdkuJhodkYaomtjypfrsm;onf aom'HkûrdUom;rsm;\udk,fusifhw&m;

qdkif&mcHpm;rIrsm;udk xHkxdkif;apcJhygonf/ xdkaMumifh þavmu

om;rsm;twGuf c&pfawmfowday;awmfrlcJhonfrSm ]]avmw

vufxufü vlrsm;wdkYonf pm;aomufa&mif;0,fvsuf? pdkufysKd;

vsuf? tdrfaqmufvsufaeouJhodkYvnf;aumif;? avmwonf

aom'HkûrdUrSxGufaomaeYü aumif;uifrSuefYESifha&maomrD;rdk;½Gmí

xdkvltaygif;wdkYudkokwfoify,f½Sif;ouJhodkYvnf;aumif; vlom;

ay:xGef;aomaeYüjzpfvdrfhrnf}} [líjzpf\/

c&pfawmfonf uREfkyfwdkYtwGuf þwGifta&;BuD;aom

oifcef;pmwpfckudkcsefxm;cJhygonf/ pm;aomufjcif;udk y"me

xm;jcif;\tEÅ&m,fudk udk,fawmfonf uREfkyfwdkYa½SUwGif csjy

cJhygonf/ ¤if;wdkYusL;vGefcJhaomtjypfaMumifh þurÇmBuD;onf

vnf; usdefjcif;tr*FvmudkcH,lcJh&ygonf/ tjypfwGifusqHk;

onfhxdktcsdeftcgrSpí rcsKyfwnf;rIrsm;onf yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;jzifh

wnf½SdcJhygonf/ cHwGif;awmihfwrIu usKd;aMumif;qifjcifpdwfudk

xdef;csKyfcJhav&m vlom;rsm;onf jzpfay:vmrnfhtusKd;quf

rsm;onf ajymavmufatmifqdk;½Gm;rIr½Sdyg[k <um;0gvsuf

bk&m;ocif\wm;jrpfcsufrsm;udk tav;rxm;awmhbJ {0uJhodkY

pmwef\vSnfhjzm;rIatmufwGif em;raxmifjcif;vrf;pOfudk

vdkufavQmufaeMuygonf/ vlom;rdom;pkrsm;onf usef;rma&;

pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkcsKd;azgufum t&mcyfodrf;wGif tvGeftMuL;

usifhaqmifcJhMuygonf/ xdkaMumifh a&m*gb,rsm;onf

wjznf;jznf;wdk;yGm;rsm;jym;vmygonf/ tusKd;w&m;rsm;onf

taMumif;w&m;\aemufrS xufMuyfruGmvdkufaeygawmhonf/

(CTBH, pp. 11, 12) CH, pp. 23-24 (1890)

'kwd,tBudrf<uvmawmfrrlrDuav;wGif þavmuü

xif½Sm;aernfhedrdwfvu©Pmrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;í c&pfawmfonf

oHvGifawmifxufwGifxdkifvsuf wrefawmfrsm;tm; oGefoif

awmfrlcJhonfrSm ]]vlom;onf<uvmaomtcg aem{vufxufü

jzpfouJhodkYjzpfvdrhfrnf/ a&vTrf;rdk;jcif;rjzpfrDumvü aem{

onf oabFmxJodkY0ifaomaeYwdkifatmif vlrsm;wdkYonf

pm;aomufvsuf? xdrf;jrm;pHkzufvsufaeí a&vTrf;rdk;jcif;a&muf

ojzifh vlcyfodrf;wdkYudkokwfoify,f½Sif;onfwdkifatmif owdarh

aeMuonfenf;wl vlom;<uvmaomtcgüjzpfvdrhfrnf}} [lí

214 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufcHwGif;awmifhwrIudkxdef;csKyfjcif; 213

xm0&bk&m;ocifa½SUawmfwGiftyfESH&efrSm rjzpfEdkifaomt&m

wpfckjzpfonf/

(CTBH, pp. 42-43) CH, pp. 108-110 (1890)

vlom;rsm;&ifqdkif&rnfh tjyif;xefqHk;pHkprf;aESmifh,Suf

jcif;rsm;wGif cHwGif;awmifhwjcif;onf wpfcktygt0ifjzpfonf/

tpOD;wGif xm0&bk&m;ocifonf vlom;rsm;tm; orm"dESifh

jynfhpHkatmif zefqif;awmfrlcJhonf/ wnfNidrfaompdwf? tcsKd;

tqpfuseonfhyHkoP²mef? udk,ft*Fgrsm;\[efcsufnDnDzGHUûzd;ae

aomcGeftm;rsm;ESihfjynfhpHkpGmzefqif;xm;awmfrlcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif

rdkuf½dkif;onfh&efolBuD;pmwef\vSnfhjzm;rIatmufwGif ¤if;wdkYonf

bk&m;ocif\wm;jrpfcsufrsm;udk *½krrlcJhMuacs/ xdkaMumifh

obm0w&m;wGif jypf'PfpD&ifrItvHk;pHkay:aygufvmapcJhygonf/

cHwGif;awmihfwrIudk yxrtBudrfjznfhqnf;onfhtcsdef

rSpí vlom;rsm;onf rdrdwdkY\usef;rma&;udk cHwGif;awmifhw

jcif;,Zfyv’ifxufwGif tyfESHylaZmfonftxd rdrd\tvdk

qE´rsm;\vdkufavsmjcif;trIudk ydkíusifhoHk;cJhMuygonf/

a&vTrf;rdk;onfhacwfumvrwdkifrDrSvlom;rsm;onf tpm;

taomufbufwGif csKyfwnf;rIr½SdcJhMuyg/ xdkacwfxdktcsdefu

tom;pm;&ef bk&m;ocifucGifhrûyao;onfhwdkif ¤if;wdkYonf

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onf onf;rcHEdkifawmhonfhtajctaexdatmif xdkolrsm;onf

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raumif;rIcGufzvm;onf jynfhvQHvsuf½Sdae&m xm0&bk&m;ocif

onf þurÇmBuD;udk a&jzifhaq;aMumawmfrlcJh&ygonf/

xm;ygonf/ ¤if;jyif cHwGif;awmifhwrIudk csKyfwnf;rIuif;rJh

pGmvdkufpm;jcif;\qdk;usKd;rsm;udkvnf; azmfjyxm;ygonf/

udk,fusifhw&m;qdkif&mwefcdk;rsm;tm;enf;vmonfESifhtrQ tjypfudk

tjypf[krjrifEdkifawmhacs/ tvdk&r®ufrsm;onf pdwfudkxdef;csKyf

xm;&m &mZ0wfrIrsm;udkyif *½krxm;MuawmhbJ tqHk;wGif

aumif;jrwfaomed,mrpnf;urf;rsm;udkacszsufum xm0&bk&m;

ocifudkrxDrJ h jrifûyvmMuygonf/ þt&mtm;vHk;onf

tpm;MuL;? taomufMuL;jcif;\&v'fjzpfygonf/ rdrd'kwd,

tBudrf<uvmaomtcg þtajctaersKd;½Sdaevdrfhrnf[k c&pfawmf

zGifhqdkxm;ygonf/

omrefpm;jcif;? aomufjcif;ESifh 0wfjcif;rsm;xuf ydkí

êud;pm;vkyfaqmifaeaomt&mtcsKdUudk uREfkyfwdkYtm; c&pfawmf

wifjyaeygonf/ xdkûrdUom;rsm;onf &mZ0wfrIusL;vGefonf

txd pm;aomufjcif;ESifh 0wfpm;qif,ifjcif;wGif tvGeftusL;

jzpfaeygonf/ xdkvGefusL;rIrsm;onf aemufqHk;aomacwfumv

wGifxif½Sm;onfhtjypfrsm;wGifyg0if½Hkomru c&pfawmf<uvm

jcif;\edrdwfvu©Pmrsm;vnf;jzpfonf/ uREfkyfwdkYtm;tyfESif;

xm;aom xm0&bk&m;ocifydkifawmfrlonfh tcsdef? aiGaMu;ESifh

cGeftm;rsm;udk cGeftm;qkwf,kwfum a&m*g&aprnfh tpm;?

taomufESifh 0wfqifrIrsm;twGuf uREfkyfwdkYoHk;ûzef;ypfaeMuyg

onf/ tjypfESifhjynfh0aom avmuaysmfarGUjcif;vdkufpm;rIrsm;

tm;jzifh a&m*gb,ESifhjynfh0ysuf,Gif;apvsuf½Sdonfh uREfkyfwdkY\

udk,fcE¨mtm; touf½Sifjcif;ESifhjynfhpHkaom,Zfaumiftjzpf


NyD;umrS rdrd\rdkufrJrIudk olawGUjrifum rsuf&nfusum

aemifw&zdkYêud;pm;cJhaomfvnf; aemufusoGm;cJhacsNyD/ {aom

ESifhwlolrsm;pGm½Sdygonf/ bk&m;ocif\toufuJhodkY raoEdkif

onfhtoufwm? pMu0Vm\zefqif;½Sif? ra&wGufEdkifatmif

rsm;jym;onfhaysmf½TifrIESifhwuG xm0&bkef;wefcdk; ponfhtzdk;

rjzwfEdkifatmifxl;jcm;onfhaumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;udk &,lcHpm;

EdkifonfhtajctaewGif½Sdaomfvnf; xm0&umvESifhywfouf

onfht&mrsm;udk odjrifEdkifonfhwefcdk;rsm;udk ,kwfavsmhaom

cHwGif;awmifhwrIESifh tvdk&r®ufrsm;udk tcsdefMumjrifhpGmjznfhqnf;

aeolrsm;tm; {aomonf udk,fpm;ûyygonf/

{aomonf txl;tpm;tpmwpfrsKd;udk tvGefpm;vdkcJh

ygonf/ ¤if;jyif olonf pdwftvdkudkumvwm½SnfpGmjznfhqnf;

cJholjzpf&m awmihfawmifhwwjzpfaeaomxdktpmudk arhaysmuf

ypfzdkYvdkonf[k rpOf;pm;rdcJhacs/ olonf xdkcHwGif;awmifhwrI

udkxdef;csKyf&ef rêud;pm;bJ xdktpmudkom tNrJpOf;pm;aecJhyg

onf/ tqHk;wGif xdkcHwGif;awmifhwonfhpdwfu olYtm;pdk;rdk;

oGm;um xdktpmudkrpm;&vQif aoawmhrnf[kyif olxifvm

ygawmhonf/ xdktpmtaMumif;udk ydkípOf;pm;avav? xdkt&m

udkpm;csifpdwfydkíjyif;xefvmavavjzpfum tqHk;wGif tvGef

rGefjrwfvSonfh ¤if;\om;OD;t&monf ¤if;\wefzdk;½SdrIESifh

oefY½Sif;rIrsm;qHk;½HI;cJh&ygonf/

(CTBH, pp. 43-44) CH, pp. 111-112 (1890)

xm0&bk&m;ocifonf £oa&vrsm;tm; tJ*kwåKjynfrS

xkwfaqmifcJhpOftcsdefu tom;udkrsm;aomtm;jzifhauR;awmfrrlbJ

aom'HkESifha*garm&ûrdU

a&vTrf;rdk;jcif;acwfvGefumvwGif vlom;rsm;onf

wdk;yGm;rsm;jym;vmygonf/ xdkolrsm;onf xm0&bk&m;ocifudk

wpfzefarhavsmhMujyef&m a½SUawmfwGif npfnrf;aomtrIrsm;udk

ûycJhMuygonf/ urÇmBuD;wpfckvHk;onf raumif;rIrsm;jzifhzHk;vTrf;

aeonfhtajca&mufonftxd csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhaomvkyf&yf

rsm;udk yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;jzifhvkyfaqmifaeMuygonf/ bk&m;ocif

zefqif;xm;onfh om,maomajray:wGif ¤if;wdkYtm; trnf;puf

jzpfaponfh awmfvSefjcm;em;aomtjypfrsm;ESifh ,kwfnHhaom

&mZ0wfrIrsm;aMumifh xdkûrdUESpfûrdUpvHk;udk urÇmajrjyifrSz,f½Sif;

ypfawmfrlcJhygonf/ obm0ESifhqefYusifonfh cHwGif;awmifhwrI

udkjznfhqnf;jcif;onf xdkaom'HkûrdUESifha*garm&ûrdUrsm;\ysufpD;&m

ysufpD;aMumif;jzpfaponfh tjypfrsm;udk usL;vGefapcJhygonf/

AmAkvkefûrdUBuD;onfvnf; pm;MuL;? aomufMuL;tusifhp½dkuf

rsm;aMumifh ysufpD;cJh&aMumif; xm0&bk&m;ocifazmfjyawmfrl

cJhonf/ cHwGif;awmifhwrIESifh tvdk&r®ufrsm;udkjznfhqnf;jcif;

onf tjypftm;vHk;\rlvtajctjrpfjzpfygonf/

cHwGif;awmifhwrIonf{aomudkatmifyGJqifcJhjcif;

2T, p. 38 (1868)

{aomonf ¤if;êudufaom[if;wpfcGufudk irf;irf;wuf

pm;csifrdcJhonfhtwGuf cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkjznfhqnf;&ef rdrd\

om;OD;t&mudktqHk;½IH;cHcJhonf/ cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkjznfhqnf;


jcif;uif;rJhjcif;ESifh ,kwfnHhaomtvdk&r®ufrsm;udkvdkufpm;jcif;

aMumifh vlom;rsm;\jrifhjrwfaompGrf;&nfrsm; xHkxdkif;ukefacs

NyD/ qifjcifwHkw&m;onf cHwGif;awmifhwrIudk tkyfpdk;&rnfhtpm;

xdwfvefYp&maumif;avmufatmif cHwGif;awmifhwrI\uRefjzpf

aeygonf/ wdk;wufrsm;jym;aeonfh tcsKdtqdrfhrsm;udkpm;vdk

pdwfrsm;tm; jznfhqnf;ay;aeojzifh tqHk;wGif&omrGefrSeforQ

udk AdkufxJxnfhjcif;onf vlêudufrsm;onfh"avhwpfckjzpfvm

ygonf/ txl;ojzifh aysmfyGJ½TifyGJ? ygwDyGJrsm;wGif cHwGif;awmifhw

rIudk txdef;tuGyfrJhjznfhwif;aeMuygonf/ [if;cwftarT;

têudifrsm;ESifhcsufxm;onfhtom;[if;rsm;? &omrGefpmNrdef&nf

rsm;? udwfrkefYrsm;? ydkifrkefYrsm;? a&cJrkefYrsm;? vufzuf&nf?

aumfzDrsm;ESifhjyifqifxm;onfh nOD;ESifhnaESmif;ydkif;xrif;yGJrsm;jzifh

tpm;MuL;aeMuygonf/ xdkuJhodkYaomtpmrsKd;pHkudkpm;oHk;ae

olrsm;ü tpmraMuonfha&m*g\a0'emrsm;jzpfay:cHpm;ae&

onfudk tHhtm;oifhp&mrvdkygacs/

Sp. Gift IV, 131-132 (1864)

þurÇmBuD;\avmavmq,fysuf,Gif;aeaomtajc

taeudk uREfkyftm;jyoay;aeygonf/ jrifuGif;rSm aMumufp&m

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w&m;ysuf,Gif;um ,kwfnHhae&jcif;\taMumif;&if;udkvnf;

jrifawGUcJh&ygonf/ tjrifr½Sdaomtvdk&r®ufu qifjcifwHk

aumif;uifrS rkefYESifhrmausmaomausmufaqmifrsm;rSxGufaom

a&udkomauR;arG;awmfrlcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif xdkolrsm;onf bk&m;

ocifauR;arG;onfhtpm;tpmrsm;ESifh auseyfrIr½SdbJ tom;

[if;tdk;rsm;eHab;wGifxdkifcJh&aomtJ*kwåKjynfudk olwdkYjyefoGm;

vdkcJhMuonf/ xdkolrsm;onf tom;udkjzwf&rnfxuf uRefb0

ESifhtaocH&rnfudk ydkívdkvm;Muonf/ xdkaMumifh xm0&bk&m;

ocifonf ¤if;wdkY\qE´udkjznfhqnf;um tom;udkay;awmfrl

cJh&m tqHk;wGif uyfa&m*gjzpfyGm;vmonftxd tpm;MuL;um

vlrsm;pGmaoyGJ0ifcJhMuygonf/

þt&mtm;vHk;onfuREfkyfwdkYerlem,lp&mrsm;jzpfonf

cHwGif;awmifhwrItvdkudkjznfhqnf;jcif;aMumifh jzpfay:

vmonfhtusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;udkazmfjy&ef om"ursm;rSm wpfck

NyD;wpfckxif½Sm;vsuf½Sdygonf/ tqif;t&omESifhjynfhpHkaomtoD;

udkpm;jcif;trIonf bk&m;ocif\ynwfawmfudk csKd;azgufjcif;

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xdkvkyf&yfuav;aMumifh bk&m;ociftay:xm;½Sdonfh opömcHrI

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,aeYurÇm

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ESifhtwl wdk;yGm;vsuf½Sdygonf/ pm;aomufjcif;trIwGif csKyfwnf;


xJwGifvnf;aumif; oGm;onfhae&mwdkif;wGif xdkt&mudk uREfkyfwdkY

awGUae&ygonf/ touf0dnmOfudk pmwef\axmifacsmufxJrS

u,fEkwf&ef rdrdwdkYvkyfaqmifaeaomt&mtaMumif;udk uREfkyfwdkY

onf udk,fhudkudk,far;oifhygonf/ pmwefrSmrl vlom;rsKd;EG,fpk

wpfckvHk;udk rdrdxdef;csKyfrIatmufodkYvHk;vHk;a&mufatmifvkyfaqmif

&ef tNrJwrf;wuf<uaeygonf/ vlom;rsm;tay: olajcukyf

,lxm;onfht&mrsm;rS tckdifrmqHk;aomt&mrSm cHwGif;awmifhw

jcif;tm;jzifh vkyfaqmifjcif;jzpfonf/ olonf xdkt&mrSwpfqifh

jzpfEdkifaomenf;aygif;pHkjzifh Edk;qG&efêud;pm;aeygonf/ obm0

ESifhqefYusifaompdwfwuf<uaponfht&mrsm;onf xdcdkufrIudk

jzpfapNyD; t&ufaopmaomufcsifonfhqE´udkjzpfay:apygonf/

þt&mrsm;udkoHk;pGJjcif;jzifh jzpfay:vmonfhaMumufp&mhqdk;usKd;

rsm;rS vlom;rsm;tm; uREfkyfwdkYrnfodkYtodynmay;rnfenf;/

rnfodkYumuG,frnfenf;/ þOD;wnfcsufESifhtnD uREfkyfwdkY

vkyfaqmifEdkiforQudk vkyfaqmifNyD;MuNyDvm;/

5T, pp. 196-197 (1882)

xm0&bk&m;ocifonf rdrd\vlwdkYtm; BuD;rm;aom

tvif;w&m;udkay;xm;awmfrlonfrSmrSefaomfvnf; uREfkyfwdkYtm;

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w&m;udkxdef;csKyfaeonfhjyif vlom;trsm;wefzdk;xm;aeonfrSm

avmuaysmfarGUjcif;cHpm;jcif;twGuf touf½Sifaexdkif&efyif

jzpfaeygonf/

tBuD;rm;qHk;aomr[mraumif;rIrSm pm;aomufjcif;wGif

csKyfwnf;jcif;r½Sdjcif;yifjzpfonf/ vlom;taygif;wdkYonf

rdrdudk,fudkcHwGif;awmifhwrI\aus;uRefjzpfapcJhMuNyD/ ¤if;wdkYonf

tvkyfvkyf&mwGifvnf; csKyfwnf;jcif;r½SdMuacs/ vludktBuD;

tus,f'ku©a&mufaprnfhtpmrsm;jzifh xrif;yGJjyifEdkif&ef Murf;wrf;

onfhtvkyfrsm;udk tvGeftuRHvkyfaqmifaeMuonf/ trsKd;orD;

rsm;onf t&omcHNyD;pm;zdkY [if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;jzifh

NyD;aomtpmrsm;jyifqifjcif;trItwGuf rD;zdkxJwGif tcsdefukef

aeMuygonf/ xdkaMumifh ¤if;wdkYonf om;orD;rsm;tm;

ypfxm;um udk,fusifhw&m;ESifhbmoma&;qdkif&moGefoifrIrsm;udk

rûyEdkifMuawmhacs/ tvkyfrsm;aeaomxdkrdcifrsm;onf vlYtodkuf

t0ef;\a&mifjcnfOD;rsm;jzpfonfh El;nHhcsKdomaompdwfxm;rsm;

½Sdvmatmifvnf; om;orD;rsm;udkrûypkEdkifMuawmhacs/ xm0&

umvtwGufta&;ygaomt&mrsm;onf 'kwd,wef;pm;rsm;

jzpfvmacsNyD/ usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaprnfhpdwfxm;rsm;udk

Murf;wrf;vmaprnfh? qifjcifwHkpGrf;tm;rsm;udk xHkxdkif;oGm;ap

rnfh xdkuJhodkYaomtpmrsm;jyifqifzdkY&ef &orQtcsdefrsm;udk olwdkY

toHk;ûyaeMuygonf/

CTBH, p. 16 (1890)

uREfkyfwdkYonf ae&mwumwGifcsKyfwnf;rIuif;rJhaejcif;

udkawGUae&ygonf/ um;rsm;xJwGifvnf;aumif;? oabFmrsm;


uREfkyfwdkYudk,fpm;c&pfawmfatmifyGJqifjcif;

4T, p. 44 (1876)

vlom;rsm;udkwdkufvSefrnfh r[mpHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;

rsm;udk c&pfawmfonf awmxJwGif&ifqdkifawmfrlcJhygonf/

udk,fawmf½Sifonf tvGefrwefaumufuspf? ½dkif;pdkif;aom

wpfudk,fawmf&efolBuD;ESifh &ifqdkifwdkufvSefcJh&NyD; atmifyGJqif

cJhygonf/ tOD;qHk;&ifqdkif&onfhpHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;rSm cHwGif;

awmifhwrIESifhywfoufaeygonf/ 'kwd,pHkprf;jcif;rSm &J&ifh

aomraumif;rIûyrIESifhpyfqdkifNyD; wwd,t&mrSm avmuudkcspfjcif;

ESifhywfoufaeygonf/ pmwefonf tpm;taomuftm;jzifh

vloef;aygif;rsm;pGmudkpHkprf;atmifyGJqifcJhygonf/ &om½Hktvdkudk

jznfhqnf;vdkufjcif;tm;jzifh cE¨mudk,fwGif;pepfrsm;onf x<u

vIyf½Sm;vmNyD; trSm;trSefudkrpOf;pm;wwfavmufatmif

OD;aESmufcGeftm;enf;oGm;ygonf/ pdwfxm;onfvnf; rQwrI

r½Sdawmhyg/ jrifhrm;rGefjrwfaompdwfpGrf;tm;rsm;onfvnf;

wd&pämef&r®ufrsm;tvdkudkjznfhqnf;&ef vrf;vGJukefygonf/ xm0&

umvESifhpyfqdkifonfh oefY½Sif;aomt&mrsm;udk *½krxm;Mu

awmhacs/ þpHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;udk tEdkif&½SdoGm;csdefwGif tjcm;

pHkprf;jcif;ESpfrsKd;udktoHk;ûy&ef pmwefcsOf;uyfzdkYvrf;yGifhoGm;yg

onf/ tjcm;aompHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;tjzmjzmwdkYonf þpHkprf;

aESmifh,Sufjcif; (3) rsKd;rSay:xGef;vmaomt&mrsm;omjzpfygonf/

DA, pp. 122-123 (1898)

bk&m;ocif&ifqdkifcJh&aom yxrpHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;rS

oifcef;pm,lp&mtaumif;qHk;tcsufwpfckrSm cHwGif;awmifhwrI

p½dkufrsm;udk ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rnfrQ\toufwmwGif

awGUjrifEdkifrnfenf;/ uREfkyfwdkYwpfpkvHk;vufcH&ef u½kPmawmf

tm;jzifhvrf;jyydkYaqmifcJhaom usef;rma&;ESifhtoufwmqdkif&m

pnf;rsOf;udk rxDrJhjrifûycJhygonf[k emrusef;olwpfOD;u yGifhyGifh

vif;vif;0efcHavh½Sdonf/ xdkolpm;onfhtpmudk tedXm½HkqE´udk

jznfhqnf;&ef jyifqifay;cJhjcif;jzpf&ygrnf/ tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHk

onfhtpmrsm;jzifh jyifqifxm;onfhpm;yGJwGif olxdkif&rnfhtpm;

cHwGif;tvdkudktcsKyftxdef;rJhjznfhqnf;Edkifrnfh pm;aomufqdkif

pm;yGJrsm;wGif olxdkifcJhygonf/ olonf csKyfwnf;jcif;qdkif&m

rsm;tay: uRrf;uRrf;usifusifavQmufvJwwfaomxdkolonf

csKyfwnf;jcif;qdkif&mtajccHpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk ta&;w,lrûywwf

acs/ olonf oufomjcif;tcGifhudkvdkvm;aomfvnf; xdkoufom

jcif;tcGifhudk udk,fhtvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;tm;jzifh t&,l&efjiif;qdk

aeygonf/ xdkyk*¾dKvfonf rSm;,Gif;aomcHwGif;awmifhwrIXmyem

BuD;udk udk;uG,faeygonf/ olonf ½kyfwkudk;uG,folwpfOD;

jzpfonf/ bk&m;ociftm; bkef;wefcdk;xif½Sm;apzdkY toHk;ûy&rnfh

oefYpifjr§ifhwifNyD; wefcdk;tpGrf;rsm;udk oltm;enf;ap½Hkomru

trIawmftwGufvnf; toHk;rûyawmhygacs/ usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;

rsm;udkcsKd;azgufjcif;twGuf olpdwfwdkvmygonf/ ol\OD;aESmuf

onfvnf; rMunfrvifjzpfum tm½HkaMumrsm;vnf; pkpnf;rI

r½Sdawmhacs/ olonf tm;udk;avmufolr[kwfawmhacs/ t&nf

taoG;ESifhjynfhpHkolwpfOD;r[kwfawmhacs/


cHpm;rI\raumif;rIrsm;udk c&pfawmfcHpm;cJh&onfh razmfjy

Edkifatmifjyif;xefonfha0'emtm;jzifhom wdkif;wmEdkifygonf/

uREfkyfwdkY\cHwGif;awmifhwrIESifh tvdk&r®ufrsm;udk bk&m;ocif\

tvdkawmfatmufwGif xm;½SdusifhoHk;jcif;onfom xm0&touf

twGuf wpfckwnf;aomarQmfvifhjcif;jzpfaMumif; udk,fawmf

jyawmfrlcJhonfhtoufwm erlemuazmfusL;aeygonf/

u,fwif½SifudkMunfhyg

uREfkyfwdkYonf tjypfwGifusqHk;aeaomvlom;obm0

\tvdkqE´rsm;udk rdrdcGeftm;jzifhjiif;qef&efrSm rjzpfEdkifaom

t&mjzpfonf/ pmwefonf þvrf;aMumif;udktoHk;ûyvsuf

uREfkyfwdkYudkpHkprf;aESmifh,Sufaeygonf/ uREfkyfwdkY\arG;&myg

xdktm;enf;csufudk tcGifhaumif;,lum bk&m;ocifudkrudk;pm;

olrsm;tm; rSm;,Gif;aomqGJaqmifrIrsm;jzifhaoG;aqmif&ef vlom;

toD;oD;xHodkYvma&mufpHkprf;rnfudk c&pfawmfodxm;awmfrl

onf/ udk,fawmfbk&m;ocifonf vlom;rsm;avQmufvSrf;&rnfh

xdkajrudkausmfjzwfvsuf uREfkyfwdkYatmifyGJqifEdkif&ef vrf;udk

jyifqifawmfrlcJhygonf/ pmwefESifh&ifqdkifwdkufvSef&mwGif

uREfkyfwdkYtm; tcGifhromaponfhtajctaersKd;wGifxm;&ef

udk,fawmf½Siftvdkr½Sdygacs/ pmwef\wdkufcdkufrIaMumifh pdwf"mwf

us? aMumufvefYaeonfhtajctaersKd;wGifvnf; uREfkyfwdkYtm;

udk,fawmf½Sifusa&mufapvdkawmfrrlyg/ xdkaMumifh ]]rpdk;&drfMu

ESifh/ igonf avmuudkatmifNyD}} [k uREfkyfwdkYtm; udk,fawmf½Sif

tm;ay;awmfrlcJhygonf/

ESifhtvdk&r®ufrsm;udkxdef;csKyfjcif;tay: qufpyfaerIyifjzpfonf/

acwftqufqufwGif udk,fum,qdkif&mpHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;onf

vlom;rsm;tm; pm&dwåysufjym;NyD; ,kwfnHhoGm;ap&mwGif txd

a&mufqHk;jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifay;oem;awmfrlonfh tzdk;rjzwf

Edkifatmifwefzdk;½SdvSaompdwfwefcdk;ESifh udk,fusifhw&m;rsm;udk

zsufqD;ypf&ef pmwefonf csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhrIudk toHk;cs

vkyfaqmifaeonf/ tcsKyftwnf;r½Sdaomvlom;rsm;onf

xm0&umvtwGuf wefzdk;BuD;vSaomt&mrsm;udk tav;xm;

&efrjzpfEdkifMuawmhacs/ pmwefonf avmuaysmfarGUjcif;cHpm;rIudk

toHk;csum bk&m;ocifESifhwlonfht&mcyfodrf;wdkYudk vlom;

rsm;xHrS aysmufysufoGm;atmif êud;pm;vkyfaqmifaeygonf/

c&pfawmfyxrtBudrf<uvmpOfu wnf½SdcJhaomtxdef;

tuGyfrJhavmuaysmfarGUjcif;cHpm;jcif;jzifh xdkvkyfaqmifrI\

tusKd;qufjzpfaom a&m*gb,rsm;ESifh ,kwfnHhrIrsm;onf

c&pfawmf'kwd,tBudrf<uvmaomtcsdefwGif wpfzefwnf½Sdae

Muygvdrfhrnf/ xdktcsdefwGif þurÇmBuD;\tajctaeonf

a&rvTrf;rdk;rDtcsdefuuJhodkYvnf;aumif;? aom'HkûrdUESifha*garm&ûrdU

\tajctaeuJhodkYvnf;aumif; jzpfvdrfhrnf[k c&pfawmfrdefYqdk

xm;ygonf/ vlom;rsm;\pdwfESvHk;rSxGufvmaom tawG;tac:

toD;oD;wdkYonf raumif;rIoufoufomjzpfaeygonf/ uREfkyfwdkY

onf tEÅ&m,fusa&mufvkqJqJumvwGif ,cktouf½Sif

aexdkifvsuf½SdMu&m c&pfawmfûycJhonfhtpma½Smifjcif;oifcef;pmudk

ta&;xm;oifhMuygonf/ txdef;tuGyfrJhavmuaysmfarGUjcif;


DF- 15

udk bk&m;ocifZmwdESifh,SufEG,fxm;onfjzpf&m oefY½Sif;aom

0dnmOfawmf\vrf;jyrIatmufwGif atmifatmifjrifjrifwdkufvSef

EdkifcJhygonf/ ¤if;jyif udk,fawmfonf uREfkyfwdkYtm; bk&m;

ocifZmwdudkrQa0cHpm;olrsm;jzpfatmifvkyfaqmif&efvnf; <uvm

awmfrlcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkaMumifh uREfkyfwdkYonf ,HkMunfjcif;

tm;jzifh udk,fawmf½SifESifhpnf;pnf;vHk;vHk;½SdaeorQumvywfvHk;

tjypfw&m;onf uREfkyfwdkYtm;vTrf;rdk;Edkifvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/

pHkvifaompm&dwåudk uREfkyfwdkY&,lydkifqdkifEdkifap&eftvdkYiSm

c&pfawmf\bk&m;ocifZmwdawmfudkudkifpGJapzdkY vrf;jy&ef

uREfkyfwdkYü½Sdaom,HkMunfjcif;vufrsm;udk xm0&bk&m;ocif êudqdk

qkyfudkifvsuf½Sdygonf/

3T, p. 561 (1875)

pmwefonf cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkjznfhqnf;&ef c&pfawmf

udkcsOf;uyfpHkprf;aESmifh,Sufonfhenf;wl vlom;rsm;xHodkYvmum

pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufwwfygonf/ þtcsufwGif vlom;rsm;tay:

atmifyGJqif&ef pGrf;aqmifEdkifaMumif; olaumif;aumif;odxm;

ygonf/ þtcsufwGif tm'HESifh{0wdkYudkvnf; olEdkifcJhojzifh

xdkolrsm;onf {'iftdrfr[mudktqHk;½IH;cHcJh&ygNyD/ tm'H\tpm;rSm;

jcif;aMumifh urÇmBuD;ü0rf;enf;p&mrsm;? &mZ0wfrIrsm;ESifhjynfh0

aecJhonfr[kwfygvm;/ vlom;rsm;tm; pMu0VmrSaysmufuG,f

oGm;aponfh xdk&mZ0wfrIrsm;? jypfrIusL;vGefrIrsm;aMumifh ûrdUBuD;

rsm;udk ûrdUvHk;uRwfþavmurSz,f½Sm;cJhonfr[kwfygvm;/

cHwGif;awmihfwrIudk tvdkvdkuftêudufaqmifjcif;onf ¤if;wdkY

usL;vGefaomtjypfrsm;\tajccHtkwfjrpfjzpfygonf/

cHwGif;awmifhwrI\zdtm;ESifh &ifqdkifwdkufvSefaeol

taygif;wdkY? awmwGifpHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;udk&ifqdkifwGef;vSefcJhol

c&pfawmfudkMunfhMuyg/ ]a&iwfonf} [k uyfwdkifxufwGif

[pfa<u;aeol c&pfawmfcHcJh&aoma0'emudk½IjrifMuyg/ uREfkyfwdkY

cHEdkifpGrf;½Sdonfht&mtm;vHk;udk c&pfawmf&ifqdkifcHpm;cJhNyD;jzpfonf/

udk,fawmf\atmifyGJonf uREfkyfwdkY\atmifyGJyifjzpfygonf/

a,½Ic&pfonf aumif;uifAdkvfajct½Sif crnf;awmf

bk&m;ocif\cGeftm;ESifhOmPfynmrsm;tay:wGif rSDcdktm;ûyawmfrl

onf/ ]]t½Sifxm0&bk&m;ocifonf ighudkapmifhrawmfrlvdrfh

rnf/ xdkaMumifh igr½HI;&---½SufaMumufjcif;udkra&muf&[k

igod\/---Munfh½Iavmh/ t½Sifxm0&bk&m;ocifonf ighudk

apmifhrawmfrlrnf}} [k udk,fawmf½SifzGifhqdkxm;ygonf/ ¤if;jyif

rdrdjyawmfrlonfhyHkoufaoudkñTefjyvsuf ]]oifwdkYwGif tb,f

olonf xm0&bk&m;ocifudkaMumuf½GHUoenf;/---tb,fol

onf tvif;r½SdbJ arSmifrdkufüoGm;vmoenf;/ xdkolonf

xm0&bk&m;ocif\emrawmfudkcdkvIHí rdrdbk&m;ocifudktrSD

ûyygap}} [k xyfavmif;rdefYrSmxm;awmfrlygonf/

]]þavmuudktpd k;&aomrif;onf vmqJjzpf\/

vmaomfvnf; igütb,ftcGif ht&mudkrQrawGU&}} [k

c&pfawmfurdefYqdkcJhonf/ c&pfawmfonf pmwef\wpfywf½dkuf

jcif;aMumifh rnfonfhtjypfudkrQrusL;vGefcJhacs/ pHkprf;jcif;aemufodkY

vdkufyg&ef pdwful;yifudk,fawmfrxnfhrdcJhacs/ uREfkyfwdkYonf

vnf; xdkenf;ESifESifjzpfoifhygonf/ c&pfawmf\vlom;Zmwd


ausmfvTm;atmifjrifEdkifygonf/ vGwfajrmufEdkifonfhenf;vrf;

½SdaMumif; bk&m;ocifuwdxm;awmfrlaompHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;

toD;oD;wGif vltrsm;tb,faMumifh usqHk;aeMuygoenf;/

taMumif;rSm xdkolrsm;onf xm0&bk&m;ocifudk rudk;pm;

Muyg/ vHkûcHrIudkjzpfap&ef pDpOfay;xm;awmfrlonfhenf;vrf;

rsm;udk ¤if;wdkYtoHk;rcsMuyg/ rSm;,Gif;aomcHwGif;tvdkvdkuf

jcif;udkjznfhqnf;&ef ay;aomqifajcrsm;onf bk&m;ocifh

a½SUawmfwGift&mra&mufygacs/

'Ha,vonf rdrdü½SdaomtpGrf;tprsm;udk wefzdk;xm;

aomfvnf; rudk;pm;yg/ rdrdtm;vHk;vHk;rSDcdkum rdrdxHodkYESdrfhcs

aompdwfjzifhcsOf;uyfoltaygif;tm; xm0&bk&m;ocifuwd

xm;awmfrlonfhwefcdk;awmfüom oludk;pm;ygonf/

½Sifbk&ifpm;aomtpm? ½Sifbk&ifaomufaomt&nfrsm;

udkpm;oHk;jcif;jzifh rdrdudk,fudkrnpfnrf;vdkonfrSm 'Ha,v\

qEyifjzpfonf/ taMumif;rSm xdktpm;tpmrsm;onf udk,fum,

cGeftm;udkrwdk;yGm;apEdkif½Hkomru pdwfydkif;qdkif&mpOf;pm;awG;ac:

rIrsm;udkvnf; rxufjrufaponfudk olodxm;ygonf/ olonf

t&ufraomufyg/ obm0twdkif;r[kwfaomtm;<uaq;rsm;

udkroHk;aqmifyg/ pdwfudkxH kxd kif;aprnfht&mtm;vHk;ud k

ola½SmifMuOfygonf/ xdkaMumifh xm0&bk&m;ocifonf olYtm;

]]txl;xl;aomodyÜHtwwfynmwdkYudkodapjcif;iSm xdk;xGif;í

em;vnfEdkifaomOmPfowådudkay;oem;awmfrl\/---azmfjycsuf

jrifEdkifpGrf;tm;ESifhtdyfrufudkem;vnfEdkifaom OmPfynmESifhjynfhpHk}}

ap\/

CTBH, p. 16 (1890)

ysufpD;jcif;udktpysKd;cJhonfhae&mrS u,fwifjcif;udk

c&pfawmftpysKd;vkyfaqmifawmfrlcJhonf/ tm'Ht½HI;ESifh&ifqdkif

cJhaomt&mrsKd;udk c&pfawmftppfaq;cHatmifyGJqifcJhygonf/

pmwefonf cHwGif;awmifhwrIqdkif&mpHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;jzifh

vlom;trsm;pktay:atmifyGJqifcJh&m tjypfwGifusqHk;aeaom

þN*Kd[fuav;udk rdrdoabmtwdkif; vkyfvdk&mvkyfEdkifonf[k

olxifaeygonf/ odkY&mwGif rdrdtm;qefYusifEdkifolwpfOD;½Sdae

aMumif;udk c&pfawmfESifholawGUrSod½Sdvmum wdkufyGJBuD;rS

olpGefYcGmcJhygonf/ ]]þavmuudktpdk;&aomrif;onf---igü

tb,ftcGifht&mudkrQrawGU&}} [k c&pfawmfa<u;aMumfcJhygonf/

uREfkyfwdkYvnf; pmwefESifhwdkufvSefyGJwGif atmifyGJqifEdkifaMumif;

udk,fawmf½Sif\atmifyGJonf tmrcHcsufwpfckjzpfonf/ c&pfawmf

ESifhtwlyl;aygif;um rdrdwdkY\u@udkêud;pm;vkyfaqmifrIrygbJ

uREfkyfwdkYtm;u,fwif&efrSm crnf;awmfbk&m;ocif\tvdkawmf

r[kwfygacs/ uREfkyfwdkYonf rdrdwdkY\u@udkvkyfaqmifMu&

rnf/ uREfkyfwdkY\êud;pm;vkyfaqmifrIESifhyl;aygif;vkyfaqmifvsuf

½Sdaom bk&m;ocif\wefcdk;awmfonf atmifjrifrIo&zludk

,laqmifay;vdrfhrnf/

atmifyGJqifcJhaom'Ha,v\yHkoufao

CTBH, pp. 22-23 (1890)

bk&m;ocifay;oem;awmfrlonfh trtptm;jzihfom

cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkjznfhqnf;aponfh pHkprf;jcif;wefcdk;udk


jr§ifhwif&mwGif udk,fawmfESifhtwlyl;aygif;vkyfaqmifolrsm;tay:

xm;½Sdonfh bk&m;ocif\oabmxm;udkvnf; ¤if;wdkY\tawGU

têuHuazmfjyaeygonf/ xdkolrsm;onf bk&m;ociftwGuf

*kPf,lp&mwpfckjzpf½Hkomru AmAkvkefeef;awmfwGif awmufy

xGef;vif;aeaomtvif;rsm;jzpfMuygonf/

c&pf,mefcsKyfwnf;jcif;qdkif&mtzdk;weftvif;rsm;udk

pkpnf;um usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhtwl touf½Sifaexdkif

Mu&ef uREfkyfwdkYwpfOD;pDudkawmif;qdkaeaom bk&m;ocif\

rdefYawmfrloHudkvnf; þtjzpftysufxJwGif uREfkyfwdkYMum;ae

&ygonf/

(R & H, Jan. 25, 1881) CH, p. 66.

tu,fíom 'Ha,vESifhtazmfrsm;onf xdkAmAkvkef

t&m½Sdrsm;ESifh tavsmhtwif;vkyfum zdtm;ay;rIudkvufajr§muf

t½HI;ay;NyD; AmAkvkef½dk;&m"avhESifhtnD pm;aomufcJhMurnfqdkvQif

rnfodkYjzpfvmvdrfhrnfenf;/ usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;udk wpfcsuf

uav;usL;vGef½HkESifh ¤if;wdkY\trSefw&m;udkodonfhpdwfonf

tm;enf;oGm;½Hkomru trSm;udk½GHonfhpdwfonfvnf; jyif;xef

jcif;r½SdEdkifawmhacs/ cHwGif;awmifhwrIudktvdkvdkufjcif;onf

cE¨mudk,fcGeftm;rsm;? pdwfMunfvifrIrsm;ESifh 0dnmOfcGeftm;rsm;

udkxdcdkuf,kwfavsmhapygonf/ trSm;wpfcgusL;vGefjcif;onf

tjcm;aomtrSm;rsm;udkusL;vGefapEdkif½Hkomru tqHk;wGifpHkprf;

aESmifh,Sufjcif;aMumifh ¤if;wdkYtm;aysmufvGifhoGm;onftxd

bk&m;ocifESifh¤if;wdkYtMum;½SdqufoG,frIudk jywfawmufoGm;

apEdkifygonf/

csKyfwnf;jcif;tusifhudk wdwdusususifhaqmifwwfatmif

olYtm; i,fpOfawmifaus;b0rSpí rdbrsm;uavhusifhay;cJh

Muygonf/ obm0w&m;ESifhusifhMuHûyrl&rnfjzpfaMumif; tpm;

taomufonf udk,fpdwfESifhudk,fusifhw&m;qdkif&mobm0udk

wdkuf½dkufMoZmoufa&mufrI½SdaMumif;? rdrdü½SdaomtpGrf;tprsm;udk

bk&m;ociftwGuftoHk;ûy&rnfjzpfaMumif; olYtm; rdbESpfyg;u

oGefoifxm;aomaMumifh 'Ha,vonf xdkt&mtm;vHk;udk

bk&m;ocifay;oem;awmfrlonfhqkaus;Zl;rsm;tjzpfrSwf,lum

xdcdkufysufpD;rIr½SdatmifumuG,fxm;zdkY ESvHk;oGif;xm;ygonf/

xdkuJhodkYrdbrsm;uoGefoifxm;jcif;aMumifh olonf bk&m;ocif

\ynwfawmfrsm;udkajr§mufpm;um ½dkaoudkif;½Idif;cJhygonf/

uRefb0a&mufcgpESpfrsm;wGif bk&ifheef;awmfESifhvnf;aumif;?

oDvaMumift,l0g'ESifhvnf;aumif;? Am[D&0g'ESifhvnf;aumif;

&if;ESD;tuRrf;0ifaprnfh 'ku©okcrsm;ESifh&ifqdkifcJh&ygonf/

A[kokwonf olYtm;taomuftpm;uif;aomtoufwm?

½dk;om;êud;pm;aomtoufwmrsm;jzifh oifhwifhavsmufywfpGm

aexdkiftouf½SifEdkifatmif trSefwu,fûyjyifay;aom xl;qef;

onfhausmif;wpfausmif;awmhrjzpfEdkif&m/ raumif;rIywf0ef;usif

wGif xdkuJhodkYoltouf½SifaexdkifcJh&aomfvnf; pm&dwår@dKif

azgufjyefjcif;r½SdbJ olMuHhMuHhcHEdkifcJhygonf/

tpm;tpmudkûcd;jcHpGmpm;oHk;jcif;aMumifh &½SdcHpm;&rnfh

tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;udk 'Ha,vESifhtazmfwdkY\tawGUtêuHu

xif½Sm;pGmazmfjyxm;ygonf/ ¤if;jyif toufwmudkoefYpif


yef;OD;&pfudk&jcif;tvdkYiSm ûyMu\/ igwdkYrlum; rñId;EGrf;? rysufpD;

Edkifaomyef;OD;&pfudk&jcif;tvdkYiSmûyMu\/ xdkaMumifh igajy;

aomtcg trSwfwrJhajy;onfr[kwf/ vufa0SYowfaomtcg

tmumoaumif;uifudkom xdk;íowfonfr[kwf/ olwpfyg;

udkqHk;rNyD;rS udk,fwdkif½IH;aomolrjzpf&rnftaMumif; udk,fudk

xdk;íESdyfpufavh½Sd\/}} 1aum? 9;24-27/

urÇmay:½Sdvlaygif;rsm;pGmwdkYonf ysufpD;&mysufpD;aMumif;

jzpfaponfhtusifh"avhrsm;udkvdkufpm;aeMuygonf/ cHwGif;

awmifhwrIonf ¤if;wdkYtm; pdk;rdk;aeonfhpnf;rsOf;jzpfaeonf/

¤if;wdkYusifhoHk;aeaomtusihfqdk;rsm;aMumifh udk,fusifhw&m;rsm;

ysuf,Gif;aeMuygonf/ oefY½Sif;rGefjrwfaomt&mrsm;udk odjrif

EdkifonfhpGrf;&nfrsm;vnf; ysufpD;ukefygawmhonf/ xdkaMumifh

c&pf,mefrsm;onf csKyfwnf;jcif;tusifhudk wdwdusususifhoHk;

oifhygonf/ toufwmpHrsm;udk jrifhjrifhrm;rm;xm;oifhygonf/

pm;aomuf0wfqifjcif;wGif csKyfwnf;jcif;onf r½Sdrjzpf

usifhaqmif&rnfht&mjzpfonf/ cHwGif;awmifhwrIu ¤if;wdkYtm;

rtkyfpdk;apbJ toufwmpnf;rsOf;rsm;utkyfpdk;ap&ygrnf/

tpm;BuD;olrsm; (odkYr[kwf) tm[m&rjzpfEdkif[kxif&aomtpm

rsm;udkpm;oHk;olrsm;onf taysmftyg;vdkufpm;rIaemufodkYvdkufyg

&efvG,fulNyD; ]]tjypfaoG;aqmifjcif;? zrf;rdjcif;? rdkufrJzsufqD;

wwfaomwyfrufjcif;rsm;xJodkYusa&mufwwfMu\/}} 1wd 6;9/

bk&m;ocifESifhtwl yl;wGJtrIaqmifaeMuolrsm;onf ppfrSefaom

csKyfwnf;jcif;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk trsm;jynfolem;vnfvmatmif

rdrdwdkY\MoZmwefcdk;tm;vHk;udk toHk;ûyoifhMuygonf/

uREfkyfwdkY\c&pf,mefwm0ef

2T, p. 65 (1868)

uREfkyfwdkYonf bk&m;ocif\awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk

em;vnfoabmaygufvmaomtcsdefwGif t&mcyfodrf;wdkYudk

csKyfwnf;&ef udk,fawmf½Sifawmif;qdkaeonfudk awGUjrifvmMu

ygrnf/ uREfkyfwdkYusifhaqmifoifhqHk;t&mrSm udk,fawmf½Sifydkifonfh

uREfkyfwdkY\udk,fpdwfESpfyg;tm;jzifh xm0&bk&m;ocif\bkef;wefcdk;

udkxGef;vif;ap&efjzpfygonf/ udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\tpGrf;rsm;udk

xdcdkufaponfh cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkjznfhqnf;aeaomtcsdefwGif

þtrIudk uREfkyfwdkYrnfodkYvkyfaqmifEdkifMuvdrfhrnfenf;/ rdrdwdkY\

udk,fcEmtm; touf½Sifaom,ZfuJhodkYtyfESHMu&ef uREfkyfwdkYtm;

xm0&bk&m;ocifrdefYrSmaeygonf/ odkYrSom tvdkawmfESifhtnD

tusef;rmqHk;tajctaewGif qufvuf&yfwnfapzdkY cEmudk,fudk

xdef;odrf;&efwm0efrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYtm;jyXmef;awmfrlygvdrfhrnf/

]]oifwdkYonf pm;aomfvnf;aumif;? aomufaomfvnf;aumif;?

rnfonfhtrIudkûyaomfvnf;aumif; bk&m;ocif\bkef;wefcdk;udk

axmufí cyfodrf;aomtrIudpöudkûyMuavmh/}}

6T, pp. 374-375 (1900)

]]ajrwvif;üûydifíajy;aomoltaygif;wdkYonf ûydifí

ajy;Muaomfvnf; wpfa,mufwnf;omvQif qkudk&onf[k

oifwdkYrodMuoavm/ qkudk&rnftaMumif; ajy;Muavmh/ yGJü

ûydifí tcsif;csif;wdkufaomolrnfonfum; t&m&müwyfruf

jcif;udkcsKyfwnf;wwf\/ xdkolwdkYonf ñId;EGrf;ysufpD;wwfaom


toif;awmfwdkif;ü toHudkay;wwfonfhwHydk;c&mwpfckudkay;aom

½Sif;vif;xufjrufonfhoufaocHcsufwpfckvdktyfaeygonf/

tu,fíom csKyfwnf;jcif;qdkif&mbmom&yftay:wGif

vltrsm;pdwf0ifpm;vmatmif vkyfaqmifEdkifMurnfqdkvQif

BuD;us,faomatmifjrifrIrsm;udk qGwfcl;EdkifMuvdrfhrnf/ cyfodrf;

aomt&mwdkYwGif csKyfwnf;jcif;½Sd&rnfqdkonfhtcsufudk oGefoif

Mu½Hkomru vufawGUusifhoHk;MuzdkYvnf;vdktyfygonf/ tpm;?

taomuf? t0wfESifh ttdyfwdkYwGif csKyfwnf;jcif;trIonf

bmoma&;toufwm\r[mpnf;rsOf;wpfckjzpfonf/ pdwf0dnmOf

xJodkY0ifvmaomtrSefw&m;onf cE¨mudk,fukpm;rIwGif vrf;jy

ygvdrfhrnf/ vlom;rsm;\usef;rma&;ESifhrywfoufonfht&m

wpfpHkwpfckudkrQ ta&;xm;p&mrvdkaomfvnf; uREfkyfwdkY\

xm0&umvaumif;pm;a&;onf þtoufwmü tcsdef? cGeftm;

ESifhMoZmwefcdk;rsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYtoHk;csrItay:wGif trSDûyaeygonf/

cHwGif;awmifhwrI\uRef

Sp. Gifts IV, 129-131 (1864)

trSefw&m;udk,HkMunfvufcHaMumif; zGifhqdkonfhtzGJU

wpfzG JU½S dygonf/ xdkolrsm;onf aq;vdyfraomufyg/

vufzuf&nf? aumfzDraomufMuyg/ odkY&mwGif ¤if;wdkYonf

uGJjym;jcm;em;aomenf;jzifh cHwGif;tvdkudkvdkufjcif;raumif;rIudk

usL;vGefaeMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf [if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;rsm;?

tESpfrsm;rsm;ygonfhtom;[if;rsm;udk pGJvrf;ESpfoufMuum

xdkvkyf&yfonf bk&m;ocifhtay:opöm½SdrItwGuf rsm;pGm

t"dyÜg,f½SdvSygonf/ xdkvkyf&yfudkusifhaqmifMu&efvnf;

trIawmfjrwfwGifyg0ifaeorQvlom;taygif;wdkYtm; udk,fawmf½Sif

awmif;qdkaeygonf/ udk,fpdwfESpfyg;pvHk;udk usef;rma&;

taumif;qHk;tajctaewGifxdef;odrf;xm;&ef udk,fawmf½Sif

tvdk½Sdovdk bk&m;ocifhxHrS&½Sdxm;onfhwefcdk;cGeftm;rsm;udk

bk&m;ocif\tkyfpdk;rIatmufwGifomxm;½Sd&ef tvdk½Sdawmfrlvsuf

½Sdonf/ xdktvdkawmfudkjznfhqnf;&efrSm wif;usyfpGmusifhMuH

aom? csKyfwnf;jcif;tusifhuomwwfEdkifygonf/ xdkaMumifh

uREfkyfwdkYonf bk&m;ocifay;qkaus;Zl;rsm;ESifhwuG rdrdwdkY\

udk,fpdwfESpfyg;udk udk,fawmf½Sif\trIawmfjrwftwGuftoHk;ûy

&ef aus;Zl;wifaompdwfjzifh r>cif;rcsefay;qyftyfESHMuzdkY

wm0ef½Sdygonf/

þu½kPmawmfumvtwGif;ü rdrdwdkY\cGeftm;rsm;?

pGrf;tm;rsm;udk tNrJwrf;zGHUûzd;tm;aumif;aeatmif vkyfaqmif&ef

vdktyfvSygonf/ þusef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk tav;xm;um

rdrdcEmudk,fudk owdynm½SdpGmjzifh bk&m;ocifudkaMumuf½GHUaom

pdwfjzifh *½kwpdkufusifhoHk;cJholrsm;omvQif þtrIawmfwGif

wm0efay;&ef a½G;cs,fjcif;cHoifhygonf/ trIawmfjrwfwGif

tcsdefMumjrifhpGmxrf;aqmifcJhNyD;jzpfaomfvnf; ajzmifhrwfjcif;

pnf;rsOf;ESifhraumif;rIvkyf&yfrsm;udk rcGJjcm;Edkifonfhjyif bk&m;

ocif\w&m;rQwrI? u½kPmawmfESifh arwåmawmfrsm;udk od½Sd

em;vnfrIr½Sdao;olrsm;udk trIawmfrStem;ay;oifhygonf/


udkyif olwdkYpOf;pm;aeMuao;onf/ taMumif;aMumifhtusKd;

xifcJhacsNyD/ yxrpm;xm;onfhajccsufjcif;trINyD;aemuf acwå

em;&eftcsdefray;bJ tpmtdrfxJodkY aemufxyfwpfcgtpmrsm;udk

rxnfhoGif;oifhyg/ tu,fí wwd,tBudrfpm;csifvQifvnf;

tdyf&mr0ifrDem&Dtenf;i,fapmí tenf;i,fompm;oifhygonf/

vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf qifjcifoHk;oyfrIvHk;0rûyawmhbJ

tpm;MuL;jcif;tusifhudkrjyifawmh&ef csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;aom

tusifhtwGuf udk,fhudkudk,ftyfESHxm;Muygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf

tpm;taomufudkcsKyfwnf;jcif;xuf usef;rma&;csKdUwJhum tcsdef

rwefrDaoqHk;jcif;udkydkívdkvm;Muonf/ ¤if;tjyif usef;rma&;

ESifhtpm;taomufqufpyfrI½Sdaeonfudkvnf; vltrsm;rod½Sd

Muacs/ tu,fíom ¤if;wdkYtm; usef;rma&;ynmay;EdkifcJhvdrfh

rnfqdkvQif olwdkYonf usef;rma&;udktaxmuftulûyaom

tpmrsm;oifhwifhavsmufywfpGmpm;oHk;um cHwGif;tvdkvdkuf

jcif;tusifhudkjiif;y,f&ef pdwfwefcdk;rsm;&½SdvmMuvdrfhrnf/

xdkenf;tm;jzifh xdkolrsm;onf tema&m*guif;½Sif;vmum

usef;rmaysmf½TifvmMuvdrfhrnf/

cHwGif;awmihfwrIudkavhusifhynmay;jcif;

tom;rsm;? [if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;jzifhcsufûywfpDrH

xm;aom[if;rsm;? tcsKdtqdrfhESifhNyD;aomrkefYrsm;udk pm;aeus

jzpfaeaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf tm[m&ESifhjynfh0aom½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udk

csufcsif;BuD;t&omawGUMuvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ tm[m&½Sdaom

usef;rma&;udkxdcd kufaponfhcsufûywfjyifqifrIr[kwfvQif

tom;[if;yifjzpfvifhupm; olwdkYtmomrajyMuawmhacs/

xdkaMumifh tpmtdrfonf usef;rma&;csK dUwJhvmygonf/

tpmaMucsufrIvnf; tm;enf;vmygonf/ odk Yapumrl

xdktpmrsm;udkacszsufypf&ef tpmtdrfonf jyif;jyif;xefxef

vkyfaqmifae&&m tqHk;wGif tm;ukefvmum [mwmwmBuD;

cHpm;vm&ygonf/ þonfudk wcsKdUu tpmqmonf[kxifum

tpmtdrfudk tem;ray;awmhbJ aemufxyftpmrsm;jzifhjznfhyg

awmhonf/ odkYESifh cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkydkítvdkvdkufonfESifhtrQ

auseyfrI&&ef ydkíydkícufcJvmygonf/ þuJhodkY[mwmwmBuD;

cHpm;rIonf tom;pm;jcif;? tpm;rsm;jcif;? rMumcPtpm

pm;jcif;wdkY\&v'fjzpfygonf/

tcsKdtqdrfhrsm;aomudwfrkefY? ydkifrkefYrsm;ESifh ylwif;rsm;

ponfhusef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapaomcHwGif;tvdkvdkufrIonf

vltrsm;vufcHusifhoHk;aeaomt&mjzpfaeygonf/ pm;yGJudk

pm;p&mrsKd;pHkjzifhjyifrxm;rdvQif cHwGif;awmifhwrI\tvdkrjynfh

ouJhodkYjzpfaeMuonf/ xdkaMumifh ¤if;wdkYonf tdyf&mxwGif

yg;pyfteHYraumif;ovdk vQmüacs;wufaewwfMuonf/

usef;rma&;csKdUwJhaejim;aomfvnf; cHpm;&aoma0'em\Zmpfjrpf

udk ¤if;wdkYr½SmazGMuacs/ vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf wpfaeYvQif xrif;

(3) Budrfpm;½Hkomruao;bJ tdyf&m0ifcgeD;wGifvnf; pm;vdkuf

Muao;onf/ tpmtdrfrSm em;cGifhr&awmhojzifh oufwrf;wdkwdk

twGif;rSmyif tm;enf;oGm;ygawmhonf/ jyif;xefonfhtpmtdrf

a&m*gudkvnf; cHpm;vmMu&m tb,faMumifhxdka&m*g&onf


pm;aomufjcif;u tumtuG,fay;ygvdrfhrnf/ tpm;MuL;jcif;

tusifhtm;jzifh udk,fhudkudk,fowfjcif;rSuif;uif;raeMuvQif

vltrsm;onf usef;rma&;jyefvnfaumif;rGefvmMuvdrfhrnf

r[kwfacs/

tpm;MuL;jcif;\uRefjzpfvm&ef rdrdudk,fudkcGifhûyolrsm;

onf csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhrIaMumifh jzpfay:vmonfhtvdk&r®uf

rsm;udkjznfhqnf;jcif;tm;jzifh rdrdudk,fudk,kwfnHhatmifvkyfaqmif

aeMuonf/ udk,fpdwfESpfyg;udktBuD;tus,fxdcdkufepfemonf

txd xdk,kwfnHhonfhtvdk&r®ufrsm;udkjznfhqnf;aeMuygonf/

xdktusifhqdk;aMumifh usKd;aMumif;qifjcifwwfonfhtpGrf;rsm;

vnf; tBuD;tus,fysufpD;ukefygonf/

cHwGif;tvdkvdkufrIaMumifhjzpfay:vmaomxdcdkufrItrsKd;rsKd;

CTBH, p. 83 (1890)

tpm;taomufonf usef;rma&;tay:BuD;rm;aom

vTrf;rdk;rIwpfckudkjzpfaponfqdkonfhtcsufudk ausmif;om;

trsm;u rESpfûrdUzG,frodusKd;uRHûyaeMuonf/ wcsKdUrSm tpm;

taomufudkxdef;csKyfzdkYêud;pm;&ef wpfcgrQpdwfrul;zl;Muacs/

rnfonfhpnf;urf;rsm;udkvdkufemoifhonfudkvnf; pdwfr0ifpm;

Muacs/ olwdkYonf xrif;udkw0wNyJBuD;pm;½Hkomru pHkprf;

aESmifh,Sufjcif;cH&wdkif; oa&pmudkvnf; Mum;tcsdefrsm;wGif

pm;wwfMuao;onf/ rdrdtm; pdwf½IyfaprnfhtcuftcJrsm;udk

ajz½Sif;ypf&efqE´½Sdaomc&pf,mefrsm;onf tb,faMumifh þrQ

aygifrkefY? opfoD;ESifh [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;udk t&omrawGU

avmufatmif ¤if;wdkY\cHwGif;onf ysufpD;vrf;vGJaeygonf/

pm;aeustpmrsm;rStjcm;tpmrsm;udkajymif;pm;&efvnf; ¤if;wdkY

rawmifhwMuacs/ tu,fí ½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udkpm;cgpwGif cHwGif;

rawGUygvQif tqmcHNyD;rSpm;oHk;oifhygonf/ tqmcHpm;jcif;onf

aq;0g;rsm;udkoHk;pGJjcif;xufydkítusKd;½Sdygonf/ taMumif;rSm

tqrweftoHk;ûyjcif;cHxm;&onfhtpmtdrfonf tem;&½Hkomru

trSefwu,fqmavmifrGwfodyfjcif;udk ½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;uom

ajyaysmufapEdkifygonf/ obm0twdkif;jyifqifxm;aom½dk;½dk;

tpmrsm;udk oabmusvmzdkY&ef êud;pm;&mwGif tcsdef,lzdkYvdk

aomfvnf; pm;aomufjcif;t&mü udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,f&mwGif

ZGJ½SdMuvQif ½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;\t&omudk tcsdeftenf;i,ftwGif;

êudufESpfoufvm½Hkomru ,ciftpmqef;rsm;xuf ESpfûcduf

pGmoHk;aqmifvmMuvdrfhrnf/

xdktcg tpmtdrfonf tom;rsm;aMumifhvnf;aumif;?

tpm;MuL;jcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif; cHpm;&rnfha0'emrsm;rS

uif;½Sif;vm½Hkomru rdrdvkyfaqmif&rnfht&mudkvkyfaqmif&ef

tqifoifh½SdvmEdkifygonf/ xdkaMumifh ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udpö

rsm;twGuf raESmifhaES;oifhMuyg/ tpm;MuL;taomufMuL;

jcif;rsm;udk pGefYy,fjcif;tm;jzifh usef½SdaeaomcGeftm;rsm;udk

xdef;odrf;&efêud;pm;oifhMuygonf/ tpmtdrfonf rnfonfh

tcgrQjynfhjynfh00jyefvnfaumif;rGefvmjcif;r½SdEdkifawmhaomf

vnf; aemufxyfjzpfyGm;rnfhysufpD;qkwf,kwfrIrsm;udk rSefuefpGm


rdrdwdkY\OmPfynmxufjrufrIrsm;onf rnfrQtxdjrifhrm;cJhvdrfh

rnfudkvnf; xdktcsdefwGif olwdkYoabmaygufMuvdrfhrnf/

olwdkYonf aemifwpdwf\rcsdrqHha0'emudkcHpm;&if; ¤if;wdkY\

b0udkjyefvnftouf½Sifvdkpdwfrsm;aygufzGm;vmMuvdrfhrnf/

obm0ESifhqefYusifaomtpmrsm;udka½Smif½Sm;&ef

CTBH, pp. 150-151 (1890)

xm0&bk&m;ocifonf rdrd\vlwdkYtm; avmuqdkif&m

tvGeftusL;tusifhrsm;? pm;MuL;aomufMuL;tvdk&r®ufjyif;xef

jcif;rsm;rS udk,ftvdkudkjiif;wwfaomtusifh? t&mcyfodrf;wGif

csKyfwnf;wwfaomtusifhrsm;udk usifhaqmif&mqDodkY ydkYaqmif

ay;vsuf½Sdygonf/ xm0&bk&m;ocifvrf;jyydkYaqmifaeaom

xdkvlwdkYonf xl;jcm;aomyk*¾dKvfrsm;jzpfMuonf/ avmuom;

rsm;ESifhrwlMuyg/ tu,fíom ¤if;wdkYonf bk&m;ocif\

OD;aqmifrIudkvufcHvdkufavQmufcJhMuvQif udk,fawmf\tMuH

awmfudk ¤if;wdkYtaumiftxnfazmfMuvdrfhrnfomru rdrdwdkY\

qE´rsm;udkvnf; udk,fawmhfxHwGif tyfESHMuayvdrfhrnf/

c&pfawmfonfvnf; pdwfESvHk;xJwGifudef;0yfvmum cE¨mudk,f

AdrmefawmfBuD;onfvnf; oefY½Sif;vmygvdrfhrnf/ oif\

udk,fcE¨monf oefY½Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfudef;0yf&mAdrmefawmf

jzpfaMumif; aygvkuzGifhqdkxm;onf/ cE¨mudk,fcGeftm;rsm;udk

xdcdkufysufpD;jcif;rS rdrdudk,fudkjiif;y,f&ef om;orD;rsm;tm;

xm0&bk&m;ocifawmif;qdkawmfrrlbJ udk,fum,usef;rma&;

avmufpdwfESvHk;xHkxdkif;ae&oenf;/ tb,faMumifh ¤if;wdkY\

bmoma&;onfrvdktyfbJ tm;enf;aeMu&oenf;qdkygvQif

xdkt&monf vHkavmufaomtaMumif;jycsufjzpfygonf/

vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf tpm;taomufaMumifh bk&m;ocifESifh

yifvrf;cGJwwfMuonf/ pmuav;wpfaumifaoonfudkvnf;

aumif;? acgif;ay:rSqHyiftacsmif;a&udkvnf;aumif; owdûy

wwfonfhudk,fawmf½Sifonf udk,fcE¨mcGeftm;rsm;tqkwf,kwf

cHum todOmPfESifhudk,fusifhw&m;qdkif&mtodtjrifrsm;udk

txHkxdkif;? taoaMucHum cHwGif;tvdkvdkufaeolrsm;\tjypfudk

rSwfawmfrlaeygonf/

oHa0*&rnfhtem*wfaeYwpfaeY

5T, p. 135 (1882)

vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf tpm;MuL;jcif;ESifh avmuaysmfarGUrI

cHpm;jcif;rsm;aMumifh ½kyfydkif;qdkif&mESihfpdwfydkif;qdkif&mvkyfaqmifrI

rsm;wGif tm;enf;vmMuonf/ udk,fusifhw&m;ESifh0dnmOfa&;

obm0rsm; tm;enf;vmonfESifhtrQ wd&pämeftavhtxrsm;

tm;aumif;vmygonf/ yv’ifjzLBuD;ywfvnfwGif uREfkyfwdkY

&yfxMuaomtcsdefwGif vltaygif;wdkY\toufwmrSwfwrf;

rsm;udk wifqufMuvdrfhrnf/ bk&m;ay;tpGrf;rsm;udk,kwfnHhatmif

rvkyfrdcJhvQif rnfonfht&mrsm;udk rdrdwdkYpGrf;aqmifEdkifcJhMurnfudk

xdktcsdefwGifolwdkYawGUjrifMuvdrfhrnf/ bk&m;ocifay;udk,fpdwf

tpGrf;owådrsm;udk bk&m;ocifxHwGif tyfESHrdcJhMurnfqdkvQif


DF- 16

oefY½Sif;jcif;½Sd&ef xm0&bk&m;ocifawmif;qdkawmfrlonf/

pHkvifaomolrsm;tjzpf xm0&bk&m;ocifa½SUawmfwGifr&yfxrD

NyD;pD;atmifvkyf&rnfhtvkyfrSm þtvkyfyifjzpfonf/

Health Reform, September, 1871.

xm0&bk&m;ocifonf pdwfoabmajymif;vJjcif;½Sd

awmfrrlyg/ 'ku©rcHpm;&bJ usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk azgufzsuf

Edkifatmifvnf; uREfkyf\cE¨mudk,ftpdwftydkif;rsm;udk ajymif;vJ

ypf&ef MuH½G,fcsuf½Sdawmfrrlyg/ odkY&mwGif vltrsm;rSm tvif;

w&m;udkrawGUvdkbJ rsufpdpHkrSdwfxm;Muonf/ xdkolrsm;onf

cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;tm;jzifh usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk csKd;azguf

aeMuonf/ tu,fíom ¤if;wdkYonf rodpdwf\vIHYaqmfrI

udkemcHMurnfqdkvQif tpm;taomufESifh0wfqifrIrsm;wGif ed,mr

pnf;rsOf;rsm;\xdef;csKyfrIatmufwGif½SdaeMuvdrfhrnf/

trIaqmifrsm;\toHk;0ifrIonf

cHwGif;xdef;csKyfjcif;tay:wGiftajcûyjcif;

Letter 158, 1909.

cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;qdkif&mpHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;udk

MuHhMuHhcHzdkYvdkaMumif; vlwdkYtm;wifjyMuyg/ taMumif;rSm vltrsm;

wdkYonf þpHkprf;jcif;wGifusqHk;aeMuonf/ udk,fESifhpdwfonf

eD;uyfpGmqufpyfaeonfudkvnf;aumif;? xdkt&mESpfckpvHk;udk

taumif;qHk;tajctaewGif½Sdatmif xdef;odrf;xm;&efvdktyf

aMumif;udkvnf;aumif; vlwdkYtm;½Sif;jyMuyg/

udkxdef;odrf;EdkifzdkY obm0w&m;udkvdkufavQmuf&efom awmif;qdk

awmfrlygonf/ obm0vrf;aMumif;onf udk,fawmf½Sifjyifqif

xm;awmfrlaomt&mjzpfNyD; c&pf,mefrsm;avQmufvSrf;Edkifavmuf

atmif us,f0ef;ygonf/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf uREfkyfwdkY\

aysmf½TifrIESifhtouf½Sif&eftwGuf <u,f0rsm;jym;pGmaomaumif;csD;

r*Fvmrsm;udk &ufa&maomvufawmftm;jzifh jyifqifawmfrlyg

onf/ odkY&mwGif touf½Snfusef;rmaponfh obm0tpm;

tpmrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYESpfoufvmap&eftvdkYiSm udk,fawmfonf

tpm;tpmrsm;udkuefYowfay;awmfrlonf/ obm0ESifhqefYusif

aomtpmrsm;udk owdûya½SmifMuOfMu&efvnf; udk,fawmf

rdefYawmfrlxm;ygonf/ tu,fí uREfkyfwdkYonf vrf;vGJaom

cHwGif;tvdkvdkufrIudkzefwD;rdMuvQif usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk

csKd;azgufaeMuacsNyD/ rdrdudk,fudka&m*g&apjcif;ESifh udk,fcE¨m

udkysuf,Gif;apjcif;rsm;twGuf uREfkyfwdkYwm0ef,lMu&awmhrnf/

9T, pp. 153-154 (1909)

usef;rma&;ESifhrjynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;udk csufûywfjcif;ESifh

tom;? vufzuf&nf? aumfzDoHk;aqmifjcif;wdkY\raumif;usKd;rsm;

taMumif;udkod½Sdxm;olrsm;onfvnf;aumif;? tyfESHjcif;tm;jzifh

bk&m;ocifESifhy#dnmOfwpfckûyvkyf&ef qHk;jzwfxm;olrsm;onf

vnf;aumif;? raumif;rSef;odxm;onfh xdktpm;taomuf

rsm;twGuf cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;udk&yfwefYypfMuvdrfhrnf/

raumif;aomt&mrsm;udk rpm;aomufrdatmif udk,ftvdkudk

jiif;y,fjcif;tusifhudkusifhoHk;&efESifh cHwGif;awmifhwrIwGif


onf/ ]]ysufpD;qHk;½IH;tHhqJqJjzpfaeaom touf0dnmOfrsm;udk

u,fq,f&ef xm0&bk&m;ociftwGuftrIawmfaqmif½Gufae

Muolrsm;taejzifh oifwdkY\vkyfaqmifrIxufjrufjcif;onf

cHwGif;awmifhwrItay:wGif oifwdkYatmifyGJqifaerIwGif trsm;BuD;

tajcûyaeygonf}} [k "r®trIawmfaqmifrsm;ESifh ,leD,HOuúX

rsm;tm;ajym&ef uREfkyftm; xm0&bk&m;ocifñTefMum;awmfrl

cJhonf/ cHwGif;awmifhwrItay:wGif atmifyGJqifyg/ odkYûyvQif

oif\tvdk&r®ufrsm;udk vG,fulpGmoifxdef;odrf;Edkifvdrfhrnf/

xdktcsdefwGif oif\pdwfwefcdk;ESifh udk,fusifhw&m;rsm;onf

tm;aumif;vmvdrfhrnf/ ]]olwdkYonf odk;oi,f\taoG;awmf

tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? ¤if;wdkY\oufaocHcsufrsm;tm;jzifh

vnf;aumif; atmifyGJqifcJhMuonf/

trIaqmifwpfOD;xHodkYawmif;cHcsufwpfck

Letter 49, 1892.

xm0&bk&m;ocifonf oifhtm;trIawmfwGifyg0if

aqmif½Guf&ef a½G;cs,fxm;awmfrlonf/ oifonf trIawmfudk

*½kwpdkufêud;pm;vkyfaqmifNyD; pm;aomufaexdkifrIwGif owd

ynmjzifhxdef;xdef;odrf;odrf;usifhaqmifrnfqdkvQif oifonf

aysmf½Tifom,maomtoufwmudkcHpm;&vdrfhrnf/ cHwGif;tvdk

vdkufjcif;udkxdef;csKyfum rdrdukd,fudk xm0&bk&m;ocif\

vufawmfwGiftyfESHvdkufyg/ rdrdukd,fudk*½kwpdkufxdef;odrf;

apmifha½Smufjcif;tm;jzifh oif\toufwmudk½Snfapyg/

cHwGif;tvdkvdkufaeolrsm;? udk,fcE¨mpGrf;tm;rsm;udk

tv[óûzef;wD;ypfaeolrsm;ESifh pdwfwefcdk;rsm;udk tm;enf;

oGm;atmifvkyfaqmifaeolrsm;onf usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;

csKd;azgufjcif;twGuf jzpfay:vmrnfhtusKd;qufrsm;udk rMumrD

wGifcHpm;Mu&vdrfhrnf/

c&pfawmfonf tjypfom;rsm;\u,fwifjcif;twGuf

toufawmfudkpGefYcJhonf/ cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;onf xm0&

umvESifhpyfqdkifonfh oefY½Sif;aomt&mrsm;udkrodjrifEdkifavmuf

atmif udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\cGeftm;? pGrf;&nfrsm;udk usqif;

ysuf,Gif;aponfudk c&pfawmfodxm;awmfrlygonf/ udk,ftvdk

½Sdonfhtwdkif; pm;aomufaexdkifjcif;rsm;onf udk,fusifhw&m;

qdkif&mwefcdk;rsm;udk azgufjyefaponfudkvnf;aumif;? udk,ftvdk

udkvdkufavsmjcif;rS udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;odkY vlom;rsm;

ajymif;vJzdkYvdkonfudkvnf;aumif; udk,fawmfodxm;ygonf/

"r®q&mrsm;ESifhwuG tdyfaysmfaeaomtoif;awmfrsm;udk Edk;x

vmatmifvkyfaqmif&mwGif xm0&bk&m;ocifonf oifhudk

rpygap/ orm;awmfwm0efESifh "r®q&mwm0efudk tcsKd;tq

nDnDoifwdkYaqmif½GufMuyg/ csKyfwnf;jcif;ESifhpyfqdkifaom

trSefw&m;udka[mMum;&ef uREfkyfwdkY\aq;cef;rsm;udkwnfaxmif

xm;jcif;jzpfygonf/

uREfkyfwdkYonf vlom;rsm;udkûyjyifajymif;vJay;zdkYvdktyf

ovdk EIwfxGufpum;udka[mMum;aeonfh"r®q&mrsm;ESif h

ausmif;q&mrsm;udkvnf; txl;ojzifhûyjyifajymif;vJay;zdkYvdkyg


todw&m;rsm;udkjzpfay:aponfh pdwfwefcdk;ESifhudk,fusifhw&m;

tpGrf;rsm;udk xGef;um;ap½Hkomru todOmPfrsm;vnf;

qufvufzGHUûzd;ygvdrfhrnf/ pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;udkwGef;vSefyHkudk

vlwdkYtm;jyo&ef aumif;uifa½Teef;udkpGefYum þurÇmodkY

<uvmcJhaom c&pfawmf\tyfESHrIudk trSefwu,fem;vnfol

tm;vHk;onf udk,ftvdkudk0rf;yef;womjiif;y,fum c&pfawmf

ESifhtwl ql;cif;aomvrf;udkavQmuf&efa½G;cs,fMuvdrfhrnf/

bk&m;ocifudkaMumuf½GHUjcif;onf ynm\tcsKyftjcm

jzpfawmfrl\/ c&pfawmfenf;wl atmifyGJqifcJholrsm;onf pmwef

\pHkprf;jcif;rsm;rS rdrdudk,fudktpOfrjywfumuG,fMu&rnf/ pmwef

\vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ESifh vQKdU0SufMuHpnfrIrsm;udk bk&m;ocif\

vufcsuf[k rrSwf,lrdap&eftvdkYiSm todOmPfrsm;? xdk;xGif;

OmPfrsm;rxdcdkufrysuf,Gif;oGm;&atmif cHwGif;awmifhwrIESifh

tvdk&r®ufrsm;udk tjrifrSefaomtodpdwf\xdef;csKyfrIatmufwGif

csKyfwnf;xm;oifhygonf/ vltrsm;onf atmifjrifolrsm;

tm;ay;awmfrlrnfh aemufqHk;atmifyGJESifhqkrsm;udkvdkvm;Muaomf

vnf; ¤if;wdkYonf rdrdwdkY\u,fwif½Sif&ifqdkifcJhaomtcuftcJ

ESifhpm;0wfaea&;qif;&JrIrsm;udkvnf;aumif;? udk,ftvdkudk

jiif;y,fjcif;tusifhudkvnf;aumif; cHpm;usifhMuH&eftvdkr½SdMu

acs/ uREfkyfwdkYonf em;axmifvdkufavQmufjcif;ESifh pOfquf

rjywfêud;pm;vkyfaqmifjcif;tm;jzifhom c&pfawmfenf;wl

atmifyGJqifEdkifMurnfjzpfonf/

cHwGif;awmifhwrI\tkyfpdk;rIaMumifh axmifaygif;rsm;pGm

aomvlom;rsm;onf ysufpD;qHk;½IH;Muvdrfhrnf/ ¤if;wdkYonf

ûcd;jcHa½SmifMuOfjcif;onfcGeftm;udkwdk;yGm;aponf

3T, pp. 490-492 (1875)

vlom;rsm;\uHMur®mudktqHk;tjzwfay;rnfh owif;

pum;udka[mMum;jcif;wGif yg0ifvkyfaqmifaeolrsm;onf rdrdwdkY

a[monfhtrSefw&m;rsm;udk rdrdwdkYtoufwmwGif vufawGU

usifhoHk;oifhMuonf/ tpm;taomuf? tajymtqdk? taetxdkif

wGif olwpfyg;twGufpHerlemjzpfoifhMuonf/ tpm;MuL;jcif;?

,kwfnHhaom&r®ufrsm;tvdkodkYvdkufjcif;ESifh qdk;½Gm;aomtjypf

rsm;udk urÇmt&yf&yf½Sdc&pf,mefrsm;u [efaqmifzHk;uG,fxm;

wwfMuonf/ t&mcyfodrf;wdkYü csKyfwnf;rI½SdvQif vlawmf

rsm;onf trIawmfudk,ckxufydkíxda&mufatmifvkyfaqmifEdkif

Muvdrfhrnf/ cHwGif;awmifhwrIESifhtvdk&r®ufrsm;udkvdkufavsm

jcif;onf pdwfudkrMunfrvifjzpfaponf/ udk,fcE¨mcGeftm;

rsm;udk,kwfavsmhaponf/ pdwfwefcdk;udkusqif;apygonf/

xdkolrsm;\oHk;oyfawG;ac:rIrsm;onf rMunfvifawmhacs/ olwdkY

ajymaompum;rsm;ü 0dnmOfawmfwefcdk;ryg½Sdojzifh Mum;&ol

rsm;twGuf cGeftm;rjzpfawmhacs/

uREfkyfwdkY\rdOD;zOD;wdkYonf cHwGif;awmifhwrIudktvdkvdkuf

rdjcif;aMumifh {'ifO,smOfudkqHk;½HI;cJhMu&m cHwGif;awmifhwrIESifh

tvdk&r®ufrsm;udk rvdkufravsm? jiif;qefjcif;tm;jzifhom xdk{'if

O,smOfudkjyefvnf&½Sd&ef arQmfvifhEdkifMuygonf/ tpm;taomuf

rsm;udkûcd;jcHjcif;ESifh tvdk&r®ufrsm;udkxdef;csKyfjcif;onf trSm;

ESifhtrSef? tqdk;ESifhtaumif;rsm;tMum; cGJjcm;odjrifaprnfh


txd rdrdwdkYpGrf;aqmifEdkifcJhMuvdrfhrnfudk ¤if;wdkYoHk;oyfoifhMu

ygonf/ rSm;,Gif;aompm;usifhaomufusihfrsm;ESifh tvdk&r®uf

rsm;udkusifhaqmifjcif;jzifh c&pf,mefrsm;yifvQif ¤if;wdkY\

vkyfaqmifrIrsm;udkxdcdkufap½Hkomru udk,fpdwfESifhudk,fusifh

w&m;tpGrf;rsm;udkvnf; tm;enf;apMuvsuf½Sdonf/ xdkodkY

usifhaqmifaeolwcsKdUu rdrdwdkYonf bk&m;ocifa½SUawmfwGif

oefY½Sif;onf[kzGifhqdkaejim;aomfvnf; ¤if;wdkY\zGifhqdkcsufwGif

tajctjrpfr½Sdygacs/

]]om;onf tzudk½dkaowwf\/ uRefonf ocifudk

aMumuf½GHUwwf\/ igonf tzrSefvQif ighudktb,fol½dkao

oenf;/ ocifrSefvQif tb,folaMumuf½G H Uoenf;[k

aumif;uifAdkvfajct½Sifxm0&bk&m;ocifonf emrawmfudk

rxDrJhjrifûyaom ,Zfyka&m[dwfwdkYtm;ar;awmfrl\/ uREfkyfwdkY

onf emrawmfudk tb,fodkYrxDrJhjrifûyygoenf;[k oifwdkY

ar;&mwGif npfñl;aomtpmudk ighyv’ifodkYaqmifcJhMuonf

wum;/ tuREfkyfwdkYonf udk,fawmfudktb,fodkY½Iwfcsyg

oenf;[kar;&mwGif xm0&bk&m;ocif\pm;yGJonf ,kwfrm\[k

qdkaomaMumifh ighudk½IwfcsMuNyD/ rsufpduef;aomtaumifudk

,ZfylaZmfvQif tjypf½Sdonfr[kwfavm? ajcqGHUaomtaumifESifh

emaomtaumifudk ,ZfylaZmfvQif tjypf½Sdonfr[kwfavm?

ûrdU0efrif;tm;qufygavmh/ rif;\pdwfESifhawGUvdrfhrnfavm?

oifhrsufESmudkaxmufvdrfhrnfavm[k aumif;uifAdkvfajct½Sif

xm0&bk&m;ocifrdefYawmfrl\/}}

þtcsufwGifatmifjrifvQif pmwef\pHkprf;aESmihf,Sufjcif;rsm;

udk atmifyGJqifEdkifrnfhwefcdk;rsm;udk ydkifqdkifMuvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif

cHwGif;awmifhwrI\uRefrsm;onf c&pf,mefpm&dwåudkpHkvifap

&mwGif ½HI;edrfhMuvdrfhrnf/ ESpfaygif; 6000 Mum pOfqufrjywf

usL;vGefcJhaomvlom;rsm;\tjypfrsm;aMumifh zsm;emjcif;? emusif

jcif;ESifh aojcif;rsm;udk tusKd;quftjzpf vlom;rsm;&dwfodrf;

aeMu&onf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf uyfumvtqHk;odkYa&mufvkeD;

vmonfESifhtrQ cHwGif;tvdkvdkufrIESifhywfoufaom pmwef\

pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;rsm;onfvnf; ydkrdktm;aumif;vmum

ausmfvTm;&efydkícufvmygonf/

R & H, Jan. 25, 1881.

twåvGefuJNyD; tpm;MuL;aeaomolrsm;onf oefY½Sif;

jcif;ESifhpyfqdkifonfh aumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;udkcHpm;&zdkYrjzpfEdkifyg

acs/ þolrsm;onf usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhqefYusifaom

pm;usifh? aomufusihfrsm;aMumifh csnfheJYtdkrif;um nnf;wGm;

aeMuygonf/ vltrsm;wdkYonf pm;rSm;aomufrSm;rsm;aMumifh

¤if;wdkYtpmajct*Fg&yfrsm;onf tm;enf;vsuf½SdMuonf/

vlom;rsm;ü½Sdxm;ESifhNyD;aomcHEdkifrItajctaeonf tHhMop&m

aumif;avmufatmif aumif;rGefaomfvnf; pOfqufrjywf

usL;vGefaeaom pm;usifhaomufusifhrsm;aMumifh cEmudk,ftpdwf

tydkif;toD;oD;wdkYrSm tm;enf;vmMuvdrfhrnf/ xdkvlom;rsm;

onf csKyfwnf;aomtoufwmjzifhtouf½Sifum usef;rma&;

aumif;atmifaexdkiftouf½SifcJhMurnfqdkvQif rnfa½GUrnfrQ


Letter 166, 1903.

cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkjiif;qefwwf&ef qHk;jzwfcsufcswwf

onfhpm&dwå½Sd&ygrnf/ vlom;rsm;wdkYonf qHk;jzwfcsufrcs

wwfMuojzifh ysufpD;qHk;½IH;aeMu&onf/ tm;enf;aysmhnHhNyD;

tvG,fwulaoG;aqmifrIaemufodkYvdkufygwwfaomvlrsm;pGm

wdkYonf bk&m;ociftvdk½SdonfhtajctaeodkYra&muf½dSEdkifMu

acs/ qHk;jzwfcsufnHhzsif;olrsm;onf atmifjrifaomaeYpOf

toufwmudk rzefwD;EdkifMuacs/ þurÇmBuD;onf ½l;½l;rl;rl;

yk*¾dKvfrsm;? csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJholrsm;? pdwfxm;aysmhnHholrsm;

ESifhjynfh0ae&m vlom;rsm; c&pf,mefppfppfjzpf&efrSm tvGef

cufcJvSygonf/

]]igüqnf;uyfvdkaomoljzpfvQif udk,fudkudk,fjiif;y,f&

rnf/ udk,fvuf0g;uyfwdkifudkxrf;í ighaemufodkYvdkuf&rnf}}

[k c&pfawmfurdefYqdkxm;ygonf/ rdrdwdkY\aemufvdkufrsm;udk

pHkprf;aESmifh,SufzdkY vlom;rsm;udk pHkprf;aESmihf,Sufjcif;trIudk

pmwefvkyfaqmifavh½Sdonf/ tzsufvkyfief;rsm;wGif rdrdESifhtwl

vkyfaqmif&ef vlom;rsm;udk olêud;pm;aoG;aqmifavh½Sdonf/

Zmwdyuwdt&awmifhwavh½Sdaom cHwGif;tvdkudkvdkufjcif;?

pdwfvIyf½Sm;zG,fazsmfajzrIESifh rdkufrJrIrsm;udk wufa&mufcHpm;jcif;

rsm;udk vHk;vHk;vdkufpm;oGm;atmif vlwdkYtm;vrf;jy&ef olêud;pm;

avh½Sdygonf/ odkY&mwGif xdkt&mrsm;udkrvkyfMu&ef xm0&

bk&m;ocifwm;jrpfxm;awmfrlonfjzpf&m vlom;rsm;wGif½Sdaom

bk&m;ocif\½kyfvHk;udkysuf,Gif;atmifvkyfaqmif&mwGif ¤if;wdkY

onf pmwef\wynfhrsm;tjzpf owfrSwfcH&zdkYjzpfvmygonf/

þqHk;rpum;rsm;ESifh owday;pum;rsm;udk owd0D&d,ESifh

vdkufemMuygpdkY/ þpum;rsm;tm;jzifh a½S;acwf£oa&vrsm;

tm; qHk;rowday;aeonfrSmrSefaomfvnf; ,aeYtouf½Sif

vsuf½SdMuaom ,HkMunfolrsm;udkvnf; þpum;rsm;tm;jzifh

qHk;rowday;aeawmfrlygonf/ ¤if;jyif bk&m;ocif\u½kPm

awmfudkaxmufxm;um rdrdwdkY\cE¨mudk,frsm;udk touf½Sif

aom,Zf? oefY½Sif;aom,Zf? ESpfoufzG,faom,Zfrsm;tjzpf

tyfESHMu&ef ,HkMunfolrsm;tm; awmif;yefaeaomwrefawmfBuD;

½Sifaygvk\EIwfxGufpum;rsm;udkvnf; uREfkyfwdkYoHk;oyfoifh

Muygonf/ þt&monf ppfrSefaomoefY½Sif;jcif;jzpfonf/

þt&monf oDtdk&Dwpfck? pdwfvIyf½Sm;rIwpfck? pum;pkwpfck

oufoufomr[kwfbJ aeYpOftoufwmwGifusifhoHk;&rnfh

touf½Sifxufjrufaompnf;rsOf;wpfckjzpfonf/ uREfkyfwdkY\

udk,fcE¨mudktouf½Sifjcif;? oefY½Sif;jcif;? ESpfoufzG,faom

vu©PmESifhjynfhpHkaom,ZfaumifuJhodkY xm0&bk&m;ocifxHwGif

tyfESHEdkif&eftvdkYiSm udk,fpdwfESvHk;rsm;udk usef;rm½Tifvef;aprnfh

pm;aomufjcif;ESif h0wfqifjcif;tusihfrsm;udkusifhaqmif&ef

þt&muawmif;qdkaeygonf/

bmomw&m;ESifhtouf½Sifol[k rdrdudk,fudkzGifhqdkaeol

wpfOD;wpfa,mufurQ cE¨mudk,fusef;rma&;udk*½krpdkufbJrae

MuygESifh/ csKyfwnf;jcif;r½Sdjcif;ü tjypfr½Sdyg[kvnf;aumif;?

csKyfwnf;jcif;ESifh 0dnmOfa&;tMum;qufET,frIr½Sdyg[kvnf;

aumif; rajymrdMuygapESifh/


xm0&bk&m;ociftvdk½SdawmfrlonfrSmrSefaomfvnf; þtvdk

awmfudk vlom;rsm;jznfhqnf;Edkif&ef rdrdwdkY\tvdkqE´rsm;udk

udk,fawmf½Sif\tvdkawmfatmufwGifxm;Mu&rnf/

Health Reformer, May, 1878.

Zmwdyuwd\tvdkESifh rsufpdyom'\tvdkudkvnf;

aumif;? toufwm\rmepdwfudkvnf;aumif; jznfhqnf;

vdkufavQmuf&ef pHkprf;jcif;cH&jcif;udk tbufbufwGif&ifqdkif

Mu&ygrnf/ cdkifrmaompnf;rsOf;udkavhusufjcif;ESifh cHwGif;

tvdkvdkufjcif;? tvdk&r®ufrsm;udkMuyfwnf;pGmxdef;csKyfjcif;rsm;

tm;jzifhom toufwmudkvHkûcHapygonf/

MS 86, 1897.

aq;vdyf? t&ufrsm;ESifhywfoufaomt&mrsm;udk ynm

ay;&efêud;pm;aomtcsdefwGif twdkif;twmwpfcktxd xdkaq;vdyf?

t&ufrsm;udktaomuf&yfoGm;aMumif; wcsKdUuajymMuygonf/

xdktjzpftysufrsm;onf pmweftwGuf&,fp&mjzpfaeygonf/

'DvlawGonf ighvufxJrSmvHkûcHpGmaexdkifaeMuonf[kvnf;

oluqdkygonf/ þudpöESifhywfoufí ¤if;wdkYtwGufpdk;&drfrI

r½Sdyg[kvnf; olzGifhqdkaeaomfvnf; tqGJaqmifcH&aomtcsdef

wGif raomufbl;? roHk;bl;[k cdkifrmpGmjiif;qdkaeaomtjypfom;

wpfOD;tay:wGif jc,fvS,fEdkifpGrf;r½Sdonfudkvnf; oloabm

aygufxm;ygonf/ ewfqdk;BuD;udkESifxkwfum c&pfawmfESifh

vufwGJaeorQumvywfvHk; vlom;rsm;onf vHkûcHygonf/

xdkolrsm;onf atmifyGJqifEdkif&ef rdrdwdkYtm; pdwfwefcdk;ay;onfh

vltrsm;wdkYonf tmPmwefcdk;rsm;\ jyif;xefaom

pHkprf;jcif;rsm;aMumifh pmwef\vufxJodkYusa&mufoGm;Muyg

onf/ cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;\uRefb0odkYa&muf½SdoGm;onfh

xdkolrsm;onf £a`E´rqnfEdkifavmufatmif ,kwfnHhodrfzsif;

vmMuygonf/

]]tb,fodkYenf;/ oifwdkYudk,fcE¨monf bk&m;ocif

ay;oem;awmfrlaom 0dnmOfawmfwnf;[laom oifwdkYtxJü

udef;0yfí oefY½Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\AdrmefjzpfaMumif;udkvnf;

aumif;? rdrdwdkYudk,fudkrdrdwdkYrydkifaMumif;udkvnf;aumif; rod

Muoavm/ oifwdkYonf tzdk;ESifh0,fawmfrlaomoljzpfaom

aMumifh bk&m;ocifydkifawmfrlaomoifwdkY\udk,fcE¨mESifhpdwf

0dnmOftm;jzifh bk&m;ocif\*kPfaus;Zl;awmfudkxif½Sm;ap

Muavmh/}} 1aum 6;19-20/

bk&m;ocifESifhþuJhodkYqufET,frI½SdaMumif; tpOfoabm

aygufaeoltaygif;wdkYonf cHwGif;awmifhwaomraumif;onfh

tpmrsm;udk rpm;Mu½Hkomru tpmaMucsufonfhuvDpmrsm;udk

xdcdkufaprnfht&mrsm;udkvnf; pm;oHk;Murnfr[kwfacs/ xdkolwdkY

onf raumif;aompm;usifh? aomufusifh? 0wfusifhrsm;tm;jzifh

bk&m;ocifydkifqdkifonfht&mudk zsufqD;Muvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/

xdkYjyifomru xm0&bk&m;ocifESifhvufwGJvkyfaqmif&ef

þt&mudkusifhaqmif&rnf[laomtodjzifh rdrdwdkY\udk,fcE¨m

tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk owdBuD;pGmxm;í apmifha½SmufMuayvdrfh

rnf/ vlom;rsm;tm; usef;rmaysmf½Tifum toHk;0ifolrsm;jzpf&ef


tm;jzifhom wdkif;wmEdkifygonf/ rSm;,Gif;aomcHwGif;tvdkvdkufrI

onf oefY½Sif;aomt&mrsm;udkyif rodjrifEdkifavmufatmif

vlom;rsm;\todpdwfrsm;udk arSmifrdkufapEdkifonfqdkonfhtcsuf

udk udk,fawmf½Sifodxm;ygonf/ tm'Honf cHwGif;tvdkudk

vdkufcJhrdjcif;tm;jzifh tjypfwGifusqHk;cJhaomfvnf; c&pfawmf

onf cHwGif;tvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;tm;jzifh tjypfw&m;tay:wGif

atmifyGJqifcJhygonf/ {'ifO,smOfudkjyefvnfqufcHEdkifrnfh

wpfckwnf;aomenf;vrf;rSm udk,fhudkudk,fcdkifrmpGmxdef;ausmif;

jcif;tm;jzifhomjzpfEdkifygonf/ c&pfawmfonf vlom;rsm;

udk,fpm; &ufowå (6) ywfrQ tpma½SmifcJh&onfhtajctxd

cHwGif;tvdkvdkufrdjcif;\qdk;usKd;rsm;onf tvGefjyif;xefonf

jzpf&m c&pf,mefrsm;avQmufvSrf;vkyfaqmif&rnfht&mrSm

BuD;us,fvSygonf/ odkYapumrl BuD;rm;aom½kef;uefrIrsm;

Mum;rSyif atmifyGJqifEdkifMuygrnf/ pmwefzefwD;aom tjyif;xef

qHk;pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;udk c&pfawmf&ifqdkifpOfu udk,fawmf\

teD;tyg;wGif ulnDrpcJhaomwefcdk;awmftm;jzifhyif xdkc&pf,mef

rsm;onf r[mwdkufvSefyGJwGifatmifyGJqifum tqHk;wGif

EdkifiHawmfodkY0ifpm;NyD; atmifjrifjcif;OD;&pfo&zludk aqmif;Edkif

Muygvdrfhrnf/

bk&m;ocif\aus;Zl;awmfESifhtvdkawmf\wefcdk;tm;jzifh

CTBH, p. 37 (1890)

pmwefonf tpm;taomufrsm;tm;jzifh vlom;rsm;\

udk,fpdwfESvHk;oHk;yg;pvHk;udkxdef;csKyfxm;&m tpm;taomuf

aumif;uifom;rsm;ESifhqufoG,fEdkifonfhae&mwGif &yfxaeMu

jcif;jzpfonf/

ayw½k\toem;cHcsuf

CTBH, pp. 53-54 (1890)

wrefawmfayw½konf udk,fcE¨mESifhpdwfwdkYtMum;

qufoG,frI½Sdonfudkem;vnfonfhtavQmuf ]]cspfolwdkY? 0dnmOf

ESifhppfûydifwwfaom udk,fum,wyfrufjcif;wdkYudka½Smifrnf

taMumif; {nfhonfuJhodkYaom oifwdkYudkigawmif;yef\}} [k

c&pf,mefnDtpfudkrsm;tm; owday;pum;ajymMum;cJhygonf/

þusrf;csufonf avmuaysmfarGUjcif;vGefusL;rIrsm;udka½Smif½Sm;&ef

twGufom owday;pum;jzpfonf[k trsm;urSwf,lMuaomf

vnf; xdkusrf;csufü us,f0ef;aomt"dyÜg,f½Sdaeygonf/

usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaponfhcHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;ESifh tvdk&r®uf

udkjznfhqnf;jcif;tm;vHk;udk þusrf;csufuowday;aeygonf/

vrf;rrSefaomcHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;onf ppfûydifaeaom avmu

aysmfarGUjcif;cHpm;rIwpfckjzpfvmygonf/ cHwGif;cHpm;rIudk

aumif;aom&nf½G,fcsufwpfcktwGuf uREfkyfwdkYtm; xm0&

bk&m;ocif ay;xm;awmfrlonfjzpf&m 0dnmOfESifhppfûydifonfh

avmuaysmfarGUrIcHpm;jcif;wpfcktoGiftxd edrfhusoGm;avmuf

atmif wvGJtoHk;csjcif;jzifh aorif;wrefwpfyg;uJhodkYjzpfrvm

atmif rvkyfaqmifoifhygacs/

cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;qdkif&m pHkprf;jcif;\twdrfteufudk

c&pfawmfawmxJü tcsdefMumjrifhpGmûyvkyfcJhonfhtpma½Smifjcif;


tao;tzGJudpörsm;wGif ausmfvTm;Edkifjcif;r½Sdaomolrsm;ü

BuD;us,faompHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;rsm;udk &ifqdkifausmfvTm;Edkif

onfhwefcdk;½SdMuvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/

MH, p. 323 (1905)

oifpm;rnfhtpmudk owdESifha½G;cs,fyg/ usKd;aMumif;

qufET,frIudkavhvmyg/ udk,fhudkudk,fxdef;Edkifatmifavhusifhyg/

usKd;aMumif;xdef;csKyfrIudkusifhoHk;um tpm;tpmudka½G;cs,fyg/

vGefusL;pGmpm;aomufjcif;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? usef;rma&;

twGuftaxmuftuljzpfaprnfh tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;udk

ûcd;jcHpGmpm;oHk;jcif;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; oif\tpmtdrfudk

rnfonfhtcgrQrxdcdkufygapESifh/

6T, p. 336 (1900)

r,HkMunfolrsm;ESifhaygif;zufjcif;tm;jzifh rSefuefaom

vrf;pOfrS oifhudk,foifaoGznfroGm;ygapESifh/ ¤if;wdkYESifhtwl

oiftpmpm;pOfwGif oifhwifhavsmufywfpGmpm;aomufyg/

pdwfESvHk;udk½IyfaxG;roGm;aprnfhtpm;taomufrsm;udkom

oHk;aqmifyg/ csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhrIESifhuif;a0;ygap/ 0dnmOfa&;

qdkif&mudpörsm;wGif trSm;trSefra0cGJwwfrnfpdk;ojzifh oif\

udk,fpdwfwefcdk;rsm;udkusqif;aprnfhtpmrsm;udk oifrpm;&yg/

xm0&bk&m;ocifonf EIwfuywfawmfrS rGefjrwfaomtrSef

w&m;rsm;udk xdkuJhodkYaomtajctaersKd;wGif trSwf&apEdkif

awmfrlonf/

rqifjcifaomvlrsm;pGmwdkYonf pdwfydkif;qdkif&m? cE¨mudk,fESifh

pm&dwåqdkif&mcsKdU,Gif;rIrsm;jzifh b0ed*Hk;csKyfcJhMu&ygonf/ cHwGif;

tvdkvdkufrIaemufodkYvdkufygroGm;bJ pmwef\pHkprf;jcif;rsm;udk

&ifqdkifwGef;vSefEd kif&eftvdkYiSm ,ckacwfvlom;rsm;onf

acwftqufqufvlom;rsm;xuf bk&m;ocifxHrSaus;Zl;awmf

ESif htrtprsm;udkawmif;cHMu&ef ydkívdktyfaeMuygonf/

taMumif;rSm touf½SifaexdkifcJhMuorQaomvlom;rsm;wGif

,aeYtouf½SifaeMuolrsm;onf rdrdudk,fudkxdef;csKyfEdkifrIwGif

ydkítm;enf;aeMuygonf/

4T, p. 574 (1881)

tpm;taomufudpörsm;ESifh udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;trI

wdkYwGif &ifqdkif&onfhpHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;rsm;udkwGef;vSef&ef

pdwfcGeftm;½Sdolenf;yg;vSygonf/ olwpfyg;pm;aeonfudk

jrif&aomtcg pm;csifpdwfrsm;udkwm;qD;r&onfhtajctxd

jzpfvmwwfonf/ qmavmifaeonf[kvnf; ¤if;wdkYxifwwf

Muonf/ trSefrSm xdkt&monf trSefwu,fqmavmifjcif;

r[kwfbJ udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;wGif tavhtxr½Sd? pnf;vGwf

0g;vGwfaewwfaompdwf\awmifhwrIomjzpfaewwfygonf/

udk,fudkudk,fxdef;odrf;csKyfwnf;jcif;wHwdkif;rsm;udk ½kwfw&uf

csufcsif;BuD; tm;enf;ûydvJroGm;apoifhygacs/ xdkaMumifh

½Sifaygvku ]]igonf olwpfyg;udka[majymNyD; udk,fwdkif qHk;½IH;ol

wpfOD;jzpfroGm;ap&ef ig\cEmudk,fudk wif;usyfaomxdef;csKyfrI

wpfckatmufwGifxm;½Sdonf}} [k zGifhqdkcJhzl;ygonf/


DF- 17

Letter 324, 1905.

tpmudktcsdefrSefrSefpm;yg[laomowif;pum;udk oifhxH

ta&mufydkY&ef uREfkyftm; xm0&bk&m;ocifrdefYrSmawmfrlxm;

ygonf/ tpmpm;&mwGif usifhoHk;aeaomtusifhqdk;rsm;tm;jzifh

oifonf ukd,hfudkudk,f'ku©a&mufatmifvkyfaeygonf/ t&om

½Sdaompm;aomufzG,f&mrsm;jzifh wnfcif;auR;arG;aom rdwfaqG

rsm;\{nfhcHyGJwdkif;odkYwufa&mufjcif;onfvnf; tEÅ&m,f½SdvS

ygonf/ tpmaMucsufrIudkrxdcdkufap&ef tpmpm;onfhtcg

wdkif;wGif tpm (2) rsKd; (3) rsKd;cefYudkoHk;aqmifEdkifonfudk

oifodxm;ygonf/ xdkaMumifh {nfhcHyGJrsm;wGif tpm;tpm

trsKd;rsKd;udkwnfcif;xm;onfhwdkif oifhwifhavsmufywfpGmpm;oHk;

oifhygonf/ oifonf opöm½Sdaomuif;apmifhjzpfvQif þudpö

wGif oifhwifhavsmufywfpGmpm;oHk;ygvdrfhrnf/ wnfcif;{nfhcH

xm;aomt&mrsm;rS tpmaMucsufrIudkxdcdkufaponfhtpmrsm;udk

pm;oHk;rdcJhvQifvnf; cHpm;&rnfhqdk;usKd;rsm;twGuf rnfolYudkrQ

oiftjypfrwifoifhygacs/ usef;rma&;udktaxmuftulûyrnfh

tpm;tpmrsm;udkoma½G;cs,fpm;oHk;&ef oifudk,fwdkifqHk;jzwf

csufcszdkY xm0&bk&m;ocifarQmfvifhawmfrlygonf/

c&pfawmftm;jzifhatmifyGJqifjcif;

CTBH, p. 19 (1890)

c&pfawmfonf tpm;taomufESifhqdkifonfhwdkufvSefyGJ

wGif atmifyGJqifawmfrlcJh&m uREfkyfwdkYonfvnf; udk,fawmfxHrS

trSeftwdkif;aqmif½Guf0HhonfhowådtwGufar;cGef;wpfck

2T, p. 374 (1870)

rnfa½GUrnfrQompm;oifhonf[k tjcm;olwpfOD;u

oifhudkajymjyzdkYvdkonf[k tcsKdUolrsm;txif½SdMuonf/ trSefrSm

xdkodkYrjzpfoifhyg/ uREfkyfwdkYonf bmoma&;ESifhudk,fusifhw&m;

qdkif&m½IaxmifhrSMunfhum pm;aomufMu&efjzpfygonf/ rysufpD;

Edkifonfhaumif;uifEdkifiH½SdOD;&pfo&zlonf uREfkyfwdkYtwGuf

jyifqifNyD;jzpfaomaMumifh t&mcyfodrf;wdkYwGif oifhwifhavsmufywf

pGmuREfkyfwdkYpm;aomufMu&efjzpfonf/ tcktcsdefrSm c&pf,mef

nDtpfudkarmifESrrsm;udk uREfkyfajymcsifonfht&mrSm uREfkyfudk

ay;tyfxm;onfhwm0efudkxrf;aqmifum udk,fhudkudk,fxdef;csKyf

&ef uREfkyfrSm trSefudkaqmif½Guf0Hhonfhowåd½SdaeNyDqdkonfh

tcsufyifjzpfygonf/ tjcm;olwpfOD;tay:rSm wm0efawGyHkcs

vdkonfhqE´uREfkyfrSmr½Sdyg/ oifrsm;rsm;pm;rdvQif oifom'ku©

a&mufrnf/ xdkaMumifh rnfonfht&mudk rnfa½GUrnfrQpm;ae

onfqdkonfhtcsufudk qifjcifoHk;oyfyg/ bk&m;ocifa½SUawmfrSm

aemifw&p&mrvdkbJ pdwfMunfMunfvifvifjzifh oifhtwGuf

taumif;qHk;jzpfonfhtpmrsm;udkom oifhwifhpGmpm;oHk;yg/

uREfkyfwdkYvlBuD;vli,ftm;vHk;udk pHkprf;jcif;rSuif;a0;onfhtae

txm;wGifa&muf½SdzdkY uREfkyfwdkYarQmfvifh,HkMunfjcif;r½Sdyg/

uREfkyfwdkY\a½SUwGif wdkufvSefyGJwpfckck½SdaeNrJjzpf&m pmwefzefwD;

aomxdkpHkprf;jcif;udk wGef;vSef&ifqdkif&efomjzpfonf/ xdkwdkufvSefyGJ

udk&ifqdkifEdkif&ef uREfkyfwdkYüwefcdk;½Sdyg&Jhvm;[laomtcsufudk

uREfkyfwdkYodcsifMuvdrfhrnf/


tcef;BuD; (9)

tcsdefrSefrSeftpmpm;jcif;

tpmpm;onfhtBudrfaygif; - tydkif; (1)

tpmtdrfudktem;ay;&efvdktyfjcif;

tpmtdrfudk txl;*½kpdkufMu&ygrnf/ ¤if;t*Fgtpdwf

tydkif;udk qufwdkufBuD;tvkyfrrsm;apbJ tem;ay;onfhtcsdef

vnf;½Sd&ygrnf/ uREfkyfwdkYpm;vdkufaomtpmudk tpmtdrfu

aMucsufay;NyD;onfhaemuf aemufxyftpmrsm;udkaMucsufay;&ef

tpmcsufonfht&nfrsm;udk obm0udk tvHktavmufrxkwf

ay;rD rnfonfhtpmudkrQrpm;ygESifh/ tpmwpfckESifhwpfckudk (5)

em&Djcm;ípm;oifhygonf/ þt&mudkusifhoHk;&ef tcuftcJ

½SdrnfqdkvQif wpfaeYvQif tpm (3) Budrfpm;jcif;xuf (2)

Budrfpm;oHk;jcif;u ydkíaumif;ygonf[k pdwfxJwGifrSwfom;

xm;oifhygonf/

eHeufpmudkAdkufjynfhatmifpm;yg

Letter 3, 1884.

eHeufpmudk tqmajyavmufompm;wwfonfrSm

vltrsm;pk\tavhtxwpfckjzpfaeygonf/ þtusifhonf

tpmtdrftwGuf taumif;qHk;aomt&mr[kwfyg/ eHeufydkif;

wGif aeYv,fESifhnaeydkif;xuf tpmrsm;rsm;pm;zdkYvdktyfygonf/

eHeufpmudktqmajyompm;NyD; npmudkrsm;rsm;pm;jcif;onf

cGeftm;rsm;udk&,lum atmifyGJqifEdkifMuygonf/ a½TûrdUawmfxJodkY

rnfolrsm;0ifa&mufpdk;pHMuvdrfhrnfenf;/ cHwGif;awmifhwrI\

xdk;ESufrIudkrwGef;vSefEdkifyg[kzGifhqdkolrsm;onf EdkifiHawmfodkY

r0ifpm;Mu&acs/ c&pfawmfonf uREfkyfwdkYtm; xdef;csKyfxm;

aompmwef\wefcdk;udk ûzdcGif;awmfrlcJhonf/ &ufaygif; (40)

vHk;vHk;tpma½SmifcJhojzifh tm;tifcsnfheJYaeonfhMum;rS udk,fawmf

onf pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;rsm;udkwGef;vSefawmfrlcJh&m uREfkyfwdkY

onf arQmfvifhcsufrJholrsm;r[kwfonfudk xdktcsufuxif½Sm;

apygonf/ rdrdwdkY\cGeftm;jzifh atmifyGJrqifEdkifonfudk uREfkyfwdkY

odxm;Mu&m tultnDay;&ef qE´jyif;jypGmjzifh tqifoifh

apmifhpm;aeaomu,fwif½Sifwpfyg; uREfkyfwdkYü½Sdonfqdkonfh

tcsufrSm aus;Zl;wifp&maumif;vSygonf/

MH, p. 176 (1905)

xm0&wefcdk;awmfESifhjynhfpHkum rpulnD&ef qE´jyif;jy

awmfrlaom xm0&bk&m;ocifESifhyl;aygif;pnf;vHk;onfhtm;enf;

olwdkif;twGuf oefY½Sif;rGefjrwfaomtoufwmESifh cHwGif;tvdk

vdkufrItay:atmifyGJqifaomtoufwmonf jzpfEdkifaomt&m

wpfckjzpfonf/

ÀÀÀ

262cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkxdef;csKyfjcif; 261

tBudrfrsm;rsm;vGefMuL;pGmwpfaeYvHk;pm;oHk;jcif;aMumifh tpmtdrf

onf tBuD;tus,fEGrf;&doGm;aomtcsdefwGifjzpfay:vmaom

cHpm;csufwpfckyifjzpfonf/ tpmtdrfonf yifyef;EGrf;&daeNyD

jzpfojzifh ukefcef;oGm;aomtm;tifrsm;udk jyefvnf&½Sdap&ef

tem;,lzdkYvdkygonf/ xdkaMumifh pm;oHk;vdkufonfhtpmrsm;udk

aMucsufjcif;tvkyfudkvkyfaqmifNyD;aemuf vHkavmufaomtem;,l

jcif;ukefqHk;rSom aemufxyftpmpm;oHk;oifhygonf/ wpfaeYwm

twGif;pm;oHk;onfh wwd,tBudrfpm;oHk;jcif;onf awmf½Hkwef½Hk

omjzpfoifhNyD; tdyf&mr0ifrD em&Drsm;pGmapmoifhygonf/

odkYapumrl vlrsm;pGmwdkY\tpmtdrfrsm;onf tv[ó

EGrf;&drIrsm;aMumifh nnf;wGm;aeMuygonf/ tpmtdrfudk wpfaeYvHk;

tvkyfrsm;ap½Hkomru ntdyfcsdefrsm;wGifvnf; tvkyfay;vsuf

½Sdygonf/ xdkaMumifh tdyfrufqdk;rsm;udk wpfnvHk;jrifrufap

½Hkomru eHeuftdyf&mxvmaomtcgwGifvnf; rtDrom

jzpfaewwfMuygonf/ EGrf;vsum cHwGif;rsm;vnf;ysufaewwf

Muygonf/ cEmudk,fwpfckvHk;wGif tiftm;csnfheJYaeoa,mifcHpm;

ae&wwfygonf/ tem;r&aomtpmtdrfonf tcsdefwdktwGif;

rSmyif tm;tifukefcef;oGm;ygonf/ þonfrSm rnfuJhodkYpGJuyf

vmrSef;rodonfh tpmraMua&m*g\Zmpfjrpfyifjzpfonf/

taMumif;wpfckaMumifh tusKd;w&m;onf xif½Sm;vmacsNyD/

þtusifhqdk;udk ESpf½Snfvrsm;usifhoHk;rdygvQif usef;rma&;rSm

tBuD;tus,fnhHzsif;oGm;ayvdrfhrnf/ cE¨mudk,fwGif;½SdaoG;rsm;

onf npfnrf;vmrnf/ tom;ta&rsm;ajcmufaoGUvmrnf/

ta&jym;uGJtufrIrsm;jzpfay:vmrnf/ rMumcPAdkufatmifhjcif;

rSm;,Gif;aomtusifhwpfckjzpfonf/ oif\eHeufpmonf

wpfaeYwmtwGuf taumif;qHk;tpmjzpfygap/

aemufusrSpm;aomnpm

MH, p. 304 (1905)

txdkifrsm;olrsm;twGuf aemufusrSpm;aomnpmonf

usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaponf/ ¤if;wdkYüjzpfay:vmonfht[efY

twm;rsm;onf aojcif;odkYwdkifydkYaqmifrnfha&m*g\tpyifjzpf

ygonf/

wpfcgwpf&HwGif qmavmifrGwfodyfovdkvdk &ifxJwGif

cHpm;&wwfygonf/ trSefrSm xdkt&monf wpfaeYvHk;vGefusL;

pGmpm;xm;rdjcif;aMumifh jzpfay:vmaomcHpm;rIwpfckjzpfonf/

tpmwpfcgpm;NyD;wdkif; tpmtdrfudkvHkavmufpGmtem;ay;zdkYvdktyf

ygonf/ tpmwpfckESifhwpfcktMum; tenf;qHk; (5)em&D

(odkYr[kwf) (6)em&Djcm;oifhygonf/ wpfaeYvQif xrif; (3)eyf

pm;jcif;xuf (2) eyfpm;jcif;u ydkíaumif;ygonf/

H to L, ch. 1, pp. 55-57 (1865)

vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf tdyf&m0ifcgeD;tpmpm;jcif;wnf;[laom

tusifhqdk;wpfckudk usifhoHk;wwfMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf wpfaeYvQif

xrif; (3) cgpm;olrsm;jzpfaomfvnf; qmavmifonf[k

txif½Sdaomtcsdefrsm;wGif pwkw¬tBudrfxyfpm;wwfMuygonf/

xdkuJhodkYBudrfzefrsm;pGmusifhrdvmvQif aemufydkif;wGif xrif;rpm;bJ

tdyf&mr0ifwwfMuawmhacs/ qmovdkvdkcHpm;&wdkif; trSefwu,f

qmavmifjcif;jzpfonfr[kwfyg/ tm[m&rjzpfonfhtpmrsm;udk

264 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftcsdefrSefrSeftpmpm;jcif; 263

xdcdkufaprnfhtpmrsm;udkajccsufvsuf rjcm;rvyftoHk;csrIudk

cH&aomaMumifh yifyef;tm;avsmhvmygawmhonf/ em;csdefr&bJ

pOfqufrjywftpmajcae&ojzifh tpmtdrftm;enf;vmum

cPcPtpmpm;csifaompdwfESifh EGrf;vsrIrsm;udkcHpm;&apygonf/

xdka0'emrsm;udkukpm;&eftwGuf tpmpm;onfhtBudrfta&twGuf

udkavsmhvdkufyg/ tpmtwdkif;tqudkvnf;avsmhvdkufyg/ ½dk;½dk;

tpmrsm;udkompm;yg/ wpfaeYvQif (2) Budrfavmufomtpm

pm;yg/ (3) BudrfxufrydkygapESifh/ tpmtdrftwGuftvkyfvkyf

&rnfhtcsdefESifh em;&rnfhtcsdefrsm;udk yHkrSefjzpfapyg/ tcsdeftcg

r[kwfpm;jcif;rsm;onf usef;rma&;udkxdcd kufapygonf/

oifhwifhavsmufywfaomtpmrsm;udk tcsdefrSefrSefpm;oHk;jcif;

tm;jzifh tpmtdrfonf wjznf;jznf;jyefvnfaumif;rGefvmyg

vdrfhrnf/

R & H, May 8, 1883.

wpfaeYvQif (8) Budrfpm;csifvmatmifvnf; uREfkyfwdkY\

0rf;udkusifh,lvdkY&ygonf/ usifhxm;onfhtwdkif; pm;ray;vQif

qmovdkvdk? 0rf;[maeovdkcHpm;vm&ygvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif

Budrfzefrsm;pGmpm;aomufjcif;twGuf aqG;aEG;p&mrvdkavmuf

atmif ½Sif;vif;aeygonf/

wpfaeY (2) Budrfxrif;pm;jcif;

Ed., p. 205 (1903)

wpfaeY (2) Budrfxrif;pm;jcif;onf (3) Budrfxrif;pm;

jcif;xuf ydkíaumif;ygonf/ npmudkapmípm;vQif eHeufpm

a0'emudkcHpm;vm&rnf/ tvkyfvkyfpOfwGif rMumcP&yfem;

&onftxd Adkufatmifha0'emudkcHpm;vmMu&vdrfhrnf/

xdka0'em\t&if;tjrpfESifha0'emukoenf;

wpfaeYxrif; (3) Budrfpm;olrsm;onf wpfaeY (2)

Budrfomajymif;vJpm;oHk;vmaomtcgwGif wwd,tBudrfpm;csdef

wdkif;ü AdkufxJrSmqmovdkvdkcHpm;Mu&vdrhfrnf/ ZGJ½Sd½SdESifh xdkcHpm;

csufudkonf;cHvdkufvQif xdka0'emonf aysmufuif;oGm;yg

vdrfhrnf/

uREfkyfwdkYvJavsmif;tem;,laomtcsdefrsm;wGif cEmudk,f\

tjcm;tpdwftydkif;rsm;tem;,lcGifh&ovdk tpmtdrfvnf; tem;,l

cGifh&oifhygonf/ tdyfpuftem;,laomtcsdefwGif tpmcsufjcif;

tvkyfudkvnf; &yfqdkif;xm;oifhygonf/ vGefMuL;pGmpm;oHk;

wwfonfhyk*¾dKvfrsm;\tpmtdrfrsm;onf tpmcsufjcif;tvkyfudk

vkyfudkifNyD;onfhtcsdefwGif EGrf;vspûyvmNyDjzpfojzifh armyef;

ovdkvdkcHpm;csufudkjzpfay:apwwfygonf/ tpmpm;oHk;&efvdk

aomaMumifh xdkcHpm;csufjzpfay:aeonf[k vltrsm;txifrSm;

aewwfMuonf/ xdkaMumifh tpmtdrfudktem;ray;awmhbJ

tpmrsm;jzifh ydkíjznfhwwfMuygonf/ xdkodkYtpmpm;vdkufaom

tcsdefwGif armyef;ovdkvdkcHpm;csufvnf; aysmufuG,foGm;wwf

ygonf/ xdkodkYjzifh cHwGif;tvdkudkydkívdkufavav? tmom&r®uf

ydkíjyif;jyavavjzpfvmygawmhonf/ xdkarmyef;ovdkvdkcHpm;rI

onf tom;pm;jcif;? tBudrfBudrftpmpm;jcif;ESifh vGefuJpGm

pm;jcif;wdkY\&v'fjzpfygonf/ tpmtdrfonf usef;rma&;udk


udk,fhudkudk,fxdef;csKyfwwfatmifavhusifhyg/ usKd;aMumif;

qifjcifí cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;udkcsKyfwnf;yg/ {nfhonf½Sdaom

tcsdefrsm;wGifrl usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaprnfhtpmrsm;jzifh oifhpm;yGJ

udkjyifqifoifhonf[kr,lqygESifh/ oifh{nfhonfrsm;\tavh

txESif hcHwGif;awGUrIrsm;udk oifpOf;pm;oHk;oyfoifhovdk

oifhrdom;pkusef;rma&;ESifh oifhom;orD;rsm;tay:usa&mufonfh

oif\MoZmoufa&mufrIrsm;udkvnf; pOf;pm;oHk;oyfoifhygonf/

4T, p. 574 (1881)

wwd,tBudrfajrmuf xrif;BuD;pm;aeonfhyk*¾dKvfrsm;udk

jrif&aomtcsdefwGif wcsKdUyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf tda`Er&avmufatmif

jzpfvmwwfMuonf/ qmavmifvmonf[kvnf; ¤if;wdkYxifjrif

vmwwfMuonf/ trSefrSmxdkcHpm;rIonf tpmtdrfu tpmudk

awmifhwrIwpfckr[kwfbJ txdef;tuGyfrJhaompdwf\awmifhwrI

wpfckomjzpfaeygonf/

pdwfqdk;vG,frIudkukpm;enf;

tpfudkBuD;[mrlonf yHkrSeftwdkif;r[kwfonfudkawGU&

onf/ ¤if;onf êudufonfht&mudktxl;OD;pm;ay;ovdk rêuduf

onfht&mudkrl wl;wl;cg;cg;rkef;wwfygonf/ rdrd\cHpm;rIudk

usKd;aMumif;qifjcifrIatmufwGifxm;avhr½Sdyg/ êudufonfhtpm

udk tvGeftuRHpm;oHk;jcif;ESifh tcsdefrSefrpm;oHk;jcif;rsm;aMumifh

ol\usef;rma&;onf txl;xdcdkufaeygonf/ þtcsufrsm;

onf OD;aESmufxJü aoG;pk&jcif;\yifrtaMumif;&if;rsm;jzpf

pm;xm;onfhtpmrsm;aMucsufjcif;udk taESmifht,Sufay;Edkif

ouJhodkY aemufusrSpm;jyefvQifvnf; tdyf&mr0ifrD tpmaMu

Edkifrnfr[kwfacs/ xdkaMumifh tpmtdrfonf vHkavmufaom

tem;r&jcif;? ESpfûcdufpGmtdyfraysmfjcif;? tm½HkaMumESifhOD;aESmuf

rsm;xdkif;rIdif;jcif;? eHeufpmpm;&ef cHwGif;rvdkufjcif;? rvef;rqef;

jzpfjcif;ESifh tvkyfvkyfudkif&ef oGufoGufvufvufr½Sdjcif;rsm;udk

jzpfapEdkifygonf/

MH, p. 321 (1905)

wpfaeYxrif; (2) Budrfpm;jcif;onf usef;rma&;udk

taxmuftulûyonfrSmrSefaomfjim;vnf; wcsKdUtajctaersm;

wGif wpfaeY (3) Budrfpm;zdkYvdktyfaumif; vdktyfvmvdrfhrnf/

xdkuJhodkYaomtajctaersKd;wGif tpmaMuvG,fonfhtpmrsm;udk

wwd,tBudrfwGifpm;oifhygonf/ bDpuGwf? opfoD;0vHrsm;

ESifh auGumtkyfuJhodkYaomtpmrsm;onf xdkodkYaomnpmtwGuf

toifhavsmfqHk;jzpfygonf/

(CTBH, p. 58) CH, p. 156 (1890)

vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf xrif; (2) Budrfompm;onfhtwGuf

usef;rma&;ydkrdkaumif;rGefaeMupOfwGif wcsKdUyk*¾dKvfrsm;rSm tajc

taetrsKd;rsKd;aMumifh (3) Budrfpm;zdkYvdktyfaumif; vdktyfMu

vdrfhrnf/ tu,fí wwd,tBudrfpm;rnfqdkvQifvnf;

tenf;i,fompm;oifhMuygonf/ yHkaoum;csyfr,lqoifhygacs/

]igvkyfovdk vlwdkif;vkyf&rnf} [k r,lqoifhMuygacs/

usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaprnfhtpmrsm;udk rnfonfhtcgrQ

rpm;ygESifh/ tpm;MuL;jcif;jzifh tpmtdrfudkrxdcdkufapygESifh/


Letter 200, (1902)

wpfaeYvQif xrif;BuD; 2 cgompm;yg/ wcsKdUrSm

wwd,tBudrftpmpm;wwfaomfvnf; tpmaMuvG,faom

tpmrsm;udkoma½G;cs,fum owdynm½SdpGmpm;wwfMuonf/

¤if;wdkYudk (2) Budrfompm;&ef wm;jrpfaomtcg xdkajymif;vJrI

twGuf ¤if;wdkYjyif;xefpGmcHpm;Mu&onf/

prf;oyfcsufwpfckr[kwfyg

Letter 30, 1903.

uREfkyfonf wpfaeYxrif; (2) Budrfompm;ygonf/

wpfaeYvQif xrif;tBudrfrnfrQpm;onfqdkonfhtcsufonf

prf;oyfcsufwpfckjzpfonf[k uREfkyfrxifyg/ wpfaeYxrif;

(3) Budrfpm;ojzifh usef;rma&;ydkrdkaumif;vmolrsm;onf

wpfaeY (3) Budrf pm;zdkYtcGifhta&;½Sdaeygonf/ uREfkyfonf

wpfaeYxrif; (2) Budrfpm;&efa½G;cs,fcJhygonf/ 35 ESpfvHk;vHk;

vnf; usifhoHk;cJhNyD;jzpfygonf/

oifwef;ausmif;rsm;wGif wpfaeYxrif; (2) Budrf

pm;apjcif;aMumifh jzpfay:vmaomtjiif;yGm;zG,f&v'frsm;

Letter 141, 1899.

tpmESifhpyfvsOf;onfhar;cGef;onf wpfzufpGef;a&mufvm

onf[k vltrsm;utxifa&mufaeygonf/ þausmif;

(Avondale) wGif ynmoifMum;aeMuaomausmif;olausmif;om;

rsm;onf pdwfa&mudk,fygyifyef;Muonfjzpf&m wwd,tBudrf

onf/ pdwfESvHk;onf ½IyfaxG;vmNyD; olYudk,folxdef;csKyfEdkif

jcif;r½Sdawmhyg/ olonf pdwfazgufjyefolwpfOD;ES,fjzpfvmyg

onf/ vIyf½Sm;rIrsm;onf jrefqefvGef;vmonf/ pdwfqdk;vG,f

vmonf/ jriforQudkyHkBuD;csJUvmonf/ tjrifrSm;vmonf/

tjyifwGifavhusifhcef;rsm;rsm;vkyfjcif;ESifh tpmûcd;jcHjcif;onf

omvQif ol\usef;rma&;twGuf r½Sdrjzpfvdktyfaomt&mjzpf

vmonf/ olonf wpfaeYvQif xrif; (2) Budrfxufydkí

rpm;oifhacs/ ntcsdefwGif pm;csifpdwfay:vmvQif azsmf&nf

wpfcGufavmufaomufoifhygonf/ xdkodkYûyvQif eHeufrdk;aomuf

aomtcg vef;qef;aeygvdrfhrnf/

xrif; (3) Budrfrpm;&[k

rnfolYudkrQtwif;tusyfrwdkufwGef;ygESifh

Letter 145, 1901.

þudpöESifhywfoufí twif;tusyfcdkif;aprIrsm;udk

a½Smif½Sm;oifhygonf/ wpfaeYxrif; 2 Budrfpm;jcif;onf (3)

Budrfpm;jcif;xuf usef;rma&;udktaxmuftulay;onfqdkonfudk

azmfjyoifhygaomfvnf; ZGwftwif;BuD;tvkyfrcdkif;oifhygacs/

oabmaygufatmifajymum qGJaqmifjcif;onf twif;tusyf

cdkif;apjcif;xuf ydkíoifhavsmfygonf/

aeYwmwdkaomtcsdefumvrsm;wGif þowif;pum;udk

wifjy&ef ydkíoifhavsmfygonf/ aeYwmwdkvmonfESifhtrQ

npmpm;jcif;onfvnf; ydkíaemufusvmwwf&m wwd,tBudrf

xrif;pm;jcif;onf vdktyfawmhrnfr[kwfacs/


qdkygpdkY/ tpmtdrfonf tpmopftwGuf tqifoifhjzpfvdrfhOD;rnf

r[kwfacs/ taMumif;rSm pm;NyD;om;tpmrsm;udkaMucsufNyD;OD;rnf

r[kwfacs/ xdkaMumifh tpmopfudkaMucsuf&ef tiftm;tjynfh

r½SdEdkifao;acs/ þenf;tm;jzifh tpmtdrfonf tm;enf;EGrf;vs

vmygawmhonf/

tvkyfNyD;&eftwGufaomfvnf;aumif;? tajctaetrsKd;rsKd;

aMumifhaomfvnf;aumif; tpmudk 1 em&D (odkYr[kwf) 2 em&D

aemufusNyD;rpm;oifhacs/ pm;aeustcsdefa&mufvmvQif tpmtdrf

onf tpmudkawmifhwaeayrnf/ tpmpm;&efMuefYMumaevQif

t"duwm0ef,ltpmcsufaeaomt*Fgrsm;\pGrf;aqmifrIrsm;

usqif;oGm;Edkif½Hkomru aemufqHk;wGif cHwGif;ygysufoGm;Edkif

ygonf/ xdktcsdefa&mufrS tpmpm;vdkufrnfqdkvQif tpmtdrf

onf 0ifvmaomtpmopfrsm;udk aumif;rGefpGmaMucsufEdkif

awmhrnfr[kwfacs/ t"dyÜg,frSm xdktpmrsm;onf aumif;aom

aoG;tqifhodkYajymif;vJypfEdkifawmhrnfr[kwfacs/

vltaygif;wdkYonf Mum;wGif oa&pmrpm;bJ tcsdef

rSefrSefxrif;pm;MurnfqdkvQif xrif;pm;aomtcsdefwGif Nrdef,Suf

rnfomru pm;vdkufaomtpmrsm;onfvnf; tm;jzpfvmyg

vdrhfrnf/

MH, pp. 303-304 (1905)

tcsdefrSefrSefxrif;pm;jcif;onf tvGefta&;ygvSygonf/

xrif;pm;csdefrsm;udk wdwdususowfrSwfxm;um tcsdefa&muf

vmvQif tpmtdrfrSawmif;qdkaeonfhtpmrsm;udk pm;oHk;Muyg/

aemufwpfBudrfxrif;BuD;rpm;rD rnfonfhtpmudkrSrpm;ygESifh/

xrif;pm;jcif;twGuf uefYuGufrIudkz,f½Sm;ypf&ygrnf/

xdkodkYûyvQif rw&m;tqHk;jzwfcH&onf[k txif½SdMuzdkYrvdkawmh

acs/ odkY&mwGif todpdwftm;jzifh wpfaeYxrif; (2) Budrf

pm;olrsm;taejzifh ¤if;wdkY\tavhtxudkajymif;vJ&efrvdkygacs/

wcsKdUq&mrsm;ESifhausmif;om;rsm;onf pmoifcef;xJwGif

tpmpm;Mujcif;t&monf aumif;aomyHkoufaor[kwfyg/

tpmpm;aomufjcif;ESifhywfoufí wajy;nDnDvkyfaqmifoifh

Muygonf/ wwd,tBudrfxrif;pm;zdkYrvdkawmhatmif 'kwd,

tBudrfpm;&mwGif vHkavmufatmifpm;&rnf[k wpfaeY 2 cg

xrif;pm;olrsm;u,lqMuvQif ¤if;wdkYonf rdrdwdkY\tpmtdrf

udkxdcdkufapMuvdrfhrnf/ xdkaMumifh ½dk;½dk;tpm;tpmjzpfaom

toD;tESHESifhaygifrkefYrsm;udk wwd,tBudrfpm;aomtpmtjzpf

ausmif;om;rsm;tm; pm;cGifhûyMuyg/

xrif;pm;csdefrsm;tMum;pm;aomufjcif; - tydkif; (2)

yHkrSefpm;aomufjcif;\ta&;ygyHk

yHkrSeftwdkif;xrif;BuD;pm;NyD;wdkif; (5) em&DcefYtpmrpm;bJ

aeoifhonf/ aemufwpfBudrfxrif;BuD;rpm;rD rnfonfhtpmudkrQ

rpm;oifhacs/ xrif;BuD; (2) BudrftMum; xdkuJhodkYtpma½Smif

xm;jcif;jzifh tpmaMucsufrIudk tjynfht0vkyfaqmifNyD;pD;ap

rnfhtjyif xrif;pm;aomtcgwGifvnf; ydkíNrdef,Sufaponf/

xrif;udk tcsdefrSefrSefpm;yg/ tu,fí npmudk pm;aeus

tcsdefxuf (1) em&D (odkYr[kwf) (2) em&Dapmípm;rdonf


rsm;jzpfonf/ ]'dkYtwGuf'dkYpm;wmyJ} qdkNyD; rnfonfht&mudkrQ

ta&;rxm;Muacs/ xrif;udkrMumcPpm;um pm;csdefaomufcsdef

udkvnf; ta&;rxm;Muawmhacs/ xdkuJhodkYaompDrHrInHhzsif;jcif;

aMumifh tdrfom;wdkif; rusef;rrmjzpfaeMuonf/ ¤if;jyif xdkuJhodkY

{nfhonfrsm;twGuf tpmjyifqifjcif;onf tdrfom;rsm;twGuf

tjypfusL;vGef&ma&mufap½Hkomru tm[m&r½Sdaomtpmrsm;jzifh

tdrfom;rsm;auR;arG;jcif;onf rSm;,Gif;rIwpf&yfjzpfonf/

2T, p. 373 (1869)

tvif;w&m;&½Sdxm;onfh oifwdkYxJrStrsm;pkonf

xrif;BuD; (2) ESyftMum;wGif oa&pmrsm;pm;aeonfudk

awGU&ojzifh uREfkyfthHtm;oifhrdygonf/ xdktcsdefydkif;wGif wpfvkwf

wavaomrnfonfhtpmudkrQ oifrpm;oifhacs/ pm;oifhaom

tpmrsm;udk xrif;BuD;rsm;pm;aomtcsdefwGifompm;oifhygonf/

(CTBH, p. 50) CH, p. 118 (1890)

vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf &½Sdxm;aomtvif;w&m;ESifhtodynm

rsm;udkausmcdkif;um toufwmudktepfemcHvsuf yg;pyft&om

cHaeMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf qGJaqmifrIudk&ifqdkif[efYwm;&ef

pdwfwefcdk;rsm;tm;enf;aeMu&m tpmtdrfutpmtvdkr½Sdaom

tcsdefrsm;wGif tpmtdrfxJodkY tpmrsm;udkxnfhoGif;aeMuonf/

xdkaMumifh rw&m;tcdkif;cHxm;&aomtpmtdrfESifhywfoufonfh

a&m*ga0'emrsm;udkcHpm;aeMu&onf/ tcsdefrSefrSefpm;aomuf

jcif;onf cE¨mudk,fusef;rmjcif;ESifh pdwfESvHk;Nidrfoufjcif;rsm;udk

&½Sd&ef ta&;ygaomt&mjzpfonf/ xrif;BuD; (2) cgtMum;

wGif rnfonfhtpmwpfvkwfwavudkrQ rpm;oifhygacs/

pdwfwefcdk;tm;enf;olrsm;onf rdrdwdkY\tvdkqErsm;udk rwGef;vSef

EdkifaomaMumifh Mum;tcsdefrsm;wGif tpmrsm;udkpm;rdwwfMu

onf/ txl;ojzifh c&D;oGm;aomtcsdefrsm;wGif wcsKdUyk*¾dKvf

rsm;onf awGUorQtpmrsm;udk tqufrjywfpm;wwfMuygonf/

c&D;oGm;aeolrsm;onf yHkrSeftcsdeftwdkif; ½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udk

pm;oGm;MurnfqdkvQif armyef;EGrf;e,frIrsm;uif;a0;Muvdrfhrnf/

tzsm;temrsm;vnf; uif;pifMuvdrfhrnf/

MH, p. 384 (1905)

tcsdefrSefrSeftpmpm;jcif;udk *½kwpdkufusifhoHk;oifhygonf/

xrif;pmcsdefrsm;tMum;wGif rnfonfhopfoD;0vH? oa&pm

rsm;udkrQrpm;oifhygacs/ tcsdefrSefrSeftpmrpm;jcif;onf tpm

aMucsufonfht*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;udk txl;xdcdkufapum usef;rm

aysmf½TifrIudkysufpD;apygonf/ uav;i,frsm;onf tm[m&ESifh

jynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;udk cHwGif;rawGUwwfbJ ¤if;wdkY\usef;rma&;

udkxdcdkufaprnfhtpmrsm;udkom ¤if;wdkYcHwGif;vdkufwwfMuygonf/

2T, p. 485 (1870)

þrdom;pkü tpm;taomufESifhywfoufí pnf;urf;

r½SdbJ pm;csifonfhtcsdefrSm êudufovdkpm;aeMuonf/ tm[m&

½Sdaomtpmrsm;udkjyifqifum tcsdefrSefrSefpm;oHk;jcif;jzifh usef;rm

aysmf½TifMu&rnfhtpm; a0'emrsm;udkcHpm;aeMu&onf/ ¤if;wdkY

onf tjcm;rdom;pkrsm;enf;wl {nfhonfrsm;udkzdwfac:um

pm;zG,faomufzG,frsm;udkjyifqifum tpm;MuL;aeMuonf/

rSm;,Gif;aomtpmrsm;udkjyifqifum {nfhcHaeMuonf/ jyifqif

xm;onfhtpmrsm;onf tm[m&enf;yg;onfh nHhzsif;aomtpm


DF- 18

pdwf½Snfvuf½Snfavhusifhynmay;&rnfhtpm; rsm;pGmaomrdb

rsm;onf rdrdwdkY\om;orD;rsm;udk êudufovdkpm;aomufcGifhûy

xm;Muygonf/ cHwGif;awmifhwrIESifh twåjyif;xefonfhusifhMuH

pm;aomufjcif;rsm;onf rSefuefpGmxdef;csKyfray;vQif cGefESifh

tm;ESifhBuD;xGm;&ifhoefvmMuvdrfhrnf/

R & H, July 29, 1884.

wpfaeYvQif (3) Budrfxrif;pm;jcif;onf vltrsm;pk\

tavhtxwpfckuJhodkYjzpfaeygonf/ Mum;tcsdefrsm;wGifvnf;

oa&pmpm;wwfMu½Hkomru wwd,teyfudk tdyf&mr0ifrD

uav;wGif tm;&yg;&pm;wwfMuygonf/ xdktusifhonf

trSefwu,fusifhaqmif&rnfht&mESifhajymif;jyefjzpfaeygonf/

trSefrSm tm;&yg;&pm;onfhxrif;0dkif;onf wpfaeYwm\

wwd,xrif;0dkif;rjzpfoifhygacs/ vltrsm;onf xdktusifhudk

jyifum wpfaeYvQif (2) Budrfomxrif;BuD;pm;rnfqdkvQif

vnf;aumif;? Mum;tcsdefrsm;wGif rnfonfht&mrQrpm;vQif

aomfvnf;aumif; ¤if;wdkY\usef;rma&;onf txl;wdk;wufum

cHwGif;aumif;vmrnfudkawGU&ygvdrfhrnf/

R & H, July 29, 1884

wcsKdUrSm c&D;oGm;pOfwGif awGUorQ? jriforQudktquf

rjywfpm;aewwfygonf/ þtusifhonf tvGefqdk;½Gm;vSyg

onf/ todw&m;uif;rJhaomwd&pämefrsm;onf xdktusifhrsKd;udk

temw&rjzpfbJ usifhoHk;Edkifaumif;usihfoHk;EdkifMurnfjzpfaomf

vnf; bk&m;ocifESifhvlom;rsm;twGuf toHk;ûyoifhaompdwf

wefcdk;udkydkifqdkifxm;ol? todw&m;ESifhjynfhpHkaomvlom;rsm;

2T, p. 374 (1869)

tpmraMuavxdk;avema&m*gjzpf&jcif;\ taMumif;&if;

onf txufygtcsufyifjzpfonf/ tcsdefrSefrSeftpmpm;&rnfh

tpm; pm;csifaomtcgwdkif;wGif txdef;tuGyfrJhpm;jcif;aMumifh

tpmraMuavxdk;avema&m*gonfrsm; jzpfvmMu&ygonf/

Health Reformer, May, 1877.

rnfonfhtpmrsKd;udk rnfonfhtcsdefrsm;wGif rnfuJhodkY

pm;jcif;\ta&;ygyHkrsm;udk om;orD;rsm;tm; rsm;aomtm;jzifh

roGefoifwwfMuacs/ udwfrkefY? aygifrkefYESifh axmywfrStp

rsufpdxJwGifjrifavorQtpmrsm;udk pm;csifonfhtcsdefwGif

pm;csifwdkif;pm;&ef om;orD;rsm;tm; rdbrsm;ucGifhûyxm;wwf

ygonf/ tcsKdrsm;udk wpfcsdefvHk;pm;aeojzifh tpm;ykwfrsm;?

avema&m*gonfrsm;jzpfvmMuygonf/ wpfcsdefvHk;tvkyfrsm;

aeaomBudwfqHkBuD;uJhodkYjzpfaeonfh tpmtdrfonfvnf;

tm;enf;vmygonf/ tvkyfydkrsm;udkvkyfaqmifEdkif&ef vdktyf

aomtultnDrsm;twGuf OD;aESmufudkrMumcPtultnD

awmif;&mrS pdwfwefcdk;tpGrf;rsm;vnf;usqif;vmygonf/

obm0rusaomEId;qGrIrsm;? ta&;ygonfhcGeftm;rsm;qkwf,kwf

vmjcif;aMumifh ¤if;wdkYonf xdwfvefYonfha0'em? csKyfwnf;rI

tm;enf;jcif;ESifh pdwfqdk;vG,fjcif; ponfhraumif;aomt&m

rsm;udkjzpfay:cHpm;vmMu&ygonf/

3T, p. 364 (1875)

udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;tusifhESifh bk&m;ocifay;oem;

awmfrlonfhaumif;csD;rsm;udk rSefrSefuefueftoHk;ûywwfatmif


tcef;BuD; (10)

tpma½Smifjcif;? cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;

jiif;qefjcif;tm;jzifhc&pfawmfatmifyGJqifjcif;

{'ifO,smOfwGif touf½SifaexdkifcJhMuaom ZeD;armifESH

(2) OD;uJhodkYyif c&pfawmfonfvnf; tpm;taomufqdkif&m

pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;udk&ifqdkifcJh&ygonf/ vlom;rsm;udkusqHk;

aponfht&mrS vlom;u,fwifjcif;vkyfief;udktpûy&ygrnf/

cHwGif;tvdkvdkufrItm;jzifh tm'HwdkYtjypfwGifusqHk;cJhovdk cHwGif;

tvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;tm;jzifh c&pfawmfonf tjypfudkausmfvTm;

atmifjrifawmfrlcJhygonf/ ]]a,½Ionf t&ufav;q,fywfvHk;

tpmtm[m&udkroHk;aqmifbJaeNyD;rS rGwfodyfjcif;odkYa&mufawmfrl

\/ xdktcg pHkprf;aoG;aqmifolonf csOf;uyfí udk,fawmf

onf bk&m;ocif\om;awmfrSefvQif þausmufcJwdkYudk rkefY

jzpfapjcif;iSm trdefY½Sdawmfrlyg[kavQmufav\/ a,½Iuvnf;

vlonf rkefYtm;jzifhom toufudkarG;&rnfr[kwf/ bk&m;ocif

rdefYawmfrlorQtm;jzifh toufudkarG;&rnf usrf;pmvmonf[k

jyefajymawmfrl\/}}

tm'Htouf½SifcJhaomtcsdefrSpí c&pfawmf\aeY&ufrsm;

wdkifatmif udk,ftvdk½Sdovdkpm;aomufaexdkifjcif;tusihfonf

txdef;tuGyfrJhonfhtajctxda&muf½SdvmcJhygonf/ xdkaMumifh

vlwdkYonf ,kwfnHhedrfhusvmum a&m*gb,xlajymvmygonf/

rdrdwdkY\tpGrf;tpjzifh cHwGif;tvdkudkjiif;qefzdkY&ef cufcJvmyg

twGuf xdkusifhaqmifrIrsm;onf vdkufavQmuf&rnfhpnf;rsOf;

rsm;r[kwfyg/

Health Reform, June, 1878.

tpm;MuL;jcif;ESifhtcsdefrSefrSefrpm;jcif;rsm;onf cEmudk,f

\usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapygonf/

GW, p. 174 (1892) (old edition).

vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk *½krxm;

awmhbJ tcsdef½Sdoa½GUpm;aewwfMuygonf/ xdkaMumifh ¤if;wdkY\

pdwfonf rIdif;a0aeavh½Sdygonf/ bk&m;ocifay;onfhtvif;

w&m;rsm;udk*½krxm;bJ aygufvTwfyJpm; pm;aomufaeolrsm;

onf bk&m;ocif\*kPfaus;Zl;awmftm; rnfuJhodkYxGef;vif;

EdkifMuygrnfenf;/ twåtvdkudkvdkufNyD; pm;aomufwwfonfh

tusifhrS ajymif;vJoifhaomtcsdefonf þtcsdefumvr[kwf

ygvm;/

R & H, May 8, 1883.

wpfaeYvQif (3) Budrfxrif;BuD;pm;jcif;ESifh Mum;tcsdef

rsm;wGif rnfonfhoa&pmrQrpm;jcif;onf uREfkyfwdkYusifhaqmif

&rnfht&mjzpfoifhonf/ xdkxufydkíusifhaqmifolrsm;onf

obm0w&m;udkqefYusifaejcif;jzpfojzifh tusKd;qufudkcHpm;

Mu&vdrfhrnf/

ÀÀÀ

278tcsdefrSefrSeftpmpm;jcif; 277

cJhaom xdk&uf½Snftpma½Smifjcif;trIonf acwftqufquf

touf½SifMurnfh tm;enf;aomvlom;rsm;twGuf oifcef;pm

wpfckjzpfygonf/ pmwef\pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;½IH;edrfhawmfrrl

aom c&pfawmf\vkyfaqmifrIonf pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;rsm;

wGif½kef;uefaeaomtouf0dnmOfwdkif;twGuf cGeftm;,lp&m

wpfckjzpfygonf/ c&pfawmfonf vlom;wdkif; pHkprf;jcif;udk

wGef;vSefEdkifMuaMumif; þtrItm;jzifhxif½Sm;apawmfrlcJhonf/

bk&m;ocif0wfüarGUavsmfoltaygif;wdkYonf odk;oi,f\

taoG;awmftm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? ¤if;wdkY\oufaocHEIwfxGuf

pum;rsm;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; c&pfawmfenf;wl atmifyGJqifMu

ygvdrfhrnf/ xdk&uf½Snftpma½Smifjcif;aMumifh c&pfawmfonf

xdkpHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;udk&ifqdkifEdkifcJhygonf/ vlom;rsm;\

usqHk;rIudk jzpfapcJhaomcHwGif;awmifhwjcif;tay: atmifyGJ

qifjcif;trIjzifh tpysKd;awmfrlcJhaMumif;udk c&pfawmfonf

vlom;rsm;tm; om"uay;awmfrlcJhygonf/

2T, pp. 202-203 (1869)

c&pfawmfonf pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;udk jyif;jyif;xefxef

&ifqdkif&pOfrSmyif rnfonfht&mudkrQ pm;oHk;awmfrrlchJacs/

pdwfa&mudk,fygqkawmif;jcif;ESifh tvdkawmfwGifvHk;vHk;ay;tyf

jcif;rsm;tm;jzifh rdrdudk,fudkvufawmfütyfESHum atmifyGJqifcJh

ygonf/ aemufqHk;aomacwfumvESifhpyfvsOf;onfh þowif;

pum;rsm;udkvufcHaomc&pf,mefrsm;onf omrefc&pf,mefrsm;

xuf qkawmif;jcif;t&mrSm c&pfawmfudktwkcdk;oifhMuygonf/

awmhonf/ odkYjzifh c&pfawmfonf Murf;wrf;&ufpufonfh

xdkpHkprf;jcif;udk&ifqdkif&m vlom;rsm;udk,fpm; atmifyGJqifawmfrl

cJhygonf/ qmavmifjcif;ESifh aojcif;xufjyif;xefaom

udk,ftvdkudkxdef;csKyfjcif;tusifhudk uREfkyfwdkYudk,fpm;usifhaqmif

awmfrlcJhygonf/ ewfqdk;rsm;ESifh&ifqdkifwdkufvSef&rnfht&m

tm;vHk;ESifh þyxratmifyGJonf txl;qufET,faeygonf/

c&pfawmfonf awmxJwGif½SdaepOf crnf;awmfbk&m;

ocif\bkef;wefcdk;jzifh um&H0dkif;ywfxm;jcif;udkcHawmfrlcJh&onf/

crnf;awmfbk&m;ocifESifhrdwfo[m,zGJUjcif;wGif epfarsmaeaom

c&pfawmfonf wefcdk;cGeftm;ESifhjynfhpHkaeonfrSmrSefaomfvnf;

xdkbkef;wefcdk;uG,faysmufoGm;aomtcsdefwGifrl pHkprf;aESmifh,Suf

jcif;udk udk,fawmf&ifqdkif&ayawmhrnf/ xdktajctaeonf

udk,fawmftm;tcgrvyfzdpD;aeygonf/ udk,fawmf\vlZmwdu

rdrdtm;acgif;pm;aeaom xdktajctaeESifha½Smif½Sm;vdkcJhygonf/

t&ufav;q,fvHk;vHk; tpma½Smifqkawmif;cJhaom udk,fawmf½Sif

onf tiftm;rsm;qkwf,kwfum rsufESmawmfonf csKH;usaeNyD;

omrefvlom;rsm;xufydefvSDaeygonf/ þtajctaeonf

pmweftwGuftcGifhtvrf;wpf&yfjzpfcJhygonf/ c&pfawmftay:

rdrdatmifyGJqifvdrfhrnf[kvnf; pmweftxifa&mufcJhygonf/

Letter 158, 1909.

c&pfawmfonf cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;ESifhywfoufonfh

pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;udk&ifqdkif&m vlom;rsm;udk,fpm; &ufowå

(6) ywfeD;yg;wGef;vSefawmfrlcJhygonf/ awmxJwGif&ifqdkifawmfrl

280 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftpma½Smifjcif;? cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;----- 279

&rnfhtrSefw&m;rsm;\ta&;ygaomtcsufrsm;udkrl em;vnfEdkif

Muygonf/

urÇmBuD;onf acwftvdkufoufqdkifonfhtrSefw&m;

rsm;udktprf;oyfcH&aomtcsdefwGif bk&m;ocif\pDpOfawmfrlcsuf

t& oefY½Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfonf or®musrf;pmudk½SmazGawGU½Sd

Edkif&ef ¤if;wdkYtm;vrf;jyawmfrlygonf/ tpma½Smifjcif;?

qkawmif;jcif;rsm;tm;jzifh qufpyfrI½SdaomtrSefw&m;rsm;udk

½SmazGum pHkvifaomw&m;awmfwpfcktjzpfodkYa&muf½SdoGm;

onftxd aygif;pnf;EdkifMuygonf/

u,fwifjcif;ESifhywfoufNyD; vwfwavmod½SdzdkYvdktyf

aomtcsuftvufrsm;udkrl rnfolrQtrSm;t,Gif;r½Sd&avatmif

½Sif;vif;pGmod½SdcGifh&Muvdrfhrnf/

2T, pp. 650-651 (1870)

trIawmftwGuftyfESHxm;onfh vltenf;i,f\êud;pm;rI

aMumifh ,aeYtrSefw&m;\cufcJaomtydkif;rsm;udk ausmfvTm;

cJhygNyD/ tpma½Smifjcif;ESifh qkawmif;jcif;rsm;aMumifh xm0&

bk&m;ocifonf uREfkyfwdkYtwGuf trSefw&m;b@mwdkufBuD;

udkzGifhay;awmfrlcJhonf/

(R & H, July 26, 1892) L & T, 47.

trSefw&m;udk trSefwu,fvdkvm;Muolrsm;onf ½SmazG

pkaqmif;a0zefwifjy&ef aESmifhaES;Muvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ ¤if;wdkY\

oabmxm;rsm;udk olwpfyg;uqefYusifvmvQifvnf; pdwfqdk;

Muvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ ESpfaygif;av;q,fvHk;vHk; uREfkyfwdkYtxJ

wGif xdkpdwf"mwfrsKd;udkjrwfEdk;cJhMuygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf

3T, p. 486 (1875)

cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;onf cEmudk,fusef;rma&;udkxdcdkuf

apEdkifonfomru xm0&umvqdkif&mw&m;awmfrsm;udkodjrif

EdkifpGrf;r½Sdavmufatmif cGJjcm;odjrifEdkifonfhpGrf;&nfrsm;udkvnf;

rIef0g;aponfudk c&pfawmfodxm;awmfrlygonf/ ¤if;jyif

þurÇmom;rsm;onf tpm;MuL;um pm&dwåwefcdk;rsm;vnf;

vrf;vGJaeMuonfudk udk,fawmfodjrifxm;awmfrlygonf/

þurÇmBuD;wGifvdkufpm;aeaom cHwGif;tvdkvdkufrIBuD;onf

ûzdcGif;&efrjzpfEdkifavmufatmif cdkifrmtm;BuD;ae&m vlom;rsm;

udk,fpm; &ufowå (6) ywfeD;yg; udk,fawmftpma½Smif&ef

vdktyfvmygonf/ þt&monf c&pfawmfenf;wlatmifyGJqif&ef

c&pf,mefrsm;vkyfaqmif&rnfht&mjzpfonf/ cHwGif;tvdkvdkuf

jcif;qdkif&m pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;\jyif;xefrIudk awmxJwGif

tpma½SmifpOf c&pfawmfcHpm;cJh&aom ajymrjyEdkifavmufatmif

jyif;xefonfha0'emtm;jzifhwdkif;wmEdkifygonf/

EIwfxGufpum;udkavhvm&efjyifqifrIwpfcktjzpf

2T, p. 692 (1870)

or®musrf;pmwGifazmfjyxm;onfhwcsKdUt&mrsm;onf

em;vnf&efcufvSygonf/ ynmrJhrsm;ESifh NidrfoufrIuif;rJholrsm;

onf rdrdwdkY\aowGif;udk rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkifwl;Muonf[k ayw½ku

zGifhqdkygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf þb0wGif usrf;csufwdkif;\

teufudkzGifhEdkifcsifrSzGifhEdkifrnfjzpfaomfvnf; vufawGUusifhoHk;


oifwdkY&ifqdkifae&aomtcuftcJrsm;udk pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk;jzifh

bk&m;ocifudktoday;Muyg/ tusKd;rJhaompum;rsm;udkajymqdk

aejcif;jzifh tcsdefudkrûzef;ygESifh/ &ufa&mpGmay;oem;rnf[k

bk&m;ocifuwdawmfxm;onfhOmPfynmudk&½Sd&eftvdkYiSm

pnf;vHk;rItjynfhjzifh tpma½Smifqkawmif;Muyg/

1T, p. 624 (1867)

trIawmfwdk;wufa&;ESifh bk&m;ocif\bkef;wefcdk;xif½Sm;

apzdkY&ef qefYusifzDvmrIrsm;ESifh ra½SmifrvGJawGUqHk&ifqdkif&aom

tcgwdkif;wGif ESdrfhcsaompdwf½Sdí owdxm;ajz½Sif;oifhMuygonf/

pdwfESvHk;ygygtjypf0efcsvsuf? qkawmif;vsuf? tpma½Smifvsuf

trSm;t,Gif;rsm;udkxifxif½Sm;½Sm;od½Sda½Smif½Sm;um atmifyGJqif

Edkif&ef bk&m;ocifxHwGif trtpESifh rGefjrwfaomtrSefw&m;

rsm;udk em;vnfapEdkifonfhOmPfrsm;ay;oem;rnfhtaMumif;

toem;cHoifhMuygonf/

ppfrSefaomtpma½Smifjcif;

(Letter 73, 1896) M.M., 283.

vlwdkif;vkyfaqmif&ef axmufcHoifhonfhppfrSefaom

tpma½Smifjcif;[lrlum; pdwfudkEId;qGonfhtpmrsKd;rsm;udk vHk;vHk;

a½SmifMuOfNyD; tvQHy,fbk&m;ocifjyifqifxm;aom tm[m&ESifh

jynfhpHkaom½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udkoHk;aqmifjcif;jzpfonf/ vlwdkYonf

rnfonfhavmuqdkif&mtpm;taomufrsm;taMumif;rsm;tay:

pdwf0ifpm;rIavsmhum bmoma&;tawGUtêuHrsm;twGuf cGeftm;

,HkMunfjcif;ESifh,HkMunfcsufrsm;wGif wpfvHk;wpf0wnf;½Sdrnfh

taMumif; qkawmif;vsuf touf0dnmOfrsm;udku,fwif&ef

twlwuGvkyfaqmifMuvdrfhrnf/ taMumif;rSm c&pfawmfü

uGJjym;jcm;em;rIr½Sdonfudk uREfkyfwdkYodxm;ygonf/ taMumif;

t&mwpfckcsif;udk oD;oefYpDpl;prf;avhvmcJhMuygonf/ £a`E´

odu©mESifhjynfhpHkjcif;onf xdkpl;prf;avhvma&;tzGJU\xl;jcm;

csufyifjzpfonf/ ½dkaoysyf0yfaompdwfjzifh or®musrf;pmudk

zGifhíavhvmcJhMuygonf/ trSefw&m;udkydkíem;vnfEdkifap&ef

uREfkyfwdkYrMumcPtpma½SmifcJhMuygonf/

bk&m;ocif\tultnDudktxl;vdktyfaomtcsdefwGif

Letter 73, 1896.

wcsKdUudpörsm;twGuf tpma½Smifqkawmif;jcif;trIonf

oifhavsmfvSygonf/ vkyfaqmifoifhaomt&mvnf;jzpfygonf/

bk&m;ocif\vufawmfwGif xdkt&mrsm;onf pdwfESvHk;udk

oefY½Sif;aponfhenf;? cH,lvdkaompdwfoabmxm;rsm;udkjzpfap

enf;rsm;jzpfygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf bk&m;ocifha½SUawmfwGif

pdwfESdrfhcsMuaomaMumifh qkawmif;csufrsm;twGuf tajzudk

&½SdMuygonf/

GW, p. 236 (1892) (old edition).

wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;udkxrf;aqmifaeolrsm;onf wpfOD;udk

wpfOD;tMuHay;&eftwGufaomfvnf;aumif;? udk,fawmfxHrSom

&EdkifonfhOmPfynmrsm;twGufqkawmif;Mu&efaomfvnf;aumif;

rMumcPpka0;oifhaMumif; xm0&bk&m;ocifrdefYawmfrlygonf/


a&m*gtwGufukoenf;wpfck

MH, p. 235 (1905)

tpmpm;&mwGif csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhrIonf emrusef;jzpf

&jcif;\taMumif;&if;wpfckjzpfwwfygonf/ obm0utvdktyf

qHk;tcsufrSm tcsdefrwefrDwifxm;onfh0efrsm;tm; z,f½Sm;ay;

jcif;yifjzpfonf/ emrusef;rItrsm;pktwGuf taumif;qHk;uko

enf;wpfckrSm tvkyfydkvkyfae&aomtpmtdrfudk em;csdef&ap&ef

xrif; (1) eyf (odkYr[kwf) (2) eyfrpm;bJaejcif;yifjzpfonf/

OD;aESmufjzifhtvkyfvkyf&olrsm;twGufrl &uftenf;i,fopfoD;

0vHrsm;udkpm;oHk;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh a&m*goufomoGm;apEdkifyg

onf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh zsm;empOfwGif tcsdefwdktpma½Smifjcif;udk

usifhoHk;um emvefxcsdefwGif ½dk;½dk;tpmESifhopfoD;0vHrsm;udk

pm;ay;jcif;onf jyefvnfusef;rmjcif;udk vsifjrefapygonf/

udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;onf usef;rma&;vrf;pOfjzpfonfudk

wpfv (odkYr[kwf) ESpfvMum tpmavsmhpm;onfhvlemrsm;

oabmaygufvmMuvdrfhrnf/

7T, p. 134 (1902)

wcsKdUrSmrl q&m0efxHwGif aq;ukorIcH,ljcif;xuf

tpmudkwpf&ufwefonf? ESpf&ufwefonf avsmhpm;jcif;u

ydkítusKd;xl;aMumif; cHpm;Mu&ygonf/ &ufowåwpfywfvQif

wpf&uftpma½Smifjcif;jzifh rsm;jym;vSaomtusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;udk

¤if;wdkYcHpm;Mu&ygonf/

udkay;pGrf;rnfh aumif;uifrSay;oem;rnfhtpmudkom tav;ay;

pOf;pm;qifjcifzdkYvdktyfygonf/

R & H, Feb. 11, 1904.

bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm;onf ,aeYrSpí urÇmqHk;wdkif

atmif rdrdwdkY\cGeftm;OmPfynmrsm;udk tm;udk;jcif;rûybJ

c&pfawmf\OmPfawmfwGifrSDcdktm;udk;vsuf pdwfa&mudk,fyg

Edk;Mum;rI½SdMuyg/ tpma½Smifjcif;? qkawmif;jcif;rsm;twGuf

oD;jcm;aeY&ufrsm;owfrSwfoifhMuygonf/ (tpma½Smifaom

aeYwGif) tpmudkvHk;0rpm;oHk;&[krawmif;qdkyg/ odkY&mwGif

½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udkûcd;jcHpGmpm;oHk;&efjzpfygonf/

Letter 206, 1908.

þurÇmBuD;wGif usifhaqmifaeaomtpma½Smifjcif;trI

t&mtm;vHk;onf bk&m;ocif\EIwfxGufpum;udk½dk;½dk;om;om;

,HkMunfudk;pm;jcif;\ae&mwGif tpm;xdk;vdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/

]awmif;yg? oif&vdrfhrnf} [k c&pfawmfrdefYawmfrlxm;&m

&ufaygif;av;q,ftpma½Smif&ef oifhudkzdwfac:awmfrrlyg/

udk,fawmfonf pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;ESifhNyD;aomawmxJwGif

oifhtwGuftpma½SmifawmfrlcJhNyD/ xdkaMumifh xdkuJhodkYaom

tpma½Smifjcif;trIwGif rnfonfhtHhMozG,ftpGrf;owådrQr½SdbJ

c&pfawmf\taoG;awmfüom xl;uJaomtpGrf;owåd½Sdawmfrlonf/

MS 28, 1900.

tpma½Smifjcif;ESifh qkawmif;jcif;qdkif&m ppfrSefaom

pdwf"mwfrSm xm0&bk&m;ocifxHü rdrd\pdwfESvHk;ESifhtvdkqE´

rsm;udktyfESHaompdwf"mwfjzpfonf/


onf aq;pm;jcif;xufydkítusKd;xl;ygvdrfhrnf/ taMumif;rSm

tcsdefMumjrifhpGmtem;r&onfhtpmtdrfonf em;cGifh&vmaom

aMumifh trSefwu,fqmavmifrIudk ½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;tm;jzifh

ajyaysmufoGm;apygvdrfhrnf/ þtajctaea&mufatmif tcsdef

tenf;i,f,l&vdrfhrnfjzpfaomfvnf; udk,ftvdkudk ZGJ½Sd½Sdjzifh

jiif;qefcJhygvQif rMumrDrSmyif tcsKdtqdrfht&omESifhjynfhpHkaom

tpmrsm;udk t&omawGUonfxuf tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaom½dk;½dk;

tpmrsm;udk t&omawGUvmygvdrfhrnf/

tEÅ&m,f½Sdaomtpmavsmhpm;jcif;rSumuG,fjcif;

2T, pp. 384-385 (1870)

zsm;empOfwGif tcsdefwdktpmavsmhpm;jcif;onf tzsm;us

aponfhjyif aomufaoma&udkvnf; ydkítusKd;oufa&mufap

onf/ odkY&mwGif tpmajconfhpepfwpfckvHk; tm;enf;oGm;onfh

tajctxd xdkvlemtm; tpmavsmhpm;apjcif;udkrl cGifhrûyoifhbJ

vlem\tajctaerSefudk em;vnfzdkYvdktyfvSygonf/ tzsm;wuf

aepOfwGif pm;vdkufaomtpmrsm;onf aoG;udkydkrdkvIyf½Sm;jyif;xef

vmapEdkifonfrSmrSefaomfvnf; tzsm;usoGm;onfESifhwpfûydifeuf

tm[m&½Sdaomtpm;tpmrsm;udk *½kwpdkufjyifqifauR;arG;oifh

ygonf/ tMumBuD;tpmudkjzwfxm;cJhygvQif tpmiwfaeaom

tpmtdrfonf tzsm;wufjcif;udk ydkíjzpfapygvdrfhrnf/ rSefuef

aomtwdkif;tq½Sdonfh tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;udkauR;

jcif;jzifhom xdktzsm;rsKd;udk aysmufuif;oufomapEdkifygonf/

tjyif;zsm;aepOfrSmyif tpmpm;zdkYtxl;awmifhwaeygvQif tpmudk


Sp. Gifts IV, 133-134 (1864)

tpmudkrsm;rsm;pm;jcif;? rMumcPpm;jcif;rsm;onf

tpmtdrfudkEGrf;vsap½Hkomru tpmtdrfudkusef;rma&;csKdUwJhap

ygonf/ ¤if;jyif aoG;rsm;onfnpfnrf;vmum a&m*gtrsKd;rsKd;

udkjzpfay:apwwfygonf/

þuJhodk Yaoma&m*gonfrsm;onf ¤if;wdk YtwGuf

olwpfyg;rpGrf;aqmifEdkifaomt&mrsm;udk olwdkYudk,fwdkifvkyfaqmif

EdkifMuonf/ rdrdwdkYwifxm;aom0efrsm;udk rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkif

oufomatmif pwifvkyfaqmifoifhygonf/ a&m*gjzpf&jcif;

taMumif;&if;udkz,f½Sm;ypfoifhMuygonf/ tcsdefwdktpma½Smif

jcif;tusifhudkusifhaqmifum tpmtdrfudktem;ay;oifhMuygonf/

a&udkaumif;rGefpGmtoHk;csum emrusef;rIudkavsmhcsypf&rnf/

þvkyfaqmifrIrsm;onf npfnrf;rIudkuif;pifatmif ½kef;uef

aeaomcEmudk,ftpdwftydkif;rsm;udk taxmuftulûyygvdrfhrnf/

(Sp. Gifts IV, 130-131) CH, p. 148 (1864)

tom;rsm;? t&om½Sdatmiftoifhjyifqifxm;onfh

[if;vsmrsm;ESifh udwfrkefYrsm;udk êudufovdkoHk;aqmifcJhMuolrsm;

onf tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaom½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udk ½kwfw&uft&om

awGUMuvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ ¤if;wdkY\cHwGif;onf opfoD;0vH

rsm;? aygifrkefYrsm;ESifh[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;udk pm;vdkYt&omrawGU

awmhonfhtajctxd vrf;vGJcJhacsNyD/ pm;aeustpmrsm;ESifh

t&omrwlaomxdktpmrsm;udk wpfcgwnf;ESifht&omawGUzdkY

arQmfvifh&efrvdkacs/ ½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udkpm;pm;csif;t&omrawGUvQif

t&omawGUonftxd tpma½Smifoifhygonf/ xdktpma½Smifjcif;

tpma½Smifjcif;? cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;----- 287

tcef;BuD; (11)

tpm;tpmudpöwGiftpGef;a&mufrIrsm;

rajymif;rvJyHkrSefpm;aomufjcif;\wefzdk;

(CTBH, p. 55) CH, pp. 153-155 (1890)

ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;ESifh avmuom;rsm;tMum;

vufcHusifhoHk;aom½Iaxmifhrsm;rSm uGmjcm;vSygonf/ a&yef;

rpm;onfhtrSefw&m;wpfckudkwifjyaomolrsm;onf rdrdudk,fwdkif

\toufwmüvnf; rajymif;rvJonfhyHkrSefpm;aomufaexdkifrI

rsm;½Sdoifhygonf/ rdrdwdkYwefzdk;xm;aomt&mudk olwpfyg;tm;

ulnDrpapEdkif&eftwGuf ¤if;wdkYtm; rnfa½GUrnfrQtxdvdkufavsm

Edkifrnfudkom êud;pm;oifhNyD; rnfrQjcm;em;aeonfudk rMunfhoifh

ygacs/ þodkYvkyfaqmifjcif;onf rdrdwdkYudkifqGJxm;aomtrSef

w&m;udk axmufcHcsD;ajr§mufjcif;jzpfonf/

tpm;tpmESifhywfoufonfh ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;wpfckudk

axmufcHtm;ay;aeolrsm;onf rdrdwdkYpm;aeaomtpm;tpmrsm;

tm;jzif h usef;rma&;ESif hpyfvsOf;onfhtcGif hta&;rsm;ud k

taumif;qHk;tvif;ay;oifhygonf/ olwpfyg;qHk;jzwfcsufcsEdkif

ap&ef rdrdwdkY\axmufcHcsufESifhywfoufonfhed,mrrsm;udkvnf;

½Sif;½Sif;vif;vif;azmfjyoifhMuonf/

tu,fíom cHwGif;tvdkvdkufrIudkcsKyfwnf;zdkY&eftwGuf

omwifqufrnfqdkvQif usKd;aMumif;qDavsmfrIrnfodkYyifaumif;

apumrl xdkûyjyifajymif;vJrIudk BuD;rm;aomvlwef;pm;wpfcku

290

vHk;0rauR;jcif;xuf oifhwifhavsmufywfpGmauR;vdkufjcif;u

ydkítEÅ&m,fuif;ygonf/ tpmudkvHk;0rawmifhwygrl vHk;0

rauR;jcif;u ydkíobm0usygonf/

oufusm;½G,ftdkw&m;a[mq&mwpfOD;xHtMuHay;csuf

Letter 2, 1872.

oifonf tcsdefumvwpfcktwGif;ü wpfaeYvQif

wpfBudrfomxrif;pm;onf[k uREfkyfMum;odcJh&onf/ þudpö

wGif oif\vkyfaqmifcsufonf rSm;,Gif;onfudk uREfkyfodyg

onf/ taMumif;rSm oifütm[m&csKdUwJhaeonfudkvnf;aumif;?

vdkonfxufydkítpma½Smifaeojzifh tEÅ&m,f½Sdaeonfudkvnf;

aumif; uREfkyfawGUjrifae&onf/ oifvkyfaqmifaeonfh jyif;xef

aompnf;rsOf;rsm;udk qufvufusifhaqmif&ef oifücGeftm;

r½SdawmhNyD/

ESpf&uftpma½Smifjcif;onf rSm;,Gif;aomvkyfaqmifrI

jzpfonf[k uREfkyfxifonf/ xdkodkYvkyfaqmifzdkY xm0&bk&m;

ocifu rdefYawmfrljcif;r½Sdyg/ tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;udk

wpfaeYvQif (2) Budrfpm;&ef oifhudkuREfkyfawmif;yefvdkonf/

þyHkpHtwdkif; oifqufvuftouf½SifoGm;rnfqdkvQif cEmudk,f

cGeftm;rsm; aocsmaygufusqif;vmNyD; [efcsufrnDonfhpdwfae

oabmxm;rsm;jzpfay:vmvdrfhrnf/

ÀÀÀ

tpma½Smifjcif;? cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;----- 289

DF- 19

em;cs&ef cufcJvSygonf/ xdktpGef;a&muform;rsm;onf pmwef

vkyfapvdkonfhtvkyfwpfckwGif yg0ifywfoufaeNyDjzpf&m ¤if;wdkY\

toufwmwpfavQmufvHk;ü rvkyfjzpfcJhaomt&mrsm;xuf

xdcdkufapaomt&mrsm;udk vtenf;i,ftwGif;rSmyif vkyfjzpf

oGm;Muygonf/

vlwef;pm; (2) rsKd;udk uREfkyfudkjyocJhygonf/ yxr

wpfrsKd;rSm ¤if;wdkYtm; bk&m;ocifay;oem;onfhtvif;awmf

ESifhtnD aexdkiftoufr½Sifolrsm;ESifh tjcm;wpfrsKd;rSm ûyjyif

ajymif;vJa&;qdkif&moabmw&m;rsm;udk rdrdudk,fwdkifwpfzufpGef;

a&mufatmif usifhaqmifae½Hkomru olwpfyg;tm;vnf; xdkuJhodkY

usifhaqmif&ef wdkufwGef;aeolrsm;jzpfonf/ xdkolrsm;onf

rdrdwdkY&yfwnfxm;aomtaetxm;wpfckwGif acgif;rmrmjzifh

qufvuf&yfwnfaeMu½Hkomru t&m&mwGif wpfzufpGef;

onftxd vkyfaqmifaeMuygonf/

yxrwpfrsKd;wGifyg0ifaeolrsm;onf usef;rma&;ûyjyif

ajymif;vJa&;udpörsm;udk olrsm;vkyfonfhtwGuf ¤if;wdkYvnf;

vkyfaqmifaeMuaomfvnf; þûyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifhywfoufí

pnf;rsOf;ed,mrrsm;udk aumif;pGmem;rvnfMuay/ þtzGJUxJrS

vltrsm;pkonf xdktrSefw&m;udk tjcm;olrsm;vufcHojzifh

vufcHcJhMujcif;jzpfNyD; rdrdwdkY\,HkMunfjcif;twGuf cdkifrmaom

taMumif;jycsufr½SdMuacs/ xdkYaMumifh olwdkYonf wnfNidrfrI

r½SdMuyg/ ¤if;wdkYonf xm0&umvESifhqdkifaomtvif;w&m;

tay: av;av;eufeufoabmxm;&rnfhtpm; rdrdwdkY\


vufcHMuvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ xdkolrsm;onf usef;rma&;ESifh

pyfvsOf;onfhusKd;aMumif;qifjcifrIESifh Oya'pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk

aqG;aEG;Murnfhtpm; t&omudkomOD;pm;ay;aqG;aEG;Muvdrfh

rnf/ "avha[mif;udkypfy,fNyD; ûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udkvkyfaqmifzdkY

tm;ay;wdkufwGef;olrsm;udk þvlpku qefYusif½Hkomru ¤if;wdkY

tm; ûyjyifajymif;vJrIudkvdkvm;olrsm;[k owfrSwfMuvdrfhrnf/

odkY&mwGif rnfolrQxdkqefYusifrIudkcGifhrûyoifhyg/ ûyjyifa&;qdkif&m

vkyfaqmifrIrsm;udk&yfwefYoGm;atmif jyuf&,frûyoifhyg/ xdkûyjyif

ajymif;vJa&;udpöud k ayghayg hwefwefoabmxm;atmif

rvkyfaqmifoifhyg/ 'Ha,vudk EId;qGvrf;jycJhonfh oefY½Sif;aom

0dnmOfawmfESifhjynfh0olrsm;onf tjrifusOf;rI? pdwfaejrifhrIrsm;

ESifhuif;a0;rnfomru trSefw&m;bufwGif cdkifrmpGm&yfwnf

Muvdrfhrnf/ c&pf,mefnDtpfudkrsm;ESifhvnf;aumif;? tjcm;

olrsm;ESifhvnf;aumif; aygif;oif;qufqHaeaomtcsdefrsm;wGif

vnf; xdkolonf trSefw&m;rSaoGznfjcif;½Sdrnfr[kwfonf

omru c&pfawmfESifhwlaom jrifhjrwfonfhonf;cHjcif;pdwfxm;

udkazmfjy&ef ysufuGufvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ usef;rma&;ûyjyif

ajymif;vJrIvkyfaqmifMuolrsm;onf wpfzufpGef;a&mufvmaom

tcg ¤if;wdkYonf ½GHp&maumif;olrsm;jzpfvmovm;[k vlwdkYu

tjypfwifMurnfr[kwfyg/ uREfkyfwdkY\bmoma&;,HkMunfcsuf

rsm;onfvnf; þodkYaomenf;rsm;tm;jzifh *kPftoa&,kwfnHh

vmwwfygonf/ þuJhodkYaomjrifuGif;rsKd;udk jrifawGUaeolrsm;

udk usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIü aumif;aomt&mrsm;½Sdonf[k

tpm;tpmudpöwGiftpGef;a&mufrIrsm;----- 291

294 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftpm;tpmudpöwGiftpGef;a&mufrIrsm;----- 293

vkyfaqmifrItpkpkwdkYtwGuf tav;ay;pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;

onfh vufawGUoabmw&m;rsm;udk&,lxm;Mu&rnfhtpm;?

trSefw&m;udkeuf½Idif;pGm½SmazGí rdrdwdkYtwGuf rSefuefaomtkwfjrpf

udk cdkifcdkifrmrmcs&rnfhtpm; olwpfyg;\rD;wkwfrSvmaom

tvif;a&mifuav;udktm;udk;um avQmufvSrf;aeMu&m xdkolrsm;

onf qHk;½IH;jcif;ESifh&ifqdkifMu&vdrfhrnf/

'kwd,wpfrsKd;wGifyg0ifaeolrsm;rSmrl þûyjyifajymif;vJa&;

qdkif&mudpörsm;udk rSm;,Gif;aom½IaxmifhrSMunfhMujyefonf/

þolrsm;onf tpm;taomufwGif txl;ûcd;jcHvGef;vSygonf/

tm[m&enf;yg;onfhtpmrsm;tay:wGifom ¤if;wdkYrSDcdktouf½Sif

aeNyD; xdktpmrsm;udkjyifqif&mwGifvnf; txdef;tuGyfr½SdMu

acs/ cHwGif;wnfhap&eftwGuf tpm;tpmudk*½kwpdkufjyifqif

&efrSm ta&;ygvSygonf/

tpmtdrfudkxdcdkufapNyD; usef;rma&;udkysufpD;aponfh

tpmrsm;udkjzwfxm;aomaMumifh uREfkyfwdkYpm;aomtpmrsm;ESifh

ywfoufonfh aemufqufwGJqdk;usKd;rsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYrcHpm;&

yg[k oabmrxm;oifhygacs/ tm[m&rJhaomtpmrsm;udkpm;&ef

uREfkyfraxmufcHyg/ tukeftusoufomrI? pDpOf&efvG,fulrI?

ûywfxm;onfhnHhzsif;aomtpmrsm;onf tpm;tpmqdkif&mûyjyif

ajymif;vJa&;\OD;wnfcsufjzpfonf[k usef;rmaomtoufwm\

t&omudkcHpm;vdkolrsm;onf tvSnfhjzm;cHaeMu&onf/ vlwcsKdU

wdkYonf usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mpnf;urf;rsm;udk

taumiftxnfazmfaeonf[k udk,fhudkudk,ftxif½Sdvsuf EGm;EdkY

ESifhoMum; twdkif;tqrsm;pGmudkpm;oHk;aeMuonf/ odkY&mwGif

EGm;EdkYudk oMum;ESifha&míoHk;aqmifjcif;onf tpmtdrfudktcsOf

aygufapjcif;\taMumif;&if;wpf&yfjzpfum usef;rma&;udk

xdcdkufapygonf/ oMum;udktwdkif;tqr½SdoHk;aqmifjcif;onf

tpmaMucsufrIudk t[efYtwm;jzpfap½Hkomru a&m*ga0'em

jzpf&jcif;\taMumif;wpf&yfvnf;jzpfygonf/ tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHk

aomtpm;tpm 2rsKd;? 3rsKd;udk twdkif;tqwpfckavmuftxd

pm;vQif vHkavmufNyD[k wcsKdUtxif½SdMuaomfvnf; twdkif;tq

tvGefao;i,fNyD; trSefwu,ftm[m&ESifhrjynfh0vQif zGHUûzd;rI

twGuf vHkavmufrIr½SdEdkifygacs/

tjrifusOf;ajrmif;jcif;ESifh tao;tzGJudpöuav;rsm;tay:

wGif yHkBuD;csJUaejcif;onf usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udk txl;

xdcdkufaponf/ tpm;tpmudk a½G;cs,fjyifqif&mwGif usef;rma&;

aumif;zdkYxuf tukeftusoufomrIudkOD;wnfvQif tm[m&

r½Sdaomtpmrsm;udkompm;&ayrnf/ tusKd;quftaejzifh nHhzsif;

aomaoG;rsm;udkjzpfapvdrfhrnf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh tuk&cuf

aoma&m*gawmfawmfrsm;rsm;onf tm[m&r½Sdaomtpmrsm;udk

pm;oHk;jcif;aMumifhjzpfygonf/ xdkolrsm;onf xdkuJhodkYaom

a&m*grsm;pGJ&jcif;rSm tpm0,fp&maiGaMu;qif;&JaomaMumifh

r[kwfbJ ¤if;wdkY\rSm;,Gif;aomt,ltqrsm;aMumifhjzpfonf/

olwdkYonf tpmraMu? avxdk;avema&m*grsm;jzpfonftxd

tpm;tpmrsm;udk tajymif;tvJr½Sd aeYpOf&ufqufpm;oHk;wwf

Muygonf/

296 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftpm;tpmudpöwGiftpGef;a&mufrIrsm;----- 295

ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;tay:xm;½Sdonfht,ltqtrSm;rsm;

MH, pp. 318-320 (1905)

tpm;tpmqdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udk ,HkMunfouf0ifol

wcsKdUrSm ppfrSefaomajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;r[kwfMuyg/ tm[m&

r½SdaomtpmwcsKdUudka½SmifMuOfjcif;udk tpm;tpmûyjyifajymif;vJa&;

[k wcsKdUutxif½SdaeMuygonf/ trSefrSm ¤if;wdkYonf

usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkem;rvnfMuojzifh ¤if;wdkY\pm;yGJ

onf usef;rma&;xdcdkufaponfhtpmrsm;ESifhjynfhESufae&m

c&pf,mefcsKyfwnf;jcif;twGuf yHkoufaoaumif;rsm;r[kwfMuyg/

yH koufaoaumif;jyvd konfhtjcm;wpfrsK d;uvnf;

txufygtzGJUESifhqefYusifbuf wpfzufpGef;udkOD;wnfaeygonf/

wcsKdUrSm vdkcsifaomtpmrsKd;rsm;udk r&EdkifMuojzifh vG,fulpGm

&Edkifonfhtm[m&rJhtpmrsm;udkompm;oHk;aeMuygonf/ ¤if;wdkY

pm;aomtpmrsm;onf aumif;aomaoG;udkjzpfaprnfhtajccH

t&mrsm;udkay;pGrf;Edkifjcif;r½Sdacs/ xdkaMumifh ¤if;wdkY\usef;rma&;

rSm csKdUwJhvmygonf/ ¤if;wdkY\wwfpGrf;rIrsm;vnf; ysuf,Gif;

vmygonf/ ¤if;wdkYjyonfhyHkoufaoonfvnf; xdkûyjyif

ajymif;vJa&;udkaxmufcH&mra&mufawmhbJ qefYusif&ma&muf

aeygawmhonf/

usef;rma&;aumif;&ef ½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udkpm;zdkYvdkonfjzpfí

tpmrsm;udka½G;cs,fjyifqif&mwGif ta&;rBuD;vSyg[kvnf;

wcsKdUuxifMuonf/ wcsKdUrSmrl cE¨mudk,füvdktyfonfhtpm

trsKd;rsKd;udkrpm;awmhbJ pm;aeuswpfrsKd;ESpfrsKd;udkom aeYpOf

pm;oHk;wwfMuonf/ xdkolrsm;onf tusKd;quftaejzifh

a&m*ga0'emrsm;udkcHpm;vm&Muonf/

yk*¾dKvfa&;½Iaxmifhrsm;udkvufcH&efwdkufwGef;jcif;

usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk wpfpdwfwpfa'orQom

em;vnfxm;olrsm;onf rdrdawGUjrifaom½Iaxmifhudk udk,fwdkif

taumiftxnfazmfMu½Hkomru aqGrsKd;rdwfaqGrsm;udkvnf;

twif;tusyfvkyfcdkif;wwfMuygonf/ rSm;,Gif;aom¤if;wdkY\

tjrifrsm;aMumifh rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkif usef;rma&;csKdUwJhaeMu½Hkomru

¤if;wdkY\wdkufwGef;rIaMumifh tjcm;olrsm;vnf; usef;rma&;

qdkif&mrSefuefaomvrf;pOfrsm;udk jiif;qefvmMuygonf/

usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkem;vnfum xdkpnf;rsOf;rsm;

twdkif;touf½Sifaexdkifolrsm;onf tvGeftuRHpm;aomufjcif;

ESifh tvGeftuRHtpma½SmifMuOfjcif;wnf;[laom tpGef;a&muf

rIrsm;udka½Smif½Sm;Muvdrfhrnf/ ¤if;wdkYonf yg;pyft&omudk

OD;pm;ay;í tpmudka½G;cs,fjcif;r[kwfbJ cEmudk,fwnfaqmufrI

udktom;ay;um a½G;cs,fcJhMujcif;jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifh

trIawmfESifh vlom;tusKd;ûyvkyfief;rsm;twGuf vkyfaqmifay;

EdkifrnfhpGrf;tm;rsm;udk taumif;qHk;tajctaewGif qufvuf

xdef;odrf;&ef olwdkYêud;pm;avh½Sdygonf/ todpdwfESifh qifjcifwHk

w&m;rsm;udktajccHum tpm;tpmrsm;udk olwdkYa½G;cs,fcJhMuojzifh

udk,fpdwfESpfyg;pvHk;\usef;rmrIudk olwdkYcHpm;Mu&onf/ rdrdwdkY

vkyfaqmifovdk olwpfyg;tm; olwdkYrwdkufwGef;Muaomfvnf;


olwdkYay;aomyHkoufaoonf rSefuefaomvrf;pOfrsm;udk

axmufcHonfhoufaocHwpfckjzpfaeygonf/ þyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf

us,fjyefYaumif;rGefonfh MoZmoufa&mufrI½SdMuygonf/

tpm;tpmESifhpyfvsOf;onfhûyjyifajymif;vJa&;wGif ppfrSef

aomomrefpOf;pm;OmPfwpfck½Sdonf/ þbmom&yfudk euf½Idif;

us,fjyefYpGmavhvmoifhygonf/ rdrd\tusifh"avhESifhrwlaom

aMumifh xdkolrsm;udk rnfolrQra0zefoifhacs/ vlwdkif;usifhaqmif

&ef rajymif;rvJwnf½SdaomOya'wpfckudk twnfûywnfaxmif

&efrSm rjzpfEdkifaomt&mwpfckjzpfonf/ rdrdonf vltm;vHk;

twGuf vdkufavQmuf&efpnf;rsOf;wpfckjzpfonf[k udk,fhudkudk,f

rxifMuygESifh/ vltm;vHk;onf tpmwpfrsKd;wnf;udk0dkif;ípm;Edkif

Murnfr[kwfacs/ wpfOD;wpfa,muftwGuf t&om½Sdtm[m&

jzpfaomtpmonf tjcm;wpfOD;twGuft&omrJhNyD; tEÅ&m,f½Sd

aomtpmjzpfaumif;jzpfEdkifygonf/ wcsKdUu EGm;EdkYudkraomufoHk;

vdkMuaomfvnf; wcsKdUrSm EGm;EdkYudktvGefwnfhMuonf/ wcsKdU

twGuf yJtrsKd;rsKd;onf tpmaMucJaomfvnf; wcsKdUyk*¾dKvfrsm;

twGuf yJonf tm[m&jzpfapaomtpmwpfrsKd;jzpfonf/ *sKHMurf;

ESifhûyvkyfxm;onfhtpmrsm;onf wcsKdUvlrsm;twGufaumif;aom

tpmjzpfaomfvnf; wcsKdUyk*¾dKvfrsm;rSm xdktpmrsm;rpm;EdkifMuacs/

nhHzsif;aomtpmrsm;udka½SmifMuOfyg

2T, pp. 366-367 (1870)

nHhzsif;aomtpmqdkonfrSm rnfonfhtpmjzpfoenf;/

usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhudkufnDaom tpm;tpmrsm;\t&nf

taoG;ESifhtwdkif;tqrsm;taMumif;udk uREfkyfzGifhqdkcJhNyD;jzpfonf/

uREfkyftaeESifh nHhzsif;aomtpmrsm;udkpm;&ef raxmufcHyg/

usef;rma&;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;taMumif;udk tjrifvGJum

nHhzsif;tm[m&rJhaomtpmrsm;udk pm;oHk;cJholrsm;½SdaMumif;

uREfkyftm; jrifEdkifaompdwftm½HkwGifazmfjyawmfrlcJhygonf/ xdkolrsm;

onf aps;csKdNyD; t&nftaoG;rrDaomtpmrsm;udk pnf;rJhurf;rJh

earmferJhjyifqifpm;oHk;aeMuygonf/ cHwGif;awGU&ef tpmrsm;udk

aumif;rGefpGmjyifqifzdkYtxl;ta&;ygvSygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf

usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhrudkufnDonfh tom;? axmywf?

[if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;udk usef;rma&;xdcdkufrnfpdk;&drfojzifh

jzwfawmufcJhonfrSmrSefaomfvnf; uREfkyfwdkYpm;aomtjcm;tpm

rsm;aMumifh tEÅ&m,fr½SdEdkif[k oabmrxm;oifhygacs/

tpGef;a&mufaeolwcsKdU½Sdygonf/ xdkolrsm;onf tpm

ESpfrsKd;oHk;rsKd;avmufudk twdkif;tqwpfckowfrSwfum pm;oHk;

aeMuygonf/ rdom;pkpm;&ef pm;zG,ftenf;i,fudkomjyifqif

oHk;aqmifavh½SdMuonf/ pm;onfhtpmunHhonfhtjyif pm;onfh

twdkif;tquvnf; enf;yg;onfjzpf&m cE¨mudk,fzGHUûzd;&ef

vHkavmufaomtpmrsm; tpmtdrfxJodkYra&mufawmhacs/ nHhzsif;

aomtpmrsm;onf aumif;aomaoG;om;udkrjzpfapEdkifygacs/

nHhzsif;aomtpmrsm;onf nhHzsif;aomaoG;om;rsm;udkomjzpfap

vdrfhrnf/

(CTBH, pp. 49-50) CH, p. 118 (1890)

rSm;,Gif;aomcHwGif;wnfhjcif;udk tmomajyap&ef pm;oHk;½Hk

oufoufonf rSefuefaomvkyfaqmifcsufr[kwfaomaMumifh



tpm;tpmESifhywfoufaomt&mrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYpdwf0ifpm;oifh

ygonf/ ta&;BuD;aomt&mwpfckvnf;jzpfygonf/ nHhzsif;

aomtpmrsm;jzifhom rnfolrQtouf½Sifaexdkif&efroifhavsmf

yg/ vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf a&m*ga0'emrsm;aMumifh tm;avsmh

qkwf,kwfaeMu&m tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkNyD; aumif;rGefpGmjyifqif

csufûywfxm;onhftpm;tpmrsm;udk pm;oHk;zdkYvdktyfaeygonf/

usef;rma&;vdkufpm;olrsm;onf tpGef;ra&mufapzdkY tjcm;

olrsm;xuf *½kxm;oifhMuygonf/ cE¨mudk,fonf vHkavmuf

aomtm[m&udk&½Sd&ygrnf/

MS 59, 1912.

cspfcifav;pm;tyfaomtpfudkBuD;?

oifonf usef;usef;rmrm½SdapzdkY usef;rma&;ûyjyif

ajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk wif;usyfwduspGmtwdwftcsdef

uwnf;uvdkufavQmufcJhygonf/ oifemrusef;jzpfonfhtcg

oifhudku,fzdkY uREfkyftm;owif;pum;wpfck bk&m;ocifay;awmfrl

cJhonf/ oifonf tpm;tpmrsm;udk trSm;t,Gif;r½SdoHk;aqmif

Edkif&ef txl;êud;pm;uefYowfcsKyfwnf;um oHk;aqmifcJhygonf/

odkY&mwGif oifhtwGufuREfkyfqkawmif;pOf oifhtm; vrf;rSefodkY

ydkYaqmif&ef uREfkyftm; xm0&bk&m;ocifrdefYawmfrlcJhonf/

tpm;tpmrsm;udk ,ckxufydkí&ufa&mpGmpm;oHk;oifhonf[k

oifhtwGufrdefYawmfrlygonf/ tom;udkpm;&rnf[k tMuHray;

vdkaomfvnf; pm;oHk;&rnfhtpmESifhywfoufonfhñTefMum;csufudk

ay;oem;awmfrlcJh&m xdkñTefMum;csuftwdkif; oifoHk;aqmifcJh

ojzifh ,aeYwdkifuREfkyfwdkYESifhtwl oif½Sdaejcif;jzpfonf/

xdkpOfu oifhudkay;cJhaom xdkñTefMum;csufrsm;udk

rMumcPuREfkyfpOf;pm;rdygonf/ emrusef;aoma&m*ga0'em½Sif

rsm;xHodkY ay;ydkY&rnfhtzdk;wefowif;pum;rsm;udk uREfkyftm;

ay;oem;awmfrlonfhtwGufvnf; xm0&bk&m;ociftm;

aus;Zl;wifvSygonf/

pm;aomufzG,f&mtzHkzHk

2T, p. 63 (1868)

oif\toufwm"avhtusifhrsm;udk ajymif;vJypf&ef

oifhtm;tMuHay;onfrSmrSefaomfvnf; oabmaygufem;vnf

pGmjzifhajymif;vJ&ef uREfkyfowday;vdkygonf/ tom;pm;jcif;udk

jzwfum tm[m&rJhaomtpm;tpmrsm;udk ajymif;ípm;onfh

rdom;pkrsm;ESifh uREfkyf&if;ESD;cJhygonf/ jyifqifpm;aomufaom

tpmrsm;onf tvGefnHhonfjzpf&m tpmtdrfonf xdktpmrsm;

udkvufrcHawmhyg/ xdktpmwGif ¤if;wdkYu usef;rma&;ûyjyif

ajymif;vJrIrsm;onf ¤if;wdkYESifhrudkufnDaMumif; cEmudk,fcGeftm;

rsm;yifavsmhyg;oGm;aMumif; uREfkyfudkajymvmygonf/ ½dk;½dk;

tpmrsm;udkpm;&ef êud;pm;rIwGifratmifjrif&jcif;twGuf þt&m

onf taMumif;&if;wpfckjzpfygonf/ ¤if;wdkYpm;oHk;aomtpm

rsm;onf EGrf;yg;NyD; jzpfovdkjyifqifxm;onfh aeYwdkif;pm;aeus

tpmjzpfonf/ xrif;BuD;pm;aomtcg tpmtrsKd;aygif;rsm;pGm

udkroHk;aqmifoifhonfrSmrSefuefaomfvnf; tpmwpfrsKd;ESpfrsKd;

wnf;udk aeYpOfpm;oHk;aeonfrSmrSefuefrIr½Sdyg/ tpm;tpmudk


jyifqif&mwGif ½dk;pif;rI½Sd&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; cHwGif;awGUzdkY

[if;pyfwnfhatmif jyifqif&efvdkygonf/ oifpm;aomtpm

xJwGif tqDrygapygESifh/ tqDonf oifjyifqifrnfhtpmrsm;

udknpfnrf;apEdkifonf/ toD;tESHESifh[if;oD;[if;½Gufudkrsm;rsm;

pm;yg/

Y.I, May 31, 1894.

vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf usef;rma&;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;

udk vGJrSm;pGmteufzGifhum rSefuefaomtouf½Sifaexdkifa&;

taMumif;zGifhqdkxm;aomoabmw&m;rsm;udk vGJrSm;pGm&,lcJhMu

onf/ qefûywfonf uREfkyfwdkYpm;&ef toifhavsmfqHk;tpm

pm&if;wGif t"duyg0ifaeonf[kyif wcsKdUyk*¾dKvfrsm;u oabm½dk;

jzifhxifjrifaeMuonf/ qefûywftrsm;BuD;aomufjcif;onf

tpmajconfht*Fg&yfrsm;twGuf usef;rma&;aumif;rGefaponf[k

tmrcHEdkifrnfr[kwfyg/ taMumif;rSm qefûywfonf t&nfyif

jzpfaomaMumifhwnf;/

yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;csif;\vdktyfcsufudkoHk;oyfjcif;

2T, p. 254 (1869)

oufaomihfoufom½Sdaomywf0ef;usifwGif aexdkifvdk&ef

oif\ZeD;tm; ydkYaqmifaompdwf"mwfrSm rmepdwfjzpfonf[k

oiftxifvGJrSm;aeygonf/ oifpm;ovdk olrtm;pm;cdkif;um

olrtm; oifpdppfcdkif;aeonf/ trSefrSm olronf omí

aumif;NyD; ydkírsm;aomtpmtm[m&udkpm;oHk;zdkYvdktyfaeygonf/

vG,fulpGmcsufûywfvkyfaqmifEdkif&ef oufaomifhoufom

vG,fvG,fulultoHk;csEdkifrnfhypönf;rsm;udk olrvdktyfaeygonf/

odkY&mwGif þtcsufudk rSm;,Gif;aom½IaxmifhrSoifMunfhaeyg

onf/ aexdkiftoufarG;jrLEdkifum cGeftm;rsm;udkvnf; qkwf,kwf

roGm;apEdkifvQif pm;vdkY&onfht&mtm;vHk;eD;yg;onf aumif;

onf[koifxifjrifaeonf/ xdkt&eftpm;tpm;rsm;\ta&;ygyHk

udk oifhZeD;tm; oifxyfcgwvJajymcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif olr

onf nHhzsif;aomtpmrsm;udk oifhtwGufaumif;aomaoG;om;

rsm;jzpfatmif rzefwD;Edkif½Smay/ csufûywfjyifqifenf;rsm;wlvifh

upm; yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;twGuf tusKd;ûyaomtpmrsm;udk tjcm;

yk*¾dKvfrsm;u t&omrawGUonfvnf;½Sdwwfygonf/

oifonf wpfzufpGef;a&mufolwpfOD;jzpfvmrSmpdk;&drf&

onf/ usef;rma&;aumif;aomaMumifh oif\tpmtdrfonf

nHhaomtpmrsm;udkyif aoG;om;jzpfatmif wwfpGrf;Edkifonfh

tajctaewGif½SdonfrSmrSefaomfvnf; oif\ZeD;rSmrl tpm

aumif;aumif;udka½G;ípm;zdkYvdkaeonf/ oifpm;aeonfhtpm

rsm;udkom oifhZeD;udktpm;cdkif;aernfqdkvQif olrtwGuf

usef;rma&;xdcdkufapEdkifygonf/ tm[m&jzpfaprnfhtpm;tpm

rsm;udk olrpm;zdkYvdkaeygonf/ aeYwdkif;pm;aeustpm;tpm

rsm;udkom olrudkrauR;bJ aumif;aomopfoD;0vHrsm;udkvnf;

auR;rnfqdku tvGefaumif;ygonf/ olronf ydefvSDum

emrusef;jzpfaeojzifh olrcE¨mudk,f\vdktyfcsufrsm;onf

usef;rmaomyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;\vdktyfcsufESifh rsm;pGmuGmjcm;vSygonf/

tpm;tpmudpöwGiftpGef;a&mufrIrsm;----- 301 302 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf

1T, pp. 205,206 (1859)

udk,fcEmudkxdckdufemusifapjcif;ESifh tm[m&½Sdaomtpm

rsm;udk jzwfxm;jcif;tay:xm;½Sdonfh oif\t,ltqonf

rSm;aeaMumif; uREfkyfjrifawGUcJh&onf/ bk&m;ocifonf oifESifh

twl½Sdonf/ odkYr[kwfygu oifonf þuJhodkYudk,ftvdkudk

jiif;y,fEdkifrSmr[kwf[k oif\vkyfaqmifrIrsm;udkjrifum wcsKdU

toif;om;rsm;uxifjrifaeMuonf/ odkYaomf þt&mrsm;udk

vkyfaqmifjcif;aMumifh oifonf ydkíoefY½Sif;rvmEdkifonfudk

uREfkyfawGUjrifae&onf/ r,HkMunfvlrsm;onfvnf; þt&m

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vnf; udk,fawmfonf xdkumvtwGuf rdrdvlwdkYudkjyifqifay;

awmfrlvdrfhrnf/

Letter 37, 1901.

usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIESifhywfoufaom wpfzufpGef;

a&mufonfhtjrifrsm;taMumif;ESifhpyfvsOf;í uREfkyfüajymp&m

tenf;i,f½Sdygonf/ usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkusifhaqmif&mü

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ygonf/ oifESifhoifhZeD;pm;ovdk oifhxHa&mufvmaomvlem

rsm;udkpm;oHk;&ef ñTefMum;aomoifhaq;cef;onf atmifjrifrI&

vdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ vlemrsm;udkauR;onfh tm[m&ESifhywfouf

onfhoif\oabmw&m;tay:wGif uREfkyftMuHrûyvdkyg/

ajymif;vJrIrSmtvGefBuD;rm;ygonf/ tom;pm;jcif;onf

usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapojzifh tom;udkuREfkyfwdkYrpm;awmhonfh

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pm;oHk;Mu&ygrnf/ xdktpmonf Orsm;yifjzpfonf/ EGm;EdkY

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usef;rmaomEGm;rrS&aom ydk;owfxm;onfhEdkYomjzpfoifhygonf/

usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;wGif tpGef;a&mufolrsm;

onf t&omrJhaom[if;vsmrsm;udk jyifqifrdrSmpdk;&drf&ygonf/

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pdwfcsygonf/ oifwdkYonf0dnmOfa&;bufwGif pHkvifrI½SdEdkifrnfh


DF- 20

taMumif; cE¨mudk,fusef;rmMuapzdkY uREfkyftvGeftvdk½Sdygonf/

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oifrjiif;qefoifhygacs/

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ysufcJh&ygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYcdkifcdkifrmrmwnfaqmufaeaomt&m

udk bk&m;ocifñTefMum;awmfrrlonfhtjcm;t&mrsm;ESifha&maxG;

wwfMuonf/ xdkaMumifh toif;awmf\cGeftm;rsm;onf csnfheJY

vmygawmhonf/


od k Yaomf txl;jyi f;xefaomþoabmw&m;\

tusKd;qufrsm;udk xm0&bk&m;ocifumuG,f&ef 0ifa&muf

[efYxm;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/ {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfonf tjypfom;

vltrsKd;tEG,frsm;udk nDnmjzjzjzpfatmifvkyfaqmif&efjzpfonf/

vlcsrf;omrsm;ESifhvlqif;&Jrsm;udk c&pfawmf\ajcawmf&if;odkY

twlwuGac:aqmifvm&efjzpfygonf/

odkY&mwGif EGm;EdkY? rvdkif? axmywfESifh MuufOrsm;udk

oHk;pGJjcif;onf pdwfrcs&aomtcsdefodkYa&mufvmaomtcg xm0&

bk&m;ocifonf þt&mudkazmfjyawmfrlvdrfhrnf[k uREfkyfajymvdk

ygonf/ usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm;wGif tpGef;ra&muf

MuygESifh/ EGm;EdkY? axmywfESifh MuufOpm;oHk;jcif;rsm;ESifhywfouf

onfhtcuftcJrsm;onfvnf; ajyvnfoGm;ygvdrhfrnf/ ,ck

avmavmq,fwGif þudpöESifhywfoufí uREfkyfpdwfrylrdyg/

oif\rQwpGmaexdkifpm;aomufrIudk tjcm;olrsm;tm; od½Sdyg

avap/

Letter 37, 1904.

vGefcJhaomnu uREfkyfonf tdyfrufxJwGif q&m0ef

wpfa,mufESifhpum;ajymaerdygonf/ ]tpm;tpmESifhywfoufí

wpfzufpGef;ra&mufatmifvkyfaqmifyg/ oifhtwGufaomfvnf;

aumif;? oif\aq;cef;wGiftukocHaeonfhvlemrsm;ESifhwuG

oifhudkulnDaeolrsm;twGufaomfvnf;aumif; tpm;tpmrsm;

jyifqifpm;oHk;&mwGif tpGef;ra&mufapygESifh/ vlemrsm;onf

tzdk;tcudkvHkavmufpGmay;aqmifxm;Mu&m &ufa&mpGmauR;arG;

ûypkjcif;udk&oifhygonf/ aq;cef;odkYa&muf½SdvmonfhwcsKdUvlem

rsm;onf t½dk;qHk;tpmrsm;udk pnf;urf;wuspm;oHk;&rnfhtajc

tae½SdMuaomfvnf; usef;rma&;wdk;wufaumif;rGefvmaomtcg

wGif tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;udk vHkvHkavmufavmufpm;oHk;zdkY

vdktyfvmygonf/

cHwGif;awGUatmiftpm;tpmjyifqifjcif;

2T, p. 538 (1867)

txl;ojzifh usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;

onf tpGef;a&mufolrsm;rjzpfatmif *½kpdkufoifhMuygonf/

cE¨mudk,fonf vHkavmufaomtm[m&udk&½Sd&rnfjzpfonf/

av½ª½Hkjzifh toufr½SifEdkifovdk tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;udkrpm;

vQifvnf; usef;rma&;aumif;zdkYrjzpfEdkifyg/ cHwGif;awGUEdkifonfh

t&omrsm;udkzefwD;Edkif&ef tpm;tpmudk pepfwusjyifqifoifh

Muygonf/

9T, pp.161-168 (1909)

tm[m&ESifhjynfh0aom tajccHpdwfobm0rsm;avsmhyg;

onfhtpm;tpmrsm;onf usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;

rsm;udk ½Iwfcsp&mjzpfaponf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf aorsKd;rsm;jzpfMu

ojzifh cEmudk,fudk tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;jzifh tm;jznfhMu&rnf/

wcsKdUyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf todpdwf"mwfjzifh raumif;aom

tpmrsm;a½SmifMuOfaepOfrSm cE¨mudk,ftwGufvdktyfonfhtajccH

tm[m&"mwfrsm;udkvnf;pm;oHk;&ef vspfvsL½IaeMuonf/


tpGef;a&muform;rsm;onf rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkifrpm;Edkifavmufatmif

t&omayghjyufonfhtpmrsm;udkjyifqifjcif;tEÅ&m,fESifh&ifqdkif

Mu&onf/ tpmudk tm[m&jynfhatmifjyifqifzdkYvdktyfovdk

cHwGif;awGUatmifvnf;jyifqifwwfzdkYvdkygonf/ cE¨mudk,f\

trSefwu,fvdktyfcsufrsm;udkypfy,frxm;oifhMuyg/ uREfkyfonf

qm;udktenf;i,fpm;ygonf/ qm;onf ab;jzpfapaomt&m

wpfckjzpfaomfvnf; aoG;twGufr½Sdrjzpf trSefwu,fvdktyf

aomt&mwpfckvnf;jzpfaeygonf/ [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;udk

EGm;EdkYtenf;i,f? rvdkiftenf;i,f (odkYr[kwf) xdkt&mrsm;

uJhodkYaomypönf;rsm;ESifha&mum t&om½Sdatmifjyifqifoihfygonf/

axmywfpm;jcif;tm;jzifh a&m*g&EdkifaMumif;? uav;i,f

rsm;tm; twdkif;tqr½SdMuufOauR;jcif;onf rdkufrJ&musaMumif;

owday;pum;rsm;ajymqdkaeaomfvnf; aocsmpGmarG;jrLxm;onfh

Muufrrsm;rS&onfhOrsm;udkpm;oHk;jcif;onfvnf; pnf;urf;

csKd;azgufjcif;jzpfonf[k roHk;oyfoifhygacs/ MuufOwGif tqdyf

ajyaponfh"mwfobm0rsm;yg0ifaeygonf/

wcsKdUrSm EGm;EdkY? MuufOESifh axmywfrsm;udka½SmifMuOfpOf

tm[m&½Sdaomtjcm;tpmrsm;udk tpm;xdk;pm;oHk;&ef ysufuGuf

aeMuonf/ xdkaMumifh tusKd;quftaejzifh cE¨mudk,ftiftm;

rsm;qkwf,kwfvmum tvkyfudkaumif;aumif;rvkyfEdkifMuawmh

acs/ usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIvkyfief;rsm;onfvnf; emrnf

ysufMu&ygonf/ cdkifcdkifrmrmwnfaqmufzdkY uREfkyfwdkYêud;pm;

vkyfaqmif&rnfht&mudk bk&m;ocifcdkif;apxm;onfht&mrsm;ESifh

a&maxG;ypfojzifh toif;awmf\tiftm;rsm;onf csnfheJYvmyg

awmhonf/ odkYaomf txl;jyif;xefaomþoabmw&m;\

tusKd;qufrsm;udk xm0&bk&m;ocifonfumuG,f&ef 0ifa&muf

[efYwm;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/ {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfonf tjypfom;

vltrsKd;tEG,frsm;udk nDnmjzjzjzpfatmifvkyfaqmif&efjzpfonf/

vlcsrf;omrsm;ESifh vlqif;&Jrsm;udk c&pfawmf\ajcawmf&if;odkY


uREfkyfwdkY,aeYpm;oHk;aeMuaom EGm;EdkY? rvdkifESifh MuufO

rsm;udk jzwf&rnfhtcsdefa&mufvmvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif tpGef;a&muf

csKyfwnf;jcif;rsm;udk tcsdefra&mufrDusifhoHk;jcif;rsm;tm;jzifh

rdrdudk,fudkpdwf'ku©a&mufatmifvkyfjcif;onf rvdkvm;tyfaom

t&mjzpfonf/ tajctaeuawmif;qdkvmonfhtcsdefxdatmif

apmifhyg/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf oifhtwGufjyifqifay;awmfrl

vdrfhrnf/

usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udkzGifhqdk&mwGif atmifjrif

vdkolrsm;onf or®musrf;pmudkvrf;ñTeftjzpftoHk;ûyMu&rnf/

xdkuJhodkYvkyfaqmifrSom tmom&Muvdrfhrnf/ raumif;aom

aMumifh jzwfxm;onfhtpmrsm;tpm; tm[m&ESifhjynfh0NyD; t&om

½Sdaomtpmrsm;udkpm;aomuf&ef ysufuGufjcif;tm;jzifh rSm;,Gif;

aomyHkoufaoudkrjyMuygESifh/ pdwf"mwfEdk;<uapzdkY&eftwGuf

cHwGif;udktm;ray;MuygESifh/ ½dk;pif;NyD; tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;

udkompm;Muyg/ usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;twGufvnf; xm0&

bk&m;ocifudk tNrJwrf;aus;Zl;wifMuyg/ t&m&mwGif rSefuef?

wnfMunfrI½Sdyg/ odkYûyvQif oifonf atmifyGJqifvdrfhrnf/


tpGef;a&muform;rsm;\raumif;aomMoZmvTrf;rdk;jcif;rsm;

2T, pp. 374-375 (1870)

taumif;qHk;t&nftaoG;ESifhjynfhpHkaom tpm;tpmrsm;

udkyif tpm;rMuL;MuzdkYowday;aepOfrSm rSm;,Gif;aompHEIef;rsm;

twdkif; rdrdudk,fwdkifpm;oHk;ae½Hkomru olwpfyg;tm;vnf;

rdrdwdkYuJhodkYusifhaqmif&ef tm;ay;wdkufwGef;aeonfh tpGef;a&muf

orm;rsm;udkvnf; uREfkyfwdkYowday;vdkygonf/

2T, pp. 384-387 (1870)

OD;bDESifhOD;pDESpfOD;pvHk;onf bk&m;ocif\trIawmfudk

toa&ysufatmifvkyfaqmifaeaMumif; pdwftm½HkwGif uREfkyfudkjyo

awmfrlcJhonf/ pifatmifokwfr&awmhonfhtpGef;wpfckudk olwdkY

jzpfapcJhMuonf/ OD;'DwdkYrdom;pktaMumif;udkvnf; uREfkyftm;

jyoawmfrlcJhonf/ tu,fíom vdktyfaomtrtpudk tcsdefrD

&cJhvQif ¤if;\tdrfom;rsm;onf ,aeYwdkifatmif touf½Sif

vsuf½SdMuvdrfhrnf/ rSm;,Gif;pGmusifhaqmifrIrsm;udk ta&;,l

aqmif½GufrnfhOya'rsm;rjyXmef;jcif;twGuf tHhMop&mjzpfaeyg

onf/ xdkrdom;pkonf tpm;tpm (½dk;pif;aomtpm;tpm)

twGuf ysufpD;qHk;yg;cJh&Muonf/ ayg<u,f0aomwdkif;jynf

wpfjynfwGif ¤if;wdkYtpmiwfaeMuonf/ tawGUtêuHEke,fol

wpfOD;onf ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkusifhoHk;pOf a&m*g

aMumifhraobJ tpmiwfíaooGm;cJhygonf/ tpmonf

cE¨mudk,fudk cGeftm;ESifhjynfhûzd;apvsuf cE¨mudk,f,EÅ&m;BuD;udk

qufvufvnfywfapygonf/

xdktawGUtêuHEke,folrsm;\vkyfaqmifrIrsm;udk wm;qD;

&ef wpfckckudkvkyfzdkYtcsdefa&mufvmacsNyD/ touft½G,fBuD;&ifhNyD;

todynmESifhjynfhpHkaomvlBuD;rsm;xuf ¤if;wdkY\vkyfaqmifrIESifh

ajymqdkrIrsm;onf ydkíxdcdkufepfemapEdkifygonf/ tpGef;a&muf

orm;rsm;\vkyfaqmifrIaMumifh vlxkwGifcHpm;ae&aomtjrif

rSm;rIrsm;udkuif;pifatmif azsmufzsufypfum trSeftwdkif;

vlxkBuD;oabmaygufem;vnfatmifvkyf&efrSm t&nftcsif;

jynfh0olrsm;twGufyif vG,fulaomt&mr[kwfygacs/ Oykof

aeYESifhywfoufaomowif;pum;ESifh 'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;

qdkif&mowif;pum;rsm;udk r,HkMunfao;olrsm;xH ra&mufEdkif

avmufatmif twdkif;twmwpfcktxd wHcg;ydwfaevsuf½Sdyg

onf/ tzdk;wefrGefjrwfvSaomtrSefw&m;rsm;udk w&m;em&ef

rxdkufwefaomt&mrsm;uJhodkY vlwdkYuab;z,fxm;vsuf½Sdyg

onf/ xdkolrsm;udk usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifh Oykof

apmifhjcif;qdkif&mudk,fpm;vS,frsm;tjzpfazmfñTef;aeMuonf/

r,HkMunfao;olrsm;xH owif;pum;ra&mufEdkifavmufatmif

[efYwm;rIrsm;twGuf xdkolrsm;üwm0ef½Sdaeygonf/

yk*¾dKvfa&;tjrifESifhprf;oyfrIrsm;udktm;ay;aejcif;

Letter 39, 1901.

usef;rma&;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;\ ta&;ygrIrsm;udk

txufwef;vTmESifh atmufwef;pm;vlwef;pm;ESpfckpvHk;rS vlrsm;

pGmwdkYu vufcHvmrnfhtcsdefonfa&mufvmNyD/ aumif;uifwref


(3) yg;owif;pum;udk arSmif&dyfoef;aprnfh rnfonfhowif;

pum;udkrQ uREfkyfwdkYrvdkufavsmoifhMuacs/ vltrsm;pkxHodkY

csOf;uyfcGifhr&Edkifavmufatmif usOf;ajrmif;aomtief;twm

wpfckwGif uREfkyfwdkYtm;ajccsKyfrdaprnfh rnfonfhtao;tzGJ

udpöudkrQ uREfkyfwdkYrvdkufavsmoifhygacs/

toif;awmfESif hwuG avmuom;taygif;wdk Yonf

uREfkyfwdkYtm; bk&m;ocifay;oem;awmfrlxm;onfh tpGrf;owåd

rsm;? wefcdk;MoZmrsm;udkvdkvm;aeMuonf/ {0Ha*vdw&m;awmf

udkwifquf&mwGif oif\udk,fydkiftjrifrsm;udk ryg0ifygapESifh/

uREfkyfwdkYü½SdorQt&mtm;vHk;onf udk,fawmftwGuf toHk;wnfh

aomt&mrsm;jzpfoifhonf/ wpfurÇmvHk;ESifhqdkifonfhowif;

pum;wpfck uREfkyfwdkYü½Sdae&m ay;oem;awmfrlxm;onfhxdkt&m

udk oefY½Sif;atmifapmifha½SmufapvdkonfrSm udk,fawmf½Sif\

tvdkawmfyifjzpfygonf/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf vltoD;oD;

wdkYtm; vkyfaqmifp&mrsm;udkay;oem;xm;ygonf/ rSm;,Gif;

aomowif;pum;rsm;udko,faqmifroGm;MuygESifh/ wpforwf

wnf;r[kwfaomtcuftcJrsm;wGif usef;rma&;qdkif&mûyjyif

ajymif;vJrItvif;w&m;udk rSm;,Gif;pGmteufrzGifhrdygapESifh/

yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;\tajymESifhtvkyfrnDnGwfrIonf ,HkMunfol

wpfzGJUvHk;tay:wGif trSDwHuJûyaewwf&m vlwpfOD;wpfa,muf\

wpfzufpGef;a&mufrIonf bk&m;ocif\trIawmfudkyifxdcdkuf

apygonf/

tpGef;a&mufaomvkyfaqmifrIrsm;onf aMumufp&m

aumif;aomudpöwpfckjzpfonf/ ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;

onf tpGef;a&mufolrsm;jzpfonf[k vltaygif;wdkYutxif

ra&mufap&ef þudpöESifhywfoufNyD; em;vnfrIvGJrSm;jcif;rS

umuG,f[efYwm;zdkY uREfkyftm;twif;t"r®zGifh[cdkif;aeygonf/

vlwdkYtm; rD;xJrSqGJxkwf&ef uREfkyfwdkYêud;pm;pOfwGif wpfzuf

wGifvnf; trSm;udkjyifap&ef ajymqdkrnfhpum;rsm;udk avmu

aysmfarGUjcif;vdkufpm;jcif;taMumif;udk trSeftwdkif;zGifh[&eftoHk;ûyzdkY

jzpfonf/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf vlom;rsm;\prf;oyfjcif;ESifh

tpGef;a&mufjcif;rsm;rS uREfkyfwddkYtm;uG,fumygap/

rnfonfht&mudk pm;aomuf&rnfqdkonfhudpöESif h

pyfvsOf;í rnfolrQtpGef;a&muftjrifrsm;udk rwdk;yGm;ygapESifh/

xm0&bk&m;ocifonf tvif;ay;xm;awmfrlNyD;jzpf&m uREfkyfwdkY

onf tvif;udkvufcHvsuf xdktvif;w&m;twdkif; touf½Sif

aexdkifMuygpdkY/ bk&m;ocifESifhc&pfawmfudkoduRrf;jcif;t&mwGif

rsm;pGmwdk;yGm;zdkYvdktyfaeygao;onf/ þoduRrf;jcif;onf

xm0&toufjzpf\/ bmomw&m;½Sdjcif;? aumif;jrwfjcif;?

ESdrfhcsjcif;? 0dnmOfa&;ESifhjynfh0aomtoufwmBuD;yGm;rIrsm;onf

c&pfawmfudkavhusufEdkifaomtajca&mufatmif uREfkyfwdkYudk

ydkYaqmifay;vdrfhrnf/

EGm;EdkYudkoHk;aqmifjcif;onf pdwfrcsaomtcsdefodkYa&muf

vmEdkifygonf/ EGm;rBuD;onfusef;rmNyD; EGm;EdkYudkaumif;rGefpGm

usufatmifusKdxm;vQif cufcJqif;&Jjcif;umvudk tcsdefrwefrD

a&mufvmatmif zefwD;&efrvdktyfygacs/ uREfkyfwdkY\vlwdkY

pm;aomuf&rnfht&mrsm;taMumif;udk owif;ay;zdkY uREfkyfwdkY


vkyfaqmif&rnf[k rnfolrQtxifra&mufMuygESifh/ &v'frsm;

onf rdrdxifovdkjzpfrvmaMumif;udk tpGef;a&muform;rsm;

onf tqHk;wGifawGUMu&vdrhfrnf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf vrf;tjycH

MurnfqdkvQif xm0&bk&m;ocifonf vuf,mvufawmftm;jzifh

uREfkyfwdkYudkvrf;jyawmfrlvdrfhrnf/ cspfjcif;ESifhpifMu,fjcif;onf

aumif;jrwfaomtyifay:wGif oD;avh½SdaomtoD;rsm;jzpfMu

onf/ cspfwwfaomolrnfonfum; xm0&bk&m;ocifjzpfyGm;ap

aomoljzpf½Hkomru udk,fawmfudkvnf; oduRrf;av\/

usef;rma&;qdkif&mowif;pum;rsm;udk rdrdwdkYrSvGJí tjcm;

olrsm;udk xm0&bk&m;ocifay;oem;awmfrrl[k,lqum rdrdwdkY

vufcHusifhoHk;vsuf½Sdaom usef;rma&;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrI

rsm;udk olwpfyg;tm; twif;tusyftvkyfcdkif;aeaom uGefz&ifh

wpfckudk owif;ay;&ef uREfkyftm; xm0&bk&m;ocifñTefMum;

awmfrlcJhonf/ arG;&mygESifhûypkysKd;axmifxm;onfh ¤if;wdkY\

pdwfaeoabmxm;rsm;udkaysmhaysmif;apcJhvdrfhrnfqdkvQif ¤if;wdkY

udk,fwdkifvnf; ajymif;vJzdkYvdktyfaeaMumif; jrifawGUvmvdrfh

rnf[k ¤if;wdkYtm; uREfkyfzGifh[cJhygonf/ ]]uREfkyfwdkYtcsif;csif;

cspfcifMurnfqdkvQif uREfkyftv,fwGif xm0&bk&m;ocifpdk;pH

awmfrlum uREfkyfwdkYtm;pHkvifapygvdrfhrnf/ xm0&bk&m;ocif

onf cspfjcif;arwåmjzpf&m cspfjcif;arwåmwGiftouf½Sifaom

olonf xm0&bk&m;ocifütouf½Sifaexdkif&m udk,fawmf

onfvnf; xdkolwGifudef;0yfawmfrl\/}}

vlwdkY\OmPfudk xm0&bk&m;ocif\OmPfawmfESifhvnf;

aumif;? u½kPmawmfESifhvnf;aygif;pnf;um c&pfawmfü ]ig}

udkjr§KyfESHMuygpdkY/ {0Ha*vdw&m;awmftm;jzifh pdwfESvHk;ajymif;vJ

jcif;qdkif&mowfrSwfxm;awmfrlonfhpHEIef;udkrDatmif êud;pm;Mu

ygpdkY/ tm;enf;olrsm;ausmcdkif;oGm;rnfpdk;ojzifh ajzmifhaomvrf;?

rSefaomvrf;twdkif;avQmufvSrf;Mu&ef uREfkyfwdkYtm; xm0&

bk&m;ocifqifhqdkawmfrlaeygonf/ xdktcsdefusrSom c&pfawmf

onf auseyfESpfodrfhrI½Sdawmfrlvdrfhrnf/

Letter 57, 1886.

nDtpfudkarmifESrwpfpkonf pm;aomufjcif;udpöwGif

tpGef;a&mufaeojzifh xdktzGJUtpnf;onf pdwf"mwfa&;&mwGif

ysufjym;aeacsNyD/ ,ckwGifpmwefonf tm[m&nHhzsif;aomtpm

rsm;udkpm;oHk;jcif;wGif tpGef;a&mufoGm;&ef oifhudk olwwfEdkif

orQwGef;ydkYaeygonf/ rSefuefpGmqifjcifqHk;jzwfEdkif&ef *½kpdkuf

Muyg/ txufrSOmPfynmrsm;udkawmif;cHum em;vnfrI½Sd½Sdjzifh

vkyfudkifvIyf½Sm;yg/ tu,fíom oifonf wpfzufpGef;a&muf

tajctjrpfrStp vHk;vHk;BuD;tpm;taomufajymif;ypfvdkufrnf

qdkvQif rvGJraoGvufavsmh&vdrfhrnf/ usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;

rsm;twdkif; wpfoa0rwdrf;usifhaqmifonf[kqdkapOD;awmh? rdrd\

qHk;jzwfcsuftay:wGif oifudk,fwdkifoHo,0ifvm½Hkomru

,HkMunfolrsm;tygt0if tjcm;vlrsm;uvnf; oifhudkpdwfcs

awmhrnfr[kwfacs/ bk&m;ocifxHrStvif;ay;onfxuf ydkí

rvkyfaqmifrd&efowdxm;yg/ vlwdkYxHwGiftMuHr,lbJ bk&m;

ocifudkaMumufcspfaompdwfjzifh owdynm½Sd½Sdvkyfaqmifyg/

trSm;t,Gif;rsm;udkoifvkyfrdvQifvnf; vlawGqDrStMuH

,lojzifh trSm;vkyfrdjcif;rsKd; wwfEdkiforQrjzpfygapESifh/ vlom;


DF- 21

rsm;bufrS&yfwnfvsuf trSm;vkyfrdjcif;xuf ¤if;wdkYESifha0;a0;

aejcif;u ydkíaumif;ygonf/ xdkodkYjzpfvQif ¤if;wdkYudk oifESifh

twlqGJac:vm&ef arQmfvifhcsuf½SdEdkifao;ygonf/ odkY&mwGif

tbufbufwGif trSm;uif;vQif taumif;qHk;jzpfygonf/

oifonf a&xJujzwfíoGm;p&mrvdkovdk rD;xJudk

jzwfívnf;oGm;p&mrvdkyg/ tpGef;a&mufjcif;tm;vHk;udk a½Smif½Sm;

vsuf tv,fvrf;udka½G;cs,favQmufvSrf;yg/ oifhudk wpfzuf

owfqefol? rQwrIr½Sdol[k olwpfyg;rjrifygapESifh/ tm[m&

nHhzsif;aomtpmrsm;udk r0w0rpm;ygESifh/ olwpfyg;pum;

em;axmifNyD; nHhzsif;aomtpmrsm;udkroHk;aqmifrdapygESifh/

usef;rma&;udktaxmuftulûyNyD; t&om½Sdaomtpmrsm;udk

jyifqifpm;oHk;yg/ usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udk trSefwu,f

½kyfvHk;azmfrnfhtpmrsm;udk jyifqifpm;oHk;yg/

usef;rma&;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udk vlom;tusKd;ûy

onfhvkyfaqmifrI[krjrifbJ ½GH½SmzG,fvkyfaqmifrIwpfcktjzpf

olwpfyg;jrifapatmif udkifwG,fvkyfaqmiftpGef;a&mufaponfh

OmPfynmenf;yg;aompdwf"mwfrsm;onf þûyjyifajymif;vJrI

BuD;udk azgufjyefysufpD;aponfht&mjzpfonf/ þodkYaom

oabmw&m;rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfaeonfhae&mrsKd;wGif

uREfkyfa&mufcJhzl;ygonf/ [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;udk a&jzifhom

ûywfpm;jcif;onf usef;rma&;ysuf,Gif;aponfhcsufûywfenf;

jzpfonf/

nDtpfudkarmifESrwdkY? t&mcyfodrf;wdkYwGif csKyfwnf;ap

vdkonfrSmrSefaomfvnf; ab;usyfeHusyfjzpfrnfhtajctxda&muf

oGm;atmif vHkYvrxkwfrdzdkY *½kûyMuyg/ vlom;rsm;\xifjrif

,lqcsufrsm;ü epfarsmraebJ rQwwnfNidrfaompdwfjzifh bk&m;

ocifudkudk;pm;vkyfaqmifyg/

tpGef;a&mufjcif; (2) ckpvHk;udka½SmifMuOfyg

6T, pp. 373-374 (1900)

uREfkyfwdkY\nDtpfudkarmifESrrsm;pGmwdkYonf usef;rma&;

ûyjyifajymif;vJrIqdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhqefYusifaomt&mrsm;udk

usifhaqmifaeMuonfudk uREfkyfodygonf/ tpGef;ra&mufonfh

vkyfaqmifrIrsm;udk uREfkyfaxmufcHygaomfvnf; uREfkyf\vufa&;rl

rsm;udkoHk;oyfaomtcg avmuaysmfarGUrIvdkufpm;jcif;? tpm;

taomufMuL;jcif;? 0wfqifrIrsm;wGifrmewufjcif; ponfh avmu

tusifh"avhrsm;udk twkcdk;usifhoHk;jcif;tm;jzifh jzpfay:vmrnfh

tEÅ&m,frsm;taMumif;udkazmfjyxm;onfhowday;csufrsm;ESihf

cdkifrmonfh oufaocHcsufrsm;udkawGUae&ygonf/ t&mcyfodrf;\

wnf½SdqJtajctaeaMumifh uREfkyfpdwfxdcdkufrdygonf/ wcsKdU

nDtpfudkrsm;onf ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifhpyfvsOf;NyD; jyif;jyif;

xefxefar;cGef;xkwftjiif;yGm;aeMuonf/ odkYaomf wcsKdUrSmrl

xdkûyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifhywfoufí rdrdwdkY\cHpm;csufoabmxm;

rsm;udkwifjy&ef pdwfygjcif;r½SdMuaomaMumifh þudpöESifhpyfvsOf;

onfhtrSefw&m;rsm;udkuG,f0Sufxm;csifaeMuygonf/ avmu

om;rsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh avmuaysmfarGUrIcHpm;jcif;ESifh tpm;

taomufwGifcsKyfwnf;jcif;rsm;udkrqefYusifvdkMu&m tusKd;quf

taejzifh npfnrf;aomtusifhrsm;ESifhjynfh0aeygonf/


c&pfawmftwGuftrIawmfjrwfudkxrf;aqmif&ef jyifqif

cJhMuaomfvnf; usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkapmifhxdef;&ef wm0ef

½Sdonf[k oabmraygufcJholtrsm;pkonf ,cktcsdefwGif tem

a&m*grsm;udkjyif;xefpGmcHpm;aeMu&ygonf/ cE¨mudk,fqdkif&m

usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;onf bk&m;ocifowfrSwfxm;onfh

pnf;rsOf;rsm;yifjzpfonf/ odkYaomf þtcsufudk vltrsm;owd

r&awmhoa,mifjzpfaeonf/ wcsKdUrSm usef;rma&;udkvHkavmuf

pGmjznfhqnf;ray;Edkifonfhtm[m&rsm;udkom rSD0JaeMuonf/

usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaponfhtpmrsm;udkjzwfawmufcJhMuaomf

vnf; xdkae&mwGif tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;jzifh tpm;rxdk;Muacs/

usef;rma&;udktaxmuftuljzpfaprnfh tpm;tpmrsm;udkjyifqif

&mwGif zefwD;wwfrIESifh pDpOfwusaqmif½GufwwfrIrsm;½Sd&rnf

udkvnf; ¤if;wdkYoabmraygufMuacs/ aoG;om;aumif;rsm;

jzpfxGef;&ef tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;udkpm;Mu&ygrnf/ nHhzsif;

aomtpmrsm;udkrpm;awmhonfhaemuf qufvufpm;oHk;aeaom

tqifhedrfhtpmrsm;udkvnf; tpm;avsmhvdkufjcif;onf usef;rma&;

ûyjyifajymif;vJrIESifhqefYusifonfhtpGef;a&mufjcif;jzpfonf/

þodkYaomvkyfaqmifrIrsm;onf "Health Reform" usef;rmjcif;

ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;r[kwfbJ "Health Deform" usef;rmjcif;

,dk,Gif;ysufpD;a&;jzpfygonf/

ÀÀÀ

tcef;BuD; (12)

udk,f0efaqmifrsm;pm;&rnfhtpmrsm;

MH, pp. 371-373 (1905).

rD;rzGm;rD MoZmoufa&mufrI\xda&mufrIudk cPwm

udpöuav;wpfcktjzpfom rdbtrsm;u½IjrifMuygonf/ odkYaomf

þt&mudk xm0&bk&m;ocifu tav;xm;awmfrlonf/ bk&m;

ocifxHrSaumif;uifwrefwpfyg;u (2) Budrfwdkifwdkifay;awmfrl

cJhonfhowif;pum;t& þt&monf *½kxm;oHk;oyf&ef

xdkufwefaomt&mwpfckjzpfonf/

]igcdkif;aporQudkvdkufemMuyg} [k a[NAJrdcifrsm;tm;

rdefYawmfrlonfhtwdkif; acwftqufquftouf½SifaexdkifMu

onfhrdcifrsm;tm; xm0&bk&m;ocifrdefYrSmaeygonf/ uav;i,f

\usef;rma&;udk rdcif\tusifhp½dkufrsm;u xdcdkufapEdkifygonf/

xdkaMumifh olr\tpm;tpmESifhpdwfxm;rsm;udk pnf;urf;wus

xdef;odrf;&ygrnf/ olrtm; om;orD;wpfa,mufxGef;um;

apvdkonfh bk&m;ocif\tvdkawmfudkjznfhqnf;vdkvQif olr

taejzifha½SmifMuOf&rnfht&mwcsKdU½Sdygrnf/ olronf udk,f0ef

aqmifxm;pOfwGif avmuaysmfarGUjcif;vdkufpm;rnfqdkvQif

vnf;aumif;? twåBuD;rnf? pdwfwdkaernfqdkvQifvnf;aumif;

þtusifhp½dkufrsm;onf uav;i,f\pdwfxm;wGif a&mifjyef[yf

aeygrnf/ þenf;tm;jzif h uav;i,frsm;pGmwd k Yonf

raumif;rIudk rausmfvTm;Edkifonfhpdwfxm;rsm;udk arG;&myg

wpfcktjzpf vufcH&½SdaeMuygonf/

tpm;tpmudpöwGiftpGef;a&mufrIrsm;----- 325 326

odkY&mwGif udk,f0efaqmifrdcifonf csKyfwnf;jcif;

udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fum Muifemjcif;? odrfarGUjcif;? twåpdwf

rrsm;jcif; ponfhrSefuefonfhpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk wpfoa0rwdrf;

vdkufavQmufrnfqdkvQif arG;zGm;vmrnfhuav;i,fü xdktusifh

p½dkufrsm;ESifhjynhfpHkaeygvdrfhrnf/ udk,f0efaqmifrdcifrsm;twGuf

xif½Sm;pGmwm;jrpfxm;aomt&mrSm 0dkift&ufrsm;udkraomuf&ef

yifjzpfonf/ olraomuforQt&ufwpfpufwdkif;onf trd0rf;

xJ½Sduav;i,f\ um,? OmPESifh pm&dwåqdkif&musef;rma&;

udkxdcdkufap½Hkomru xdkvkyfaqmifcsufonf bk&m;ocifudk

wdkuf½dkufapmfum;aomtjypfvnf;jzpfygonf/

udk,f0efaqmifrdcifrsm;\qE´udkvdkufavsmoifhonf[k

vnf; tMuHay;yk*¾dKvfrsm;u tMuHûyxm;Muygao;onf/

usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaprnfhtpmrsm;udk ¤if;wdkYawmifhwvQif

awmifrS ¤if;wdkYtm;êudufovdkpm;oHk;cGifhûyoifhaMumif; wdkufwGef;

xm;ygonf/ xdktMuHay;wdkufwGef;csufrsm;onf rSefuefrIr&Sd

yg/ xkdrdcif\cEmudk,fqdkif&mvkdtyfcsufrsm;udk rnfonfhenf;ESifh

rQvspfvsL½Irxm;oifhyg/ touf (2) ck\&SifoefrIonf olr

tay:wGif rSSDcdkaeygonf/ xdkaMumifh olr\qErsm;udk *½kwpkduf

tav;xm;um vdktyfcsufrsm;udk &uf&ufa&ma&mjznfhqnf;

ay;Mu&ygrnf/ odkY&mwGif xdktcsdeftcgrsKd;wGif olronf udk,fpdwf

ESpfyg;pvHk;\cGeftm;ukd ,kwfavsmhoGm;aprnfht&mrSeforQudk

a&SmifMuOfoifhygonf/ xm0&bk&m;ocif\rdefYrSmcsuft&qdkvQif

udk,ftvdkudkxdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufjcif;tusifhudk usifhaqmif&ef

olrtm; txl;*½kpdkufapmifha&SmufMu&ygrnf/

CTBH, pp. 37, 38 (1890) .

rdrd\vlwdkYudku,fwifrnfholwpfOD;tjzpf ½SHqkefudk

jzpfyGm;appOfu ¤if;tm; udk,f0efaqmifxm;onfhtwGuf

vdkufemusifhaqmif&rnfht&mrsm;udk xm0&bk&m;ocifjyXmef;

awmfrlcJhonf/ wm;jrpfcsufrsm;udk xdkuav;tay:wGif tp

yxruwnf;ujyXmef;aeawmfrljcif;jzpfonf/ odkYrSom olonf

arG;uif;pt½G,frSpí emZ&ufûrdUom;wpfOD;uJhodkY xm0&bk&m;

ocifa½SUawmfwGiftyfESHEdkifygonf/

]],ckrSpí oifonf t&ufaopmrsm;ESifh roefY½Sif;aom

tpmrsm;udka½Smifyg}} [k om;i,fwpfOD;udk&½Sdawmhrnfh rmaemf\

ZeD;xHodkY aumif;uifwrefwpfyg;onfay:vmNyD; ta&;BuD;

onfhñTefMum;csufrsm;udkay;cJhygonf/

rmaemf\om;uav;aqmif½Guf&ef ta&;BuD;onfhtvkyf

wpfck½Sdae&m xdktvkyfudkNyD;ajrmufpGmvkyfaqmifEdkif&eftwGuf

rdcifESifhuav;ESpfOD;pvHk;usifhaqmif&rnfht&mrsm;udk *½kwpdkufjzifh

aumif;uifwrefuñTefMum;cJhygonf/ t&ufudkraomuf?

roefY½Sif;aomtpmrsm;udkrpm;&ef aumif;uifwrefu rmaemf\

ZeD;tm;ñTefMum;cJh&m rdcifwpfOD;\tusifhp½dkufonf arG;zGm;

rnfhuav;tay:wGif a&mifjyef[yfEdkifaMumif;xif½Sm;ygonf/

rdrd\om;i,fuav;usef;rmaysmf½TifaeonfudkawGUjrifvdkvQif

olronf csKyfwnf;ûcd;jcHNyD; pnf;urf;wustouf½Sifaexdkif&ef

vdktyfaeygonf/

udk,f0efaqmifrsm;pm;&rnfhtpmrsm; 327 328 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf

Signs, Feb. 26, 1902.

rmaemf\ZeD;tm; rdefYqdkcJhaompum;rsm;wGif ,aeY

touf½Sifaeonfhrdcifrsm;avhvmoifhaomtrSefw&m;wpfckyg0if

aeygonf/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf þrdcifwpfOD;udkrdefYqdk&if;

acwftqufquftouf½SifaexdkifMurnfh pdk;&drfylyefaeonfh

rdciftm;vHk;udkrdefYqdkaeygonf/ rdcifwdkif;onfvnf; rdrdwdkY

xrf;aqmif&rnfhwm0efudkem;vnfEdkifMuygonf/ jyifytcGifhomrI?

tcGifhromrIrsm;xuf uav;i,fvlrjzpfrDESifh vljzpfNyD;tcsdef

rsm;wGif rdcif\yk*¾vduvkyfaqmifrItusifhp½dkufrsm;onf

xdkuav;i,f\pm&dwåwnfaqmufrIwGif ydkítajcûyaeonfudk

olrod½SdEdkifygonf/

]]odkYjzpfíowdûyavmh}} [k pHkprf;jcif;udkwGef;vSefzdkY

tqifoifhjyif&ef aumif;uifwrefu rmaemf\ZeD;tm; owday;

cJhygonf/ tpm;taomufESifhpdwfaepdwfxm;udk pnf;urf;wus

pDrHxdef;odrf;&ygrnf/ rdcifwdkif;udkvnf; ]odkYjzpfíowdûyavmh}

[krdefYrSmaeygonf/ olrtm; uav;arG;zGm;cGifhay;onfh xm0&

bk&m;ocif\tvdkawmfudkjynfhpHkapvdkvQif wcsKdUt&mrsm;udk

olra½SmifMuOfí wcsKdUt&mrsm;udkvHk;vHk;qefYusif&rnfjzpfonf/

om;orD;rsm;twGuf oifhavsmfaomq&mrwpfOD;jzpf

aom rdcifonf udk,f0efaqmifpOfrSmyif udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,f

jcif;? xdef;csKyfjcif;tusifhrsm;udkusifhaqmif&ygrnf/ taMumif;rSm

olr\tm;enf;csuf? tm;omcsufrsm;udk rdrduav;i,fxHodkY

vufqifhurf;&rnfjzpfygonf/ þt&mudk rdbrsm;xuf

pmwefuydkíem;vnfaeygonf/ xdkaMumifh uav;i,frsm;udk

xdcdkufap&ef rdcifrsm;udk olpHkprf;aESmifh,Sufygonf/ rdcifrsm;

twGuf wpfckwnf;aomudk;pm;&mrSm xm0&bk&m;ocifwpfyg;

wnf;omjzpfygonf/ aus;Zl;awmfESifhcGeftm;rsm;udk&Edkifrnfh

taMumif; olronf xm0&bk&m;ocifxHwGifcdkvIH&ygrnf/

xdkodkYcdkvIHum trtpawmif;cHvQif olrtwGuftcsnf;ESD;rjzpf

Edkifyg/ uav;i,ftm; b0atmifjrifrIESifhxm0&touf&Edkif

onftxd tultnDay;Edkifrnfht&nftaoG;rsm;udk udk,fawmf

onf olrtm; vufqifhurf;Edkif&ef wwfEdkifatmifrpawmfrl

vdrfhrnf/

2T, pp. 381-383 (1870) .

udk,f0efaqmifaeaomtrsKd;orD;rsm;\b0udk rsm;aom

tm;jzifhpdwfr0ifpm;MuonfrSm rSm;,Gif;rIwpfckyifjzpfygonf/

ta&;ygonfhxdktcsdefrsKd;wGif xdktrsKd;orD;rsm;onf jyif;jyif;

xefxeftvkyfrvkyfoifhMuyg/ olr\cEmudk,ftwGif;ü BuD;rm;

aomajymif;vJrIrsm;jzpfay:ae&m aoG;twdkif;tqrsm;udk rsm;pGm

vdktyfaeygonf/ xdkaMumifh taoG;tom;jzpfaprnfhtm[m&

rsm;udkydkípm;oHk;Mu&ygrnf/ tu,fíom olronf tm[m&

jzpfaprnfhtpmrsm;udkrpm;oHk;cJhvQif cGeftm;rsm;,kwfavsmhum

udk,f0efaqmifxm;onfhuav;i,fudkvnf; tm;,kwfapygvdrfh

rnf/ olr0wfqifonfht0wfudkvnf; *½kxm;oifhygonf/

¤if;tjyif tat;rrdap&efvnf; owdxm;&ygrnf/ t0wf

rvHkavmufrIudkjznfhqnf;&ef cGeftm;rsm;udkrvdktyfbJ olr

330 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufudk,f0efaqmifrsm;pm;&rnfhtpmrsm; 329

toHk;rûyoifhacs/ tm[m&jynfh0aomtpm;tpmrsm;udkroHk;aqmif

cJhvQif olrüt&nftaoG;rDaomaoG;rsm;avsmhenf;oGm;ayvdrfh

rnf/ aoG;vnfywfrIavsmhenf;oGm;ojzifh olrudk,f0efaqmif

xm;aomoaEöm;onfvnf; aoG;tm;enf;vmvdrfhrnf/ rdcif

a&moaEom;uav;yg usef;rmap&ef aEG;axG;aomt0wftxnf

ESifhtm[m&jynfh0aomtpm;tpmrsm;onf ta&;ygvSygonf/

rdcifrsm;\tm;rsm;udk tydktoHk;ûyjcif;tm; oHk;oyfMu&ygrnf/

jyefvnftpm;xdk;Edkifatmifvnf; jyifqifay;Mu&ygrnf/

odkY&mwGif xdkuJhodkYaomtxl;tajctaersm;wGif tpm;

tpmrsm;udk aygufvTwfyJpm; pm;cGifhûyjcif;onfvnf; rSm;,Gif;rI

wpf&yfjzpfygonf/ þtajctaersKd;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;onf

tpmtrsKd;rsKd;udkpm;vdkMuonf/ ¤if;wdkY\cHwGif;awmifhwrIudk

tmomajyatmifpm;&efvnf;cufygonf/ "avhxHk;pHt& ¤if;wdkY

pm;csifonfhtpmonf olrtwGufaomfvnf;aumif; oaEöm;

twGufaomfvnf; aumif;onfraumif;onfudk y"merxm;

awmhbJ olr\tvdkudkvdkufum auR;arG;avh½Sdygonf/ odkY&mwGif

olrtm;auR;aomtpmonf tm[m&ESifhjynfh0aomtpmom

jzpfoifhygonf/ aoG;om;udkvIHYaqmfay;onfhtpmrsKd;rsm;rjzpf

oifhacs/ "avhxHk;pHt& tom;jzpfjzpf? [if;cwftarT;têudif

jzpfjzpf olrpm;csifonfhrnfonfht&mudkrqdk auR;arG;wwfMu

onf/ cHwGif;awGUzdkYomt"dujzpfonf[k,lqMuonf/ þt,l

tqonf r[mtrSm;BuD;jzpf½Hkomru usef;rma&;udkvnf;

txl;xdcdkufapygonf/ usef;rma&;udkxdckdufaprnfhtpmrsm;udk

rauR;oifhygacs/ ½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;? tm[m&ESifhjynfh0aomtpmrsm;udk

txl;*½kûyauR;&rnfhtcsdefonf þtcsdefrsKd;yifjzpfonf/

oifwef;rsm;aumif;rGefpGm&,lum usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;

rsm;udkod½Sdem;vnfaomtrsKd;orD;rsm;onf þtcsdefrsKd;wGif

½dk;pif;aomtpmtm[m&rsm;udk vufvTwfMuvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/

tjcm;vlom;oaEöm;wpfOD;u rdrdwdkYtm;rSDcdkaeaMumif;od½Sdum

tpm;taomuftaetxdkifrsm;wGif*½kûyMuvdrfhrnf/ t&om

om½SdNyD; tm[m&r½Sdaomtpmrsm;udk olwdkYrpm;oifhMuacs/

cHwGif;awmif;onfhtpmrsm;udkpm;yg[k tMuHay;rnfholrsm;pGm

½Sdaewwfygonf/

a&m*gonfuav;i,frsm;udk arG;zGm;&jcif;\taMumif;

&if;rSm rdbrsm;\cHwGif;tvdkvdkufrIaMumifhjzpfygonf/ pm;csif

pdwfay:vmonfhtcgwdkif;udk tpmtdrfuawmif;wvdkvm;ae

onfr[kwfyg/ þtpmudkpm;vQifaumif;rnf[k pdwfxJu

xifaejcif;onf c&pf,meftrsKd;orD;rsm;rjiif;qefEdkifatmif

jzpfaeonfhtrSm;wpfckjzpfonf/ pdwful;,OfrIrsm;onf cEmudk,f

\vdktyfcsufudkxdef;csKyf&ef cGifhrûyoifhygacs/ t&omwpfck

wnf;udkom OD;pm;ay;NyD; tpma½G;cs,fpm;aomufaevQif

usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;csKd;azgufjcif;\tzdk;tcudk cHpm;Mu&vdrfh

rnf/ xdktzdk;tcudk olwdkYomru 0rf;xJrSmvG,fxm;aom

uav;i,fudkyif a&m*gonfjzpfapygvdrfhrnf/

aoG;om;udkjzpfaponfh t*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;onf

[if;cwfarT;têudifrsm;? a&m*g½Sdaomwd&pämef\tom;rsm;udk


aumif;aomaoG;tjzpfodkYul;ajymif;atmif vkyfEdkifpGrf;r½SdMuacs/

tpmrsm;udk tvGeftrif;pm;rdyguvnf; xdktpmrsm;udkacszsuf

&ef tpmtdrfonf tvkyfydkvkyfae&ojzifhvnf;aumif;? ydkvQH

tpmrsm;udk ½Sif;vif;ae&ojzifhvnf;aumif; rdcifBuD;rSm

usef;rma&;xdcdkufvm½Hkomru oaE¨om;uav;twGufvnf;

a&m*g½Smay;ovdkjzpfaewwfygonf/ rdrdyg;pyft&omudkOD;pm;

ay;um rdrdpm;vdkonfht&mudkpm;aernfqdkvQif raumif;aom

tusKd;qufrsm;udk olrwpfOD;wnf;omr[kwfbJ 0rf;xJrSuav;

i,fygcH&vdrfhrnf/ olr\tajrmftjrifenf;yg;rIaMumif; tjypfrJh

aomuav;i,fonf 'ku©a&mufayOD;rnf/

H To L, ch. 2, pp. 33-34 (1865) .

udk,f0efaqmifrdciftrsm;pkudk udk,f0efaqmifaepOftwGif;

eHeufvif;tm;BuD;ESifh ntaESmif;ydkif;rsm;wGif aoG;qlaponfh

yifyifyef;yef;tvkyfrsm;udk vkyfcGifhay;wwfMuonf/ trSefrSm

¤if;wdkY\cGeftm;rsm;udk tjrwfwEdk;xm;vQif ydkrdkíoifhavsmfvS

ygonf/ olrxrf;aqmif&aom0efwmESifh ylyefaomursm;onf

avsmhyg;oGm;cJvSygonf/ þtcsdefrsKd;rSm aumif;pGmtem;,l&

rnfhtpm; EGrf;e,frI? 0rf;enf;rIrsm;udk olrydkícHpm;ae&wwfyg

onf/ xdkpOfwGif ydkrdktm;xkwfae&ojzifh vdktyfaomcGeftm;

rsm;&½Sd&ef obm0tm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;? olrrSwpfqifh

rQa0xm;jcif;tm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;? oaE¨om;&½Sdxm;onfh

tm;rsm;udk olruwpfzefvk,ltoHk;ûyae&jyefonf/ xdkenf;

tm;jzifh trd0rf;xJwGif touf½SifaeaomoaEom;uav;onf

touf½Sifoefaprnfh udk,fcE¨mESifhpdwf"mwfcGeftm;rsm;tvk,l

cHae&ygonf/

2T, pp. 378-379 (1870) .

tdrfaxmifwGif OD;bDusifhoHk;aeaom usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;

rsm;taMumif;udk uREfkyfpdwftm½Hk&onf/ olonf OD;pDxHrSMum;cJh

&aom usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk OD;pDuJhodkYyif wpfzufpGef;

a&mufonftxd usifhaqmifae½Hkomru olwpfyg;tm;vnf;

oluJhodkYusifhaqmif&ef twif;tusyfwdkufwGef;aeygonf/ olü

rQrQwwa0zefydkif;jcm;wwfonfhpdwf"mwfuif;rJhae&m BuD;us,f

aomtrSm;t,Gif;rsm;udkvkyfrdcJhygonf/ odkY&mwGif raumif;aom

tusKd;qufrsm;udk ola½Smif½Sm;Edkifjcif;r½SdcJhyg/ olonf zwf½I

&onfhpmtkyfrsm;xJrStcsuftvufrsm;\tultnDjzifh OD;pD

ajymjyíMum;zl;onfh usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk OD;pDuJhodkYyif

taumiftxnfazmf½Hkomru olowfrSwfxm;onfhpHEIef;twdkif;

touf½Sifpm;aomufMu&ef olwpfyg;tm;vnf; qGJac:ygawmh

onf/ rdrd\rdom;pkrsm;udkvnf; xdkMuyfwnf;aompnf;rsOf;

rsm;twdkif; pm;aomufMu&ef olodrf;oGif;cJ haomfvnf;

oludk,fwdkifurl wd&pämefpdwfrsm;udk rxdef;csKyfEdkifcJhacs/ rdrd

owfrSwfxm;aompHEIef;udkrD&ef oludk,fwdkifysufuGufcJhygonf/

tu,fíom olYüusef;rma&;qdkif&mrSefuefaomtodynm½SdcJh

rnfqdkvQif olYZeD;ü usef;rmzGHUûzd;aomuav;i,fwpfOD;udk

arG;ay;Edkifavmufonfhtajctaer½Sdonfudk olodcJhvdrfhrnf/

ESdyfuGyfrIr½Sdaomol\&r®ufrsm;u olYtm; usKd;aMumif;qifjcif

EdkifpGrf;uif;rJhapcJhygonf/


olonf udk,f0efaqmifaeaomZeD;onftm; udk,f0ef

aqmifwpfOD;uJhokdYrqufqHcJhacs/ rdcifa&m? uav;twGufyg

vdktyfonhftm[m&jynfh0aomtpm;taomufrsm;udk vHkavmuf

pGmolrpDpOfay;cJhacs/ oaEom;uav;\vHk;vHk;rSDcdkjcif;cHae&aom

rdcifBuD;rSm rdrd\cGeftm;rsm;udk qufvufxdef;xm;apEdkifrnfh

tm[m&jynfh0aomtpmrsm;udk roHk;aqmifcJh&acs/ vdktyfaom

twdkif;tqESifh t&nftaoG;ESpfckpvHk; olrpm;aomtpmwGif

csKdUwJhaeygonf/ ydkítm[m&jzpfaprnfhtpmrsKd;pHkudk olrcEmudk,f

uawmifhwaeacsNyD/ odkYaomf oHk;aqmifcGifhr&cJhojzifh ydefvSDNyD;

aoG;om;cGeftm;enf;onfhuav;i,fwpfOD;udk olrarG;zGm;cJh&

onf/ pm;&onfhtpmonf aumif;aomaoG;om;udkrjzpfap

EdkifcJhonfhtwGuf [l;rm;[kac:onfh udk,fwGif;t&nfrsm;ESifh

NyD;aomuav;wpfa,mufudk olrarG;zGm;cJh&ygonf/

ÀÀÀ

tcef;BuD; (13)

uav;b0pm;&rnfhtpm;tpm

Signs, Sept. 13, 1910.

]]uREfkyfwdkYtdrfaxmifrSmarG;zGm;vmrnfhuav;udk rnfuJhodkY

ûypk&rnfenf;}} [laomar;cGef;udk rdcifzcifrsm;ar;oifhygonf/

0rf;xJwGifvG,fxm;onfhoaE¨om;uav;twGuf ûypk&rnfh

enf;rsm;udk bk&m;ocifrdefYrSmonfhtwdkif; uREfkyfwdkYwifjyxm;

NyD;jzpfygonf/ odkY&mwGif xdkt&mrsm;onf tukefr[kwfao;yg/

xrf;½Guf&rnfhwm0efrsm;udk rdcifzcifrsm; aumif;rGefpGmod½Sd

em;vnfEdkif&eftvdkYiSm arG;zGm;NyD;uav;rsm;udk ûypkysKd;axmif

&rnfhenf;vrf;rsm;udkay;&ef *gajAvtm; aumif;uifa½Teef;rS

apvTwfawmfrlcJhygonf/

c&pfawmfyxrtBudrf<uvmrnfhtcsdefavmufwkef;

uvnf; *gajAvonf rmaemftm;ay;awmfrlonfhowif;pum;

rsKd;udk Zmc&dxHvmíay;cJhzl;ygonf/ a,m[ef[ktrnfwGifrnfh

om;i,fuav;udk ¤if;\ZeD;arG;zGm;vdrfhrnf[k oufusm;½G,ftdk

,Zfyka&m[dwfBuD;tm; rdefYqdkcJhygonf/ ¤if;jyif ]]oifonf

0rf;om½TifjrL;jcif;½Sdvdrfhrnf/ xdkom;udkzGm;jrifaomaMumifh

vltrsm;wdkYonfvnf; 0rf;ajrmufjcif;odkYa&mufMuvdrfhrnf/

taMumif;rlum;? xdkom;onf xm0&bk&m;ocifa½SUawmfü

BuD;jrwfaomoljzpfvdrfhrnf/ pyspf&nfESifh,ZfrsKd;udkraomufbJ

aeí trd0rf;xJuyif oefY½Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfESifhjynhf0vdrfh

336udk,f0efaqmifrsm;pm;&rnfhtpmrsm; 335

rnf}} [kvnf; rdefYqdkcJhygonf/ uwdawmfESifhqdkifaom þuav;

udk wif;usyfaomcsKyfwnf;jcif;tusifhrsm;jzifh ysKd;axmif&efjzpf

onf/ ûyjyifajymif;vJrIqdkif&m ta&;ygaomtvkyfwpfckudk

Zmc&dxHwGiftyfESHum c&pfawmftwGuf vrf;jyifqifay;cJhygonf/

csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhaomp½dkufrsm;udk yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;jzifh

vlwdkYtv,fwGifusifhoHk;aeMuygonf/ pyspf&nfudktaomufMuL;

jcif;ESifh tqDttdrfhrsm;aomtpmrsm;udk tpm;MuL;jcif;onf

qdk;½Gm;aom&mZ0wfrsm;udkyif tjypfjzpfonf[k rjrifawmhonfh

txd pm&dwårsm;udk,kwfnHhapvsuf cE¨mudk,fcGeftm;rsm;udk

qkwf,kwfapygonf/ q&ma,m[efonf tjypfESifhjynfh0aom

avmuaysmfarGUjcif;rsm;udk awmxJrStoH[pfNyD; jyif;xefpGmqHk;r

½Hkomru ¤if;\udk,fydkifcsKyfwnf;jcif;toufwmjzifhvnf;

xdkacwfxdktcgu pm;aomufMuL;olrsm;udkqHk;r&efjzpfonf/

ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udktpaumif;jcif;

csKyfwnf;jcif;qdkif&mtrIaqmifrsm;\êud;pm;rIonf

uREfkyfwdkYEdkifiHrS csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhjcif;\qdk;usKd;rsm;udk z,f½Sm;

ypfavmufatmif vHkavmufrIr½Sdyg/ wpfBudrfwpfcgwnfaqmuf

zGJUpnf;NyD;aomtusifhp½dkufrsm;udk ajzazsmuf&efrSm cufcJvSyg

onf/ xdkaMumifh usef;rma&;qkdif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIudk udk,f0ef

aqmifrdcifrsm;ESifhtpûy&ygrnf/ tu,fíom bk&m;ocif\

ñTefMum;csufrsm;udk opöm½SdpGmvdkufemMurnfqdkvQif csKyfwnf;

jcif;uif;rJhrIudkawGUjrifMu&rnfr[kwfyg/

rdcifrsm;onf ,ckacwfysufpD;wwfaomraumif;rIrsm;rS

uif;a0;aomtoufwmudk rdrdwdkY\om;orD;rsm;tm; tvdkawmf

ESifhtnDay;Edkif&ef bk&m;ocif\tvdkawmfESifhnDaom tusifh

p½dkufrsm;twdkif; rdrdudk,fwdkiftouf½SifaexdkifEdkifzdkY rem;rae

êud;pm;oifhygonf/ aESmifhaES;jcif;r½SdbJ bk&m;ocifudk rSefuef

aomenf;vrf;jzifh rdcifrsm;qufoG,fMuyg/ odkYrSom ¤if;wdkY

onf bk&m;ocif\axmufronfhaus;Zl;awmftm;jzifh taysmfMuL;

ESifhpm;aomufMuL;jcif;rsm;&efrS rdrdwdkY\om;orD;rsm;udkumuG,f

EdkifMurnfjzpfonf/ rdcifrsm;onf þenf;vrf;udkvdkufavQmuf

rSomvQif ¤if;wdkY\om;orD;rsm;onf 'Ha,vwdkYuJhodkY pm&dwå

ydkif;wGifvnf;aumif;? OmPfynmt&mwGifvnf;aumif; jrifhrm;

aomtqifhwGif½Sdum vlom;rsm;udktusKd;ûyolrsm;? xm0&bk&m;

ocifudkav;pm;olrsm;jzpfvmMuygvdrfhrnf/

EdkYpdkYoli,frsm;

MH, p. 383 (1905) .

EdkYpdkYoli,frsm;twGuf taumif;qHk;aomtpmrSm obm0u

¤if;wdkYtwGufpDpOfay;xm;aomtpmjzpf&m rvdktyfbJ xdktpmudk

jzwfawmufrypfoifhygacs/ uav;i,fudkûypkjcif;trIrS a½Smif½Sm;zdkY

êud;pm;&if; oufaomifhoufomaexdkifEdkif&eftwGuf þtrIudk

ûyjcif;onf rdcifwpfOD;twGuf ESvHk;om;uif;rJh&ma&mufygonf/

tjcm;tpmrsm;jzifh rdrd\EdkYpdkYuav;i,ftm; wdkufauR;

cGifhûyxm;onfhrdcifrsm;taejzifh jzpfay:Edkifaom&v'frsm;udkvnf;

338 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufuav;b0pm;&rnfhtpm;tpm 337

DF- 22

pOf;pm;oHk;oyfoifhygonf/ tenf;qHk;tusKd;quftaejzifh

uav;i,ftm;ûypkaom q&mr\pdwfaepdwfxm;onf

xdkuav;i,fudkvTrf;rdk;ul;pufoGm;wwfygonf/

Health Reform, Sept. 1871.

0wfqifrIrsm;wGifacwfrDatmifêud;pm;vkyfaqmifjcif;

tm;jzifh obm0udkqefYusifaeMuygonf/ rdcifrsm;onf wpfcg

wpf&HwGif &ifom;tvSysufrnfpdk;ojzifh EdkYbl;rsm;jzifhtpm;xdk;

um uav;i,frsm;udkauR;arG;wwfygonf/ rdcifwpfOD;taejzifh

rdrdtoufwmESifh &ifaoG;i,f\toufwmudka&m,Sufum rdrd\

ESvHk;om;½SdoefY½Sif;rGefjrwfvSaomcHpm;csufrsm;udkEdk;<uaprnfh

El;nHhodrfarGUNyD; pGJvrf;p&maumif;aomwm0efwpfckudk zuf½Sif

tvSqdkif&m vufr½GHUavmfrmrIwpfcktwGuf tyfESHpaw;wwf

Muygonf/

rdrdwdkY\&ifaoG;jzpfaom EdkYpdkYuav;i,frsm;twGuf

tcsdefukefcHum 'ku©rcHvdkMuojzifh xdkuav;rsm;tay:ûy&rnfh

rdcif\0wfudk paw;aeMuaomrdcifrsm;vnf;½Sdygonf/ nuvyf

rsm;ESifh taysmftyg;vdkufjcif;rsm;aMumifh xdktouf0dnmOf\

El;nHhaomtm½HkcHpm;rIrsm;onf xHkxdkif;ukefMuacsNyD/ om;orD;

wm0efudkxrf;aqmifaomrdcifjzpfonfxuf zuf½Sifr,frdcif

wpfOD;jzpfonfudk olwdkYydkrdkvdkvm;aeMuygonf/ rdrdwpfOD;wnf;

omvkyfoifhaom0wå&m;rsm;udkvkyfaqmif&ef rdrdwdkY\om;orD;

i,frsm;udk uav;xdef;vufxJodkY olwdkYxnfhwwfMuygonf/

olr\rSm;,Gif;aomtusifhp½dkufonf olrtm; vkyfaqmifwdkif;

aysmf½TifrIudkay;rnfh rvGJra½Smifomaom0wå&m;rsm;ESifhudkufnDrI

r½Sdawmhacs/ taMumif;rSm uav;udkrapmifha½SmufEdkifavmufatmif

tvSjyifcsifaomtoufwmu vTrf;ûcHaeaomaMumifhjzpfonf/

xdkrdcif\wm0efrsm;udk olpdrf;wpf&HqHwpfOD;uvkyfaqmifum

uav;i,f\toufquf&ef ûypkauR;arG;aewwfygonf/

xdkYjyifomru xdkolpdrf;wpf&HqHonf ¤if;\pdwfae

oabmxm;rsm;udkvnf; xdkuav;i,ftm; rQa0wwfygao;

onf/ xdkuav;\toufwmonf olr\toufwmESifhEG,f

aeacsNyD/ tu,fíom xdkuav;xdef;onf Murf;wrf;ol?

usKd;aMumif;rqifrjcifwwfoljzpfvQifaomfvnf;aumif;? pm&dwå

ydkif;udktav;rxm;oljzpfvQifaomfvnf;aumif;? ¤if;xdef;ae

onfhuav;onfvnf; xdktusifhrsm;udk&½SdoGm;wwfygonf/

Murf;wrf;onfhuav;xdef;\pdwfoabmxm;rsm;onf txdef;cH

uav;i,fxHodkYul;pufoGm;wwfygonf/ rdrdom;i,fudk csDydk;&ef

0ef;av;olzuf½SifaemufodkYvdkufum rdrdxrf;½Guf&rnfhrdcifwm0ef

rsm;udkjiif;qefolrsm;onf rdcif[kyiftac:rcHxdkufMuacs/

trsKd;orD;rsm;ü½Sdtyfaom jrifhjrwfaomjyuawhoabmxm;ESifh

rGefjrwfaomMueftifvu©Pmrsm;onf ¤if;wdkYü,kwfavsmhae

acsNyD/ rdrdvkyfaqmif&rnfhwm0efrsm;udk *½krxm;awmhbJ

vlêudufrsm;aomtaysmftyg;rsm;aemufudkom ¤if;wdkYvdkufaeMu

acsNyD/ rdcifrsm;pGmwdkYonf rdrdwdkY\EdkYtHkudktoHk;rûyawmhbJ

EdkYbl;rsm;udktpm;xdk;toHk;ûyaeMuygonf/ ¤if;wdkYudk,fwdkifu

uav;i,frsm;tm; rauR;arG;Muawmhojzifh EdkYbl;onfr½Sdrjzpf

vdktyfaomt&mjzpfvmygonf/ vli,ft½G,frSpí usifhaqmif


cJhaomrSm;,Gif;aomt0wftpm;rsm;aMumifh 90 &mcdkifEIef;aom

vli,frsm;onf obm0u ¤if;wdkYtm;ay;tyfaomwm0efrsm;udk

ausyGefpGmvkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;r½SdMuawmhacs/

rdcifEdkY&nfjzifhwdkufauR;EdkifygvsufESifh EdkYbl;udkomtoHk;ûy

aomrdcifrsm;\ ESvHk;om;uif;rJhaomvkyf&yfrsm;udk uREfkyf

pdwftm½HkwGifrMumcPawGUjrifcJh&onf/ EdkYbl;wdkufrnfqdkvQif

vnf; usef;rmaomEGm;rBuD;xHrS&aomEdkYjzpfzdkYta&;BuD;ovdk

toHk;ûyaomEdkYbl;onfvnf; oefYjyefYzdkYvdktyfvSygonf/ xdktcsuf

udk ta&;rxm;Muojzifh EdkYpdkYoli,frsm;onf rvdkvm;tyfbJ

a0'emrsm;udkcHpm;aeMu&ygonf/ tpmtdrfESifhtlrsm;qdkif&ma0'em

rsm;jzpfay:vmNyD; arG;uif;ptcsdefwkef;u usef;rmonfjzpfaomf

vnf; oem;p&mha&m*gonfrsm;jzpfvmMuygonf/

H to L, ch. 2, pp. 39-40 (1865)

rdcifEdkYudkaomufoHk;aeonfh EdkYpdkYoli,frsm;\tcsdefumv

onfvnf; a0zefoHk;oyfp&mwpfckjzpfonf/ EdkYpdkYoli,frsm;udk

EdkYwdkufûypkaomrdcifrsm;tm; tvkyfudkjyif;xefpGmvkyfaqmifap½Hk

omru csufa&;ûywfa&;tvkyfrsm;aMumifh? ¤if;wdkY\aoG;rsm;udk

qlapjcif;aMumifh EdkYpdkYuav;i,ftm; rsm;pGmxdcdkufapygonf/

roefY½Sif;? rusef;rmaomrdcif\EdkYomru raumif;aomtpm;

tpmrsm;aMumifh jzpfay:aeaomrdcif\roefY½Sif;aomaoG;rsm;

onf uav;i,f\usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapygonf/ xdkYjyif

omru xdkEdkYpdkYoli,fuav;onf rdcif\pdwfaeoabmxm;

aMumifhvnf; pdwfydkif;qdkif&mwGif xdcdkufrIrsm;½Sdwwfygonf/

tu,fíom olronf pdwfESvHk;okefrIefwwfol? pdwfqdk;vG,f

ol? a'goaygufuGJwwfolwpfOD;jzpfcJhvQif ¤if;\EdkY&nfudk

aomufoHk;aomuav;i,fü avxdk;avatmifha&m*g? wufwwf

onfha&m*g ponfha&m*gqdk;rsm;pGJuyfwwfygonf/

rdcifxHrS&,lpm;oHk;&onfh tm[m&\obm0onf

xdkuav;i,f\pm&dwåudkvnf; tenf;ESihftrsm;xdcdkufapyg

onf/ EdkYpdkYoli,fudk EdkYcsKdwdkufauR;ûypkpOfumvtwGif; rdcif

wpfOD;onf rdrdpdwfudkaumif;rGefpGmxdef;csKyfum pdwfaysmfaysmf

aexdkif;jcif;rSm tvGefta&;BuD;vSygonf/ þodkYvkyfaqmif

jcif;jzifh uav;i,fpm;onfhtpm;tpmrsm;onf tEÅ&m,fr½Sd

awmhonfhjyif uav;ESifhqufqH&mwGif rdcifusifhoHk;cJhaom

wnfNidrfat;csrf;aomvkyfaqmifrIonf xdkEdkYpdkYoli,f\pdwfydkif;

qdkif&mwnfaqmufrIwGif rsm;pGmtaxmuftulûyygonf/

aMumufwwf? pdwfwdkwwfaomEdkYpdkYoli,fonfyifvQif rdcif\

wnfNidrf*½kxm;aomtûytrlrsm;tm;jzifh ESpfodrfhay;ygu

xdkuav;\usef;rma&;tajctaeonf rsm;pGmwdk;wufvmEdkif

ygonf/

EdkYpdkYoli,frsm;onf roifhavsmfaomqufqHrIrsm;aMumifh

rsm;pGmepfemcJhMu&onf/ uav;i,frsm; wtDtDjzifhidkaewwfvQif

NidrfoGm;atmif rsm;aomtm;jzifh tpmauR;ay;&ygonf/ xdkuJhodkY

tDae&jcif;\taMumif;&if;onf tpmrsm;pGmpm;rdjcif;aMumifh

jzpfwwf&m rdcif\rSm;,Gif;aomvkyfaqmifrIaMumifh uav;i,fü

rsm;pGmxdcdkuf&ygonf/ tpmudkydkíauR;jcif;onf tajctaeudk

ydkíqdk;½Gm;oGm;apwwfygonf/ taMumif;rSm tpmtdrfonf

vdkonfxufydkaomtpmrsm;jzifh jynfhvQHaeNyD;jzpfonf/


tcsdefrSefrSeftpmpm;jcif;

H to L, ch. 2, p. 47 (1865)

rdcifrsm;xHrS EdkYpdkYoli,frsm;&,loifhonfh yxrOD;qHk;

ynmrSm cE¨mudk,fusef;rma&;ESifhqufpyfaomt&mrsm;omjzpf

oifhonf/ uav;i,frsm;tm; usef;rma&;udktaxmuftul

ûyrnfh tm[m&ESifhjynfh0aom½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;jzifh auR;arG;ûypkoifh

onf/ tpmauR;&mwGifvnf; tcsdefrSefrSefauR;&rnf? wpfaeY

vQif (3) Budrfxufrydkoifhyg/ wpfaeY (2) BudrfauR;jcif;onf

(3) Budrfxufydkíaumif;onf/ tu,fíom uav;i,frsm;udk

pnf;pepfususûypkcJhrnfqdkvQif idkNyD;awmif;vdkY rnfonfht&m

udkrQ&Murnfr[kwfaMumif;udk olwdkYrMumrDrSmyifem;vnfvm

Muvdrfhrnf/ tajrmftjrif½SdaomrdcifwpfOD;onf om;orD;rsm;udk

oGefoif&mwGif rdrd\vwfwavmoufaomifhoufom½SdrIudkom

rMunfhbJ uav;rsm;\tem*wfaumif;pm;a&;udkvnf;xnfh

wGufum vkyfaqmifvdrfhrnf/ usef;rma&;ESifhtnD pm;aomuf

aexdkifwwfatmif cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkxdef;csKyfjcif;ESifh udk,ftvdk

udkjiif;y,fjcif;qdkif&m ta&;BuD;aomoifcef;pmrsm;udk om;orD;

rsm;tm; olroGefoifay;vdrfhrnf/

4T, p. 402 (1880)

oif\om;orD;rsm;udk owfrSwfxm;onfhtpmpm;

csdefrsm;twGif; oMum;vHk;? opfoD;? ajryJrStp rnfonfhtpm

udkrQpm;cGifhrûyygESifh/ ¤if;wdkYtwGuf wpfaeY (3) Budrfpm;jcif;

xuf (2) Budrfpm;jcif;u ydkíaumif;ygonf/ rdbrsm;udk,fwdkifu

pnf;urf;wususifhaqmifum erlemyHkoufaojyrnfqdkvQif

om;orD;rsm;onf rMumrDrSmyif yHkpHusvmygvdrfhrnf/ tcsdef

rSefrSefrpm;aomufjcif;onf tpmaMucsufrIpepfudk xdcdkufysufpD;

aponf/ oifwdkYonf om;orD;rsm;ESifhtwlpm;aomufpOf

tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;udk tm;&yg;&pm;rjyvQif ¤if;wdkYonf

usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaprnfhtpmrsm;udk awmifhwMuvdrfhrnf/

xdkuav;rsm;onf roifhavsmfaomtpm;taomufrsm;aMumifh

Budrfzefrsm;pGmzsm;emwwfMu&m ¤if;wdkY\emrusef;rIrsm;twGuf

rdbrsm;wGifwm0ef½Sdaeygonf/ zdpD;rIrsm;pGmrSuif;0if;apEdkifrnfh?

usef;rma&;rsKd;udkwnfaqmufaprnfhtusihfp½dkufrsKd;udk om;orD;

rsm;wnfaqmufaejcif;½Sd? r½Sdudk Munfh½IoHk;oyf&efrSm rdbrsm;\

wm0efjzpfygonf/

Health Reform, Sept., 1866.

om;orD;rsm;ud k rMumcPauR;aewwfMuonf/

xdkaMumifh trsKd;rsKd;aomtema&m*grsm;udkcHpm;aeMu&onf/

tpmtdrfudktNrJwrf;tvkyfvkyfaeatmifrzefwD;bJ xdkufoifhovdk

tem;ay;oifhygonf/ odkYr[kwfvQif xdkuav;rsm;onf

rMumcPpdwfwdkvdrfhrnf/ rMumcPzsm;emMuvdrfhrnf/

tpmtm[m&qdkif&ma½S;OD;ynm

MH, pp. 383-385 (1905)

tpm;taomufqdkif&m tusifhp½dkufaumif;rsm;udk&½Sd&ef

avhusifhjcif;\ta&;ygyHkudk ydkícefYrSef;cJMuygonf/ uav;rsm;


taejzifh rdrdwdkYonf pm;zdkYtouf½Sifaejcif;r[kwfbJ touf½SifzdkY

pm;jcif;jzpfonfudkavhusufoifhygonf/ þoifwef;udk EdkYpdkY

oli,ftm; &ifcGifydkufb0rStpûyí tpûyoifhonf/ ¤if;wdkYudk

yHkrSeftcsdefydkif;twdkif;auR;oGm;NyD; toufBuD;vmonfESifhtrQ

auR;onfhtBudrfta&twGufudkavsmhoGm;&ygrnf/ tpmaMucJ

onhf oMum;vHk;rsm;ESifh vlBuD;pm;onfhtpmrsm;udkrauR;oifh

yg/ uav;i,frsm;udk tcsdefrSefrSefauR;arG;apmifha½Smufjcif;jzifh

¤if;wdkY\usef;rma&;ESifhpdwfaeoabmxm;rsm;udk wdk;wufvm

ap½Hkomru ¤if;wdkYtoufBuD;vmaomtcg aumif;csD;r*Fvm

wpfckjzpfaprnfh pm&dwåudktkwfjrpfcsay;jcif;vnf;jzpfygonf/

EdkYpdkYoli,ftcsdefrS uav;b0odkYul;ajymif;pOfwGif tpm;

taomufESifhywfoufí qufvufynmay;oifhygonf/ pm;csif

onfhtpmudk pm;vdkonfhtcsdefüpm;&ef ¤if;wdkYtm;rMumcP

cGifhûywwfMuonf/ tm[m&r½Sdaomtpm;taomufrsm;twGuf

aiGudka&vdkoHk;cGifhûyjcif;cH&aomuav;rsm;onf b0&nfrSef;csuf

ESif h BuD;rm;aomaysmf½TifrIqdkonfrSm êudufonfht&mudk

êudufovdkpm;aomufEdkifjcif;jzpfonf[k rSwf,lvmwwfMuonf/

tusKd;quftm;jzifh tpm;MuL;jcif;? xdkaemufwGifzsm;emjcif;?

xdkYaemufwGif rl;,pfaq;rsm;udktoHk;ûyjcif;wdkYyifjzpfygonf/

rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;\cHwGif;udkavhusifhay;oifh

onf/ tm[m&r½Sdaomtpmrsm;udk rnfonfhtcgrQpm;oHk;cGifh

rûyoifhyg/ odkY&mwGif tpm;tpmrsm;udkowfrSwfay;&mwGif

t&omr½Sdaomtpmrsm;rjzpfapzdkYESifh vdkonfxufydkírauR;rd

apzdkY *½kpdkufoifhonf/ om;orD;rsm;ü ydkícHwGif;awGUaom

tpmrsm;vnf;½Sdwwf&m ¤if;wdkYêudufaomtpmonf usef;rma&;

udkrxdcdkufapvQif cGifhûyoifhygonf/

om;orD;rsm;\têudufudkaqmifum usef;rma&;ESifh

pdwf"mwfa&;&mrsm;udkxdcdkufaponfhtpmrsm;udk auR;aeaom

rdbrsm;onf raumif;rItoD;udkoD;rnfh raumif;rIyifudk

ysKd;axmif&ef rsKd;aphBuJaejcif;jzpfonf/ xdkuav;rsm;BuD;xGm;

vmonfESifhtrQ avmuaysmfarGUjcif;vdkufpm;rIrsm;vnf;rsm;jym;

vm&m udk,fpdwfESpfyg;qdkif&mtpGrf;owådrsm;onf tpaw;cHae

&ygonf/ þuJhodkYvkyfaqmifaeaomrdcifrsm;onf rdrdwkdYpdkuf

onfhtwdkif; rsKd;aphrsm;udk cg;oD;rItjynfhjzifh&dwfodrf;Mu&onf/

rdrdwdkY\om;orD;rsm;onf tdrfwGifaomfvnf;aumif; vlYtodkuf

t0ef;wGifaomfvnf;aumif; jrifhjrwftoHk;0ifaomu@wGif

yg0ifvkyfaqmifEdkifrnfhpdwf"mwfESifhpm&dwårsm;udk rydkifqdkifEdkif

awmhaMumif;udk olwdkYawGUjrif&ygonf/ usef;rma&;udktaxmuf

tulrûyaomtpm;tpmrsm;aMumifh ¤if;wdkY\udk,fpdwfESpfyg;qdkif&m

tpGrf;rsm;,kwfavsmhouJhodkY 0dnmOfa&;cGeftm;rsm;vnf; nHhzsif;

vmygonf/ todpdwfonf xdkif;rIdif;awGa0vmum aumif;aom

t&mrsm;udk odjrifcHpm;rIrsm;vnf;ysuf,Gif;ukefygonf/

cHwGif;tvdkrvdkuf&efESifh usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh

udkufnDaomtpmrsm;udkpm;&ef om;orD;rsm;udkoGefoifaepOfrSm

raumif;aomtpmrsm;udkom a½SmifMuOfoifhonfudk ¤if;wdkYtm;

½Sif;vif;pGmajymjyMu&rnf/ aumif;aomt&mrsm;udktpm;xdk;&ef


raumif;aomtpmrsm;udk ¤if;wdkYpGefYvTwfjcif;omjzpfonf/

bk&m;ocifutvQHy,fcsay;xm;onfh aumif;rGefaomtpm;tpm

rsm;jzifh pm;yGJudkpm;csifhpzG,fjzpfatmifjyifqifMuyg/ xrif;pm;

onfhtcsdefonf ESpfvdkYzG,faomtcsdef? aysmfp&maumif;aom

tcsdefjzpfygap/ bk&m;ocifcsay;oem;awmfrlonfht&mrsm;udk

uREfkyfwdkYoHk;aqmifpOf aus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;jcif;jzifh xm0&bk&m;

ocifudkwHkYjyefMuyg/

3T, p. 564 (1875)

udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;tusifhp½dkufudk ysKd;axmifjcif;

ESifh bk&m;ocifay;aumif;csD;rsm;udk rSefuefpGmtoHk;cswwfatmif

oifMum;ay;jcif;tvkyfrsm;udk onf;nnf;cHNyD; vkyfaqmif&

rnfudka½Smif½Sm;&ef? rdbrsm;pGmwdkYonf om;orD;rsm;tm;

êudufovdkpm;aomuf&ef cGifhûyxm;wwfonf/ cHwGif;awmifhwrI

ESifh avmuaysmfarGUrIvdkufpm;jcif;udk jywfjywfom;om;xdef;csKyf

rxm;vQif cGefESifhtm;ESifhBuD;xGm;vmMuvdrfhrnf/ þuav;rsm;

udk,fhajcaxmufay:udk,f&yfwnfpûyaomtcsdefwGif olwdkYü pHkprf;

aESmifh,Sufjcif;udkwGef;vSefzdkY cGeftm;tpGrf;½SdMuawmhrnfr[kwf

acs/ pm&dwåysufjym;rIESifh raumif;rIusL;vGefrIrsm;onf ae&m

wumwGifawGUjrifae&awmhrnf/ yg;pyft&omudkOD;pm;ay;jcif;

ESifh wyfruforQudkpm;oHk;jcif;qdkif&m pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;onf

ESpfvMumanmif;vmonfESifhtrQ avsmhyg;oGm;jcif;r½Sdonfhjyif

vli,ftrsm;pkonf pdwfvIyf½Sm;rI\tkyfpdk;rIrSmvnf;aumif;?

tpm\aus;uRefb0rSmvnf;aumif; usifvnftouf½SifaeMu

ygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf tpm;MuL;olrsm;? aq;vdyfpGJolrsm;?

t&uform;rsm;ESifh rl;,pfaq;0g;orm;rsm;\toufwmrsm;

wGif rSm;,Gif;pGmynmay;rdjcif;rsm;\qdk;usKd;rsm;udk awGUjrifae&

ygonf/

avmuaysmfarGUrIvdkufpm;jcif;ESifhpm&dwåysufjym;jcif;

Sp. Gifts IV, pp. 132-133 (1864)

tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;udk rpm;onfhuav;rsm;

onf ydefvSD? azsmhawmhNyD; vlpOfrrDjzpfwwfonf/ aMumufvefY

wwf½Hkomru pdwfvnf;tvGefwdkwwfonf/ jrifhjrwfaom

Mueftifvu©PmrSeforQonf cHwGif;tvdkvdkufrIaMumifhqHk;½IH;

cJh&NyD; wd&pämefpdwfrsm;vTrf;rdk;aewwfygonf/ touf (5)

ESpfESifh (10) ESpftMum;½Sduav;rsm;ESifh (15) ESpft½G,f½Sduav;

rsm;onf pm&dwåazgufjyefrIrsm;½SdaewwfNyD; raumif;rItusifh

tm;vHk;eD;yg;udk olwdkYuRrf;usifaewwfMuonf/ trSm;vkyfrd

atmif oG,f0dkufaomenf;tm;jzifh ¤if;wdkY\vrf;jyrIudkcHcJh&

aomom;orD;rsm;\tjypfrsm;twGuf rdbrsm;tm; tjypfzdkY

awmfrlvdrfhrnf/ taMumif;rSm þudpöwGif xdkrdbrsm;rSm;,Gif;

cJhMuNyD; uav;awGpm;rnfhpm;yGJay:ü tom;[if;rsm;ESifh [if;cwf

tarT;têudifrsm;jzifh pD&ifcsufûywfxm;onfh[if;rsm;udkjyifqifum

cHwGif;tvdkvdkufap&ef om;orD;rsm;udk olwdkYpHkprf;Muygonf/

trSefrSm xdk[if;rsm;onf wd&pämefpdwfudkEId;qGay;onfhtmedoif

yg½Sdygonf/ ¤if;jyif olwdkYonf rdrdwdkY\toufwmyHkoufao


tm;jzifh tpmpm;jcif;ü csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhrIrsm;udk om;orD;

rsm;tm; oifay;Muygonf/ wpfaeYvHk;eD;yg; tpmudkyJpm;aeMu

ojzifh olwdkY\tpmtdrfonfvnf; tNrJwrf;tvkyfvkyfae&yg

onf/ rdcifrsm;rSmvnf; om;orD;rsm;udkoGefoifzdkY&ef tcsdef

r&avmufatmif tm[m&r½Sdaomtpmrsm;udk csufûywfjyifqif

jcif;udpörsm;jzifh tvkyfrsm;aeMuygonf/

rsm;pGmaomrdbrsm;wdkYonf acwfESifhavsmfnDatmif rdrd

wdkY\toufwmudk êud;pm;ysKd;axmifaepOf ¤if;wdkY\om;orD;

rsm;udktysufpD;cHaeMuonf/ {nfhonfvmvQif tjcm;olrsm;

enf;wl avmuqefqefolwdkY{nfhcHwwfMuonf/ þudpö

twGuf tcsdefukef? aiGukefcHwwfMuonf/ olwpfyg;\tjrif

wGif wifhw,fap&eftwGuf t&om½Sdrnfhpm;aumif;aomufzG,f

rsm;udk jyifqif{nfhcHwwfMuonf/ c&pf,mefrsm;onfyif

pm;aumif;aomufzG,frsm;udkauR;&ef&nf½G,fcsufjzifh xdkuJhodkYrsKd;

{nfhcHwwfonfhvlwef;pm;rsm;udk zdwfac:{nfhcHwwfygonf/

xdkaMumifh c&pf,mefrsm;onfvnf; þudpöESifhywfoufí ûyjyif

oifhMuygonf/ {nfhonfrsm;udkysLiSmpGmzdwfac:{nfhcHoifhonfrSm

rSefaomfvnf; xdkuJhodkYaomtpm;taomufESifhacwfaemufodkY

vdkufaeolrsm;rjzpfoifhygacs/

CTBH, p. 141 (1890)

rdcifrsm;twGuf tpm;tpmjyifqif&mwGif tcsdefrsm;pGm

rukefap&eftvdkYiSm ½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udkompm;oHk;oifhMuygonf/

pm;csifhpzG,fjzpfatmif tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;jzifh pm;yGJudk

*½kwpdkufwnfcif;oifhonfqdkonfrSmrSefonf/ owdrxm;bJ

jyifqiforQaomtpmrsm;onf aumif;rGefoifhavsmfonf[k

rxifMuygESifh/ odkY&mwGif om;orD;rsm;udk tpm;tpmESifh

ywfoufí ynmay;Edkif&ef tpmrsm;udktcsdef,ljyifqifoifhyg

onf/ roifhavsmfaomtpmrsm;udkjyifqif&mwGif toHk;ûy&rnfh

tcsdefrsm;ESifh t0wfrsm;udka½G;cs,f&mwGif toHk;ûyaomtcsdefrsm;

udk wpfudk,fa&oefY½Sif;a&;ESifhavsmfuefatmif0wfqifa&;rsm;

twGuftoHk;csMuyg/

Letter, p. 72 (1896)

tpmoGwfrkefYrsm;ESifh tom;qDoGwfbl;rsm;onf uav;

rsm;\cE¨mudk,fwGif;½Sd tpmajconfht*Fg&yfrsm;udkrsm;pGmxdcdkuf

apygonf/ tu,fíom olwdkYonf tm[m&½Sdaom½dk;½dk;tpm

rsm;udkpm;aeusjzpfaernfqdkvQif obm0twdkif;r[kwfaom

xdktpmrsm;udkrufarmMuvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ uav;rsm;udk

tom;auR;jcif;onf atmifjrifrIudktmrcHonfh taumif;qHk;

enf;vrf;wpfckr[kwfacs/ tom;udkpm;zdkY uav;rsm;udkoifay;

jcif;onf ¤if;wdkYudkxdcdkufapygonf/ obm0twdkif;r[kwfonfh

tpmrsm;udk cHwGif;vdkufoGm;vQif obm0tpm;tpmrsm;udkpm;zdkY

ûyjyif&efcufcJvSygonf/

3T, p. 563 (1875)

ae&mwumwGifBuD;pdk;aeaom csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhrI

twGuf oHa0*&aeaomrdcifrsm;pGmwdkYonf taMumif;&if;udk

awGUjrif&ef eufeufrMunfhMuacs/ cHwGif;vdkufap½Hkomru


tpm;MuL;jcif;udkjzpfaponfh tom;qDoGwfbl;rsm;ESifh [if;rsKd;pHk

udk olwdkYaeYpOfjyifqifaeMuonf/ uREfkyfwdkYtar&duefvlrsKd;rsm;

pm;onfhpm;yGJrsm;udk t&uform;rsm;jzpfaprnfhyHkpHrsKd;jzifh jyifqif

wwfMuygonf/ vlwef;pm;trsm;pkwGif cHwGif;t&omudkom

OD;pm;ay;aeMuygonf/ usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaponfhtpmrsm;udk

rMumcPpm;aomoltaygif;wdkYonf rSm;,Gif;aompm;usifh?

aomufusifhrsm;udk pdwfwdrf;ñTwfoGm;ap½Hkomru cHwGif;ESifh

&r®ufjyif;jyrIrsm;udkwGef;vSef&ef tpGrf;owådrsm;udk tm;enf;oGm;

apvsuf½Sdygonf/ zGHUûzd;aomtusifhpm&dwårsm;ESihfjynfh0aom

uav;rsm;ESifh urÇmBuD;tm;tvSqif&eftwGufaomfvnf;aumif;?

uav;rsm;tm; xm0&bk&m;ocifxHwGif tyfESH&eftwGufaomf

vnf;aumif; rdrdwdkYüwm0ef½SdaMumif; rdcifrsm;oabmaygufzdkY

vdkygonf/ avmuZmwfcH kay:odk Ywufa&mufvmMuonfh

pnf;urf;useaomtrsKd;orD;? trsKd;om;rsm;onf pm&dwå

ysufjym;azgufjyefaeaomþacwfwGif rñId;EGrf;? rysufpD;bJ

&yfwnf&ef tqifoifh½SdMuygvdrfhrnf/

tpmtdrfudkxdcdkufapNyD; zsm;emrIrsm;udkjzpfaprnfh tpm;

tpmrsKd;pHkjzifh pm;yGJrsm;udkom c&pf,meftrsKd;orD;rsm;aeYpOf

jyifqifaeMuonf/ ¤if;wdkY\aoG;xJwGif uifqmESifhta&jym;

wDbDa&m*grsKd;rsm;jynfhvmonftxd tom;[if;udkyifwdkifxm;í

rdom;pkrsm;pm;oHk;aeMuygonf/ ¤if;wdkY\cEmudk,fonf ¤if;wdkY

pm;onfht&mrsm;jzihfom zGJUpnf;wnfaqmufxm;onfjzpfaomf

vnf; a&m*g&vmaomtcsdefwGifrl bk&m;ocif\vkyfaqmif

csufjzpfonf[k ¤if;wdkYoHk;oyfwwfMuygonf/

csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhrIrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkY\pm;yGJrStpûycJh

onf[k xyfavmif;zGifhqdkvdkygonf/ avmuaysmfarGUrIvdkufpm;

jcif;udk 'kwd,wef;pm; yifudk,fobm0wpfckjzpfvmonftxd

cHwGif;tvdkudkvdkufpm;aeMuonf/ vufzuf&nf? aumfzD

aomufoHk;jcif;aMumifh aq;vdyfaomufcsifpdwfrsm;ay:vm

wwfonf/ aq;vdyfaomufjcif;onf t&ufaomufjcif;udk

cHwGif;awGUoGm;apwwfygonf/

MH, p. 334 (1905)

csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhonfhtûytrlrsm;udk rD;zdkeHab;rS

tpûyum rdbrsm;wdkufvSefMuyg/ xdkodkYwdkufvSef&mwGif EdkYpdkY

oli,ft½G,frSpí oifwdkY\om;orD;rsm;udkoGefoifcJhaom

pnf;rsOf;rsm;twdkif;vkyfaqmifyg/ odkYûyvQif oifwdkYüatmifyGJ

qif&ef arQmfvifhcsuf½SdEdkifygonf/

(CTBH, p. 46) CH, p. 113 (1890)

om;orD;rsm;ü usef;rmaomcE¨mudk,f? Munfvif

vef;qef;aompdwfESvHk;½Sdaeap&eftvdkYiSm om;orD;rsm;udk ûypk

onfhenf;vrf;rsm;rSefuefapzdkY rdbrsm;onf yxrOD;pm;ay;oifh

ygonf/ csKyfwnf;jcif;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk tdrfwGif;toufwm

wGif tao;pdwfoGefoiftaumiftxnfaz:oifhonf/ udk,ftvdk

udkjiif;y,fwwfatmifvnf; i,f½G,fpOftcgrSpí oGefoifay;

oifhygonf/

3T, pp. 488-489 (1875)

rsm;pGmaomrdbrsm;onf ¤if;wdkYtm; yg;pyft&omcHwwf

atmif ynmay;avh½Sdonf/ tom;rsm;udkpm;wwfvmatmif


¤if;wdkYoifay;Muovdk vufzuf&nf? aumfzDrsm;udkaomufwwf

atmifvnf; usifhay;wwfMuonf/ tom;ESifh vufzuf&nf?

aumfzDrsm;udk pm;wwf? aomufwwfatmifoifay;aeaomrdcif

rsm;onf xdkt&mrsm;xuf usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaprnfhaq;vdyf

udkaomufwwf&ef vrf;cif;ay;aeMujcif;jzpfonf/ aq;vdyf

aomufwwfvmvQif t&ufaomufwwfzdkYeD;pyfvm&m aq;vdyf

ESifht&ufaomufjcif;onf tm½HkaMumpGrf;tm;rsm;udk rvGJraoG

tm;enf;oGm;apygonf/

t&mcyfodrf;wdkYü csKyfwnf;jcif;½Sd&rnf[laomtod

pdwf"mwfuav; c&pf,mefrsm;üEdk;Mum;vmvQif ¤if;wdkY\

toufwmyHkpHESifh ¤if;wdkYpm;aomufaomt&mrsm;tm;jzifh cHwGif;

tvdkudkwGef;vSef&ef tcufawGUaeolrsm;ESifh udk,ftvdkudk

rxdef;Edkifolrsm;tm; ulnDEdkifMuvdrfhrnf/ þb0wGif uREfkyfwdkY

wnfaqmufaeaomtusifhp½dkufrsm;onf xm0&umvwGif

&½SdrnfhtusKd;aus;Zl;udk xdcd kufEd kifonfudkvnf;aumif;?

uREfkyfwdkY\xm0&umvqdkif&muHMur®monf wif;usyfpGm

usifhaqmifaomcsKyfwnf;jcif;tusifhtay:wGif trSDwHuJûyae

onfudkvnf;aumif; uREfkyfwdkYodEdkifMurnfqdkvQif uREfkyfwdkYonf

tpm;taomufwGif wif;usyfpGmcsKyfwnf;Muygvdrfhrnf/

uREfkyfwdkY\yk*¾vduyHkoufaoESifhêud;pm;rIrsm;tm;jzifh

vlaygif;rsm;pGmwdkYtm; csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhonfhtoufwmrS

vnf;aumif;? &mZ0wfrIusL;vGefjcif;ESifh aojcif;rSvnf;aumif;

u,fwifEdkifonfhenf;vrf;rsm;tjzpf uREfkyfwdkY&yfwnfEdkifMuyg

vdrfhrnf/ uREfkyfwdkY\nDrrsm;onf tm[m&udkjzpfaprnfh ½dk;½dk;

tpmrsm;jzifh xrif;pm;yGJudkjyifjcif;tm;jzifh tjcm;olrsm;\

u,fwifjcif;twGuf BuD;us,faomtrIawmfudkaqmif½GufEdkif

Muygonf/ olwdkYonf om;orD;rsm;\tm[m&qdkif&mudpörsm;

wGif ynmay;jcif;? t&mcyfodrf;ücsKyfwnf;jcif;½Sdap&ef avhusifh

jcif;ESifh udk,ftvdkjiif;um olwpfyg;tusKd;aqmifwwfaom

tusifhrsm;udkusifhzdkYtm;ay;jcif;tvkyfrsm;jzifh rdrdwdkY\wefzdk;

½SdaomtcsdefudktoHk;csEdkifMuygonf/

cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;udkjiif;qefjcif;tm;jzifh atmifyGJqif

cJhyHkudk awmü&ifqdkifcJh&aompHkprf;jcif;wGif c&pfawmfjycJhaom

yHkoufao½Sdaejim;aomfvnf; rsm;pGmaomc&pf,mefrdcifrsm;onf

rdrdwdkYjyaomyHkoufaotm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? rdrdwdkYay;aeaom

ynmrsm;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; om;orD;rsm;tm; tpm;MuL;?

taomufMuL;olrsm;jzpfatmif jyifqifaeMuygonf/ c&pf,mef

rsm;onf usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk*½krxm;awmhbJ pm;csif

onfht&mudk pm;csifonfhtcsdefwGif êudufovdkpm;aeMuygonf/

c&pf,mefuav;i,frsm;onf i,f½G,fpOftcsdefrSpí êudufovdk

pm;&ef ynmay;jcif;cHMu&&m touft½G,fEkysKdpOfrSmyif tpm

raMuavxdk;avema&m*gonfrsm;jzpfvmwwfMuygonf/

avmuaysmfarGUrIvdkufpm;jcif;ESifh csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhrIrsm;

onfvnf; cGefESifhtm;ESifhBuD;rm;vmygonf/ udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\

cGeftm;tpGrf;rsm;onf rdbrsm;\udk,ftvdkvdkufrIaMumifh ysufpD;

qHk;½IH;Mu&ygonf/ udk,fcE¨mtwGuf cGeftm;rjzpfap½Hkomru


DF- 23

usef;rma&;udkygxdcdkufapEdkifNyD; tpmtdrfudkygtvkyfrsm;aprnfh

tpmrsm;udkom t&omcHNyD;pm;aewwfMuonf/ xdkaMumifh

¤if;wdkY\usef;rma&;onf ,dk,Gif;ysufpD;vmygonf/

CTBH, p. 17 (1890)

tm;<uaq;rsm;udk½GH½Smap&ef om;orD;rsm;udkoGefoif

Muyg/ xdkaq;rsm;udk todw&m;uif;rJhpGmjzifh rnfolrsm;toHk;ûy

aeMuygovJ/ Oa&my½Sdolemûyq&mrrsm;onf uav;i,frsm;udk

0dkift&ufrsm;? bD,mrsm;wdkufaeonfudk uREfkyfjrifzl;ygonf/

xdkuav;rsm;onf bD,mrsm;rSwpfqifh tm;<uaq;rsm;udk

t&omawGUvmygonf/ toufBuD;vmonfESifhtrQ xdkt&m

rsm;udkyd kíoHk;aqmifvm&m wjznf;jznf;tultnDay;&ef

vufvSrf;rrDEdkifonfhtajctxd xdkt&mrsm;\vTrf;rdk;rIudk olwdkY

cH&um tqHk;wGif t&uform;rsm;\ocsKØif;odkYa&muf½SdoGm;

Muygonf/

odkY&mwGif tpm;tpmudkcHkrifjcif;udk axmifajcmufwpfck

tjzpfajymif;vJoGm;apjcif;t&mrSm txufygenf;wpfckwnf;

omr[kwfyg/ tpm;tpmrsm;onf pdwf<uaq;&nfrsm;udk

aomufvdkonfhqE´rsm;udk EId;qGay;onfht&mrsm;uJhodkYvnf;

rMumcPjzpfwwfygonf/ [if;cwftarT;têudifESifhcsufxm;

aom[if;rsm;? udwfrkefYrsm;? tpmoGwfrkefYrsm;ESifh tom;[if;&nf

rsm; ponfhtpm;tpmrsm;udk uav;rsm;\a½SUwGifjyifqifay;

wwfMuonf/ qDoGwftom;bl;rsm;udkpm;oHk;jcif;aMumifh

tpmtdrfudkxdcdkufap½Hkomru pdwf<uaq;rsm;udkpm;vdkaomqE´

udkvnf;jzpfay:apygonf/ om;orD;rsm;tm; rpm;oifhaomtpm

rsm;udk êudufovdkpm;oHk;cGifhûyum cHwGif;awmihfwrIudkpHkprf;ae½Hk

omru êudufonfhtcsdefwGifpm;cGifhûyxm;jcif;jzifh ¤if;wdkYonf

14 ESpfavmufa&mufvmaomtcg avxdk;avemtpmraMu

onfha&m*gonfrsm;b0odkY rMumcPa&muf½SdaewwfMuygonf/

t&ufudktjyif;txefpGJaeonfh yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;\tpmtdrf

udk½dkufxm;onfh"mwfrSefyHkudk uREfkyfwdkYjrifzl;aumif;jrifzl;Muvdrfh

rnf/ [if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;udkpm;oHk;olrsm;\tpmtdrfonf

vnf; xdkenf;ESifESifyifjzpfwwfygonf/ xdkuJhodkYaomtajctae

wGif½Sdaeaomtpmtdrfrsm;onf ydkíydkíjyif;aomt&mrsm;udk

awmifhwaewwfonf/ xdkaemuf tqHk;wGif xdkolonf aq;vdyf

aomufusifh&ef vrf;ay:odkYa&mufaeNyDudk oifawGU&vdrfhrnf/

(CTBH, pp. 46-47) CH, p. 114 (1890)

cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkxdef;csKyfjcif;r½Sdolrsm;onf pHkvif

aomc&pf,meftoufwmudkydkifqdkif&efrjzpfEdkifacs/ ¤if;wdkYpm;&ef

tpmudka½G;cs,f&mwGif *½krxm;cJhygvQif oifhom;orD;rsm;\

pdwfydkif;qdkif&mod½Sdem;vnfrIudkEId;qGay;zdkYrvG,fulacs/ rdcif

trsm;pkonf rdom;pktwGuf axmifacsmufjzpfaprnfh xrif;

pm;yGJrsKd;udkjyifqifwwfMuonf/ tom;? axmywfESifh 'defcJ

rsm;? tpmoGwfrkefYrsm;ESifh [if;cwftarT;têudifxnfhxm;aom

[if;rsm;udk vlBuD;vli,ftm;vHk;pdwfêudufpm;aeMuygonf/

xdktpmrsm;onf tpmtdrfudkuarmufurjzpfaponf/ tm½HkaMum

rsm;udk rwnfrNidrfjzpfaponf/ todOmPfpGrf;tm;udk tm;enf;

apygonf/ taoG;tom;vnf;rjzpfapEdkifonfhjyif tqDrsm;

aomtpm;tpmrsm;onf tpmaMu&efvnf;cufvSygonf/ 'defcJ


rsm;udkpm;jcif;aMumifh touftEÅ&m,fudkyifxdcdkufapEdkifonf/

jzLatmifzGyfxm;onfh*sKHrIefYjzifhvkyfxm;onfhaygifrkefYrsm;onf

*sKHMurf;jzifhvkyfxm;onfhaygifrkefYwGifawGU&onfh tm[m&jzpfap

rnfht&mrsm;csKdUwJhaeygonf/ xdkuJhodkYaomaygifrkefYrsm;udk yHkrSef

pm;oHk;jcif;onf taumif;qHk;usef;rma&;tajctaeudkxdef;odrf;

Edkifjcif;r½SdEdkifyg/ [if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;onf tpmtdrf½Sd

El;nHhaomtumudk a½S;OD;pGm,m;,Hapygonf/ odkYaomf tqHk;

wGif El;nHhaomtpmtdrf\tawGUtm½Hkrsm;udk zsufqD;ypfygonf/

xdktcg aoG;onf qlxvmNyD; udk,fusifhw&m;ESifhtodw&m;

rsm;tm;enf;vmum wd&pämefpdwfrsm;0ifvmygonf/ xdkaemuf

,kwfnHhaom&r®uf\uRefb0odkYa&mufoGm;ygonf/ rdcifrsm;onf

½dk;pif;í tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;udk rdom;pktwGufjyifqifwwf

atmif avhvmoifhMuygonf/

3T, pp. 567-568 (1875)

þacwfþtcgwGif touf½Sifaexdkifvsuf½Sdonfhrdcif

rsm;onf rdrdwdkYxrf;aqmif&rnfhvkyfief;wm0efudk rGefjrwf

oefY½Sif;onfudkod½Sdum vlcsrf;omtdrfeD;csif;rsm;ESifh yumoe

bufwGif,SOfûydif[efvkyf&efrêud;pm;bJ rdrdwdkY\om;orD;rsm;tm;

ydkíaumif;aomtoufwmudkydkifqdkifEdkifatmif opöm½Sd½Sdjzifh

oGefoifyHkoGif;&mü ¤if;wdkYxufomvGefatmifêud;pm;rnf[k

oabmxm;½SdMuygovm;/ om;i,forD;i,frsm;udk udk,ftvdkudk

jiif;y,fjcif;ESifh udk,fhudkudk,fxdef;odrf;jcif;tusifhrsm;udk avhusifh

oifMum;ay;vQifvnf;aumif;? pm;zdkYtouf½Sifjcif;r[kwfbJ

touf½SifzdkYpm;jcif;jzpfaMumif;udk oGefoifcJhvQifvnf;aumif;

a&m*gb,enf;yg;½Hkomru tusifhpm&dwåysufjym;rIenf;yg;

oGm;ygvdrfhrnf/ csKyfwnf;jcif;qdkif&mppfrSefaompnf;rsOf;rsm;udk

oGefoifay;EdkifcJhMurnfqdkvQif csKyfwnf;jcif;twGuf rsm;pGm

êud;pm;vkyfaqmifzdkYvdkawmhrnfr[kwfyg/ olwdkYonf c&pfawmf

xHwGifcGeftm;,lum aemufqHk;aomaeY&ufrsm;wGifêuH&rnfh

npfnrf;rIrsm;udkwGef;vSef&ef pdwf"mwfcGeftm;ESifhvnf;aumif;?

orm"dpdwfESifhvnf;aumif; jynfhpHkaeMuvdrfhrnf/ oefYpifaom

tusifhESifh wdusaocsmaomcsKyfwnf;jcif;tusifhrsm;udk avhusifh

ynmay;onfhtvkyfudk ydkícufcJaprnfh cHwGif;ESifh&r®uftvdk

udkvdkufwwfaompdwfxm;rsm;udk om;orD;rsm;onf rdbrsm;

xHrSul;,l&½Sdwwfygonf/ raumif;aomtpmrsm;? pdwf<u

aq;rsm;ESifh rl;,pfaq;0g;rsm;udkêudufonfhpdwfrsm;udk rdb

rsm;xHrS om;orD;rsm;xHodkY qdk;arGay;xm;rdygu xdktusifhqdk;

rsm;udkwdkufzsufay;&ef rdbrsm;ü tvGefBuD;av;aomwm0ef

BuD;wpfck½Sdaeygwum;/ uHqdk;rdk;arSmifusaeonfh rdrdwdkY\

om;orD;rsm;aumif;pm;a&;twGuf ,HkMunfjcif;? arQmfvifhjcif;

tjynfh? êud;pm;rItjynfhjzifh wm0efausyGefatmifvkyfaqmif&efrSm

rdbrsm;\0wå&m;yifjzpfonf/

rdrdwdkYjyifqifauR;arG;onfhtpmtm;jzihfvnf;aumif;?

rdrdwdkYusifhoHk;aomtusifhp½dkuftm;jzifhvnf;aumif; raumif;

aompdwfxm;rsm;? om;orD;rsm;ürzGHUûzd;aprnfhtaMumif;

rnfonfhtrSm;t,Gif;wpfpHkwpfckudkrQ rvkyfrdap&eftwGuf

toufwmESifh usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkem;vnf&efrSm rdb

rsm;twGufta&;tBuD;qHk;tvkyfwpfckjzpfoifhonf/ auR;arG;


aomtpmrsm;aMumifh tpmtdrfudkrxdcdkufap&eftwGufaomf

vnf;aumif;? tm½HkaMumrsm;[efcsufnDnDtiftm;aumif;ap&ef

twGufaomfvnf;aumif;? oGefoifaomt&mrsm;ESifh auR;aeonfh

tpmrsm;tMum; qefYusifrIrsm;r½Sdap&eftwGufaomfvnf;aumif;

usef;rma&;ESifhjynfhpHkaprnfhtpmaumif;rsm;udk jyifqifauR;arG;

wwfzdkY rdcifrsm;taejzihf *½kwpdkufavhvmoifhMuygonf/

auR;vdkufaomtpmrsm;onf taoG;awmfjzifh0,fxm;onfh

uav;rsm;\udk,fpdwfESpfyg;usef;rma&;udk taxmuftyHhjzpf

apEdkifouJhodkY tm;enf;xdcdkufrIrsm;udkjzpfoGm;Edkifonftxd

ta&;ygaeygonf/ tm½HkcHpm;rIwGif rQwrI½Sdum touf0dnmOf

udk tEÅ&m,frsm;ESifhuif;a0;ap&eftvdkYiSm om;orD;rsm;\

udk,fpdwfESpfyg;qdkif&mtajctaeudkumuG,f&ef rGefjrwfonfh

wm0efBuD;wpfckudk rdbrsm;tm; ay;tyfxm;awmfrlygonf/

om;orD;rsm;tm; tpm;tpmbufwGiftvdkvdkufum ¤if;wdkY\

&r®ufudkxdef;ray;onfhrdbrsm;onf tm½Hkrsm;xHkxdkif;NyD;

tvdrftnmpum;rsm;? twif;tzsif;pum;rsm;udkomajymqdk

wwfonfh t&ufuRef? aq;vdyfuRefjzpfaeonfhom;orD;rsm;\

b0wGif ¤if;wdkYûyrdcJhaomtrSm;rsm;udkawGUjrifMu&vdrfhrnf/

avmuaysmf½Tifjcif;ücHpm;jcif;\&ufpufaomMuifemrI

3T, p. 141, (1873).

om;orD;rsm;udk um,pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhtnD ysKd;axmif

&rnfudk rdbrsm;oabmraygufjcif;onf ,aeYjzpfysufaeaom

0rf;enf;p&mtajctaersm;\ t"dutaMumif;&if;jzpfaMumif;

uREkfyftm;jrifjcif; (vision) ay;awmfrlygonf/ rdcifrsm;onf

¤if;wdkY\om;orD;rsm;udk iHkxm;rwwfcspfMu&m usef;rma&;udk

xdcdkufaprnfhtpmrsm;udkyif ododBuD;ESifhtvdkvdkufauR;arG;wwf

Muygonf/ þodkYtm;jzifh om;orD;rsm;üa&m*gpGJuyfvm&m

pdwfrcsrf;omrIrsm;ESifh&ifqdkifMu&ygawmhonf/ þodkYaom&ufpuf

onfhMuifemrIrsKd;udk ,ckacwfwGif xifxif½Sm;½Sm;awGUae&yg

onf/ usef;rma&;ESifhpdwfcsrf;omrIrsm;udktqHk;½IH;cHum uav;

rsm;pm;csiforQudkauR;aeMuygonf/ taMumif;rSm uav;rsm;

ylqmonfht&mudkrauR;bJxm;jcif;xuf auR;vdkufonfu

tcdkuftwefYtm;jzifh ydkívG,fulaomaMumifhjzpfonf/

rdcifrsm;onf þenf;tm;jzifh rdrdwdkY&dwfodrf;&rnfht&m

rsm;twGuf rsKd;aphBuJaeMuygonf/ uav;rsm;udk pm;csifwdkif;

rpm;bJ rdrdwdkY\qE´rsm;udkxdef;csKyfMuzdkY ynmray;Muaom

aMumifh ¤if;wdkYonftwåvGefuJvmMuygonf/ em;axmifrIr½Sd

avmbBuD;rIrsm;? aus;Zl;rodwwfrIrsm;? npfnrf;rIrsm;ESifh

jynfh0olrsm;jzpfvmapygonf/ þuJhodkYvkyfaqmifaeaomrdcif

rsm;onf ¤if;wdkYBuJcJhaomrsKd;aphrS cg;oD;aomtoD;rsm;udk

&dwfMu&vdrfhrnf/ olwdkYonf xm0&bk&m;ocifESifhvnf;aumif;?

rdrdwdkY\om;orD;rsm;ESifhvnf;aumif; qefYusifí tjypfusL;vGef

cJhMuaomaMumifh jzpfay:vmonfhqdk;usKd;rsm;twGuf ¤if;wdkYü

wm0ef½Sdonf[k xm0&bk&m;ocifrSwfawmfrlvdrfhrnf/

CTBH, pp. 76-77 (1890)

aemufqHk;jypf'PfpD&ifaomae&mü rdbrsm;ESifh ¤if;wdkY

\om;orD;rsm;awGUqHkaomtcg rnfonfhjrifuGif;udkwifquf


vdrfhrnfenf;/ tpm;tpmrsm;\uRef? ,kwfnHhaomraumif;rI\

uRefjzpfcJhzl;aom axmifESifhcsDaomom;orD;rsm;onfvnf;aumif;?

tusifhpm&dwåydkif;wGifazgufjyefysufpD;cJhzl;aomuav;i,frsm;pGm

wdkYonfvnf;aumif; xdkb0rsKd;a&mufatmif ¤if;wdkYtm;vkyfcJh

onfhrdbrsm;ESifh rsufESmcsif;qdkif&yfMu&vdrfhrnf/ aMumufvefY

p&maumif;aomxdkwm0efudk rnfolxrf;aqmif&rnfenf;/

þvli,frsm;udk pm&dwåysufjym;atmif xm0&bk&m;ocif

vkyfaqmifawmfrlcJhovm;/ r[kwfyg/ r[kwfvQif þudpötwGuf

rnfolYwGifwm0ef½Sdoenf;/ rdbrsm;\raumif;aompm;usifh

aomufusifhrsm;ESifh azgufjyefaom&r®ufrsm;onf om;orD;

rsm;xHodkYul;pufoGm;cJhNyDvm;/ bk&m;ocifay;pnf;rsOf;rsm;twdkif;

roGefoifrdojzifh xdkuJhodkYjzpfoGm;&ygovm;/ rdbrsm;onf

xm0&bk&m;ocifa½SUarSmufwGif aocsmayguftppfaq;cHMu&

ygvdrfhrnf/

Health Reform, Dec. 1870.

]]uav;awGtwGuftpmjyif&wm odyfNyD;*½kpdkuf&w,f/

olwdkYu tom;wdkY? udwfrkefYwdkYryg&ifrpm;bl;}} [k rdbrsm;u

rSwfcsufay;oHudk um;jzifhc&D;oGm;pOf uREfkyfMum;zl;cJhygonf/

xdkuav;rsm; aeYv,fpmpm;aomtpm\t&nftaoG;udkvnf;

uREfkyfowdxm;rdcJhonf/ *sKHESifhvkyfxm;onfhaygifrkefY? tuGif;

vdkufvSD;NyD; i½kwfaumif;rIefYjzL;xm;onfh0ufaygifajcmuf?

[if;cwftarT;&eHYrsm;jzifhNyD;aom toD;t½Gufqm;pdrf? aygifrkefY

ponfhtpmrsm;udk uav;rsm;tm;auR;aeygonf/ xdkuav;

rsm;\tom;ta&rsm;onf azsmhawmhajcmufcef;ae&jcif;rSm

¤if;wdkY\tpmtdrfrsm;\rusef;rmrIudkazmfñTef;aeygonf/ uREfkyf

awGUjrifaeaom xdkuav;rsm;xJrS ESpfa,mufonf tjcm;

rdom;pkwpfpkrSuav;rsm; 'defcJpm;aeonfudkjrifaomtcg ¤if;wdkY

pm;aeaomtpmudk rpm;Muawmhacs/ ¤if;wdkY\rdcifu xdkrdom;pk

xHrS 'defcJtenf;i,fawmif;auR;rS tpmqufpm;awmhonf/

]]uRefruav;awGu 'gudkodyfêudufwm? [dk[mudkodyfêudufwm?

tpm;ysuf&if tpmtdrf'ku©a&mufrSmpdk;vdkY olwdkYêudufwmawG

udkauR;ay;&r,f}} [k xdkrdcifurSwfcsufcsoGm;ygonf/

xdkuav;rsm;\cHwGif;awmifhwrI[m azgufjyefrIr½Sd

ao;bl;qdkvQif xdkrdcif\zGifhqdkcsufonf rSefuefygonf[k

ajymEdkifygonf/ odkY&mwGif ½Sd&if;pGJcHwGif;awmifhwrIESifh azgufjyef

aeaomcHwGif;awmifhwrI[lí (2) rsKd;½Sdygonf/ uav;awGu

½THUajr? ausmufwH? rD;uRrf;aeaomaumfzD? vufzuf&nf?

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aeonfhtajca&mufatmif usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapaom? aoG;<u

apaomtpmrsm;udkpm;wwfatmif oGefoifcJhaomrdbrsm;onf

tpmtdrfuawmif;qdkcsuftwdkif; cHwGif;awmifhwaeonf[k

rzGifhqdkoifhygacs/ raumif;onfhtpmrsm;udkpGJvrf;aeonfhtajc

txd cHwGif;udkrSm;,Gif;pGmusifhay;cJhMuygonf/ El;nHhaom

tm½HkcHpm;rIrsm;qHk;½HI;oGm;onftxd tpmtdrf½Sdta&;ygaom

t*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;ysufpD;cJhacsNyD/ ½dk;pif;NyD; usef;rma&;udk

taxmuftulûyrnfhtpmrsm;udk cHwGif;rawGUawmhacs/ aoG;<u


aponfhtpmrsm;udkrxnfhay;vQif tpmtdrfonf tpmudkrcsuf

awmhacs/ tu,fíom tom;rsm;? tqDrsm;ESifh [if;cwf

tarT;têudifrsm;udkrauR;bJ e*dk½Sd&if;pGJt*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;udk

wwfEdkiforQxdef;odrf;aprnfh ½dk;pif;aomtpmrsm;udk t½dk;qHk;

enf;rsm;jzifhjyifqifum EdkYpdkYoli,fb0rSpí auR;cJhMurnfqdkvQif

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taewGif tpmtdrf\vdktyfcsufrsm;twdkif; taumif;qHk;tpm

rsm;udk cHwGif;awmif;aeayvdrfhrnf/

rdbrsm;ESifh ¤if;wdkY\om;orD;rsm;onf t&ompHkaom

tpmrsm;udkpm;aomufaeMupOfwGif uREfkyfwdkYZeD;armifESHonf

yHkrSefpm;csdefjzpfonfh aeYv,f (1) em&DwGif *a&[rfaygifrkefYudk

axmywfrygbJpm;NyD; tpmydwftjzpf opfoD;rsm;udk tvQHy,f

pm;aeMuygonf/ t&om½Sd½Sdpm;oHk;cJhMuonfomru azgufjyef

aeaomcHwGif;awmifhwrItwGuf oa&pmqdkifwpfqdkifudk

twlo,faqmif&efwm0efr½SdonfhtwGufvnf; aus;Zl;wifonfh

pdwfjzifh tm;&yg;&pm;oHk;Muygonf/ aemufwpfaeYreuftxd?

pm;csifpdwfr½Sdawmhonftxd pm;vdkYaumif;cJhMuygonf/ vdar®mf

oD;? ajryJ? csKdcsOfrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYxHvma&mif;onfhvli,fuav;

onf rnfonfht&mudkrQra&mif;cJh&acs/

wcsK dUom;trdom;tzawG pm;aomtpmrsm;onf

aumif;aomaoG;om; (odkYr[kwf) csKdomaompdwfxm;rsm;udk

rjzpfay:apEdkifyg/ uav;rsm;rSm jzLzyfjzLa&mfjzpfum rsufESm

ESifhvufrsm;wGiftemawGaygufaeonf/ wcsKdUuav;rsm;rSm

rsufpduef;vkrwwf rsufpdpl;aeMuonf/ Munfh&onfrSm

tvGeft½kyfqdk;vSygonf/ wcsKdUrSm tom;ta&aumif;aomf

vnf; acsmif;qdk;jcif;? touf½ªMuyfjcif;a0'em? ESm&nf,dkjcif;

a0'emrsm;udkcHpm;aeMu&onf/ 0rf;avsmaeonfh (3) ESpfom;

a,musfm;uav;wpfOD;udk uREfkyfowdûyrdcJhygonf/ olonf

tzsm;wufaeaomfjim;vnf; tpmudkyJawmif;pm;aeygonf/

udwfrkefY? Muufom;ESifh qm;&nfpdrftpmrsm;udk rMumcP

awmif;pm;aeygonf/ rdcifjzpfolrSm opöm½SduRefwpfa,mufyrm

awmif;orQudkauR;aeygonf/ olawmif;aeonfht&mudk rdcif

ay;wmaemufusaevQif olu rdcifBuD;udkrmefrJvdkuf&m ]]at;yg

om;&,f? pm;&rSmaygh}} [kqkdum awmif;qdkaeonfhtpmrsm;udk

olYvufxJxnfhay;vdkufaomfvnf; ay;wmaemufusonf[k

qdkum vTifhypfvdkufygonf/ rdef;ri,fuav;wpfOD;onf tuGif;

vdkufvSD;NyD;ûywfxm;onfh0ufaygifajcmuf? qm;&nfpdrfwpfckESifh

aygifrkefYaxmywfokwfrsm;udkpm;aepOf uREfkyfpm;aeaomyef;uef

udkacsmif;Munfhaeygonf/ olYyef;uefxJrSm olpm;csifonfht&m

r½Sdojzifh qufNyD;rpm;awmhacs/ olrpm;csifonfht&mrSm

uREfkyfpm;aeonfhteDa&mifyef;oD;jzpfvdrfhrnf[k uREfkyfxifonf/

uREfkyfwdkYüyef;oD;tenf;i,fom½Sdaomfjim;vnf; oem;pdwf

0ifvmojzifh olrtm; yef;oD;wpfvHk;ay;vdkufygonf/ olronf

uREfkyfvufxJrSyef;oD;udkvk,lvdkufNyD; um;Murf;jyifay:odkY

vTifhypfvdkufygonf/ ]]'Duav;awmh 'DvdkomqufNyD;ypfxm;&if

rdbawGt½SufuGJawmhrSmyJ}} [k uREfkyfawG;rdygonf/


tvdk&r®ufBuD;jcif;udk þuJhodkYay:vGifxif½Sm;ae&jcif;

rSm rdcif\avmuaysmfarGUjcif;vdkufpm;rIqdkif&m&v'fyifjzpfonf/

rdrduav;i,ftwGuf olrjyifqifay;onfhtpmrsm;onf tpmajc

onfht*Fgtpdwftydkif;udk qufwdkuf0efav;apcJhonf/ xdkaMumifh

aoG;onfroefYpifawmhbJ xdkuav;i,fonf zsm;emum pdwfwdk

aeygonf/ þuav;tm; aeYpOfauR;aeaomtpmrsm;onf

ol\nHhzsif;aom&r®ufudkEId;qGum tusifhpm&dwåESifhtodOmPf

rsm;udkedrfhusoGm;apygonf/ rdbrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\om;i,fü

xdktusifhp½dkufudkysKd;axmifaecJhMuygonf/ twåpdwfjyif;xefum

arwåmw&m;enf;yg;atmif vkyfaqmifaecJhMuygonf/ ol\

tvdkudkrxdef;? ol\&r®ufudkrcsKyfxdef;cJhMu&m þuav;i,f

BuD;jyif;vmaomtcsdefwGif rnfonfhvlpm;rsKd;jzpfvmrnf[k

olwdkYarQmfvifhEdkifMurnfenf;/ cE¨mudk,fESifhpdwf0dnmOfwdkY\

qufpyfaeyHkrsm;udk vlrsm;pGmwdkYem;vnfyHkray:acs/ rSm;,Gif;

aomtpm;tpmrsm;udkpm;oHk;jcif;aMumifh OD;aESmufESifh tm½HkaMum

rsm;udkxdcdkufap½Hkomru raumif;aom&r®ufrsm;udkvnf;

vG,fulpGmEdk;xapygonf/

(10) ESpfom;t½G,fuav;i,fwpfOD;onf tzsm;0ifum

pm;csifaomufcsifpdwfaysmufaeygonf/ ]'DudwfrkefYuav;

enf;enf;awmhpm;vdkufyg? 'DrSmMuufom;[if;vnf;½Sdao;w,f?

bmrSpm;csifpdwfr½Sdawmhbl;vm;uav;&,f} [k rdcifjzpfolu

wdkufwGef;cJhygonf/ tqHk;wGif xdkuav;onf vlaumif;wpfOD;

pm;oavmufpm;ypfvdkufygonf/ ¤if;\tarjzpfolu auR;aom

tpmrsm;onf tpmtdrftwGuf raumif;aomtpmrsm;jzpf½Hk

omru zsm;emaepOfwGif pm;oHk;&efroifhavsmfaomtpmrsm;

jzpfaeygonf/ rdcifjzpfolonf 2 em&DcefYtMumwGif bmaMumifh

þrQavmufzsm;&onfudkem;rvnfbJ xdkuav;tm;acgif;avsmf

ay;vdkufygonf/ xdkaemuf rD;vif;zdkwGif rD;tm;aumif;&ef

rD;xyfxdk;NyD; tylcsdefudkjr§ifhvdkufygonf/ tu,fíom þuav;

tm; yHkrSeftwdkif;ukoum tpmtdrfudktem;ay;apcJhrnfqdkvQif

tzsm;onf ,ckxuftrsm;BuD;usoGm;ayvdrfhrnf/ usef;rma&;

ESifhjynfhpHkatmif rnfodkYaexdkifpm;aomuf&rnfudkrodjcif;onf

tema&m*gjzpf&jcif;\t"dutaMumif;&if;jzpfygonf/

avmavmq,fb0toufwmrSm aysmf½TifrIudktjrifhqHk;

&atmif uREfkyfrnfodkYtouf½SifaexdkifNyD; rnfonfht&mrsm;udk

pm;&rvJ[laomar;cGef;udk vlrsm;pGmwdkYuar;aeygonf/ tmom

qErsm;udk vwfwavmjznfhqnf;&ef wm0ef0wå&m;ESifhpnf;rsOf;

rsm;udk ab;wGiftomxm;wwfMuonf/ uREfkyfwdkYusef;rmae

MuvQif uREfkyfwdkYonf xdkt&mtwGuftouf½SifaexdkifMu&

rnf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf c&pf,meftusifhp½dkufESifhpHkvifaevQifvnf;

xdkt&mtwGufyif touf½SifaexdkifMu&rnf/ om;orD;rsm;tm;

udk,fpdwfESpfyg;usef;rma&;twGuf rdbrsm;ü rsm;pGmwm0ef½Sdae

ygonf/ om;orD;rsm;tm; udk,fpdwfESpfyg;rusef;rmrIrSuif;a0;

apzdkY usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;twdkif; touf½SifaexdkifMu&ef

rdbrsm;taejzifh wdkufwGef;oGefoifoifhygonf/ odkY&mwGif

rdrdwdkYom;orD;rsm;\udk,fpdwfESvHk;usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaponfh


avmuaysmfarGUjcif;cHpm;rIrsm;udk rdcifrsm;vdkufpm;aeMujcif;rSm

tHhMop&m aumif;vSygwum;/ xdkuJhodkYaomrdkufrJrI\xif½Sm;

onfhvu©PmrSm rnfonfht&mjzpfoenf;/ þrdcifrsm;onf

rdrdwdkY\om;orD;rsm;tm; vuf½SdtoufwmwGif aysmf½TifrI

uif;atmif vkyfaeMu½Hkomru tem*wfumvtwGufvnf;

raocsmra&&matmif vkyfaqmifaeMuygonf/

(CTBH, pp. 61-62) FE, pp. 150-151 (1890)

yHkrSeftcsdefrSefpm;aomufjcif;onf om;orD;rsm;\tusifh

p½dkuftm;vHk;wGif pnf;rsOf;Oya'jzpfoifhonf/ xrif;pm;csdef

rsm;twGif; oa&pmrsm;udkpm;cGifhûyjcif;onf rdcifrsm;\

rSm;,Gif;aomvkyfaqmifrIjzpfonf/ þtusifhaMumifh tpmtdrf

onf uarmufurjzpfvmNyD; tem*wfzsm;emrIrsm;onf tpysKd;

tkwfjrpfcsvmygonf/ tm[m&uif;rJhNyD; tpmraMuao;onfh

tpmrsm;aMumihfvnf; pdwfua,mufu,ufjzpfwwfygonf/

odkYaomf þudpötwGuftcsdefay;um rSm;,Gif;aompDrHrIudk

rjyifqifEdkifavmufatmif rdrdtvkyfrsm;aeonf[k rdcifrsm;u

xifjrifwwfygonf/ rdrdwdkYcHpm;ae&aomaomua0'emrsm;udk

aysmufuif;atmifvnf; roHk;oyfMuawmhacs/ em;NiD;oufom

atmif uav;rsm;tm; udwfrkefYtenf;i,folray;wwfaomf

vnf; xdkt&mu raumif;rIuav;udkwdk;yGm;apygonf/

txl;ojzifh tvkyfrsm;aomrdcifrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\om;orD;rsm;

xufyif pdwfwdkvG,fMuNyD; uav;awGNidrfoGm;atmif ajcmufvSefY

jcif;? Budrfarmif;jcif;rsm;udkûywwfMuonf/

rMumcPzsm;emwwfaomuav;rsm;twGuf rdcifrsm;

nnf;wGm;um q&m0efrsm;ESifhaqG;aEG;wdkifyifwwfMuaomfvnf;

tpm;taomufrSm;,Gif;rIaMumifh rusef;rrmjzpfae&onfudk

OD;aESmufuav;enf;enf;oHk;½Hkjzifh olwdkYawGUjrifEdkifMuygonf/

tpm;MuL;aomacwfBuD;xJwGif uREfkyfwdkYtouf½Sifaexdkif

Muygonf/ ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rdbrsm;uyif tpm;MuL;&ef

vli,frsm;udkynmay;aeMuygonf/ xdktusifhonf obm0

w&m;ESifhvHk;vHk;qefYusifaeygonf/ wpfcgwGif touf (12)

ESpfatmufuav;wpfpkESifhtwl uREfkyfxrif;pm;cJhzl;ygonf/

tom;[if;rsm;udktvQHy,fpm;aeMuNyD; vefYwwfaomrdef;uav;

wpfOD;rSmrl [if;oD;[if;½Gufqm;pdrfudkawmif;pm;aeygonf/

i½kyfaumif;rIefY? [if;arT;rqvmrsm;ESifhNyD;aom oeyfbl;wpfbl;

udkpdwfêudufpm;&ef olrtm;ay;vdkufMuygonf/ xdkuav;rSm

vefYwwfol? pdwfwdkolwpfOD;jzpfonfudk vltrsm;odMuygonf/

xdktyltpyf"mwfobm0½Sdaom [if;arT;rqvmrsm;onf

xdktajctaersKd;udkzefwD;ay;wwfygonf/ xdkuav;rsm;xJrS

touftBuD;qHk;uav;u tom;rygvQif xrif;pm;r0if[k tjrif

½Sdaeygonf/ tom;[if;rauR;vQif rauseyfonfhtrlt&mESifh

rav;rcefYtûytrlrsm;udkolûywwfygonf/ xdktcg rdcifBuD;rSm

om;tvdkudkvdkufum om;êudufonfht&mudkauR;ae&m tapcH

uRefomomtajctaewGifa&mufaeygawmhonf/ xdkuav;udk

rnfonfhtvkyfudkrQrvkyfcdkif;ojzifh olonf tusKd;r½Sdaom

pmrsm;udkzwfjcif;jzifhom tcsdefûzef;aewwf&m ]acgif;udkufw,f?

xrif;pm;raumif;bl;} [k wpfcsdefvHk;nnf;aewwfygonf/


rdbrsm;taejzifh rdrdwdkY\om;orD;rsm;udk oifhavsmfaom

tdrfrIudpörsm;wGifyg0ifvkyfaqmif&ef pDrHay;oifhonf/ tvkyf

rvkyfbJ ysif;&daejcif;onf tjcm;t&mrsm;xuf raumif;rIudk

usL;vGefapygonf/ <uufom;rsm;udkusef;rmoefpGrf;aponfh

cE¨mudk,fqdkif&mvkyfaqmifrIrsm;onf ½dk;pif;aomtpmrsm;udk

cHwGif;vdkufap½Hkomru tom;[if;udkrjrif&vQifvnf; xrif;

0dkif;rSxoGm;apvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/

rdrd\vufrsm;udktoHk;ûyum zcif\vuform;½Hkuav;

xJwGif tvkyfvkyfcJhaomc&pfawmfonf vli,ftm;vHk;twGuf

yHkoufaowpfckjzpfygonf/ vkyfaqmifoifhonfht&mrsm;udk

vkyfaqmif&ef nnf;wGm;aeolrsm;onf c&pfawmfudkowd&

atmufarhoifhMuonf/ udk,fawmfonf rdbpum;udkem;axmif

um tdrfrIwm0efrsm;udkulnDvkyfaqmifawmfrlcJhonf/ a,moyfESifh

rm&dwdkYonf qif;&Jom;vlwef;pm;rsm;jzpfMu&m ¤if;wdkY\xrif;

pm;yGJwGif pm;aumif;aomufzG,frsm;udkjrif&cJygonf/

tpm;tpmESifhpm&dwåzGHUûzd;rItMum;qufET,frI

CTBH, p. 134 (1890)

þacwfvli,frsm;tay:vTrf;rdk;aeaom pmwef\wefcdk;

onf aMumufp&maumif;avmufatmifBuD;rm;vSygonf/

tu,fíom ¤if;wdkY\pdwfudk bmoma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;ü [efcsuf

nDnDtajcpdkufrxm;vQif ¤if;wdkYESifhxdawGUvmrnfh ,kwfnHhaom

yHkoufaorsm;aMumifh olwdkY\pm&dwårsm;onf azgufjyefvm

vdrfhrnf/ vli,frsm;twGuf tEÅ&m,ft½SdqHk;t&mrSm udk,fhpdwf

udkrxdef;csKyfEdkifjcif;yifjzpfonf/ avmuaysmf½TifrIudkvdkufpm;ol

rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;tm; udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fwwfatmif

oifray;wwfMuacs/ uav;awGudk ¤if;wdkYauR;onfhtpmrsm;

onfvnf; tpmtdrfudkaoG;<uaprnfhtpmrsKd;omjzpfwwfonf/

jzpfay:vmonfhvIyf½Sm;rIonf OD;aESmufESifhqufoG,frdum

tusKd;quftaejzifh &r®ufavmbpdwfrsm;jzpfay:vmygonf/

tpmtdrfxJodkYa&muf½SdvmorQaomtpmrsm;onf cEmudk,fwpfck

wnf;udkomxdcdkufEdkifonfr[kwfbJ pdwfudkygajymif;vJrIjzpfay:

apEdkifygonf/ tyltpyfrsm;onf aoG;udk<uapí tm½HkaMum

zGJUpnf;rIudkvIyf½Sm;apygonf/ ¤if;jyif usKd;aMumif;qifjcifEdkifjcif;

r½Sdavmufatmif pdwfydkif;qdkif&modjrifrIudkxdkif;rIdif;apygonf/

tpm;taomufwGifcsKyfwnf;jcif;r½SdolwpfOD;onf pdwf½Snfjcif;

tusifh? udk,ftvdkudkxdef;csKyfEdkifaomtusifhrsm;udkavhusifh&ef

rjzpfEdkifavmufatmifcufcJwwfygonf/ xdkaMumifh tusifh

pm&dwårsm;zGJUpnf;NyD;jcif;r½Sdao;onfhuav;rsm;udk auR;arG;aom

tpmrsm;onf usef;rma&;udktaxmuftulûyrnfhtpmrsm;om

jzpfzdkYta&;BuD;vSygonf/ cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;udk csKyfwnf;jcif;

uif;rJhaponfhraumif;rIrsm;udktumtuG,fay;rnfh usef;rma&;

qdkif&mtvif;w&m;udk aumif;uifAdkvfajct½Sifxm0&bk&m;ocif

ay;oem;awmfrljcif;t&mrSm r[marwåmawmfudkxif½Sm;apvsuf

½Sdygonf/

]oifwdkYonf pm;aomfvnf;aumif;? aomufaomfvnf;

aumif; rnfonfhtrIudkûyaomfvnf;aumif;? bk&m;ocif\


DF- 24

bkef;wefcdk;udkaxmufí cyfodrf;aomtrIudpöudkûyMuavmh/}

rdom;pkrsm;twGuf xrif;yGJjyifum xrif;auR;aomtcgwGif

rdbrsm;onf xdkuJhodkYûyvkyfaeygovm;/ rdrdwdkYaumif;onfxif

onfhtpmrsm;udk uav;rsm;tm;auR;aeMuygovm;/ tpmtdrfudk

xdcdkufrIenf;yg;onfh usef;rma&;udktaxmuftulûyrnfhtpm

rsm;udkauR;aeMuygovm;/ (odkYr[kwf) uav;rsm;\tem*wf

usef;rma&;udk*½krxm;bJ usef;rma&;udktaxmuftulrûyaom

tpmtdrfudkxdcdkufaprnfhtpmrsm;udk auR;aeMuygovm;/

2T, p. 365 (1870)

odkY&mwGif usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udkusifhaqmif

aeolrsm;yifvQif ¤if;wdkYpm;onfhtpmtwdkif;tqü rSm;,Gif;

Edkifygao;onf/ usef;rma&;udktaxmuftulûyrnfhtpmrsm;udk

yif twdkif;tqr½Sd ¤if;wdkYpm;aumif;pm;Muvdrfhrnf/ wcsKdUrSm

tpmt&nftaoG;a½G;cs,f&mwGif rSm;,Gif;wwfonf/ usef;rma&;

ûyjyifajymif;vJrIudky"merxm;bJ rdrdwdkYêudufonfhtpmrSeforQudk

êudufovdkpm;oHk;aeMuonf/ þenf;tm;jzifh ¤if;wdkYonf

rdrdwdkY\usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapMuonfomru wd&pämefpdwfudk

wdk;yGm;apum aumif;uift&mrsm;udktav;xm;rIavsmhyg;ap

onfhtpmrsm;jzifh rdom;pkrsm;udkauR;arG;aeMuygonf/ rdb

rsm;onf þvkyf&yftm;jzifh om;orD;rsm;\0dnmOfcGeftm;rsm;udk

avsmhyg;apum wd&pämefpdwfrsm;udkydkrdkBuD;xGm;apvsuf½Sdygonf/

uyfumvtqHk;wGif ¤if;wdkYay;qyf&rnfhtjypf'Pfonf BuD;rm;

vSygwum;/ rdrdwdkY\om;orD;rsm;onf pdwf"mwfa&;&mwGif

tvGefnHhzsif;ygwum;[kvnf; ¤if;wdkYawG;awmaeMuygao;onf/

2T, pp. 359-362 (1870)

tusifhpm&dwåazgufjyefysufpD;aeaomacwfumvwGif

uREfkyfwdkYtouf½Sifaexdkifvsuf½Sdygonf/ bk&m;ocifhxHawmf

wGif vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;tyfESHxm;jcif;r½Sdolrsm;tm; tjynfht0

eD;yg; pmwefxdef;csKyfzdkYêud;pm;aeaom tcsdefumvvnf;jzpfonf/

xdkaMumifh uav;i,frsm;½SdMuonfh rdbtkyfxdef;olrsm;ü BuD;rm;

aomwm0efBuD;wpfckusa&mufvsuf½Sdygonf/ rdbrsm;taejzifh

om;orD;rsm;udkvljzpfatmifarG;zGm;cJhMuNyD;jzpf&m rnfonfht&m

rsm;udk ,ckvkyfaqmif&efwm0ef½Sdaeoenf;/ uav;rsm;udk

jzpfcsifovdkjzpfygapqdkNyD; ypfxm;Murnfvm;/ rdbrsm;tay:

wGifusa&mufaeonfh BuD;av;aomwm0ef0wå&m;rsm;taMumif;

udk uREfkyftm;ajymcGifhûyyg/

wcsKdUaomrdbrsm;onf twårsm;onf[k uREfkyfajymcJh

NyD;jzpfonf/ uREfkyfqdkvdkonfht&mudk olwdkYem;rvnfMuao;

yg/ bk&m;ocif\bkef;wefcdk;udkaxmuf&rnfhtpm; yg;pyft&om

udkvnf;aumif;? bk&m;ocifay;toufwmESifh bk&m;ocifudk

aMumuf½GHUjcif;½SdpHkvifaomoefY½Sif;jcif;tpm; tvdkqE´uav;

wpfckudkvnf;aumif; ¤if;wdkYOD;pm;ay;aeMuonf/ oifwdkYonf

rdrdwdkYcHpm;&rnfhom,mrIESifh cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkom OD;pm;ay;

touf½SifaeMupOf pmwefonf oifhtay:wGifatmifyGJqifum

oif\êud;pm;rIrsm;udk tcsdefwdkif;ESdyfuGyfaeygonf/

wcsKdUzcifrsm;onf rdrdwdkY\om;orD;rsm;cHpm;ae&aom

a&m*grsm;udkod½SdEdkifzdkY q&m0efoGm;jyMuonf/ rnfonfha0'em


jzpfaMumif;udk 2 rdepftwGif; oifhudkuREfkyfajymjyEdkifygonf/

oifhuav;rsm;onf pm&dwåysufjym;aeMuacsNyD/ olwdkYonf

pmwef\xdef;csKyfrIatmufwGifa&mufaeMuonf/ pmwefu

oifhxHodkY'ku©ay;&ef csOf;uyfvmaepOfrSm uav;rsm;udk bk&m;

ocifenf;wl tumtuG,fay;&rnfhoifonf rnfonfht&m

udkrQpdwfr0ifpm;bJ tdyfidkufaeygwum;/ udk,fawmf½Sif\tvdk

awmfESifhtnD uav;rsm;udkûypkysKd;axmif&ef xm0&bk&m;ocifu

oifhudkrdefYrSmxm;awmfrlcJhaomfvnf; pmwefonf oifhudkausmf

NyD; xdkuav;rsm;udkvTrf;rdk;xm;ygonf/ odkYapumrl oifrlum;

tdyfNrJwdkif;tdyfaeygonf/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf oifwdkYudk

oem;awmfrlygap/ taMumif;rSm oifwdkYtm;vHk;onf xm0&

bk&m;ocif\oem;MuifemrIudkvdktyfaeMuygonf/

oifonf usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;wGif yg0if

vkyfaqmifcJhrnfqdkvQifvnf;aumif;? oif\,HkMunfjcif;wGif

tusifhoDv? tusifhoDvwGif todynm? todynmü csKyfwnf;

jcif;rsm;udkaygif;pyfcJhrnfqdkvQif cyfodrf;aomt&mwdkYonf wpfrl

xl;jcm;vmvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif oifhtdrfxJwGifjzpfysufaeaom

pm&dwåazgufjyefrIESifh raumif;rIrsm;tm;jzifh wpfpdwfwpfa'oom

Edk;Mum;rI½SdcJhygonf/

om;orD;rsm;udk oifoGefoifoifhygonf/ þacwfwGif

awGUjrif&rnfhraumif;rIrsm;ESifh pm&dwåazgufjyefrIrsm;udka½SmifvTJ&

rnfhenf;rsm;udk ¤if;wdkYtm; oifoGefoifay;oifhonf/ odkY&mwGif

pm;vdkYaumif;rnfht&mrsm;udk &Edkifrnfhenf;rsm;udkom vltrsm;

avhvmaeMuonf/ oifonf pm;yGJay:wGif axmywf? MuufO

ESifh tom;rsm;udkjyifqifxm;&m oifhom;orD;rsm;onf xdktpm

rsm;udkpm;aeMuonf/ Murf;wrf;onfh&r®ufrsm;udk EId;qGay;rnfh

tpmrsm;udk uav;rsm;tm;auR;aeMuonf/ xdkaemufrS bk&m;

ocifhxHwGif'l;axmufum rdrd\uav;rsm;udk aumif;csD;ay;

u,fwifzdkY oifqkawmif;wwfonf/ oif\qkawmif;csufonf

rnfrQjrifhjrifhwufoGm;Edkifygrnfenf;/ yxrOD;pm;ay;tjzpf

oifvkyfaqmif&rnfhvkyfief;wpfck½Sdygonf/ oifhom;orD;rsm;

twGuf oifvkyfaqmifay;&ef xm0&bk&m;ocifrdefYawmfrlxm;

onfht&mrsm;udk vkyfaqmifNyD;aomtcsdefwGif uwdxm;awmfrl

aom txl;trtprsm;twGuf oifpdwfcsvufcsqkawmif;EdkifygNyD/

cyfodrf;aomt&mwdkYü csKyfwnf;jcif;trIudk oifavhvm

oifhonf/ oifpm;aomtpmESifh oifaomufaomt&mwdkYwGif

xdkt&mudkoifavhvm&rnf/ odkY&mwGif ]bmudkyJigpm;pm;?

bmudkyJaomufaomuf? b,ftpmudkyJ ighpm;yGJrSmjyifxm;xm;?

b,folYeJYrSrqdkifbl;} [k oifajymwwfonf/ tu,fíom

oifonf om;orD;rsm;udk *½kwpdkufrxdef;odrf;bl;qdkvQifaomf

vnf;aumif;? oifwdkYonf tjcm;olrsm;twGuf 0efxkyf0efydk;

rjzpfap½Hkomru oifhom;qdk;orD;qdk;rsm;u ¤if;wdkYaexdkif

touf½SifaomvlYtodkuft0ef;udk tusifhpm&dwårazgufjyefap

Edkifrnfh awmwpfawmxJodkY oifwdkYoGm;a&mufraexdkifvQifaomf

vnf;aumif; xdktcuftcJonf wcsKdUyk*¾dKvfrsm;ESifhoufqdkifae

ygonf/


(CTBH, pp. 63-64) FE, pp. 152-153 (1890)

pm;aomufjcif;trIwGi f owdBuD;p Gmxm;Muyg/

oifhuav;rsm;udk ½dk;pif;aomtpmrsm;jyifqifpm;oHk;jcif;ESifh

ywfoufí yg;pyfESifhoGefoifouJhodkY vufawGUvnf;yHkoufao

jyyg/ om;orD;rsm;tm; tusKd;½Sdaomtvkyfrsm;udkvkyfapjcif;jzifh

vHkYv0D&d,½SdvmatmifoGefoifyg/ ¤if;wdkY\pdwfydkif;qdkif&mtod

w&m;rsm;Edk;Mum;vmatmif êud;pm;yg/ i,f½G,fpOfuav;b0

rSpí ¤if;wdkYusifhaqmif&rnfh bk&m;ocif\awmif;qdkcsufrsm;

taMumif;udk oGefoifyg/ pm&dwåazgufjyefrIrsm;ESifh ae&mwum

wGifawGU&rnfjzpfaMumif;? xdkaMumifh udk,fpdwfESpfyg;udk c&pfawmf

xHodkYvmítyfESHzdkYvdktyfaMumif;? pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;rsm;udk

wGef;vSefEdkifrnfhcGeftm;rsm;udk udk,fawmf½SifüomawGU½SdEdkif

aMumif;rsm;udkvnf; ¤if;wdkYudkoifMum;Muyg/ rdrdwdkYaysmfovdk

aexdkiftouf½Sif&ef ¤if;wdkYudkzefqif;awmfrlxm;jcif;r[kwfbJ

jrifhjrwfaom&nf½G,fcsufwpfckudk taumiftxnfazmfay;rnfh

bk&m;ocif\udk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;jzpfap&ef bk&m;ocifzefqif;

cJhjcif;jzpfaMumif;udkvnf; ¤if;wdkYoabmaygufatmifajymjyMuyg/

twåtvdkudkvdkufum udk,fêudufovdkavmuaysmf½TifrIudkcHpm;&ef

tpHkprf;cH&aomtcsdefwGifvnf;aumif;? bk&m;ociftm; ¤if;wdkY\

jrifuGif;rSaysmufysufoGm;atmif pmwefêud;pm;aomtcsdefwGif

vnf;aumif; ]bk&m;ocif? pmwef\pHkprf;jcif;wGif usqHk;roGm;

atmif u,frawmfrlyg} [k toem;cHvsuf c&pfawmfudk

ajrmfMunfhwwfatmifvnf; om;orD;rsm;udkoifMum;ay;Muyg/

xdkodkYûyvkyfygu ¤if;wdkY\qkawmif;oHudk em;anmif;awmfrlvsuf

aumif;uifwrefrsm;udkjcH&Hapum ab;uif;vHkûcH&modkYydkYaqmif

awmfrlvdrfhrnf/

c&pfawmfonf rdrd\wrefawmfrsm;twGuf qkawmif;

ay;awmfrlcJhygonf/ tzufzufrSwdkufvSefvmrnfhpHkprf;aESmifh,Suf

jcif;rsm;\aemufodkYvdkufygroGm;apbJ raumif;rIrsm;rSuif;a0;

apzdkY&efom udk,fawmf½Sifqkawmif;ay;cJhygonf/ þavmurS

ac:aqmifa½SmifxGufoGm;apzdkY qkawmif;ay;awmfrljcif;rûyvkyf

cJhyg/ rdbrsm;ûyvkyfoifhaomqkawmif;csufrSm xdkqkawmif;csuf

rsKd;jzpfygonf/ odkYaomf rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;udk,fpm;

bk&m;ocifhxHawmfwGif qkawmif;ay;um om;orD;rsm;êudufovdk

aexdkifpm;aomufzdkY vTwfay;xm;oifhygovm;/ rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkif

êudufovdkpm;aomufNyD; om;orD;rsm;udkcsKyfwnf;rI½SdzdkY ¤if;wdkY

arQmfvifhoifhygovm;/ xdkodkYr[kwfyg/ csKyfwnf;jcif;ESifh

udk,ftvdkudkxdef;csKyfjcif;tusifhrsm;udk EdkYpdkYoli,fb0rSpí

oifMum;ay;oifhygonf/ þwm0efBuD;rSm rdcifvkyfaqmif&rnfh

t&mjzpfonf/ rdcifESifh¤if;\&ifaoG;i,ftMum;½SdoHa,mZOf

aESmifêud;onf avmuwGif tEl;nHhqHk;aomt&mwpfckjzpfonf/

xdkuav;i,f\toufwmwGif zcif\yHk&dyfxuf rdcif\yHk&dyfu

ydkíxif½Sm;aponf/ taMumif;rSm El;nHhaomxdkoHa,mZOf

aESmifêud;aMumifhjzpfonf/

(CTBH, pp. 79-80) FE, p. 143 (1890)

om;orD;rsm;\pm&dwåudkwnfaqmufum pm;aomuf

jcif;trIudpöESifhpyfvsOf;onfh csKyfwnf;jcif;pnf;rsOf;rsm;wGif


wdwdususvdkufemwwfatmif om;orD;rsm;oifMum;ay;&ef

xm0&bk&m;ocifonf rdcifrsm;tm; tzdk;wefaomtcsdefem&D

rsm;ay;xm;awmfrlonf/

cHwGif;awmifhwrIudktvdkrvdkufolrsm;tay: pHk;prf;

aESmifh,Suf&ef tpGrf;r½SdaMumif;udk pmwefodjrifojzifh vlwdkYtm;

cHwGif;awmifhwrIudktvdkvdkufMuzdkY pmweftNrJwrf;vIHYaqmfvrf;jy

aeygonf/ usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaponfhtpmrsm;aMumifh vlwdkY\

todpdwfonf rMunfrvifjzpfvmonf/ pdwfESvHk;onf

npfnrf;vmonf/ odjrifem;vnfrIrsm;ysuf,Gif;vmonf/ od½Sd

em;vnfrIuif;vmonfhtxd todpdwfudkxdcdkufapcJhaomaMumifh

xdktjypfusL;vGefol\raumif;rIrsm;onf avsmhyg;roGm;awmhacs/

9T, pp. 160-161 (1909)

rdcifzcifwdkY? qkawmif;jcif;trIwGif owd½SdMuyg/

csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhrItrsKd;rsKd;udkumuG,fMuyg/ usef;rmjcif;

ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;trSefrsm;udk om;orD;rsm;tm;

oifMum;ay;Muyg/ usef;rma&;udkxdef;odrf;umuG,fzdkY rnfonfh

t&mrsm;udka½SmifMuOf&rnfudkoGefoifMuyg/ em;axmifrIr½Sdaom

om;orD;rsm;tay:wGif xm0&bk&m;ocif\trsufawmfonf

usa&mufcJhacsNyD/ &mZ0wfrIrsm;? tjypfraumif;rIrsm;ESifh raumif;

aomtusifhp½dkufrsm;onf ae&mwumwGifxif½Sm;vsufaeacsNyD/

uREfkyfwdkYonf ,kwfnHhodrfzsif;aomvlrsm;\&efrS om;orD;

rsm;udkumuG,f&ef *½kwpdkufvkyfaqmifMu&ygrnf/

ÀÀÀ

tcef;BuD; (14)

usef;rma&;udktaxmuftulûyonfhcsufûywfenf;

nhHzsif;aomcsufûywfjcif;onftjypfraumif;rIjzpfonf

MS, p. 95 (1901)

nHhzsif;aomtpmrsm;udk jyifqifauR;arG;jcif;onf tjypf

raumif;rIwpfckjzpfonf/ taMumif;rSm pm;aomufjcif;trIonf

cE¨mudk,fwpfckvHk;\usef;rmpdkjynfjcif;ESifhywfoufaeygonf/

tusKd;quftaejzifh pdwfESvHk;rMunfromjzpfaponfh tpmtdrf

tcsOfaygufjcif;udkrjzpfaeEdkifrnfhenf;rsKd;jzifh csufûywfpm;aomuf

jcif;udk rdrdvlwdkYûyvkyf&ef xm0&bk&m;ociftvdkawmf½Sdygonf/

tm[m&ESifhjynfh0aomaygifrkefYwpfvHk;wGif vufawGUusaom

t,l0g'xif½Sm;aMumif; uREfkyfwdkYowd&atmufarhMuygpdkY/

csufûywfwwfjcif;udktxifao;jcif;

csufûywfjcif;tvkyfudk tapcHuReftvkyfwpfcktjzpf

txifrao;MuygESifh/ *kPfr½SdaomtvkyfwpfckjzpfaomaMumifh

rvkyfcsifawmhyg[k csufûywfwwfolrsm;u csufûywfjcif;tvkyfudk

pGefYvTwfcJhygvQif urÇmolurÇmom;rsm;onf rnfonfhtcuftcJ

rsm;jzifh &ifqdkifvmMu&rnfenf;/ tjcm;tvkyfrsm;xuf csufûywf

jcif;tvkyfudkvkyfvdkrIenf;yg;onfrSmrSefaomfvnf; trSeftm;jzifh

qdkvQif odyÜHtwwftaygif;wdkYwGif wefzdk;½SdaomodyÜHtwwf

wpfrsKd;jzpfygonf/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf usef;rmjcif;udk

taxmuftulûyrnfhtpm;tpmrsm;udk csufûywfwwfjcif;ynmudk

378uav;b0pm;&rnfhtpm;tpm 377

þuJhodkYrSwfawmfrl\/ tm[m&ESifhjynfh0aomtpm;tpmrsm;udk

jyifqifcsufûywfolrsm;tm; xm0&bk&m;ocifonf rsm;pGmwefzdk;

xm;awmfrlonf/ tpm;tpmjyifqifjcif;ynmudkwwfum

xdkynmudkaumif;pGmtoHk;ûyaeolrsm;onf tjcm;tvkyftudkif

rsm;wGifvkyfaqmifaeolrsm;xuf csD;rGrf;jcif;udkcHxdkufMuonf/

þolrsm;onf (or®musrf;pmwGifazmfjyxm;onfh) tcGuf (10)

&½Sdaomolrsm;ESifhwl\/ taMumif;rSm ¤if;wdkYonf rdrdwdkY&½SdorQ

aomynmudk rSefuefpGmtoHk;csjcif;jzifh vlom;rsm;\cE¨mudk,f

usef;rma&;udk rsm;pGmtaxmuftulûyapMu\/ toufwmESifh

usef;rma&;tMum;½SdqufET,frIonf cGJjcm;vdkYr&onfht&mjzpf

ae&m tcsuftûywfynmonf qkaus;Zl;tjzmjzmü wefzdk;

t½SdqHk;qkaus;Zl;jzpfaeygonf/

2T, p. 370 (1870)

uREfkyf\pufcsKyform;ESifh pmrlul;a&;ay;olrsm;udk uREfkyf

wefzdk;xm;ygonf/ odkY&mwGif uREfkyfqufvuftouf½SifaeEdkif&ef

uREfkyf\t½dk;? OD;aESmufESifh <uufom;rsm;udk usef;rmoefpGrf;

aprnfhtpm;tpmrsm;udk rnfuJhodkYjyifqif&rnfudk od½Sdem;vnf

aomuREfkyf\xrif;csufonf uREfkyfudkulnDolrsm;xJwGif ta&;

tygqHk;ae&mwGif½Sdaeygonf/

CTBH, p. 74 (1890)

pufcsKyform;? vufESdyfpufpma&;? pmrlzwfol? pm&if;

udkif? ausmif;q&m ponfhtvkyfrsm;twGufjyifqifaeMuoltcsKdU

wdkYonf xrif;csufrsm;ESifhraygif;oif;rqufqHoifhavmufatmif

jrifhjrwfolrsm;jzpfonf[k udk,fhudkudk,fowfrSwfaeMuygonf/

þoabmxm;onf vlYtodkuft0ef;½Sdvlwef;pm;tm;vHk;

eD;yg;xJü pdrfh0ifysHUESHYvsuf½Sdygonf/ xrif;csuftvkyfonf

vlYtodkuft0ef;xJwGif edrfhusaomtvkyfwpfckjzpfonf[lí

vnf;aumif;? xdkaMumifh olonf tdrfoltdrfom;rsm;ESifhwpfwef;

wnf;qufqH&rnfr[kwf[lívnf;aumif; xrif;csufrsm;udk

cHpm;apMuygonf/ awmfaomrdef;uav;rsm;onf tjcm;tvkyf

rsm;udk&atmifêud;pm;aeonfudk oifawGUygu tHhMornfvm;/

ynmwwfxrif;csuftenf;i,fom½Sdaejcif;udk oiftHhMoyg

ovm;/ tHhMop&mtaMumif;r½Sdyg/ odkY&mwGif vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf

þuJhodkYaomvkyfaqmifrIrsm;wGifyg0ifaejcif;onfom tHhMop&m

jzpfaeygonf/

xrif;csufrsm;onf tdrfaxmifwpfckwGif ta&;ygolrsm;

jzpfygonf/ OD;aESmuf? t½dk;ESifh <uufom;rsm;udkzGJUpnf;&ef

tpmtdrfxJodkYxnfhay;rnfhtpm;tpmrsm;udk olrjyifqifcsufûywf

aeonf/ wpftdrfom;vHk;\usef;rma&;onf olr\uRrf;usifrI

ESifhwwfuRrf;rIrsm;tay:wGif rsm;pGmtajcûyaeygonf/

3T, pp. 156-158 (1873)

tdrfaxmifusNyD;tdrfaxmif½SifrjzpfvmaomtrsKd;orD;

uav;rsm;pGmwdkYonf tdrfaxmif½SifrESifhrdcifrsm;vkyfaqmif&rnfh

wm0efrsm;udkod½Sdolenf;yg;vSonf/ olwdkYonf pmwwfMu

onf/ pE´&m;wD;wwfMuonf/ odkYaomf xrif;[if;udk

rcsufwwfMuacs/ rdom;pk\usef;rma&;twGuf txl;ta&;BuD;

onfhaygifrkefYudkvnf;rzkwfwwfMuacs/ usef;rma&;twGuf

taxmuftulûyrnfhtpm;tpmrsm;udk csufûywfauR;arG;wwfzdkY

380 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufusef;rma&;udktaxmuftulûyonfh----- 379

todynmESifhtawGUtêuHrsm;vdktyfygonf/ taoG;tom;aumif;

rsm;udkjzpfap&ef uREfkyfwdkY\tpmtdrfxJodkYxnfhoGif;rnfhtpm

rsm;udk csufûywfay;aeaomyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;onf ta&;ygqHk;?

tjrifhrm;qHk;&mxl;wpfckudkydkifqdkifxm;ygonf/ pmul;pma&;?

tvSjyifq&mESifhaw;*Dwq&m &mxl;rsm;onf ta&;ygrIwGif

xrif;csuf&mxl;ESifhrwlnDEdkifygacs/

2T, p. 370 (1870)

uREfkyfwdkYEdkifiH½SdtrsKd;orD;rsm;onf rnfuJhodkYxrif;csuf

&rnfudk rMumcProd½dSMuacs/ EdkifiHtwGif;½Sdtaumif;qHk;

xrif;csufwpfOD;xHodkYoGm;um uRrf;usifaomxrif;csufwpfOD;

jzpfvmonftxd &ufowåaygif;rsm;pGmoGm;a&mufenf;emcHMu

yg[k xdktrsKd;orD;rsm;udk uREfkyftMuHay;vdkygonf/ tu,fíom

uREfkyf\toufrSm (40) ESpf½SdcJhvQif þvrf;pOfudk uREfkyf

vdkufavQmufrdrSmaocsmonf/ oifwdkYudk,fwdkifxrif;csufwwf½Hk

omru oifwdkY\orD;rsm;udkvnf; xrif;csufwwfatmif

oifay;&efrSm oifwdkY\wm0efjzpfonf/ ¤if;wdkYtm; xrif;csuf

wwfatmif oifoifMum;ay;aejcif;onf ¤if;wdkYêuHawGUaumif;

êuHawGUEdkifrnfh raumif;rIrsm;rSumuG,f&ef ¤if;wdkYywfvnfwGif

tumtuG,frsm;udk oifwnfaqmufaejcif;jzpfonf/

(CTBH, p. 49) CH, p. 117 (1890)

xrif;csufwwfap&eftvdkYiSm trsKd;orD;rsm;onf avhvm

oifhMuygonf/ xdkaemuf rdrdwdkYod½SdorQudk pdwf½Snf½Snfjzifh

vufawGUvkyfaqmifMu&efjzpfonf/ vlwdkYonf þt&mudk

'ku©cHNyD;rvkyfaqmifvdkMuojzifh a0'emrsm;udkcHpm;aeMu&onf/

,m,Dtm;jzifh vIyf½Sm;rIr½SdaompGrf;tifrsm;udkEId;qG&ef tcsdef

a&mufNyD[k xdkuJhodkYaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;udk uREfkyfajymvdkonf/ tm[m&

ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpm;tpmrsm;udk csufwwfûywfwwfatmif

oif,l&ef toHk;cs&onfhtcsdefrsm;udk tcsdefûzef;ypfaeonf[k

rxifvdkufygESifh/ xrif;csufonfhumvrnfrQyifMum½SnfcJhvifh

upm; rdom;pktwGufcsufûywfay;&ef wm0ef½SdolwpfOD;twGuf

xrif;[if;aumif;aumif;csufwwfatmif oif,l&efrSm vkyfaqmif

oifhaomwm0efwpfckjzpfonf/

trsKd;om;rsm;yg-xrif;csufwwfatmifêud;pm;MuygpkdY

(CTBH, pp. 56-57) CH, p. 155 (1890)

usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udkvufcHusifhoHk;aeol

rsm;pGmwdkYu þûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;onf ¤if;wdkYESifhtqifrajy[k

nnf;wGm;Muonf/ odkYaomf þûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;ü trSm;

r½SdbJ ¤if;wdkYjyifqifxm;onfhtpmrsm;üom trSm;t,Gif;½Sdae

onfudk ¤if;wdkYESifhtwlxrif;pm;NyD;onfhtcsdefwGif uREfkyfrSwfcsuf

csrdonf/ xrif;[if;csufwwfatmifoifMuyg[k bk&m;ocifu

todOmPfay;xm;onfhtrsKd;om;trsKd;orD;tm;vHk;udk uREfkyf

awmif;yefvdkygonf/ ]trsKd;om;} rsm;[k uREfkyfajymqdkvdkuf

csdefwGif uREfkyftrSm;rusL;vGefyg/ taMumif;rSm trsKd;om;rsm;

onfvnf; trsKd;orD;rsm;uJhodkY tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkonfhxrif;[if;

rsm;udkcsufwwfzdkYvdktyfygonf/ tvkyftudkifaMumifh tpm;tpm

aumif;rsm;r&Edkifonfhae&modkY ¤if;wdkYa&mufaeaumif;a&mufae

rnf/ tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpm;tpmrsm;udk rcsufûywfwwf


onfhrdom;pkrsm;ESifhtwl &ufaygif;rsm;pGmae&aumif;ae&Muvdrfh

rnf/ xdktcsdefrsKd;wGif xrif;[if;udkaumif;rGefpGmcsufwwfaom

trsKd;om;rsm;onf xdkynmudktusKd;½Sd½SdtoHk;ûyEdkifMuvdrfhrnf/

usef;rma&;pmapmifrsm;udkavhvmyg

Letter, p. 135 (1902)

usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfatmif rcsufûywfwwfolrsm;onf

tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;udkcHwGif;awGUatmifcsufwwfapzdkY

avhvmoifhygonf/ csufenf;ûywfenf;rsm;udk avhvmvdkufpm;

vdkolrsm;onf usef;rma&;*sme,frsm;udkvnf;zwfoifhygonf/

vdktyfaomowif;rsm;udk xdk*sme,frsm;wGifawGUEdkifMuygvdrfhrnf/

þtwwfynmudk pdkufvdkufrwfwwfavhusifhrIr½SdvQif

rnfolrQxrif;csufaumif;wpfOD;rjzpfEdkifacs/ odkY&mwGif xm0&

bk&m;ocif\vrf;jyydkYaqmifrIudkcH,lvsuf½SdMuolrsm;rSmrl trsKd;rsKd;

aom[if;vsmrsm;udk udk,fwdkifcsufwwfMu½Hkomru olwpfyg;

tm;vnf; oifMum;ay;EdkifMuvdrfhrnf/ taMumif;rSm xm0&

bk&m;ocifonf xdkolrsm;udkuRrf;usifrIESifhwwfodem;vnfrI

rsm;udkay;oem;awmfrlygonf/

wpfudk,fa&pGrf;&nfudkwdk;wufatmiftm;ay;yg

7T, p. 133 (1902)

jynfwGif;xGufobm0pm;ukefypönf;rsm;udk usef;rma&;

ESifhtnDcsufûywfpm;aomufjcif;jzifh pGrf;&nfrsm;zGHUûzd;wdk;wuf

vmatmif EdkifiHtESHY½SdtrsKd;om;ESifhtrsKd;orD;rsm;udktm;ay;&efrSm

xm0&bk&m;ocif\tMuHpnfawmfjzpf\/ ¤if;wdkYonf oefY½Sif;

aom0dnmOfawmf\vrf;jyrIatmufwGif rdrdwdkYü½SdaomuRrf;usifrI

ESifhtpGrf;rsm;udktoHk;ûyum xm0&bk&m;ocifudkrsufarSmufûy

MurnfqdkvQif obm0pm;aomufypönf;rsm;tm; usef;rma&;

udktaxmuftulûyrnfhtpmrsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJcsufûywfwwf

vmMuvdrfhrnf/ tom;[if;rsm;tpm; tjcm;[if;vsmrsm;udk

jyifqifyHkrsm;udkvnf; qif;&Jom;rdom;pkrsm;udk ¤if;wdkYoGefoif

EdkifvmMuvdrfhrnf/ xdkrdom;pkrsm;uvnf; xdkcsufenf;ûywfenf;

rsm;udk tjcm;olrsm;tm;vufqifhurf;EdkifvmMuvdrfhrnf/ þuJhodkY

vkyfaqmifEdkif&ef vHkYv0D&d,ESifhpGrf;tm;rsm;udktoHk;csrSomjzpf

Edkifygrnf/ tu,fíom xdkuJhodkYvufqifhurf;oifMum;rIrsm;udk

,cifuwnf;uvkyfaqmifNyD;cJhMurnfqdkvQif vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf

trSefw&m;udkod½Sdum tjcm;vlrsm;pGmwdkYtm;vnf; xdktrSefw&m;

udkvufqifhurf;EdkifcJhMuvdrfhrnf/ uREfkyfwdkYvkyfaqmif&rnfh

wm0efudkavhusufum taumiftxnfaz:vkyfaqmifMuygpdkY/

uREfkyfwdkYonf bk&m;ocifay;wm0efudkvkyfaqmifay;rnfholrsm;

tm; apmifhpm;ae&onfh tultnDrJhrSDcdkaeolrsm;jzpfzdkYr[kwfyg/

csufûywfenf;oifMum;ay;onfhausmif;zGifh&ef

MS, p. 95 (1901)

uREfkyfwdkY\aq;cef;rsm;? pmoifausmif;rsm;ESifhtwl tcsuf

tûywfoGefoifonfhausmif;rsm;udkzGifhvSpfoifhonf/ xdkausmif;

rsm;wGif rSefuefaomcsufûywfenf;rsm;udk oGefoifay;&efjzpf

onf/ xdkausmif;rsm;wGifwufa&mufoif,laeMuonfhtrsKd;om;


ESifhtrsKd;orD;rsm;udk csufûywfenf;oifay;Edkifrnfhyk*¾dKvfrsm;½Sdoifh

ygonf/ txl;ojzifhtrsKd;orD;rsm;onf csufûywfenf;rsm;udk

oif,loifhMuonf/

R & H, June 6, 1912.

vlwdkYtm; usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaomcsufûywfenf;rsm;

udkoifMum;ay;jcif;jzifh trIawmfjrwfudkaqmif½GufEdkifygonf/

þtvkyfrsKd;onfvnf; tjcm;trIawmfvkyfief;rsm;enf;wl

ta&;ygvSygonf/ tcsuftûywfausmif;rsm;udk ydkíydkí

wnfaxmif½Hkomru csufenf;ûywfenf;aumif;rsm;udk wpftdrf

wufqif;oGm;a&mufoifMum;ay;oifhMuygonf/

usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifh

aumif;aomcsufûywfenf;

(CTBH, p. 119) CH, pp. 450-451 (1890)

pm;aomufaeusjzpfaomtpm;tpmrsm;ae&mwGif tpm;

xdk;&ef usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaompm;zG,frsm;udkrcsufwwfjcif;

onf usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udk vufawGU

usifhoHk;&mwGif pdwf"mwfusaponfhtaMumif;&if;wpfckjzpfyg

onf/ t&omuif;rJhNyD; tm[m&r½Sdaomtpm;tpmudkpm;oHk;

&jcif;aMumifh ¤if;wdkYonf pdwfESvHk;rMunfromjzpfvmum

]usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udk wdkYprf;MunfhNyD;NyD/

'DyHkeJYawmhtouf½SifzdkYrjzpfEdkifygbl;} [k ¤if;wdkYajymqdkaeonfudk

uREfkyfMum;rdygonf/ vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf xdkûyjyifajymif;vJrIudk

taumiftxnfaz:onfhtaejzifh tm[m&r½Sdaomtpmrsm;udkyif

tenf;i,favmufompm;oHk;aeMu&m tusKd;quftaejzifh

usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufvmap½Hkomru tjcm;olrsm;tm;vnf;

pdwf"mwfusapMuygonf/ ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;aumif;jzpf&ef

xrif;[if;csuform;aumif;jzpfoifhygonf/ csufûywfenf;

aumif;rsm;udkoif,l&ef tcGifhta&;½SdEdkifolrsm;onf rdrdudk,fwdkif

twGufomru tjcm;olrsm;udkoGefoifay;&efvnf; BuD;rm;

aomtusKd;xl;rsm;udkawGU½SdMuygvdrfhrnf/

tom;pm;jcif;rSajymif;vJjcif;

2T, p. 63 (1868)

touf½Sifjcif;ESif hpyfqd kifaomtusif hp½d kufrsm;udk

ajymif;vJzdkY oifhudkuREfkyfwdkYtMuHay;vdkaomfvnf; em;vnfrI

tjynfht0jzifh ajymif;vJMuzdkYowday;vdkygonf/ tom;pm;jcif;

udkjzwfum tm[m&rJhaomtpmrsm;udkpm;aomuftouf½Sif

aexdkifcJhaomrdom;pkwpfpkESifh uREfkyf&if;ESD;cJhzl;ygonf/ ¤if;wdkY

pm;aomtpmrsm;onf tpmtdrfuvufrcHEdkifonftxd nHhzsif;

vSygonf/ odkY&mwGif xdkrdom;pku ]usef;rma&;qdkif&mûyjyif

ajymif;vJrIawGeJY? uRefawmfwdkYeJYrudkufbl;/ cGeftm;awG

wjznf;jznf;avsmhvmNyD} [k uREfkyftm;ajymMuygao;onf/

wcsKdUrSm ½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udkajymif;vJpm;oHk;&mü atmifjrifrIr½SdMuyg/

taMumif;rSm ¤if;wdkYpm;aomtpmrsm;onf tvGefnHhzsif;½Hkomru

tajymif;tvJvnf;r½Sdacs/ xrif;eyfwdkif;wGif [if;trnfrsm;rsm;

jyifqifpm;oHk;&efrvdkaomfvnf; [if;wpfrnfESpfrnfudkyif aeYpOf

&ufqufpm;oHk;&efroihfygacs/ tpm;tpmrsm;udk ½dk;pif;pGm


DF- 25

jyifqif&rnfrSmrSefaomfvnf; cHwGif;awGUatmifvnf; csufûywf

wwfzdkYvdkygonf/ wd&pämeftqDrsm;udk[if;csuf&mwGifroHk;ygESifh/

tpm;tpmrsm;udknpfnrf;oGm;apygonf/ toD;tESHESifh[if;oD;

[if;½Gufudkrsm;rsm;pm;yg/

Letter 60a, 1896.

aumif;rGefaomcsufûywfjcif;tvkyfonf ta&;ygqHk;aom

vkyfaqmifNyD;pD;rIwpfckjzpfonf/ tom;[if;udkt"duxm;NyD;

rpm;oHk;onfhae&mrsm;wGif txl;ojzifhaumif;rGefpGmcsufûywf

wwfjcif;onf txl;ta&;ygvSygonf/ tom;[if;ae&mwGif

tpm;xdk;onfh[if;vsmudk aumif;rGefpGmjyifqif&ygrnf/ odkYrSom

tom;udkrawmifhwawmhrnfjzpfygonf/

Letter 73a, 1896.

csufa&;ûywfa&;wGif wm0ef½Sdolrsm;tm; pmtm;jzifhvnf;

aumif;? EIwftm;jzifhvnf;aumif; ynmay;&efrSm orm;awmf

BuD;rsm;vkyfaqmif&rnfhwm0efjzpfygonf/

Y.I, May 31, 1894.

usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaom[if;vsmrsm;udk udk,fbmom

avhvmoif,lolrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYtvdk½Sdaeygonf/ tom;ESifh

[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;udk trsKd;rsKd;csufwwfolrsm;aomfvnf;

½dk;pif;NyD; cHwGif;awGUaponfh[if;vsmrsm;udk ¤if;wdkYrcsufwwf

Muacs/

CTBH, pp. 156-158 (1890)

rsm;pGmaomtdrf½SifrwdkYonf csufa&;ûywfa&;qdkif&m

uRrf;usifrIESifhtodynmrsm;r½SdMuojzifh rdom;pk\usef;rma&;

udkxdcdkufap½Hkomru aoG;t&nftaoG;udkvnf; nHhzsif;apum

aoapEdkifonftxd jyif;xefaoma&m*grsm;udkjzpfaponfh

pm;aomufzG,f&mrsm;udk rdom;pkrsm;tm;aeYpOfauR;arG;aewwf

ygonf/

uREf kyfwd k Yonf vlwdkif;twGufcHwGif;awGUaprnfh

usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaomtpm;tpmaumif;trsKd;rsKd;udk pm;oHk;

Mu&ygrnf/ xdkodkYpm;oHk;Edkif&ef csufûywfenf;rsm;udkodxm;zdkY

vdktyfvSygonf/ nHhzsif;aomcsufûywfenf;rsm;aMumifh a&m*g

b,xlajym½Hkomru pdwfwdkjcif;? pdwffqdk;jcif;rsm;vnf;jzpfay:

vmygonf/ usef;rma&;csKdUwJhrIaMumifh aumif;uifbHkESifhywfouf

aomt&mrsm;udkvnf; rodjrifEdkifMuawmhyg/ xdkaMumifh tjcm;

u@rsm;rSmxuf csufûywfjcif;trIwGif ydkíbmomw&m;½SdzdkY

vdktyfygonf/ wpfcgwpf&HuREfkyfc&D;xGufaomtcsdefrsm;wGif

pm;aomuf&rnfhaygifrkefYtygt0if tjcm;tpm;tpmrsm;onf

usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufrnfudkodvsufESifh qufvuftouf½Sif

EdkifzdkYtwGuf tenf;i,fudkawmhuREfkyfpm;cJh&ygonf/ xdkuJhodkY

aomtpmrsm;udkpm;oHk;jcif;onf xm0&bk&m;ocifa½SUarSmuf

wGiftjypfjzpfygonf/

MH, pp. 302-303 (1905)

tm[m&enf;yg;onfhtpmtenf;i,frQudkom pm;oHk;ae

jcif;aMumifh aoG;tm;enf;vmygonf/ usef;rma&;csKdUwJhvmum

a&m*g&vmygonf/ pdwfvnf;wdkwwfvmygonf/ nHhzsif;aom

tcsuftûywfrsm;aMumifh 'ku©a&mufaeolOD;a&rSm uka#toacsF

rursm;jym;vSygonf/ xdkolrsm;\ocsKØif;*lrsm;wGif ]nHhzsif;


aomtcsuftûywfrsm;aMumifhaoqHk;onf} [lívnf;aumif;?

]tpmtdrfudkwvGJtoHk;csrdjcif;aMumifhaoqHk;onf} [lívnf;

aumif; urÜnf;xdk;xm;oifhygonf/

nHhzsif;aomtcsuftûywfrsm;aMumifh

touf0dnmOfrsm;qHk;½IH;&jcif;

csufûywfonfhtvkyfonf usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaom

tpmrsm;udkcsufûywfwwfatmif êud;pm;csufûywfaeolrsm;twGuf

rGefjrwfaomwm0efwpfckjzpfonf/ nHhzsif;aomtcsuftûywf

rsm;aMumifh 0dnmOfrsm;pGmudkqHk;½IH;aeMu&onf/ aygifrkefYaumif;

wpfvHk;zkwf&ef? pOf;pm;*½kpdkufvkyfaqmif&efvdkonf/ odkY&mwGif

aumif;aomaygifrkefYwpfvHk;xJwGifyg½Sdaeaom c&pf,mef

bmoma&;cH,lcsufonf vltrsm;xifonfxufydkrdkyg½Sdaeyg

onf/ tdrfrIudpörsm;tygt0if? xrif;csuf[if;csuftvkyfonf

tapcHrsm;onf vkyf&rnfhtvkyfjzpfonf[k trsKd;orD;uav;

rsm;u,lqaeMuygonf/ xdkaMumifh tdrfaxmifusoGm;onfh

trsKd;orD;rsm;pGmrSm tdrfaxmif½Sifrrsm;xrf;½Guf&rnfhwm0efrsm;

udk rod½SdMuawmhacs/

taumif;qHk;odyÜHtwwf

csufûywfjcif;ynmonf tBuD;us,fqHk;odyÜHtwwfwpfck

jzpfonfhjyif vufawGUtoufwmtwGuf tvdktyfqHk;t&mrsm;

wGif wpfcktygt0ifjzpfonf/ trsKd;orD;tm;vHk;wwfuRrf;xm;

oifhonfhynmwpfckjzpfonfomru ydkíedrfhusaomvlwef;pm;

rsm;tm;tusKd;ûy&ef enf;vrf;wpfcktjzpf oifMum;ay;oifhaom

t&mwpfckvnf;jzpfonf/ ½dk;pif;NyD; tm[m&½Sdaompm;aomuf

zG,f&mrsm;udk cHwGif;awGUatmifcsufûywf&eftwGuf uRrf;usifrI

vdktyfonfrSmrSefuefaomfvnf; ûyvkyf&efjzpfEdkifaomt&mwpfck

vnf;jzpfonf/ ½dk;pif;aomtpmrsm;jzpfaomaMumifh ydkítm[m&

½SdouJhodkY t&omvnf;½Sdatmif usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaom

pm;p&mrsm;jzpfvmapzdkY ½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udk ½dk;pif;aomcsufûywf

enf;rsm;jzifh xrif;csufrsm;csufwwfoifhygonf/

tcsuftûywfrwwfao;onfhtdrf½Sifrrsm;taejzifh olr

tdrfaxmif\aysmf½Tifom,mrItwGuf t"dujzpfaomtcsuftûywf

enf;aumif;rsm;udkavhvm&efqHk;jzwfoifhygonf/ tcsuftûywf

ausmif;aumif;rsm;u ae&mtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif csufenf;ûywf

enf;rsm;udkoifMum;ay;aeygonf/ xdkausmif;rsm;ESifha0;vHaom

ae&mwGifaexdkifonfhtrsKd;orD;rsm;onfvnf; xrif;csuf[if;

csufaumif;aumif;wwfolrsm;xHwGif enf;cHum aumif;rGefpGm

wwfuRrf;onftxd êud;pm;oifhMuygonf/

MS, p. 3 (1897)

]obm0usaomenf;jzifh tukeftusoufomatmif

rnfodkYcsufûywf&rnfenf;} qdkonfhar;cGef;udk [if;vsmrsm;

csufûywfwdkif; oHk;oyfoifhygonf/ xrif;usef[if;usefrsm;udk

avvGifhroGm;atmif vkyfaqmif&rnfhenf;vrf;rsm;udk *½kwpdkuf

avhvmyg/ uRrf;usifrI? ûcd;jcHwwfrIESifh yg;eyfrIrsm;onf pDrH

aomuw&m;wpfckjzpfonf/ aEG&moDwGif xrif;ESifh[if;rsm;udk

avsmhícsufyg/ ajcmufaoGUaomtpmrsm;udk ydkítoHk;ûyyg/

wpfcgwpf&HwGif xrif;[if;udkcsKdUwJhpGmpm;aomuf&onftxd


qif;&Jom;rdom;pkrsm;onf tb,faMumifh¤if;wdkYqif;&Jae&onf

udk rMumcPodomxif½Sm;apvsuf½Sdonf/ ¤if;rSm pm;aomuf

zG,f&mrsm;onf tavtvGifhrsm;jym;aejcif;jzpfonf/

CTBH, p. 73 (1890)

vlrsm;pGmwdkYtm½Hkxm;onfhtoufwm&nfrSef;csufrSm

acwftrDqHk;yHkpHjzifhaexdkiftouf½Sif&efjzpfonf/ ynma&;?

usef;rma&;ESifh oufaomifhoufom½Sdjcif;rsm;udk zuf½SiftwGuf

paw;aeMuonf/ xrif;pm;yGJrSmyif jyifqifyHk? zuf½SifESifh

yumoersm;onf tBuD;tus,fvTrf;rdk;aeygonf/ usef;rma&;

ESifhnDnGwfonfhtpm;taomufjyifqifjcif;onf 'kwd,wef;pm;

ta&;ygaomt&mb0odkYa&mufoGm;acsNyD/ [if;trnfrsm;pGmjzifh

wnfcif;auR;arG;jcif;onf tcsdefukef? aiGukef? vlyef;jzpf½Hk

rSvGJí tjcm;rnfonfhtusKd;udkrQrjzpfxGef;Edkifacs/ xrif;0dkif;

wpf0dkif;wGif [if;trnf (6) rnfavmufjyifqifpm;aomuf

jcif;onf acwfpm;aeaomfvnf; xdkuJhodkYpm;aomufjcif;onf

usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapygonf/ tm½HkcHpm;wwfaomtrsKd;om;

trsKd;orD;rsm;u EIwftm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? yHkoufaotm;jzifh

vnf;aumif; jypfwif½Iwfcsaejcif;onfvnf; zuf½Sifwpfckjzpf

aeygonf/ ]tpmxuftoufjrwfonfr[kwfavm/ t0wfxuf

cEmudk,fjrwfonfr[kwfavm/} oifhxrif;csuf\b0toufwm

udkwefzdk;xm;yg/

þacwfwGif tdrf½Sifrrsm;onf tdrfwGif;rIudpörsm;ESifhom

tcsdefukefaewwfMuonf/ xrif;pm;yGJudk ½dk;pif;aomtpmrsm;

jzifhomjyifqifxm;MurnfqdkvQif tdrfom;rsm;\usef;rma&;

twGuf rnfrQaumif;vdkufrnfenf;/ rukefqHk;Edkifatmif ½Snfvsm;

axGjym;onfhtdrfwGif;rIwm0efrsm;aMumifh ,ckxufydkítouf

½Snf½Snfae&rnfhvlaygif;rsm;pGmwdkY\toufwmrsm;onf qHk;½IH;

ae&ygonf/ tu,fíom ½dk;pif;aomtusifhp½dkufrsm;jzifh

touf½SifcJhrnfqdkvQif ,ckxufydkítouf½Snfvsuf ¤if;\

tdrfaxmiftwGufaomfvnf;aumif;? toif;awmfESifhþavmu

twGufaomfvnf;aumif; aumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;jzpfapEdkifonfh

rdcifrsm;onf aoqHk;aeMuygonf/

tpma½G;cs,fjcif;\ta&;ygyHk

Letter 72, 1896.

csufûywfrItpkpk\trsm;pkonf vHk;0rvdktyfbJ csufûywf

aejcif;rsm;jzpfonf/ t&nftaoG;rSjzpfap? twdkif;tqrSmjzpf

ap nHhzsif;aomtpmrsm;udkrcsufûywfrpm;aomufoifhacs/

2T, p. 367 (1870)

cHwGif;rSefukdcHwGif;awGUatmif *½kwpdkufcsufûywfjcif;onf

ta&;BuD;ygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapEdkif

onfh tom;? axmywfESifh [if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;udkjzwf

MuzdkY rltm;jzifhvufcHxm;NyD;jzpfaomaMumifh tjcm;t&mrsm;udk

pm;aomufjcif;jzifh rnfonfhqdk;usKd;udkrQr&Edkifyg[k rnfonfh

tcgrQoabmrxm;oifhacs/

MH, p. 300 (1905)

cHwGif;\awmifhwrIudktvdkvdkufjcif;oufoufonf

rSm;,Gif;aomvkyfaqmifrIjzpfouJhodkY pm;rnfhtpm;tpm\t&nf


taoG;ESifh jyifqifcsufûywfyHkrsm;udk pdwfr0ifpm;? *½krxm;jcif;

onfvnf; rSm;,Gif;ygonf/ pm;vdkufaomtpmonf tm[m&

r½SdvQif cE¨mudk,fonfrzGHUûzd;Edkifacs/ xdkaMumifh pm;rnfhtpm

udkaocsmpGma½G;um owdynm½Sd½Sd? uRrf;uRrf;usifusifjzifh

jyifqifcsufûywfoifhygonf/

Letter 19c, 1892.

tdrfwGiftvkyfvkyfaeaom tjcm;tvkyform;rsm;xuf

xrif;csufudk uREfkyfvcydkay;csifonf/ tu,fíom xrif;

csufonf csufa&;ûywfa&;wGif uRrf;usifvdr®mrIr½SdcJhvQif aygifrkefY?

,dkESifh EGm;EdkYrsm;udkom aeYpOf&ufqufpm;ae&rnfjzpf&m xrif;

pm;csdefonf aysmf½Tifp&maumif;onfhtcsdefjzpf&rnfhtpm;

aMumufvefYp&mtcsdefwpfckomjzpfaevdrfhrnf/ oifudk,fwdkif

rêuHzl;ao;vQif þt&mrsm;udkoifem;vnfvdrfhrnf[k uREfkyf

rxifyg/ odkY&mwGif uREfkyfrSm þudpötwGuf trSefwu,fyif

pdwf½IyfcJh&ygonf/ uREfkyftaeESifhawmif;qdkcGifh&rnfqdkvQif ½dk;½dk;

tpmrsm;udk usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfNyD; cHwGif;awGUatmifcsuf

wwfonfhtawGUtêuH½Sdxrif;csufwpfOD;udkomay;yg[k awmif;qdk

rdrSmjzpfonf/

1T, pp. 681-685 (1868)

csufûywfjcif;trIudk wm0efwpfcktjzpf vlrsm;pGmwdkYu

r,lqMuojzifh tpm;tpmudkaumif;rGefpGmjyifqifwwfatmif

vnf; ¤if;wdkYrêud;pm;Muawmhacs/ 0ufqD? axmywf (odkYr[kwf)

tom;rsm;rygbJ ½dk;½dk;[if;csufp&mrsm;jzifh usef;rma&;udk

taxmuftulûyvdkaomtpmrsm;udkcsufEdkifygonf/ uRrf;usifrIudk

½dk;pif;rIjzifhaygif;pyfum csufûywfwwfap&eftvdkYiSm trsKd;orD;

rsm;onf pmzwfMuyg/ zwfonfht&mrsm;udk vufawGUtaumif

txnfazmfMuyg/ þt&mudk'ku©cHNyD;rvkyfcsifMuojzifh vlrsm;pGm

wdkYonf a&m*ga0'emrsm;udkcHpm;aeMu&onf/ oifwdkYzwfxm;

aomt&mESifh roHk;&ao;aompGrf;&nfrsm;udk EId;qG&rnfhtcsdef

odkYa&mufvmNyD[k xdkolrsm;udkuREfkyfajymcsifygonf/ usef;rma&;

ESifhnDnGwfNyD; tm[m&ESifhjynfh0atmif? ½dk;½dk;uav;csufwwf

atmif avhvmoif,lMuyg/

cHwGif;awGU½Hkavmufcsufûywfjcif;onf rSm;,Gif;ygonf/

vltrsm;onf a&m*gb,rsm;pGJuyfaeMu&m tm[m&ESifhjynfh0

aomtpm;tpmrsm;rsm;pm;zdkYvdktyfaeygonf/

ynma&;\ta&;ygaomu@wpfck

xrif;pm;vdkYaumif;atmif tpmrsm;udkenf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh

usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfap&ef jyifqifcsufûywfjcif;onf xrif;csuf

rsm;twGuf c&pf,mefbmomw&m;qdkif&mwm0efjzpfonf/

rdcifrsm;u ¤if;\om;orD;rsm;udk tcsuftûywfoifay;&rnf/

rdef;uav;rsm;twGuf þt&mxufydkíta&;BuD;aomynma&;

u@r½SdawmhNyD/ pm;jcif;onf toufwmESifhqufpyfaeonf/

nHhzsif;NyD; tm[m&rJhaomtpmrsm;onf taoG;tom;jzpfapaom

t*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;udktm;enf;apvsuf aoG;udk,kwfavsmhap

onf/ xdkaMumifh tcsuftûywfynmudkta&;tygqHk;aomynma&;

u@wpfcktjzpfowfrSwfMu&ygrnf/ tcsuftûywform;rsm;jym;pGm

½Sdaeaomfvnf; tcsuftûywfynmwwfolrSm enf;yg;vSygonf/


xrif;csuftvkyfonf tapcHtvkyfjzpfonf[k trsKd;orD;i,f

rsm;urSwf,lxm;Muonf/ trSefrSmxdkodkYr[kwfyg/ olwdkYonf

þt&mudkrSefuefaom½IaxmifhrSrMunfhMuyg/ usef;rma&;ESifh

nDnGwfaomtpm;tpmrsm;udk csufûywfwwfonfhynmonf

taumif;qHk;odyÜHtwwfwpfckjzpfygonf/

rdcifrsm;onf rdrdwdk Y\orD;rsm;udk þu@wGif

ynmay;&ef ysufuGufaeMuonf/ tdrfrIwm0efrsm;udkarmyef;

onftxd olwdkYudk,fwdkifvkyfudkifaeMupOf orD;rsm;udkêudufovdk

vnfywftaysmfvdkufcGifhûyxm;Muonf/ þt&monf rrSefaom

arwåm? rrSefaomMuifemrIrsm;jzpfonf/ orD;rsm;tm; ao½Gmyg

tema&m*gjzpfatmif rdci frsm;vky faqmifaeMuonf/

xdkrdef;uav;rsm;onf b0wm0efrsm;udkxrf;aqmif&rnfhtcsdef

a&mufvmaomtcg bmudkrQrvkyfwwf? rudkifwwfjzpfaeMu

ygonf/ xdkuJhodkYaomtrsKd;orD;rsm;onf rnfonfht&mudkrQ

*½krpdkufawmhonfhjyif rnfonfhwm0efudkrQvnf; raqmif½Guf

Muawmhacs/ qifajctrsKd;rsKd;ay;um olwdkYayghayghwefwefaexdkif

touf½SifaeMupOfwGif rdcifjzpfolrSm xrf;ydk;atmufwGif

0ef½kef;aeaomEGm;rBuD;wpfaumifES,f tdrfrIwm0efrsm;ESifhydae

Muygonf/ xdkorD;rsm;onf rdcifudkrMuifemjcif;r[kwfbJ

*½krxm;? owdrxm;rdjcif;omjzpfygonf/ odkYr[kwfygu olr

onf rdcifBuD;\rsufESmay:wGifay:vGifaeaomarmyef;emusifrI

rsm;udkowdxm;rdum rdcifudktem;ay;NyD; yifyef;aomtvkyf

rsm;udk wm0ef,lulnD&efêud;pm;cJhvdrfhrnf/ odkYr[kwfyguvnf;

rdcifBuD;tm; a&m*gb,tdyfpif (odkYr[kwf) aojcif;tdyfpif

ay:odkYwdkif ydkYaqmifay;aumif;ydkYaqmifMuvdrfhrnf/

tb,faMumifh rdcifrsm;onf rdrdwdkY\orD;rsm;udkynmay;

&mwGif ysufuGufrsufuG,fûyaeMuoenf;/ tdrfrsm;odkYoGm;a&muf

vnfywfpOfwGif rdcifrsm;rSm tdrfrIwm0efrsm;ESifhydaeaomtcsdefü

usef;usef;rmrmaysmfaysmf½Tif½TifjzpfaeaomorD;rsm;onf rnfonfh

wm0efudkrQ*½kxm;vkyfaqmifjcif;r½SdonfudkawGU&ojzifh uREfkyf

pdwfraumif;jzpfrdygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYtpnf;ta0;BuD;rsm;vkyfMu

aomtcgwGifvnf; rdcifrsm;rSm us&mwm0efudkukef;½kef;vkyfaqmif

aepOf orD;rsm;rSm rdrdwdkY\rdwfaqGrsm;ESifhvufqHkpum;ajymvsuf?

avQmufvnfvsuf½SdonfudkawGUMu&ygonf/ þjrifuGif;rsm;

aMumifh pOf;pm;qifjcifrIr½Sdaom xdkvli,frsm;udk tvkyfvkyfMu

yg[krajymbJraeEdkifawmhyg/ orD;uav;wdkY? armyef;aeaom

oifwdkY\rdcifrsm;udktem;ay;Muyg/ {nfhcef;xJrSmtxdkifcdkif;NyD;

tem;,lapyg/ rdwfaqGrsm;ESifhaysmfaysmf½Tif½Tifaeapyg/

odkY&mwGif þudpöwGif orD;rsm;udkomtjypfwifvQif

rSm;ygvdrfhrnf/ rdcifudk,fwdkifuvnf; rSm;aeygonf/ olronf

orD;rsm;udk xrif;csufoif&efpdwfr½SnfMuacs/ orD;rsm;xrif;

rcsufwwfonfudkod½SdvQifvnf; olrtaejzifh *½kwpdkuf

oHk;oyftm½Hkûyum orD;rsm;udkaumif;aumif;rGefrGefxrif;csuf

wwfatmifoifay;&ygrnf/ ¤if;wdkY\b0tajctaernfodkYyif

½Sdonfjzpfap? xrif;csuftwwfynmonf vufawGUtoHk;cs

Edkifonfht&mwpfckjzpfonf/ b0udkwefzdk;xm;aomolrsm;tay:


wGif txl;ojzifhwdkuf½dkuftusKd;ûyEdkifonfh ynma&;\u@

wpfckvnf;jzpfonf/

tcsuftûywfynmenf;yg;aomtdrfaxmif½Sifrrsm;?

rSefuefaomtcsuftûywfynmr½Sdaomtdrfaxmif½Sifrrsm;onf

aoG;t&nftaoG;udkusqif;apvsuf a&m*gb,rsm;udk&um

aojcif;wdkifatmifydkYaqmifapEdkifonfh nHhzsif;aomtpm;tpm

rsm;udk rdom;pkrsm;tm; aeYwdkif;csufauR;aeMuygonf/

*sKHMurf;rSt&omESifhjynfh0aomaygifrkefYjzpfatmif zkwfwwf

apzdkY ,ckcsufcsif;avhvmoif,l&efrSm c&pf,meftrsKd;orD;

tm;vHk;twGuf bmoma&;wm0efwpfckjzpfonf/ rdcifrsm;onf

rdrdwdkY\orD;rsm;udk rD;zdkxJac:oGm;um csufûywfenf;rsm;udk

oifMum;ay;oifhonf/ tdrfwGif;rIvkyfief;rsm;\eufeJrIrsm;udk

oifray;bJESifh orD;rsm;wwfvmrnf[k rdcifrsm;rarQmfvifhoifh

acs/ olronf todtrSwfûyaomtm;ay;pum;rsm;udkajymvsuf?

ESpfvdkYzG,faomrsufESmxm;udkjyvsuf tom;usvmonftxd

arwåmudkt&if;cHNyD; pdwf½Snf½Snfjzifh orD;rsm;tm;oifMum;oifh

ygonf/ wpfBudrf? ESpfBudrf? oHk;Budrf ratmifjrifaomfvnf;

tjypfrwifygESifh/ ]'Dtvkyf[mtvum;yg/ uRefrrvkyfwwf

ygbl;} [k e*dkuyifpdwf"mwfusumajymcsifaeaomxdkorD;rsm;

tm; tjypfwifrapmygESifh/ qE´jyif;jyrIenf;yg;aeaomaMumifh

]trSm;vkyfrdvnf;udpör½Sdygbl;/ rif;u tckrSoifcgpyJ? aemufqdk

uRrf;usifvmrSmaygh/ pdwf0ifwpm;eJYêud;pm;MunfhygOD;/ *½kwpdkuf

vkyfyg/ aocsmaygufrif;atmifjrifrSmyg} [laom ESpfvdkYzG,f

tm;ay;pum;rsm;udk olwdkYvdktyfaeygonf/

rdcifrsm;pGmwdkYonf þtwwfynmu@\ta&;ygyHkudk

oabmraygufMuyg/ oifMum;aepOf trSm;rsm;udkawGUaomtcsdef

wGif orD;wdkYudkrcdkif;awmhbJ udk,fudkwdkifvkyfvdkuf&onfudk

ydkíoabmusonf/ ]eifwdkYutoHk;rusbl;/ 'gawGudkeifwdkY

rvkyfwwfygvm;/ ighudkulnDwmuenf;enf; 'ku©ay;wmu

rsm;rsm;ygvm;} [kajymum uav;awGudkESifvTwfwwfMuygonf/

þodkYtm;jzifh yxrwpfBudrfêud;pm;rIwGif tqlcH&ojzifh

xdk½IH;edrfhrIaMumifh pdwf0ifpm;rItm;enf;oGm;um xrif;csufrnfh

tpm; pufcsKyf&efcGifhawmif;vmygonf/ Zmxdk;&ef? tdrf½Sif;&ef

cGifhyefvmMuygonf/ þae&mwGif rdcifonf trSm;BuD;wpfck

udkusL;vGefrdcJhNyD/ uav;rsm;onf prf;oyfvkyfudkifjcif;tm;jzifh

aMumufpdwfrsm;aysmufum uRrf;usifrIrsm;&½Sdvmap&ef olr

taejzifh pdwf½Snfvuf½SnfoifMum;ay;oifhygonf/

MS, p. 95 (1901)

wcsKdU xrif;csuf[if;csuftvkyfudk edrfhusaomtvkyf[k

½IjrifMuonf/ csufûywfjcif;ynmonf ao;Ekyfaomynmwpfck

r[kwfacs/ tcsuftûywfudkaumif;rGefpGmwwfjcif;onf aw;*Dw

ESifhtcsKyftvkyftwwfrsm;\txufwGif½Sdaeygonf/ ,ckuJhodkY

ajymvdkufojzifh aw;*DwynmESifhtcsKyftvkyfynmrsm;udk uREfkyf

avsmhwGufaeonfr[kwfyg/ xdkynm&yfrsm;onfvnf; ta&;yg

vSygonf/ odkY&mwGif usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfNyD; cHwGif;vdkufap

onfhtpmrsm;udk jyifqifcsufûywfjcif;twwfonf ydkíta&;yg

aeygonf/ ¤if;tjyif xdktwwfynmonf touf½Sifjcif;ESifh


vnf; eD;uyfpGmqufpyfaeaomaMumifh wefzdk;t½SdqHk;twwf

ynmwpfcktjzpfrSwf,loifhygonf/ aoG;om;aumif;apzdkY

aumif;aomtpmtm[m&udk cE¨mudk,fuvdktyfaeonfjzpf&m

csufûywfjcif;twwfynmudk ydkítm½Hkûyoifhygonf/ vlom;

rsm;tm; usef;rma&;aumif;aprnfhtajccHtkwfjrpfrSm aumif;aom

tcsuftûywftwwfwnf;[laom aq;zufqdkif&mc&pf,mef

omoemvkyfief;yifjzpfonf/

t&omr½Sd? tm[m&uif;rJhaomtpmrsm;udk jyifqif

auR;arG;jcif;jzifh usef;rma&;aumif;atmifvkyfaqmifrIrsm;onf

usef;rma&;csKdUwJhatmifvkyfaqmifjcif;toGifodkY rMumcP

ul;ajymif;oGm;wwfygonf/ xdkaMumifh usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJ

rIBuD;atmifyGJqifEdkif&efrSm usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaomcsufenf;

ûywfenf;rsm;udk wwfodem;vnfjcif;onf ukpm;&efaq;0g;

jzpfonf/

aumif;aumif;xrif;[if;csufwwfol enf;yg;vSygonf/

aumif;aompm;aomufzG,frsm;udk rdom;pktm;jyifqifauR;arG;

Edkif&eftwGuf tdrfaxmif½Sifrrsm;onf csufenf;ûywfenf;

oifwef;rsm;udkwufoifhonf/

om;orD;rsm;udk pE´&m;twD;oifray;rD csufûywfenf;

rsm;udkoifMum;ay;oifhonf/ xdkoifwef;udkwufaeonfhtwGuf

pE´&m;twD;roif&awmhyg[krqdkvdkyg/ odkY&mwGifpE´&m;twD;

oifjcif;onf cHwGif;vdkufNyD; tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaompm;aomuf

zG,f&mrsm;udkcsufwwfzdkYoif,ljcif;xuf ta&;rygygacs/

2T, pp. 538-539 (1870)

oif\orD;rsm;onf aw;*DwudkjrwfEdk;aumif;? jrwfEdk;

Muvdrfhrnf/ aw;*DwudkjrwfEdk;jcif;tm; rSm;onf[krqdkvdkyg/

aw;*Dwonf rdom;pk\aysmf½TifrIudkwdk;yGm;apygonf/ odkY&mwGif

xrif;rcsufwwfbJ pE´&m;udkomwD;wwfjcif;onf jynfhpHkrI

r½Sdyg/ oifhorD;rsm;tdrfaxmifusoGm;aomtcg rdwfaqGrsm;

a½SUwGif t½SufruGJ&atmif tm[m&jynfh0aomxrif;[if;rsm;

jzifh wnfcif;auR;arG;EdkifzdkY pE&m;wD;wwf½HkESifhrjzpfEdkifacs/ rdcifwdkY?

oifwd k Y\wm0efrSmrGef jrwfvS\/ oifwd k Yonf bk&m;

ocif\bkef;wefcdk;wpfckwnf;udkom rsufarSmufûyvsuf oifh

om;orD;rsm;\ypöKyÜeftem*wfESpfjzmaomumv\tusKd;twGuf

Muifem,k,pdwf½Snfonf;cHvsuf êud;pm;vkyfaqmifpOf xm0&

bk&m;ocifrpygapvdkY uREfkyfqkawmif;arwåmydkYoygonf/

2T, pp. 537-538 (1870)

oifhuav;rsm;udk xrif;[if;csufwwfatmif oifjzpf

atmifoifyg/ þodkYvkyfaqmifjcif;trIwGif oifonf ¤if;wdkYü

½Sdoifhaom c&pf,mefbmoma&;qdkif&mynmESifhywfoufonfh

pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk rQa0aejcif;jzpfonf/ cEmaA'ESifhywfoufaom

oifcef;pmrsm;ESifh ½dk;pif;rI? uRrf;usifrIrsm;jzifh xrif;[if;csuf

wwfatmifoifMum;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh oifonf ynma&;qdkif&m

toHk;t0ifqHk;u@rsm;udk tkwfjrpfcsay;aejcif;jzpfonf/

aygifrkefYaumif;wpfvHk;zkwfwwf&ef uRrf;usifrIvdktyfygonf/

csufûywfjcif;trIwGif c&pf,mefbmomw&m;yg½Sdae&m rcsufûywf


wwfavmufatmif todOmPfuif;rJhNyD; earmferJhEdkifvSaom

xdktwef;om;rsm;\ bmomt,l0g'udk uREfkyfar;cGef;xkwfvdk

ygonf/

nHhzsif;aomtpmrsm;onf vlrsm;pGmwdkY\toufwm

pGrf;tifrsm;udk wjznf;jznf;avsmhyg;oGm;apygonf/ tcsOfayguf

aeaomaygifrkefYESifhwuG ¤if;ESifhtwlxm;½Sdaomtpmrsm;udk pm;&

jcif;onf usef;rma&;twGuf rsm;pGmtEÅ&m,fBuD;rm;vSygonf/

rdcifwdkY? orD;rsm;udkaw;*Dwynmrsm;ay;zdkY êud;pm;rnfhtpm;

toufwmESifhwuG usef;rma&;rsm;ESifhqufpyfaeaom toHk;0if

onfhynma&;u@rsm;udk oifMum;ay;Muyg/ csufenf;ûywfenf;

trsKd;rsKd;udkoifMum;ay;Muyg/ tcsuftûywftvkyfonf ynma&;

\u@wpfckjzpf½Hkomru c&pf,mefwpfa,mufjzpfvm&efvnf;

r½Sdrjzpfvdktyfaomt&mjzpfaMumif; ajymjyMuyg/ csufûywfxm;

aomtpmrsm;onf tm[m&r½Sd? t&omr½SdcJhygvQif ysufpD;

oGm;onfhtom;rQifrsm;udktpm;xdk;&ef vdktyfonfhaumif;aom

aoG;rsm;tjzpfodkY ajymif;vJoGm;Edkifawmhrnfr[kwfyg/

ÀÀÀ

tcef;BuD; (15)

usef;rmjcif;udktaxmuftulûyonfhtpmrsm;ESifh

usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfonfhpm;aomufqdkifrsm;

7T, p. 114 (1902)

vufxyfyGJtwGuf pyspf0dkifudkpDpOfay;jcif;ESifh vlxkBuD;

tm; (rkefYig;vHk;ESifhig;ESpfaumiftm;jzifh) auR;arG;cJhjcif;rsm;wGif

xm0&bk&m;ocifjyawmfrlcJhaomedrdwfvu©Pmrsm;rS ta&;yg

qHk;aomoifcef;pmwpfckudk uREfkyfwdkYavhusufEdkifMuygonf/

usef;rmjcif;ESifhnDnGwfaomtpmvkyfief;onf vdktyfcsufudk

axmufyHh&ef xm0&bk&m;ociftoHk;ûyawmfrlaomt&mrsm;wGif

wpfcktygt0ifjzpfonf/ tpm;tpmtm;vHk;udkjyifqifay;awmfrl

aomxm0&bk&m;ocif acwftqufquftpDtpOftm;vHk;

twGuf taumif;qHk;tpmrsm;udkjyifqifjcif;ESifhpyfvsOf;í rdrd\

vlwdkYtm;todray;bJaeawmfrlrnfr[kwfacs/

rEérkefYESifhwlnDjcif;

7T, pp. 124-125 (1902)

uREfkyfonf vGefcJhaomnu jrifjcif;(vision)rsm;pGm&½Sd

cJhonf/ usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfonfhtpm;tpmrsm;udk xkwfvkyf

a&mif;cs&mwGif owdBuD;pGmxm;&rnfhtjyif qkawmif;um qifjcif

oHk;oyf&efvnf;vdkygonf/

ae&ma'otoD;oD;½Sdvlrsm;pGmwdkYonf tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHk

NyD; usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaom tpm;tpmrsm;xkwfvkyfonfh

402usef;rma&;udktaxmuftulûyonfh----- 401

DF- 26

twwfynmudkrSefrSefuefueftoHk;ûyMuvdrfhrnfqdkvQif xm0&

bk&m;ocifonf xdktwwfynmudk ¤if;wdkYtm;aocsmayguf

ay;oem;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/ wd&pämefrsm;ü a&m*gb,rsm;ydkrdk

rsm;jym;vmvsuf½Sd&m ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;r[kwfolrsm;

yifvQif rMumrDtcsdeftwGif; tom;pm;jcif;udk&yfwefYypfMuvdrfh

rnf/ vlom;taygif;tom;pm;&efrvdkawmhap&eftvdkYiSm

usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaomtpm;tpmrsm;udk jyifqifMu&efjzpf

onf/

toufwmudk½Snfapvsuf a&m*gb,udkrjzpfaponfh

tpmrsm;xJwGif opfoD;0vHrsm;? tcGHrmtaphrsm;ESifh [if;oD;

[if;½Gufrsm;udkygxnfhoGif;pm;oHk;Mu&ef EdkifiHtoD;oD;½SdvlwdkY

tm; xm0&bk&m;ocifoGefoifawmfrlvdrfhrnf/ ,cktcsdefwGif

aps;wGif½Sdaomtpmrsm;udk usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfonfhtpmjzpf

atmif pyf[yfcsufûywfenf;udkrodcJholrsm;onf ajrxGuftpm;

tpmrsm;udkprf;oyfcsufûywfum owdynm½Sd½SdvkyfaqmifMuvdrfh

rnf/ xdkajrxGufoD;ESHrsm;udktoHk;ûyyHkESifhywfoufonfhtvif;

rsm;udkvnf; &Muvdrfhrnf/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf ¤if;wdkYtm;

vkyfaqmif&rnfht&mrsm;udkjyoawmfrlvdrfhrnf/

urÇmwpfjcrf;½Sdvlom;rsm;tm; uRrf;usifrIESifhem;vnfrI

rsm;udkay;oem;awmfrlaomudk,fawmf½Sifonf tjcm;urÇm

wpfjcrf;½Sdvlom;rsm;tm;vnf; uRrf;usifrIESifhem;vnfrIrsm;udk

ay;oem;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/ wdkif;EdkifiHtoD;oD;½Sd pm;eyf&du©mrsm;

udk EdkifiHtrsm;wGif oifhavsmfovdktoHk;ûyEdkifzdkYjyifqifay;&efrSm

xm0&bk&m;ocif\tMuHpnfawmfyifjzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifonf

£oa&vrsm;tm; qufvuftouf½SifaexdkifEdkif&ef aumif;uif

rSrEérkefYudkcsay;cJhonfenf;wl þwdkif;jynfrsm;rSxGufonfh

pm;eyf&du©mrsm;udk tom;tpm;jyifqifpm;oHk;wwfatmif

uRrf;usifrIrsm;ESifh todOmPfrsm;udk ,ckcsay;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/

Letter 25, 1902.

£oa&vrsm;tm; aumif;uifrSrEérkefYcsay;awmfrlcJhaom

xdkbk&m;ocifonf touf½Sifpdk;pHqJjzpfawmfrl\/ udk,fawmf

onf usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaomtpm;tpmrsm;udkjyifqifwwf

atmif todOmPfESifhuRrf;usifrIrsm;udkcsay;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/

tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaom[if;vsmrsm;udkcsufûywf&mwGif rdrdvlwdkYudk

vrf;jyawmfrlvdrfhrnf/ wm0ef½Sdaomrdrdtdrfom;rsm;twGuf

omru qif;&Jom;rsm;twGufyg xdktpm;tpmrsm;udkjyifqif

&mwGif ¤if;wdkYpGrf;aqmifEdkifaomt&mrsm;udk ¤if;wdkYudk,fwdkif

jrifawGUapvdkawmfrlonf/ rdrdwdkYonf xm0&bk&m;ocifudk

udk,fpm;ûyvsuf½Sdaeonfudkvnf;aumif;? rdrdwdkYü½SdaeorQt&m

tm;vHk;onf udk,fawmfcsay;onfht&mrsm;jzpfonfudkvnf;

aumif; todtrSwfûyvsuf c&pfawmfenf;wl &ufa&maom

pdwfoabmudk ¤if;wdkYxif½Sm;apMu&efjzpfonf/

bk&m;ocifay;todynm

MS, p. 96 (1905)

xm0&bk&m;ocifonf rdrdvlwdkYtm; tpm;tpmESifh

ywfoufaomtodynmrsm;udk a0iSay;oem;awmfrlygonf/

404 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufusef;rmjcif;udktaxmuftulûyonfh----- 403

xdkt&monf uREfkyfwdkY\ausmif;rsm;wGif oifMum;ay;vsuf½Sd

onfh ynma&;\ta&;tygqHk;u@wpfckjzpfonf/ trSefw&m;

udka[mMum;aomae&mwdkif;wGif usef;rma&;udktaxmuftul

ûyonfhcsufûywfenf;rsm;udkvnf; oifMum;ay;&rnf/ tom;

rpm;bJ touf½Sifaexdkifwwfatmif om;orD;rsm;udkoGefoif

ay;&rnf/ ½dk;pif;aomtouf½Sifaexdkifenf;rsm;udk oGefoifay;

&rnf/

,ckpm;oHk;aeaomtpm;tpmrsm;xuf aps;oufomNyD;

ydkí½dk;pif;aomtpmrsm;jzpfonfh opfoD;0vHrsm;ESifh tcGHrmtoD;

rsm;udkpm;wwfatmif xm0&bk&m;ocifonf rdrdvlwdkYtm;

vrf;jyaeqJjzpfygonf/ aps;BuD;ay;&aomtpm;tpmrsm;udk

vlrsm;pGmwdkYrwwfEdkifMuapumrl nHhzsif;aomtpmrsm;jzifhom

touf½SifaexdkifMu&rnfr[kwfyg/ axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom

vlwdkYtm; aumif;uifrSrEérkefYudkcsum awmxJwGifauR;awmfrlcJh

aombk&m;ocifonf rdrdvlwdkYtm; ½dk;pif;aomtpmrsm;udkjyifqif

pm;oHk;wwfatmif ,aeYtodynmay;oem;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/

MS, p. 156 (1901)

þacwfumvESifhpyfqdkifonfh þowif;pum;udkrMum;

zl;ao;olrsm;xHodkY þowif;pum;a&muf½SdoGm;aomtcsdefwGif

tpm;tpmrsm;udkajymif;vJpm;oHk;&awmhrnf[k ¤if;wdkYawGUjrif

Muygonf/ t&ufaopmudk cHwGif;awmif;ap½kHomru a&m*g

b,rsm;udkjzpfay:apaomtom;pm;jcif;udkvnf; ¤if;wdkYpGefYvTwf

Mu&awmhrnfudkvnf; awGUjrifMuygonf/ tom;pm;jcif;tm;jzifh

cE¨mudk,f? pdwf"mwfESifh pm&dwåcGeftm;rsm;avsmhyg;oGm;ygonf/

vlonf rdrdpm;aomtpmtay:wGiftajcûyum cE¨mudk,fudk

wnfaqmufaeygonf/ tom;pm;jcif;? aq;vdyfaomufjcif;?

t&ufaomufjcif;rsm;aMumifh ½dkif;pdkif;aom&r®ufrsm;ay:ayguf

vmygonf/ ajrxGufoD;ESHrsm;udk tom;ae&mwGiftpm;xdk;

jyifqifwwfatmif rdrdvlwdkYtm; xm0&bk&m;ociftodOmPf

ay;oem;vdrfhrnf/ opfoD;0vHrsm;ESifh tcGHrmtoD;tESHrsm;udk

t&om½Sdatmif uRrf;usifpGma&mpyfcsufûywfpm;aomufjcif;jzifh

r,HkMunfolrsm;a½SUwGif aumif;aomyHkoufaoudkjyMuvdrfhrnf/

odkY&mwGif jzpfNrJ"r®wmtwdkif; xdkodkYa&mpyfpm;oHk;&mwGif tcGHrm

toD;rsm;udktoHk;ûyMu&ygonf/

MS, p. 78 (1902)

usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaomtpm;tpmrsm;twGuf ar;xm;

onfhar;cGef;ESifhpyfvsOf;í xm0&bk&m;ocifay;oem;awmfrl

onfhñTefMum;csufrsm;udk ,ckwGif uREfkyfwifjyygrnf/ usef;rm

a&;ESif hnDnGwfaomtpmrsm;udk vlwDxGifaomt&muJhodk Y

vltrsm;urSwf,laeMuonf/ odkY&mwGif xdkt&mrsm;rSm vlom;

rsm;twGufaumif;csD;r*Fvmwpfcktjzpf bk&m;ociftpysKd;xm;

onfht&mrsm;omjzpfonf/ usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaomtpm

vkyfief;onf bk&m;ocif\vkyfief;jzpfonf/ aiGaMu;½Iaxmifh

rSMunfhum tjrwftpGef;&&eftwGuf xdkvkyfief;udkvkyfaqmif&ef

r[kwfyg/ tpm;tpmESifhywfoufí xm0&bk&m;ocifay;

awmfrlqJ? ay;awmfrlvwåHUaomtvif;w&m;onf £oa&v


rsm;twGuf rEéjzpfcJhonfht&muJhodkY ,ckacwfom;orD;rsm;twGuf

jzpfygonf/ rEérkefYrsm;aumif;uifrSusvmaomtcg csufpm;&ef

pkodrf;MuzdkY bk&m;ocifurdefYrSmcJhygonf/ xdkenf;ESifESif rdrd

wdkYESifhoifhavsmfaomtpmrsm;udkjyifqifpm;oHk;Mu&ef urÇmhEdkifiH

toD;oD;½Sd udk,fawmf\om;orD;rsm;tm; tvif;ay;awmfrl

vdrfhrnf/

toif;awmftoD;oD;½Sdtoif;om;rsm;onf rdrdwdkYtm;

bk&m;ocifay;tyfxm;onfh yg;eyfrIESifhuRrf;usifrIrsm;udk

ysKd;axmifMu&rnf/ vlwdkYonf tom;pm;jcif;twGuf qifajc

ray;bJ tom;\ae&mwGif tpm;xdk;pm;oHk;rnfh usef;rma&;

ESifhnDnGwfaom½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udk ajrxGufoD;ESHrsm;rSjyifqifwwf

atmif êud;pm;aqmif½Gufaeolrsm;tm;vHk;udk xm0&bk&m;ocif

onf uRrf;usifrIESifh wwfodem;vnfrIrsm;udk ay;oem;awmfrl

vdrfhrnf/

txufrSay;oem;awmfrlonfh xdktodynmrsm;udk&½Sd

xm;olrsm;onf olwpfyg;tm; &ufa&mpGmrQa0Mu&rnf/

qif;&Jom;nDtpfudkrsm;udk olwdkYulnDMu&rnf/ olwdkYonf

pm;oHk;oljzpfouJhodkY xkwfvkyfolvnf;jzpfMu&rnf/

usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaomtpmrsm;udk ae&mrsm;pGmü

xkwfvkyf&efrSm xm0&bk&m;ocif\tMuHtpnfawmfjzpf\/

þtrSefw&m;udk,HkMunfvufcHolrsm;onf ½dk;pif;aomtpm

rsm;udkcsufwwfatmif avhusufMu&rnf/ toufwmtwGuf

vdktyfaomtajccHypönf;rsm;aMumifh qif;&Jom;rsm; a&m*gb,

zdpD;cHae&onfudk xm0&bk&m;ocifvdkvm;awmfrrlyg/ vdktyf

aomOmPfynmrsm;udk udk,fawmfxHwGifawmif;cHum ay;oem;

awmfrlonfhOmPfynmrsm;udk enf;vrf;rSefrSeftoHk;csoGm;Mu&ef

EdkifiHtoD;oD;wGifaexdkifaomvlrsKd;taygif;wdkYtm; xm0&bk&m;

ocifqifhqdkawmfrlonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf tultnDrJholrsm;yrm

pdwf"mwfusum vufrIdifcsaeMu&efr[kwfyg/ trSefw&m;udk

olwpfyg;od½Sd&ef wwftm;orQ uREfkyfwdkYvkyfaqmifMu&rnf/

ukefusp&dwfoufomNyD;ydkí½dk;pif;aomtpm;tpmrsm;

7T, pp. 127, 128 (1902)

uREfkyfwdkY\puf½Hkrsm;rSxkwfvkyfaom usef;rma&;ESifh

nDnGwfonfhtpmrsm;udk ydkíaumif;vmatmif tbufbufrS

vkyfaqmifEdkifygonf/ ukefusp&dwfoufomNyD; ydkí½dk;pif;aom

tpmrsm;udk rnfodkYxkwfvkyf&rnfhtaMumif; xm0&bk&m;ocif

onf om;orD;rsm;tm; oGefoifawmfrlvdrfhrnf/ nDtpfudk

rsm;ESifhpdwfoabmxm;nDnGwfpGmjzifh udk,fawmf\tMuHawmf

twdkif;vdkufavQmufMurnfholrsm;tm; xm0&bk&m;ocifonf

xdkynmudkay;oem;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/

MS, p. 75 (1906)

tukeftusrsm;pGmoufomaomfvnf; tm[m&ESifhjynfh0

atmif jyifqifxm;aomtpmrsm;udk rQa0ay;urf;jcif;onf

&nfrSef;csuftoD;oD;udkjynfh0apvdrfhrnf/ opfoD;0vHrsm;ESifh

toD;tESHrsm;udk ukefusp&dwfenf;enf;jzifhxkwfvkyf&ef êud;pm;


Muyg/ uREfkyfwdkY\vdktyfcsufrsm;udkjznfhqnf;ay;&eftvdkYiSm

þt&mtm;vHk;udk uREfkyfwdkYtm;tcrJhay;oem;awmfrlxm;ygonf/

aps;BuD;aomtpm;tpmrsm;udkoHk;pGJwdkif; usef;rma&;ESifhjynfhpHk

onfr[kwfyg/ opfoD;0vHrsm;? toD;tESHESifh [if;oD;[if;½Guf

rsm;udk ½dk;pif;pGmcsufûywfpm;oHk;jcif;jzifh uREfkyfwdkYusef;rmaysmf½Tif

aomtoufwmudk &½SdcHpm;EdkifMuygonf/

7T, pp. 125-126 (1902)

usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfNyD; aps;EIef;oufomaomtpmrsm;

udkcsufûywf&ef uREfkyfwdkYOmPfynm½SdMu&rnf/ uREfkyfwdkYtrsm;pk

onf csrf;omolrsm;r[kwfMu&m vlwdkif;0,fpm;Edkifavmufonfh

aps;EIef;jzifha&mif;Edkifatmif pDpOfxkwfvkyfMu&rnf/ ae&mtoD;oD;

½Sdqif;&Jom;rsm;tm; tzdk;EIef;csKdomNyD; usef;rma&;ESifhnDaom

tpmrsm;udka0iSa&mif;cs&efrSm xm0&bk&m;ocif\tMuHawmf

jzpfonf/ ae&mrsm;pGmwGif tpmxkwfvkyfonfhpuf½Hkrsm;udk

wnfaxmifMu&rnf/ a'owpfckwGifvkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh aumif;csD;

r*Fvmjzpfaprnfhxdkt&monf aiGt½Sm&cufonfhtjcm;ae&m

wpfcktwGufvnf; aumif;csD;r*Fvmwpfckjzpfvdrfhrnf/

xm0&bk&m;ocifonf rdrdvlwdkYudk,fpm;vkyfaqmif

awmfrlvsuf½Sdygonf/ ¤if;wdkYtm; tpm;&rJhtaomuf&rJhjzpf

rnfudk udk,fawmfvdkvm;awmfrrlyg/ bk&m;ocifonf vlom;

rsm;pm;&efay;awmfrlESifhaom rlvtpm;tpmrsm;udk ¤if;wdkYtm;

jyefvnfpm;oHk;apvsuf½Sdonf/ ¤if;wdkYpm;aomtpmtm[m&

onf udk,fawmfpD&ifawmfrlxm;onfhypönf;rsm;rSûyvkyfxm;

aomt&mrsm;omyg0if&ygrnf/ tpmtjzpftoHk;ûycJhonfh rlv

ypönf;rsm;rSm opfoD;0vH? toD;tESHESifh tcGHrmtoD;rsm;? opfO

opfzktrsKd;rsKd;wdkYjzpfygonf/

MS, p. 14 (1901)

tpmESifhywfoufonfhar;cGef;udk pHkvifonfhtajctxd

em;rvnfMuao;acs/ avhusufp&mrsm;pGmusef½SdaeayOD;rnf/

rxkwfvkyfzl;ao;aomfvnf; trSefwu,fvdktyfaeonfhtpm

rsm;udk pyf[yfxkwfvkyfjcif;ESifhpyfvsOf;í rdefYawmfrlorQudk

em;vnfvufcHEdkifonfhtajctaersKd;ü vlom;rsm;\pdwfoabm

xm;½Sdae&ef xm0&bk&m;ocifvdkvm;awmfrlonf/

þurÇmBuD;xJwGif iwfrGwfjcif;rsm;? csKdUwJhtm;i,frI

rsm;wdk;yGm;vmonfESifhtrQ usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaomtpm

xkwfvkyfjcif;rsm;udkvnf; ydkí½dk;pif;ap&vdrfhrnf/ om;orD;

rsm;udkcspfawmfrl½Hkomru om;orD;rsm;\aumif;usKd;twGufom

ûyawmfrlaomxm0&bk&m;ocifa½SUarSmufwGif þvkyfief;wGif

yg0ifvkyfaqmifoltm;vHk; tpOfwpdkufavhusufoifhygonf/

Letter 27, 1902.

þvkyfief;wGif pGefYpm;vkyfaqmif&rnfht&mrsm;pGmyg½Sdyg

onf/ ajrrSxGufonfhtm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaomt&mrsm;udk tm[m&

vnf;rysuf? aps;vnf;csKdomatmifxkwfvkyfEdkif&ef prf;oyfrI

rsm;vkyf&ygrnf/

tpmxkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;onf pdwftm;BuD;pGmqkawmif;

vsuf vkyfaqmif&rnfhvkyfief;wpfckjzpfonf/ tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHk


aomtpmrsm; jyifqifwwfonfhOmPfynmudk xm0&bk&m;ocif

xHwGifawmif;avQmufMuyg/ rkefYig;vHk;ESifhig;ESpfaumifudk vl

ig;axmiftm; auR;EdkifatmifpDrHawmfrlcJhonfh xm0&bk&m;ocif

onf ,aeYtouf½Sifaexdkifvsuf½Sdaom om;orD;rsm;\vdktyf

csufrsm;udkjznfhqnf;ay;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/ xl;qef;aom þedrdwf

vu©PmudkjyNyD;onfhaemuf c&pfawmfonf ûcd;jcHacRwma&;ESifh

ywfoufaomoifcef;pmwpfckudkay;awmfrlcJhonf/ qmavmif

aeaomvlxkBuD;auseyfatmifpm;NyD;onfhaemuf ]usefao;wJh

ig;eJYrkefYawGudkpkvdkufMu? enf;enf;rQtavtvGifhr½SdapMuESifh}

[k udk,fawmfrdefYrSmvdkuf&m xdkolrsm;onf tuseft<uif;

rsm;udkpkodrf;vdkuf&m 12 wif;rQyif&cJhMuonf/

MS, p. 40 (1902)

xm0&bk&m;ocifonf usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaomtpm

rsm;taMumif;ESifhpyfvsOf;onfhtodynmrsm;udk EdkifiHtoD;oD;½Sd

vlrsm;pGmwdkYtm; ay;oem;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/ udk,fawmfonf

awmawmifxJrSmyif vlwdkYpm;p&mzdkYjyifqifay;Edkifawmfrlonf

jzpf&m usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkusifhoHk;&ef êud;pm;aeaom

uREfkyfwdkY\toif;awmfrsm;onfvnf; usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwf

aomtpmrsm;udkjyifqifoifhMuygonf/ odkY&mwGif wcsKdUurl

þvkyfaqmifrIrsm;onf rdrdwdkY\vkyfydkifcGifh? pm;ydkifcGifhrsm;udk

uefYowfrIûyvkyfaeonf[kqdkMu\/ tpm;tpmrsm;udkjyifqif

wwfatmif OmPfynmrsm;udk ¤if;wdkYtm; rnfolay;oenf;[k

þae&mwGifar;p&mjzpfvmygonf/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonfyif

jzpfygonf/ rdrdvlwdkYonf udk,fhEdkifiHrSxGufonfhpm;p&mrsm;udk

usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaomtpm;tpmjzpfatmif csufûywfwwf

onfhOmPfynmrsm;udk xm0&bk&m;ocifonf rpawmfrlvdrfh

rnf/ rdrdwdkYEdkifiHwGif;rSxGufonfhopfoD;0vH? toD;tESHESifh

opfjrpfopfOrsm;udk ½dk;pif;NyD;tukeftusoufomaomenf;rsm;

jzifh uREfkyfwdkYprf;oyfxkwfvkyfMu&rnf/ qif;&Jom;rsm;ESifhwuG

uREfkyfwdkYrdom;pkrsm;\tusKd;tvdkYiSm EdkifiHtoD;oD;wGif aps;

oufomaomtpmrsm;udkxkwfvkyfMu&rnf/

EdkifiHtoD;oD;wGifaexdkifMuolrsm;onf usef;rma&;ESifh

nDnGwfaomtpm;tpmrsm;twGuf tar&duefjynfudkom tm;udk;

rSDcdkrIrûyMu&efvnf; uREfkyftm;xm0&bk&m;ocifrdefYrSmcJhygonf/

xm0&bk&m;ocif\rsufarSmufawmfwGif wefzdk;½SdvSaomqif;&J

om;rsm;taejzifh 0,frpm;Edkifavmufatmif ydkYaqmifcESifhtcGeftc

rsm;aMumifh xdktpmrsm;\wefzdk;onf trsm;BuD;jrifhoGm;ygonf/

usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaomtpmrsm;onf bk&m;ocif\

xGufukefrsm;jzpfonf/ ½dk;pif;NyD; tm[m&jynfh0um aps;oufom

onfhtpmrsm;udk ajrxGufypönf;rsm;rSxkwfvkyfwwf&eftvdkYiSm

xm0&bk&m;ocifonf c&pf,mefomoeme,frsm;½Sd rdrdvlwdkYtm;

oGefoifawmfrlvdrfhrnf/ tu,fíom ¤if;wdkYonf udk,fawmfxH

wGif toem;cHMurnfqdkvQif þajrxGufypönf;rsm;udk jyifqif

csufûywfwwfatmif oifMum;ay;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/ ]xdkolwdkYudk

rwm;jrpfESifh} [kajym&ef xm0&bk&m;ocif uREfkyftm;rdefYrSm

awmfrlonf/


Letter 98, 1901.

oiftvkyfvkyfudkifaeonfha'owGif usef;rma&;ESifh

nDnGwfpGm tpm;tpmrsm;udkjyifqifwwfatmif oif,lzdkYvdkonfh

vlrsm;pGm½Sdaeonf/ usef;rma&;ESifhvHk;0nDnGwf½Hkomru aps;

oufomaomtpmrsm;udkxkwfvkyfMu&rnf/ usef;rma&;qdkif&m

{0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudk qif;&Jom;rsm;tm;a[mMum;&rnf/ trSef

w&m;udkvufcHjcif;aMumifh tvkyfûywfcJh&onfh,HkMunfolrsm;

onf tpmxkwfvkyfonfhvkyfief;rsm;wGif yg0ifvkyfaqmifjcif;

tm;jzifh b0&yfwnfrIudk&apvdrfhrnf/ bk&m;ocifay;oem;

xm;onfh ajrxGufypönf;rsm;udk vlwdkif;udk,fhbmomudk,f

csufûywfEdkifrnfh aumif;aomtpmtm[m&rsm;toGifodkY pD&if

jyifqifay;&efjzpfonf/ odkYrSom usef;rma&;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;

rsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYoifhwifhavsmufywfpGmwifjyEdkifMurnfjzpfum

xdkpnf;rsOf;rsm;udkMum;emxm;Muolrsm;onfvnf; xdkpnf;rsOf;

rsm;\aMumif;usKd;qDavsmfrIrsm;udkoabmaygufvmNyD; vufcH

usifhoHk;vmMuvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrI

qdkif&m tm[m&t&omrsm;ESifhjynfhpHkonfhtpm;tpmrsm;udk

rwifqufEdkifao;rD usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIqdkif&ma½SUajy;

u@rsm;udkwifjy&efcGifhûyvsuf uREfkyfwdkY&EdkifOD;rnfr[kwfacs/

7T, p. 132 (1902)

trSefw&m;udka[mMum;onfhae&mwdkif;wGif usef;rma&;

ESifhnDnGwfaomtpm;tpmjyifqifenf;rsm;udk oGefoifay;Mu&

rnf/ tvQHy,f&Edkifonfhypönf;rsm;udk owdynm½Sd½Sdjzifh csufûywf

pm;oHk;wwfatmif vlwdkYudkoifay;&ef xm0&bk&m;ociftvdk

½Sdawmfrlonf/ rdrdwdkYaexdkifonfht&yfa'orSxGufaomt&m

rsm;udktoHk;ûywwfatmif uRrf;usifaomq&mrsm;u vlwdkYtm;

oifay;oifhygonf/ þenf;tm;jzifh vlcsrf;omrsm;omru

qif;&Jom;rsm;vnf; usef;rmaysmf½TifpGmtouf½Sifaexdkif&ef

avhusufEdkifMuvdrfhrnf/

Letter, p. 188 (1901)

a'otoD;oD;½Sd ajrxGufoD;ESHrsm;udktoHk;cswwfvm

rnfhvlrsm;pGmwdkYonf urÇmha'otoD;oD;wGif½Sdaeygonf/

xkwfvkyfydkYaqmifcoufompGmjzifh xdktoD;tESHrsm;udka&mpyf

pm;oHk;vdkY&r&udkod½Sd&ef aocsmpGmavhvmprf;oyfMu&ygrnf/

þtvkyfudkNyD;ajrmufatmif bk&m;ocif\tkyfpdk;rIatmufwGif

vlwdkif;wwftm;orQêud;pm;vkyfaqmifMuygpdkY/ vlom;rsm;\

xl;uJaomOmPftm;jzifh aygif;pyfay;Edkifonfh aps;BuD;tpm;

tpmrsm;pGm½Sdaeaomfvnf; ukefusp&dwfrsm;aomtcsuftûywf

rsm;toHk;csjcif;udk trSefwu,fvdktyfaeonfr[kwfyg/

]tcGHrmtoD;rsm;rSxkwfvkyfonfhtpmawGeJY uRefawmf

rwnfhbl;/ uRefawmfhtpmtdrfu 'gawGudkvufrcHbl;} [k

a&;om;xm;aompmwpfapmifudk vGefcJhaom (3) ESpfcefYu uREfkyf&cJh

ygonf/ csufûywfenf;rsm;pGmudk xdkpOfuwnf;u uREfkyf

pdwftm½HkwGif&xm;NyD;jzpfonf/ tcGHrmtoD;tenf;i,fudktoHk;ûy

um ¤if;wdkYESifhpyf[yfrnfhtjcm;[if;pyfenf;rsm;vnf;½Sdygonf/

xdk[if;pyfenf;rsm;wGif tcGHrmtoD;rsm;udk [if;\ 10yHk 1yHk


(odkYr[kwf) 6yHk1yHkudkomxnfhjcif;jzpfonf/ xdk[if;pyfenf;

twdkif; pyf[yfcsufûywfMunfh&m atmifjrifrI&cJhygonf/

tcsKdrsm;aombDpuGwfrkefYrsm;

tcsKdrsm;onfhbDpuGwfrkefYrsm;tygt0if oa&pmrkefYrsm;

taMumif;udkvnf; uREfkyftm;rdefYawmfrlcJhygao;onf/ vlêuduf

rsm;aomaMumifh xkdrkefYrsm;udkxkwfvkyfaeMu&m rwnfhaom

olrsm;uvnf; xdkrkefYrsm;udkpm;aeMuygonf/ xdkrkefYrsm;udk ydkí

aumif;vmatmifxkwfvkyf&efvdktyfae&m bk&m;ocifESifhtwl

vkyfaqmifaeolrsm;tm;vHk;\vkyfief;rsm;wGif udk,fawmf½Sifonf

twlvkyfaqmifay;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/

7T, p. 126 (1902)

usef;rma&;*sme,frsm;twGuf pmrlrsm;udkjyifqifaeMu

olrsm;onf owdBuD;pGmxm;í vkyfaqmifoihfygonf/

txl;ojzifh ,aeYjyifqifxm;NyD;jzpfaomtpm;tpmwcsKdUudk ydkí

aumif;vmatmifjyifqifEdkif½Hkomru ¤if;wdkYtm; toHk;csrIESifh

pyfvsOf;onfhpDrHcsufrsm;udk jyifqifzdkYvdkygvdrfhrnf/ wcsKdUwdkYonf

tcGHrmtoD;rsm;udkjyifqifxm;onfhtpm;tpmrsm;udk txdef;

tuGyfrJhpm;Muygonf/ ]tcGHrmtoD;rsm;udkjyifqifxm;onfh

tpmrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYrpm;Edkifbl;/ tom;tpm; tjcm;b,ft&m

udkpm;&ifaumif;rvJ} [k pma&;vmolrsm;vnf;½SdMuonf/

wpfnwGif vlwpfpka½SUwGif uREfkyf&yfaeonfudk pdwftm½HkwGif

awGU&ygonf/ wcsKdU[if;pyfrsm;twdkif; ûyjyifxm;onfhtcGHrm


toD;rsm;udk tpmtdrfrcHEdkifavmufatmif pm;oHk;aeMuonf

[lívnf;aumif;? ,ckxufûcd;jcHpGmpm;oHk;vQif ydkíusef;rma&;

aumif;vmrnf[lívnf;aumif; ¤if;wdkYtm; uREfkyfpdwftm½HkxJ

wGifajymaeygonf/

7T, p. 41 (1902)

tpnf;ta0;BuD;rsm;wGif qif;&Joltoif;om;rsm;yg

aps;csKdompGmjzifhpm;Edkifatmif tm[m&ESifhjynfh0onfhtpmrsm;udk

pDpOfay;oifhygonf/ usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwf½Hkomru pm;csifh

pzG,fjzpfatmif pDpOfxm;onfh[if;vsmrsm;udka&mif;onfh

pm;aomufqdkifrsm;vnf;½Sdoifhygonf/ þt&mu uREfkyfwdkYESifh

,HkMunfjcif;rwlnDolrsm;udk ynma&;wpfckoufaojyygvdrfh

rnf/ tpm;taomufjyifqifjcif;trIudk tpnf;ta0;BuD;wGif

yg0ifvIyf½Sm;aeonfh tjcm;tvkyfrsm;ESifh wjcm;pDjzpfonf[k

r½IjrifMuygESifh/ bk&m;ocifhtrIawmfwGifyg0ifonfhvkyfief;

aqmifwmwpfckpDonf wpfckESifhwpfckeD;uyfpGmaygif;pnf;ae&yg

onf/ vkyfief;tm;vHk;onf pHkvifaomo[Zmw½SdrIudk&½Sd&ef

OD;wnfa½GUvsm;aeygonf/

MS, p. 79 (1900)

pdwftm;xufoefvsuf½S daomtrIaqmifrsm;onf

c&pf,mefomoemvkyfief;rsm;udk ûrdUBuD;rsm;wGif vdkif;toD;oD;rS

vkyfaqmifMuygvdrfhrnf/ usef;rma&;udktaxmuftulay;onfh

pm;aomufqdkifrsm;udkwnfaxmifMuvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif xdkvkyfief;

udk rnfuJhodkY*½kpdkufvkyfaqmifoifhygoenf;/ pm;aomufqdkifrsm;wGif

tvkyfvkyfaeolrsm;onf t&omESifhjynfhpHkonfh usef;rma&;ESifh

nDnGwfaomtpm;tpmrsm;udk vkyfaqmifyHkrsm;udkavhvmEdkif&ef

pdkufvdkufrwfwwfprf;oyfaeMuygonf/ xdkpm;aomufqdkifrsm;onf

¤if;wdkYtwGuf ausmif;wpfausmif;jzpfaeygonf/ þvkyfief;rsKd;

udk ûrdUi,fuav;rsm;rSmxuf ûrdUBuD;rsm;wGif ydkíjzpfxGef;atmif

vkyfEdkifygonf/ odkY&mwGif toif;awmf (odkYr[kwf) toif;awmf

pmoifausmif;½Sdaomae&ma'owdkif;wGif usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;

rsm;ESifhtnD tcsuftûywfwwfvdkolrsm;tm;vHk;udk oifMum;

ay;oifhygonf/ ¤if;jyif uREfkyfwdkY\c&pf,mefomoeme,fwdkif;

rSvnf; xdkuJhodkYaomoifMum;rIrsm;udkûyvkyfEdkifMuygonf/

Letter, p. 201 (1902)

þvkyfaqmifrIrsm;onf tEÅ&m,fuif;onfhyHkay:ae

aomfvnf; pm;aomufqdkifvkyfief;rsm;wGif tNrJwrf;xdef;odrf;

xm;oifhaompnf;rsOf;rsm;udk csKd;azgufoGm;apEdkifojzifh vkyfief;

tpwGi f txl;owdxm;vky faqmif&e fvd ktyfygonf/

wpfoufwmvHk;cHwGif;awmifhwrIudk tvdkvdkufcJholrsm;onf

t&omaumif;NyD; tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;udk ½kwfw&ufcsufcsif;

jyifqifwwfoGm;vdrfhrnf[k uREfkyfwdkYarQmfvifh&rnfr[kwfyg/

þt&monf aq;cef;wdkif;ESifhpm;aomufqdkifwdkif;u oifMum;

ay;&rnfhodyÜHtwwfwpfrsKd;jzpfonf/

uREfkyf\pm;aomufqdkifrsm;rS OD;pD;em,ursm;\tm;ay;rI

onf vrf;rSefudkvdkuf&ef uREfkyfwdkYjiif;qdkaomaMumifh enf;yg;

vmrnfqdkvQifvnf; enf;ygavap/ aumif;aom&v'f&onf

jzpfap? r&onfjzpfap bk&m;ocifcsay;onfhvrf;pOftwdkif;

uREfkyfwdkYvdkufavQmufMu&ygrnf/

oifhtm; trSefvrf;udkvdkufavQmufap&eftwGufaomf

vnf;aumif;? usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkrpaw;bJ uREfkyfwdkY\

aq;cef;rsm;ESifh pm;aomufqdkifrsm;xJodkYra&mufvmEdkifonfh

tpmrsm;udka½SmifMuOf&eftwGufaomfvnf;aumif; oiftrtp

&&ef þpmudk oifhqDodkYuREfkyfa&;om;vdkuf&jcif;jzpfonf/

Letter, p. 271 (1905)

uREfkyfwdkY\ûrdUBuD;rsm;½Sd pm;aomufqdkiftm;vHk;wGif

tEÅ&m,f½Sdaeygonf/ taMumif;rSm pm;aomufzG,f&mtrnf

rsm;pGmudkwnfcif;aeMuygonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;wGif pm;aomuf

p&mtrnfrsm;pGmpm;jcif;aMumifh tpmtdrfü a&m*gjzpfwwfyg

onf/ ½dk;pif;pGmpm;aomufjcif;onf usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrI

\u@wpfckjzpfonf/ emrnfaumif;xdef;odrf;rIudk xdkvkyfief;

tm;jzifh &yfwefYoGm;rnfhtEÅ&m,fwpfckvnf;½Sdaeygao;onf/

usef;rma&;jyefvnfaumif;rGefvm&eftwGuf uREfkyfwdkY

vkyfaqmifaeMuonfqdkvQif cHwGif;tvdkudkjiif;qef&rnf? tpmudk

jznf;jznf;pm;&rnf? xrif;wpfcgpm;wdkif; trnftenf;i,f

udkompm;oHk;&rnf? þt&mrsm;udk xyfcgwvJzGifhqdk&rnf/

xrif;wpfcgpm;wdkif; [if;trnfrsm;pGmpm;oHk;jcif;onf

usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhrudkufnDyg/ touf0dnmOfrsm;twGuf

tpm;tpmjyifqifjcif;tvkyfonf tjcm;tvkyfrsm;xufydkí

t"duusNyD; c&pf,mefbmoma&;u@wpfckjzpfonfudk

rnfonfhtcgrQ rarhavsmhoifhyg/

usef;rmjcif;udktaxmuftulûyonfh----- 417 418 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf

DF- 27

7T, p. 55 (1902)

b½Gwfuvif;wGif oufowfvGwfpm;aomufqdkif

wpfqdkifjzpfNyD;ojzifh uREfkyfwdkYpdwfauseyfraeoifhaMumif;? xdkûrdU\

tjcm;ae&mrsm;wGifvnf; tjcm;pm;aomufqdkifrsm;udkzGifhoifh

aMumif; uREfkyfjrifEdkifpGrf;tm½Hk&cJhonf/ e,l;a,mufûrdUBuD;\

tpdwftydkif;wpfckwGifaexdkifolrsm;onf xdkûrdU\ tjcm;tpdwf

tydkif;wpfckwGif jzpfysufaeaomt&mrsm;udkrod½SdMuacs/ ae&m

toD;oD;wGifzGifhxm;onfhpm;aomufqdkifrsm;wGif vma&mufpm;oHk;

olrsm;onf rdrdwdkY\usef;rma&;wdk;wufvmonfudk owdûyrd

vmMuvdrf hrnf/ wpfBudrf,HkMunfpdwfcsrI½S doGm;onfESif h

wpfûydifeuf ¤if;wdkYonf trSefw&m;ESifhqdkifaomowif;xl;rsm;udk

vufcH&ef tqifoifhjzpfvmMuvdrfhrnf/

ûrdUBuD;rsm;wGif aq;zufqdkif&mc&pf,mefomoem

vkyfief;rsm; vkyfudkifaomae&mwdkif;ü csufûywfenf;oifwef;rsm;

udkvnf;ay;oifhonf/ pmoifonfhc&pf,mefomoemydkif

ausmif;rsm;zGifhvSpfaomae&mwdkif;wGif usef;rma&;ESifhtnD

pm;aomufzG,frsm;udka&mif;csonfh pm;aomufqdkifrsm;udkzGifhoifh

ygonf/ usef;rma&;ESifh nDnGwfaompm;aomufzG,frsm;udk

jyifqifcsufûywfjcif;ESifh a½G;cs,fjcif;rsm;udk xdkqdkifrsm;tm;jzifh

vufawGUom"ujyEdkifygonf/

7T, p. 115 (1902)

ûrdUBuD;rsm;twGuf owif;pum;wpfckudk xm0&bk&m;

ocifay;oem;awmfrlxm;ygonf/ xdkowif;pum;udk tpnf;

ta0;BuD;rsm;wGifvnf;aumif;? vlxkw&m;yGJrsm;wGifvnf;aumif;?

pmtkyfpmayrsm;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; uREfkyfwdkYzGifhqdka[majym

Mu&rnf/ xdkYjyif usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaomtpm;tpmrsm;udk

a&mif;onfh pm;aomufqdkifrsm;udkvnf; ûrdUBuD;rsm;wGifzGifh&

rnf/ xdkqdkifrsm;tm;jzifh csKyfwnf;ûcd;jcHjcif;qdkif&mowif;pum;

udk[pfa<u;&rnf/ xdkqdkifrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;onfh tpnf;a0;yGJ

rsm;udkvnf;usif;y&ef pDpOf&rnf/ em,uBuD;rsm;udkzdwfMum;

um c&pf,mefcsKyfwnf;jcif;ESifh usef;rma&;qdkif&modyÜHtwwf

rsm;taMumif;udkydkYcsEdkif½Hkomru tm[m&jynfh0aomtpm;tpm

jyifqifenf;ESifh tjcm;ta&;BuD;aomtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk ¤if;wdkY

jyefvnf&½SdoGm;apEdkifrnfhae&mrsm;wGif tcef;rsm;udkjzpfEdkifrnfh

tcsdefwdkif;wGif jyifqifxm;Muyg/ xdktpnf;ta0;yGJrsm;wGif

qkawmif;jcif;? "r®oDcsif;oDqdkjcif;rsm;ESifhwuG usef;rma&;

qdkif&mcsKyfwnf;jcif;taMumif;udk oifhavsmfrnfhor®musrf;csuf

rsm;jzifh yl;wGJwifquf&efjzpfonf/ cE¨mudk,fusef;rma&;

xdef;odrf;yHkrsm;udkoifMum;ay;pOfwGif {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfrsKd;aph

csEdkifrnfhtcGifhtvrf;rsm;vnf; awGU½Sdvmygvdrfhrnf/

MS, p. 10 (1906)

c&pfawmf\{0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudk vlom;rsm;tm½Hkûyvm

atmif þenf;tm;jzifh usif;yûyvkyfaomtcsdefwGif usef;rma&;

ESifhnDnGwfaomtpm;tpmvkyfief;onfvnf; tusKd;½Sd½Sdvkyfaqmif

NyD;pD;vmvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif cE¨mudk,fvdktyfcsufuav;udk

jznfhqnf;½HkoufouftwGuf tpmxkwfvkyfa&mif;csjcif;xuf

usef;rmjcif;udktaxmuftulûyonfh----- 419 420 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf

ydkírwGifus,faomêud;pm;rIrsm;udk uREfkyfjyif;xefpGmowday;vdk

ygonf/ vlxkBuD;twGuf toufrkefYauR;&efrêud;pm;bJ tpm;

tpmxkwfvkyf½Hkoufoufaqmif½Gufaejcif;onf tcsdefukef?

vlyef;aponfh rSm;,Gif;aomvkyfaqmifrIwpfckomjzpfonf/

xm0&touf&Edkifrnfhvrf;udkazmfjyonfh &nf½G,fcsufrygaom

vkyfief;wpfckwGif BuD;rSm;aomtEÅ&m,f½Sdaeygonf/

ÀÀÀ

usef;rmjcif;udktaxmuftulûyonfh----- 421 422

tcef;BuD; (16)

aq;½HkwGifauR;&rnfhtpm;tpmrsm;

qifjcifwHkw&m;ESifhnDaom*½kpdkufjcif;ESifhaumif;aomtpmrsm;

MS, p. 50 (1905)

zsm;emolrsm;udkûypkapmifha½Smuf&ef aq;½Hkrsm;wnfaxmif

zGifhvSpf&rnf/ bk&m;ocifudkaMumufcspf½dkaoaom aq;zuf

qd kif&mc&pf,mefomoemûyrsm;onf a&m*gonfrsm;ud k

xdkae&mrsm;wGif aq;0g;udktoHk;rûybJ ukoapmifha½SmufEdkifMu

ygonf/ rrSefuefaompm;usifhaomufusifhrsm;aMumifh a&m*g&um

xdkae&modkYa&mufvmrnfha&m*gonfrsm;twGuf t&omESifh

tm[m&jynfhpHkonfh ½dk;pif;aomtpmrsm;udk jyifqifauR;arG;Mu

&rnf/ tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;udk cHwGif;vdkufaprnfh

tpmrsm;ESifha&mí auR;arG;&efjzpfonf/

MS, p. 44 (1896)

iSufzsm;a&m*gudk obm0aq;rsm;jzifhukoEdkifonfhae&m

rsm;wGifvnf;aumif;? zsm;emvQif udk,fbmomudk,fukowwfzdkY

oifMum;ay;Edkifrnfhae&mrsm;wGifvnf;aumif;? tm[m&½Sdaom

tpmrsm;udk ûcd;jcHpGmjzifhpm;oHk;&ef ¤if;wdkYavhusufEdkifrnfhae&mrsm;

wGifvnf;aumif;? rl;,pfxHkxdkif;aponfh vufzuf&nf? aumfzD

rStp t&ufaopmtrsKd;rsKd;ESifhwuG wd&pämeftaoaumifrsm;rS

tom;rsm;udk pm;oHk;jcif;rsm;tm; jiif;y,f&ef ynmay;Edkifrnfh

ae&mrsm;wGifvnf;aumif; aq;½Hkwpf½HkzGifh&ef uREfkyfqE½Sdygonf/

aq;½HkwGifauR;&rnfhtpm;tpmrsm;----- 423 424 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf

Letter, p. 112 (1909)

vl\cE¨mudk,fwGif tcuftcJwpfpHkwpf&mrjzpfay:ap

atmif zefwD;xm;onfhenf;rsKd;jzifh jyifqifxm;aomtm[m&jynfh

tpmrsm;udk pDpOfay;&efrSm orm;awmfBuD;rsm;\wm0efjzpfonf/

MS, p. 93 (1901)

BuD;av;aomwm0efwpfckudk xrf;aqmifae&onf[k

rSwf,lvsuf orm;awmfBuD;rsm;onf qkawmif;yw¬emûyjcif;trI

udk aqmif½GufMu&rnf/ vlemrsm;twGuf toifhavsmfqHk;aom

tpmrsm;udk ñTefMum;ay;&rnf/ taoG;tom;aumif;jzpfxGef;&ef

tpm;tpmaumif;&rnfjzpfaomaMumifh rdrdonf ta&;ygaom

tvkyfwpfckud kvkyfaqmifaeaMumif; oabmaygufaom

vlwpfa,mufu jyifqifay;onfhtpmrsm;jzpf&efvnf;vdktyfonf/

MH, p. 221 (1905)

olemûyq&mrvkyfaqmif&rnfh ta&;tBuD;qHk;wm0ef

wpfckrSm vlemudkauR;rnfhtpmtm; *½kpdkuf&efyifjzpfonf/

tm[m&uif;rJhaomtpmrsm;aMumifh vlemtm; a&m*grcHpm;ap

oifhovdk rvdkvm;tyfaomtm;tifqkwf,kwfrIrsm;udkvnf;

rjzpfoifhygacs/ xdkenf;twl tm;enf;aeaomtpmajcrnfh

cGeftm;rsm;udk tvkyfydkrvkyfcdkif;oifhyg/ tm[m&jynfh0onfh

tpmrsm;udk jyifqifauR;arG;&mwGif *½kpdkuf&rnfjzpfovdk vlem\

vdktyfcsuftay:wGifcsifhcsdefum tpmt&nftaoG;ESifhtwdkif;tq

udk rSefuefpGmqHk;jzwfoifhygonf/

Letter, p. 213 (1902)

tom;udkpm;csifpdwfr½Sdawmhap&eftvdkYiSm t&om?

tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkNyD; cHwGif;vdkufaponfhtpmrsm;udk tvQHy,f

jyifqifum vlemrsm;tm; auR;arG;oifhygonf/ pm;aomuf

onfhtpm;tpmrsm;udk usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIqdkif&m

ynmay;enf;vrf;rsm;jzpfapoifhygonf/ vlemrsm;udkauR;onfh

tpma&mpyfrIrsm;ESifhywfoufí txl;*½kpdkufoifhygonf/ tpm

rsm;udkrSefuefatmifa&mpyfauR;wwfjcif;onf tvGefwefzdk;½Sd

onfhtjyif xdkt&monf OmPfynmuJhodkY bk&m;ocifhxHawmfrS

&aomt&mjzpfonf/

aq;½Hk½Sdwm0efcHrsm;onf rdrdwdkY\usef;rma&;twGuf

tvkyfvkyfaeaMumif; vlemrsm;od½SdMuap&eftvdkYiSm xrif;pm;csdef

rsm;udk wdwdususowfrSwfum auR;oifhygonf/ odkYrSom

¤if;wdkYaq;½HkrSqif;oGm;aomtcg pdwfMunfMunfomomjzifh

xGufcGmoGm;EdkifMuygvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif xrif;pm;csdefrsm;udk

rajymif;vJEdkifonfhOya'jzifhowfrSwfxm;onf[k vlemrsm;tm;

txif½SdoGm;atmifawmh rvkyfaqmifoifhygacs/

wcsKdUvlemrsm;onf wpfaeYxrif; (2) Budrfpm;vQif

ydkNyD;aevdkYaumif;Muaomfvnf; wcsKdUrSmrl naeydkif;wGif wpfckck

pm;csifaeao;onf/ wcsKdUrSmrl xrif;wpfcgpm;vQif enf;enf;

ompm;wwfMuonf/ þtcsufudk uREfkyfwdkYowdxm;Mu&rnf/

<uufom;rsm;oefrmvmap&ef tpmudkvHkavmufpGmauR;Mu&

rnf/ pm;vdkufaomtpmrS pdwfucGeftm;&onfqdkonfhtcsuf

udkvnf; rarhoifhMuacs/ aq;½HkwGiftvkyfvkyfaeMuaom aq;zuf

qdkif&mc&pf,mefomoemûyrsm;vkyfaqmif&rnfhu@wpfckrSm

tm[m&ESifhjynfh0aomtpmrsm;\wefzdk;udk azmfjyMu&efjzpfonf/


aq;½HkwGif vufzuf&nf? aumfzDESifh tom;rsm;udk

rauR;&qdkonfrSmrSefonf/ þtcsufonf vlrsm;pGmwdkYtwGuf

BuD;rm;aomajymif;vJrIwpfckjzpf½Hkomru rcHr&yfEdkifatmif

jyif;xefaomwm;qD;rIwpfckjzpfaewwfonf/ xrif;pm;onfh

tBudrfrsm;udk ajymif;vJypfjcif;rSmrl wcsKdUvlrsm;twGuf

taumif;xuftqdk;udkydkíjzpfay:apEdkifygonf/

rjzpfraeajymif;vJypf&rnfhtusifhp½dkufrsm;udkom

ajymif;vJapyg

Letter, p. 213 (1902)

vlemrsm;½Sdaeonfhae&modkY aq;½Hkwm0ef½Sdolrsm;u

oGm;a&mufawGUqHkMu&ef xm0&bk&m;ocifvdkvm;aMumif; aq;½Hk

0efxrf;rsm;owd&Muyg/ uREfkyfwdkYonf trSefw&m;ESifhywfouf

aomtcuftcJrsm;udkwifjy&mwGif bk&m;ocif\ulnDaom

vufrsm;jzpfMuzdkYvdktyfonf/ aq;½Hküa&muf½SdaeMuaom vlem

ESifh{nfhonfrsm;\tusifh"avhrsm;udkrvdktyfbJ [efYwm;

ajymif;vJzdkYrêud;pm;oifhMuyg/ xdkoltrsm;pkonf þae&modkY

acwåcPtem;,l&ef vma&mufMujcif;jzpfonf/ tcsdefwdkuav;

twGif;rSm ¤if;wdkY\xrif;pm;csdefESifh xrif;pm;onfhtBudrf

ta&twGufudk twif;t"r®ajymif;vJypfjcif;onf ¤if;wdkYtm;

pdwfroufromjzpfaponf/ tu,fí oifonf þt&mudk

vkyfaqmifrdvQifvnf; oif\vkyfaqmifrIrSm;,Gif;aMumif;

aemufydkif;wGif oifawGU&vdrfhrnf/ vlemrsm;\tusifh"avh

rsm;udk oifavhvmyg/ odkY&mwGif ¤if;wdkY\tusifh"avhudk

ajymif;vJypf&ef rawmif;qdkygESifh/

aq;½Hktodkuft0ef;onf tdrfESifhwlaomESpfodrfhrIrsm;ESifh

jynfh0ygap/ aq;vmukolrsm;tm; tdrfrSmae&ovdkrsKd;cHpm;&

atmifxm;yg/ tpm;tpmrsm;ESifhajymif;vJrIudkZGwftwif;ûyvkyf

vdkufrnfqdkvQif pdwfrNidrfroufrIudk ¤if;wdkYcHpm;Mu&vdrfhrnf/

pdwfrtDromcHpm;&rIonf ¤if;wdkY\tusifh"avhrsm;udk [efYwm;

ajymif;vJypfjcif;\&v'fyifjzpfvdrfhrnf/ pdwftaESmifht,Suf

jzpfjcif;aMumifh ¤if;wdkYonf yHkrSeftajctaewGifr½SdawmhbJ cHpm;

oifhaomaumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;udk vufvGwfqHk;½HI;Mu&wwfyg

onf/ tusifh"avhrsm;udk rajymif;rjzpfajymif;vJ&rnfqdkvQif

vnf; xdkajymif;vJypfjcif;udk aumif;csD;r*Fvmwpfcktjzpf ¤if;wdkY

jrifvmatmif nifnifomomjzifh *½kwpdkufvkyfaqmifMuyg/

þvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk ½Sif;vif;pGmodjrifatmif ynm

ay;jcif;rcH&ao;olrsm;taejzifh oabmaygufvufcHEdkif&ef

oifwdkY\pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;onf a½SUaemufnDnGwfygavap/

aq;½Hkodk Ya&muf½S dvmaomvlemrsm;\usef;rma&;jyefvnf

aumif;rGefvmap&ef &nf½G,fvsuf trSefw&m;ESifhpyfqdkifaom

pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk ajymif;vJypfzdkY oifêud;pm;aepOfwGif tmPmjy

cdkif;apjcif;rsKd;r[kwfaMumif; ¤if;wdkYawGUjrifatmifvkyfaqmifyg/

¤if;wdkYra½G;cs,faomtoufwmvrf;pOfwpfckudk ZGwftwif;

vdkuftavQmufcdkif;aeonf[kvnf; ¤if;wdkYcHpm;csufr½Sdatmif

vkyfaqmifMuyg/


tpm;tpmyHkpHudkjznf;jznf;csif;ajymif;vJyg

Letter, p. 331 (1904)

nOfhtcsdefBuD;wGif uREfkyfonf oifwdkYESifhpum;vufqHk

usvsuf½Sdonf/ tpm;tpmudpöESifhywfoufí oifwdkYudkajymp&m

wcsKdU½Sdaeygonf/ oif\aq;½HkodkY urÇmtESHYrSvma&muftuko

cHaeaomvlemrsm;udkauR;aeonfhtpm;tpmrsm;udk tajymif;tvJ

vkyfzdkYvdkaMumif; oifhudkuREfkyfajymaecJhygonf/ þyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf

tcsKdtqdrfhrsm;aomtpmESifh tieftpyftpmrsm;udk rqifrjcif

pm;um cHwGif;tvdkvdkufcJhMuaomaMumifh a&m*g&aeolrsm;jzpf

Muonf/ xdkaMumifh pm;usifhaomufusifhrsm;wGif olwdkYtajymif;

tvJvkyfzdkYvdktyfaeacsNyD/ odkYaomf þûyjyifajymif;vJrIudk

½kwfw&ufvkyfaqmifEdkifrnfr[kwfbJ jznf;jznf;csif;vkyfaqmif

Mu&ygrnf/ ¤if;wdkYtm;auR;aeonfh usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaom

tpmrsm;onf cHwGif;vdkufaomtpmrsm;jzpf&rnf/ þolrsm;

onf wpfoufvHk; wpfaeYxrif; (3) cgpm;½Hkomru pm;aom

tpmrsm;onfvnf; tyl? tpyf? tcsKd? tqdrfhvGefuJaomtpm

rsm;jzpfaumif;jzpfEdkifonf/ xdkaMumifh usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrI

qdkif&mowif;pum;udk olwdkYxHo,faqmifoGm;zdkYta&;BuD;yg

onf/ ¤if;wdkYtwGufxl;jcm;aernfh½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;ESifhtom;us

oGm;ap&eftvdkYiSm tm[m&jynfh0NyD; cHwGif;vdkufaprnfhtpm;

tpmrsm;udk olwdkYtwGuftvQHy,fjyifqifay;oifhygonf/

usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udkvufcHrnfhtpm; ausmcdkif;

roGm;ap&ef ajymif;vJrIrsm;udk cyfMurf;Murf;raqmif½Gufoifhacs/

¤if;wdkYtm;auR;rnfhtpmrsm;onf oifwdkY? uREfkyfwdkYpm;aeaom

tpmxuf ydkíaumif;atmifjyifqifcsufûywfxm;onfhtpmrsKd;

jzpf&rnf/

arSmifrdkufaomtoufwmwGif touf½Sifaexdkifvsuf

½Sdaom xdkolrsm;½Sdonfhae&modkY oifoGm;a&mufawGUqHk&mwGif

xm0&bk&m;ocifu oifhtm; yg;eyfrIrsm;½Sdapcsifonfudk

uREfkyfodaeojzifh þpmudka&;vdkuf&jcif;jzpfonf/ uREfkyf\

yk*¾vduESpfoufrIrSm ½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;yifjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif

udk,ftvdkudkvdkufum touf½SifaexdkifcJhaomxdkvlemrsm;udk

xdkuJhodkYaomtpmrsm;udkauR;vdkufjcif;jzifh usef;rma&;ûyjyif

ajymif;vJrIvkyfief;rsm;rS ausmcdkif;oGm;aprnfqdkvQif þvkyfaqmif

rIonf taumif;qHk;enf;vrf;jzpfvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ ¤if;wdkY\

pm;usif haomufusif hrsm;udk ajymif;vJypfzd k Yvd kaMumif;udk

þvkyfaqmifrIrsm;tm;jzifh oabmaygufapvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/

ta&;ygonfhtcsuftvufrsm;udk olwdkYtm;ajymjyyg/ ½dk;pif;

aomtpmrsm;udkoH k;aqmifzd k Yvd ktyfaMumif; ynmay;um

jznf;jznf;csif;ajymif;vJay;yg/ ñTefMum;ukorIrsm;udkwHkYjyefEdkif&ef

¤if;wdkYtm;tcsdefay;yg/ wwfEdkiforQ El;nHhodrfarGUpGm olwdkY

twGufvkyfaqmifay;yg? qkawmif;ay;yg? vrf;jyay;yg/

&if;ESD;rI&½SdzdkY vlemrsm;ESifhtwl xrif;xdkifpm;&ef aq;½Hk

wpfckwGif uREfkyfudk aq;½HkwpfckuzdwfMum;chJaomtjzpftysuf

uav;wpfckudk uREfkyfowd&rdygao;onf/ xdkpOfu vlem

rsm;udkauR;arG;onfhtpm;tpmrsm;onf vHk;vHk;BuD;rSm;aeonfudk


uREfkyfjrifawGUcJhygonf/ auR;aomtpmrsm;onf t&omr½Sd

onfhjyif r0w0vnf;jzpfaeygonf/ xdkaMumifh tjcm;tpm;

tpmwpfrsKd;udkjyifqif&ef êud;pm;cJh&m tusKd;½SdaMumif;awGUcJh&

ygonf/

ûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;yg½Sdonfhynma&;

uREfkyfwdkY\aq;½Hkrsm;wGif vlemrsm;twGufvkyfaqmif

ay;aeaomt&mrsm;taMumif;udk uREfkyfwdkYusKd;aMumif;qifjcifum

oHk;oyfMu&rnf/ wpfoufvHk;usifhoHk;vmonfh"avhp½dkufrsm;udk

wpfcPjcif;twGif;wGif rajymif;vJypfEdkifaMumif;udk uREfkyfwdkY

owd&oifhonf/ ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udk owdynm½Sdaom

xrif;csufpm;zdkrª;rsm;ESifh tm[m&ESifhjynfh0onfh tvQHy,f

aygrsm;aomtpm;tpmrsm;tm;jzifh aumif;rGefpGmtaumiftxnf

azmfEdkifygvdrfhrnf/ odkYaomf tcsdefawmh,l&ygrnf/ trSefwu,f

awmif;qdkrIr½SdcJhvQif rnfonfhajymif;vJrIudkrQ ZGwftwif;rûyvkyf

oifhacs/ usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;twGuf cHwGif;

awGUaomtpmrsm;onf qDoGwfbl;rsm;udkpm;avh½Sdolrsm;twGuf

cHwGif;vdkufcsifrSvdkufayrnf/ qDoGwfbl;rsm;udkpm;oHk;jcif;onf

usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufEdkifaMumif;azmfjyvsuf tpmajymif;&efvdktyf

aMumif;½Sif;jyonfhoifwef;rsm;udkay;oifhonf/ rnfonfh

taMumif;aMumifh uREfkyfwdkY\tpm;taomuftusifha[mif;rsm;udk

pGefYypfcJhonfudkvnf; ajymjyMuyg/ aq;vdyfESifht&ufwdkYudk

uREfkyfwdkYroHk;aqmifjcif;taMumif;&if;rsm;udkvnf; ½Sif;jyMuyg/

usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk ½Sif;½Sif;vif;vif;zGifhjyum tm[m&

½SdNyD; t&omESifhjynhf0aomtpmrsm;jzifhûypkMuyg/ þajymif;vJrI

onf ¤if;wdkYtwGuftaumif;qHk;jzpfaMumif;awGUjrifoGm;&ef

twGufaomfvnf;aumif;? ûyjyifajymif;vJrIudk ta&;wBuD;

vkyfaqmifzdkYvdktyfaMumif;udk oifvkyfaqmifEdkif&eftwGufaomf

vnf;aumif; xm0&bk&m;ocifonf oifhudkrpulnDawmfrl

vdrfhrnf/ xdkolrsm;onf pm;aeusjzpfaomqDoGwfbl;rsm;udk

wrf;waumif;wrf;wMurnfjzpfaomfvnf; t&omaumif;NyD;

tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;udkauR;um êud;pm;rnfqdkvQif xdktpm

a[mif;rsm;udkwrf;wMuawmhrnfr[kwfacs/ ajymif;vJ&efvdktyf

aeonfhpm;usifhaomufusifhrsm;udk cifwG,faernfqdkvQif

¤if;wdkYudkukoaeaomt&mrsm;onf tusKd;½SdEdkifrnfr[kwfaMumif;

udkvnf; ajymjyMuyg/

Letter, p. 45 (1903)

uREfkyfwdkY\aq;½Hktm;vHk;½Sd vlempm;aomufaqmifp&dwf

udkenf;yg;ap&ef pDpOfoifhygonf/ wcsKdUaq;½Hkrsm;wGifauR;ae

aomtpmrsm;onf tm[m&a&mt&omyguif;rJ haeonfh

xl;jcm;csufrSvGJí tjcm;xl;jcm;csufwpfpHkwpfckudkrQ uREfkyf

rawGUrdyg/ rdrdwdkYay;&onfhtzdk;tcrSm BuD;rm;aomfvnf;

jyefvnf&½Sdaomt&mrSm r½Sdoavmufjzpfaeonf[k,lqum

aq;½Hkwufvmaomvlemrsm;onf aq;½HkwGifcPwmomwufNyD;

xGufcGmoGm;avh½Sdygonf/ aq;½Hktay:tjypfwifpum;rsm;onf

rMumrDrSmyifysHUESHYoGm;ygonf/


tpGef;a&mufrIESpfck

tpGef;a&mufrIESpfck½Sd&m xdkESpfckpvHk;udk uREfkyfwdkYa½Smif½Sm;

oifhygonf/ nHhzsif;í twdkif;tqenf;yg;aomtpmrsm;udkom

oHk;aqmif&ef axmufcHtm;ay;jcif;ûyolrsm;wGif aq;0efxrf;rsm;

ryg0ifMuapzdkY xm0&bk&m;ocifrpygap/ uREfkyfwdkY\aq;½HkodkY

a&mufvmMuonfh trsKd;orD;? trsKd;om;rsm;onf rpm;oifh

aomtpmrsm;udk êudufESifhNyD;jzpfaewwfygonf/ xdkoltm;vHk;

twGuf tajctjrpfrSpí ½kwfw&ufajymif;vJrIrsm;vkyf&efrSm

rjzpfEdkifyg/ wcsKdUrdom;pkrsm;u vufcHpm;oHk;Edkifaom usef;rma&;

ESifhnDnGwfonfhtpmrsm;udk wcsKdUrSm ½kwfw&ufrpm;EdkifMuacs/

aq;½Hk½Sdvlemrsm;\cHwGif;awmifhwrIonf trsKd;rsKd;½Sdwwfonf/

wcsKdUrSm ¤if;wdkY\txl;vdktyfcsufrsm;udkjznfhqnf;&ef aumif;rGef

pGmcsufûywfxm;onfh[if;oD;? [if;½Guf? [if;vsmrsm;udk

awmif;qdkMuaomfvnf; wcsKdUrSm oufoufvGwf[if;vsmaMumifh

tusKd;qufrsm;udkcHpm;aeonfh tpmraMu? avxdk;avatmifh

a&m*gonfrsm;udk tm;ay;pum;rsm;ajym&ef vdktyfvSygonf/

c&pf,mefrdom;pkrsm;\bmoma&;qdkif&mMoZmoufa&mufrI

rsm;udk aq;½HkwpfckvHk;wGifvTrf;rdk;apyg/ vlemrsm;\usef;rma&;udk

taxmuftulûyygvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif þt&mtm;vHk;udk

qkawmif;vsuf *½kwpdkufvkyfaqmifMu&ygrnf/ xm0&bk&m;

ocifonf n§dEdIdif;aqmif½Guf&rnfhtcuftcJrsm;jrifawmfrl&m

oifhudkulnDrpawmfrlvdrfhrnf/

jcm;em;aomukefusp&dwfawmif;cHvTmrsm;

uREfkyf ,refaeYua&;ay;cJhonfhpmudk oifaumif;pGm

em;vnfvdrfhrnf[k uREfkyfarQmfvihfygonf/ uREfkyfwdkY\aq;½Hk

rsm;wGif tpm;tpmukefusp&dwfrsm;udkoufomatmifvkyfaqmif

jcif;\ta&;ygyHkudk tawmfrsm;rsm;uREfkyfa&;cJhrdonf/ &ufa&m

oifhoavmuf tpm;tpmyHhydk;rIudkr&ufa&monfhaq;½Hkrsm;udk

uREfkyfa&mufzl;cJhonf/ oifwdkYaumif;rGefpGmod½Sdem;vnfxm;onfh

twdkif; vlemrsm;twGufjyifqifrIvkyf&mwGif yHkpHwpfrsKd;wnf;

jzifhvkyfaqmif&rnfr[kwfbJ ukefusp&dwfawmif;cHrIwGifvnf;

aumif;? tpm;tpmjyifqif&mwGifvnf;aumif; enf;trsKd;rsKd;

jzifhpDpOfaqmif½Guf&ygrnf/ tpm;tpmjyifqif&mwGif aumif;rGef

aomqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udkcsEdkif&ef xm0&bk&m;ocifonf oifwdkYudk

rpygvdrfhrnf/

Letter, p. 37 (1904)

aq;ukorIcH,l&ef aq;½HkodkYa&mufvmaomvlemrsm;tm;

aumif;rGefpGmcsufûywfxm;onfhtpmrsm;jzifh &ufa&mpGmûypkoifh

ygonf/ ¤if;wdkY\tdrfrSmpm;aom[if;trnfxuf aq;½HkwGif

auR;aom[if;trnfonfrsm;&rnf/ vma&mufvnfywfaom

{nfhonfrsm;jrifaomtcg b0ifusaprnfhtpm;tpmrsKd;rsm;jzpf

ygavap/ þtcsufonf tvGefta&;BuD;ygonf/ cHwGif;

vdkufaprnfhtpmrsm;udk &ufa&mpGmauR;rnfqdkvQif aq;½Hktay:

tm;ay;rIrsm;onf ydkrdkBuD;xGm;vmvdrfhrnf/

uREfkyfonf toif;awmfaq;½HküauR;onfhpm;yGJrsm;rS

tqmtrGwfrajybJ xcJh&aomtBudrfrSm renf;vSacs/ tpm;


tpmrsm;udk ydkí&ufa&mpGmauR;zdkYvdkovdk ydkícHwGif;awGUatmif

csufzdkYvnf;vdkao;aMumif; aq;½Hkwm0efcHrsm;udk uREfkyfajymcJh

zl;ygonf/ taumif;qHk;enf;vrf;rsm;udktoHk;ûyum tpm

tajymif;tvJvkyf&eftwGufaomfvnf;aumif;? usef;rma&;

ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm; cHwGif;awGUaomtpmrsm;udk tqD

ttdrfhudktNrJwrf;pm;cJhaom xdkolrsm;têudufawGUEdkifrnfr[kwf

aMumif;udk owd&Mu&eftwGufaomfvnf;aumif; ¤if;wm0efcH

rsm;udk uREfkyfajymcJhygonf/ usef;rma&;ESifhudkufnDaomtpm

rsm;udk atmifjrifpGma&mif;csaeaom pm;aomufqdkifrsm;rStpm

rsm;udkvnf; rsm;pGmavhvmEdkifMuygonf/

tpGef;a&mufjcif;rsm;udka½Smif½Sm;jcif;

tu,fí oifonf þtcsufudktav;xm;rpOf;pm;yg

vQif tm;ay;rIrsm;onf wdk;wufvm&rnfhtpm; usqif;oGm;

vdrfhrnf/

q&m0efwpfOD;ESifhpum;vufqHkusaeonfh azmfjycsuf

wpfckudk ,refaeYnu uREfkyf&cJhygonf/ uREfkyfu olYudk

þodkYajymcJhygonf/ ]tpm;tpmESifhywfoufí tpGef;ra&mufapzdkY

oifwdkY*½kpdkuf&rnf/ oifpm;wJhtpmrsm;twGufomru aq;½HkrS

vlemrsm;udkauR;onfhtpmrsm;udk jyifqif&mwGifvnf; oiftpGef;

ra&mufoifhyg/ vlemrsm;[m tzdk;tcBuD;BuD;ay;NyD;awmh aq;½Hk

wufvmMu&wmqdkawmh oifwdkYuvnf; &uf&ufa&ma&m

auR;arG;ûypkoifhwmaygh/ wcsKdUvlawG[m ½dk;½dk;tpmudkpm;NyD;

cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;udkavhusifhzdkY 'Daq;½Hkudka&mufvmMuw,f

qdkayr,fh olwdkYaeaumif;vm&ifawmh tm[m&½SdwJhtpmawGudk

&uf&ufa&ma&mauR;oifhwmaygh/}

þuJhodkYa&;vdkufjcif;udk oiftHhtm;oifhaumif;tHhtm;

oifhvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif tpmauR;arG;rItajymif;tvJaMumifh

tm;ay;rIrSm tBuD;tus,fajymif;vJoGm;EdkifaMumif; ,refaeYnu

uREfkfyftm;ñTefMum;awmfrlcJhonf/ &uf&ufa&ma&mtpmrsm;udk

auR;arG;&ef vdktyfaeygonf/

Letter, p. 127 (1904)

tpm;tpmudpöwGif tpGef;ra&mufatmif toif;awmf

aq;½Hkrsm;wGif owdûyumuG,fMu&rnf/ ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;

rsm; ESpfESifhcsDíavhusufcJhaomt&mrsm;udk tjyifvlrsm;ucsufcsif;

vufcH&ef uREfkyfwdkYrarQmfvifhEdkifacs/ tvif;w&m;rsm;&½Sdxm;

onfhw&m;a[mq&mrsm;pGmwdkYonfyif usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJ

rIudk ,aeYwdkifrusifhoHk;Muao;yg/ xdkaMumifh wcsKdUtpmrsm;udk

a½SmifMuOfzdkYvdkaMumif; rodao;olrsm; þudpöwGifvufawGU

tawGUtêuHr½SdcJholrsm;tm; udk,ftvdktwdkif; êudufovdk

pm;aomufaomtajctaerS usef;rma&;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrI

t& tpm;taomufcsKyfwnf;ûcd;jcH&rnhftajctaeodkY csufcsif;

ajymif;vJoGm;&ef uREfkyfwdkYrarQmfvifhEdkifygacs/

toif;awmfaq;½Hkodk Ywufa&mufukoaeolrsm;tm;

rSefuefaompnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhtnD jyifqifxm;onfh t&om?

tm[m&ESifhjynfh0aomtpmrsm;ESifh auR;arG;ûypk&rnf/ uREfkyfwdkY

DF- 28


aexdkiftouf½Sifovdk olwdkYaexdkiftouf½Sif&ef rarQmfvifh

Edkifyg/ tajymif;tvJvkyf&rnfht&monf BuD;rm;vSygonf/

ynmowdESifhjynfhpHkpGmaexdkiftouf½SifEdkif&ef tpm;tpmrsm;udk

a½SmifMuOf&efvdkonf[k q&m0efwpfOD;u vufcHusifhoHk;cJhaomf

vnf; toif;awmf½Sdvltenf;i,fuav;uom xdktusifhudk

vufcHusifhoHk;Muygonf/ xdkaMumifh tqifoifhrjzpfao;aom

vlemrsm;twGuf ajymif;vJrIrsm;udk Murf;Murf;wrf;wrf;

raqmif½Gufoifhacs/

vlemrsm;tm;auR;onfhtpmrsm;onf pm;csifhpzG,faumif;

onfhtpm;tpmrsKd;jzpfoifhonf/ MuufOrsm;udkvnf; yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;

jzifhjyifqifcsufûywfEdkifygonf/ vDrGefydkif[kac:onfh rkefYudkvnf;

rpm;zdkYrwm;jrpfoifhyg/

tpm;tpmrsm;udk tm[m&ESifht&omjynfhpHkatmif oHk;oyf

vkyfaqmifrIenf;yg;aeygao;onf/ aq;½Hkrsm;onf vlemrsm;

twGuf zGwfausmjympkaomae&mrsm;uJhodkYrjzpfapvdkyg/ vlem

rsm;udk owdynm½Sd½Sdjzifh uREfkyfwdkYrukovQif ¤if;wdkYtm; trSm;

vrf;xJrSajymif;vJatmifvkyfaqmifvdkY&rnfr[kwfacs/

taumif;qHk;pm;zdkrª;rsm;udk wwfEdkiforQ½Smyg/ usef;rma&;

ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;tcsKdUwdkYêudufaomt&omtwdkif; tpm

rsm;udkjyifqifNyD; vlemrsm;udkrauR;ygESifh/ xdktpmrsKd;udkom

vlemrsm;udkauR;cJhrnfqdkvQif cHwGif;rawGUaomxdktpmrsm;aMumifh

pdwfysufvufysufjzpfvmMuvdrfhrnf/ uREfkyfwdkY\aq;½Hkrsm;wGif

þodkYaomenf;tm;jzifh touf0dnmOfrsm;udk trSefw&m;vrf;

aMumif;qDodkYydkYaqmif&efr[kwfyg/ tpm;tpmESifhywfoufonfh

tpGef;a&mufrIrsm;twGuf nDtpfudkrsm;xH xm0&bk&m;ocif

ay;awmfrlonfhowday;csufrsm;udkvdkufemMuygpdkY/ rdwfaqG

q&m0efwpfOD;taejzifh ¤if;oHk;aqmifaeonfhtpmtm[m&rsm;udk

tajymif;tvJvkyfypf&rnfjzpfaMumif; uREfkyftm; ñTefMum;awmfrl

cJhonf/ olonf ydkítm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;udkpm;zdkYvdkaeyg

onf/ tcsKdtqdrfh? tpyftiefvGefuJaom[if;vsmrsm;udk

a½SmifMuOf&rnfrSmrSefaomfvnf; cHwGif;vdkufaomtpm;tpm

rsm;jzpfzdkYvnf;vdktyfygonf/ aq;½HkwGif;odkY,laqmifvmaom

tpGef;a&mufrItoD;oD;wdkYonf aq;½Hk\*kPfowif;udkxdcdkuf

apvdrfhrnf/

t&om½Sd½Hkomru tm[m&ESifhygjynfhpHkaponfhtpm

a&mpyfcsufûywfenf;wpfck½Sdygonf/ þenf;udk aq;½Hk½Sdtpm;

tpmwm0efcHrsm;em;vnfod½Sdoifhygonf/ þudpöudk or®m

usrf;pm½IaxmifhrSMunfhí ajz½Sif;oifhonf/ cE¨mudk,f½Sdtm[m&

rsm;udk ukefcef;oGm;aponfhcsufûywfenf;rsKd;vnf;½Sdwwfonf/

tpm;tpmudk taumif;qHk;yHkpHjzifh wwfEdkiforQjyifqifcsufûywf

jcif;onf odyÜHtwwfwpfckuJhodkYjzpfvmygonf/

Letter, p. 61 (1886)

vlemrsm;onf taumif;qHk;t&nftaoG;ESifhjynfhpHkaom

usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfonfhtpm;tpmrsm;udkoHk;aqmifMu&rnf/

aq;½HkodkYa&muf½Sdvmonfh ,ciftcsdefu êudufovdkpm;usifh

aomufusifh½SdcJholrsm;udk yxrOD;qHk;xrif;pm;csdefü nHhzsif;í


ravmufrijzpfaomtpmrsm;jzifh auR;arG;ûypkrdvQif ]ajrmfvifh

jcif;toif;om;rsm;onf aoqHk;Edkifonfhtajctxd udk,fhudkudk,f

tiwfxm;Muonfqdkonfhowif;rSm rSefwmyJ} [k csufcsif;

rSwfcsufcsMuayvdrfhrnf/ xrif;wpfeyfudk ravmufriauR;rd

jcif;onf tjcm;rnfonfht&mESifhrQacszsufír&avmufatmif

aq;½HkBuD;udkxdcdkufapygonf/ vlom;rsm;tm; ¤if;wdkY½Sdonfh

tajctaerS rSefuefaompm;usifhaomufusifhrsm;&atmif

vkyfaqmifay;zdkYarQmfvifhvQif rl&if;tpm;tpmrsm;jzifh tprûyoifh

acs/ aumif;rGefpGmcsufûywfxm;onfht&omESifhjynfhpHkaomtpm

rsm;udk tvQHy,fjyifqifauR;arG;&rnf/ odkYr[kwfygvQif rdrdwdkY

pm;&rnfht&mrsm;tay: arQmfvifhcsufBuD;BuD;xm;olrsm;onf

]iwfvdkYaorSmyJ} [k txif½SdoGm;Muvdrfhrnf/ [if;vsmaumif;

rsm;udk aumif;rGefpGmjyifqifí vlemrsm;udkauR;arG;apvdkonfrSm

uREfkyfwdkY\qE´yifjzpfygonf/

aq;½HkwGiftom;rauR;&

Letter, p. 37 (1904)

aq;½HkwGif tom;auR;jcif;ESifhpyfvsOf;onfhñTefMum;csuf

rsm;vnf; uREfkyf&½SdcJhygonf/ tom;[if;rsm;udk tpm;tpm

pm&if;rSxkwfy,fí ¤if;\ae&mwGif tm[m&? t&omESifhjynfhpHk

aom[if;vsmrsm;ESifhtpm;xdk;oifhygonf/

Letter, p. 45 (1903)

aq;½Hkxrif;pm;pm;yGJrsm;wGif tom;[if;vsmrsm;udk

z,f½Sm;jcif;ESifhpyfvsOf;í yxrOD;qHk;tBudrftcuftcJrsm;½Sdvm

uwnf;u uREfkyftm; pdwftm½HkwGifazmfjycJhaomtcsuftvuf

wcsKdUudk oifwdkYqifjcifoHk;oyfEdkif&ef uREfkyfwifjyvdkygonf

nDtpfudkarmifESrwdkY-

aq;½Hkxrif;pm;cef;xJwGif vlemrsm;tm; tom;[if;vsm

rsm;rauR;oifh[k xm0&bk&m;ocifu uREfkyftm; ½Sif;vif;pGm

ñTefMum;awmfrlcJhygonf/ oD;oefYtcef;xJwGifûyvkyfonfh ydkYcs

csufrsm;udkMum;emNyD;onfhtcsdefaemufydkif;wGif vlemrsm;u

tom;[if;udkawmif;pm;aeao;vQif olwdkYudkpm;cGifhûyzdkY uREfkyfudk

tvif;ay;awmfrlygonf/ odkY&mwGif tom;[if;vsmudk ¤if;wdkY\

oD;oefYtcef;xJwGifompm;ygavap/ aq;½Hktvkyform;tm;vHk;

rSmrl tom;pm;jcif;udkjzwfMu&rnf/ odkY&mwGif txufwGif

azmfjycJhonfhtwdkif; tom;[if;udk aq;½Hkxrif;pm;cef;wGif

rauR;rSef;odvsufESifh vlemtenf;i,fu r&ruawmif;pm;

aeMuao;vQif olwdkYtcef;xJrSm tom;[if;udkpm;cGifhûyvdkufyg/

aq;½HkwGifauR;rnfhtpmpm&if;udkvnf; vlod½SifMum;

azmfjy&ef tMuHray;oifhaMumif; oifawGUvmvdrf hrnf/

taMumif;rSm tom;[if;udk pm;aomufavh½Sdolrsm;onf aq;½Hk

wGifvnf; tom;[if;udkarQmfvifhaeMurnfqdkonfudk tHhtm;

oifhp&mrvdkyg/ tom;[if;rygaom tpm;tpmpm&if;aMumifh

aq;½HkwufzdkYt[efYtwm;jzpfoGm;Edkifygonf/

oifauR;rnfhtpmrsm;udk t&om? tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHk

atmifcsufûywfyg/ trnfrsm;rsm;jyifqifyg/ tom;[if;udk

jzwfEdkifap&eftvdkYiSm tjcm;[if;trnfrsm;udk aumif;rGefpGm


jyifqifauR;arG;yg/ EGm;EdkYESifhrvdkifrsm;udk wcsKdUvlemrsm;oHk;aqmif

EdkifMuygonf/

MS, p. 64 (1901)

rdrdudk,fwdkif tom;[if;udkpm;½Hkomru vlemrsm;udk

vnf; tom;[if;pm;&ef ñTefMum;aomq&m0efrsm;udk

toif;awmfaq;½Hkrsm;wGiftvkyfrcefYoifhyg/ taMumif;rSm

emrusef;rIudkjzpfaprnfhtpmrsm;udka½SmifMuOf&ef vlemrsm;udk

ynmay;&mwGif xdkolrsm;onf vHk;0ysufuGufaeMuygonf/

tom;[if;vsmudkpm;aomq&m0efrsm;onf usKd;aMumif;qifjcif

EdkifrIr½SdMubJ ¤if;wdkY\tûytrlrsm;tm;jzifh vlemrsm;udk tpm;rSm;

taomufrSm;vrf;xJodkYydkYaqmifaeMuygonf/

uREfkyfwdkY\aq;½Hkrsm;wGiftvkyfcefYxm;aom orm;awmf

rsm;onf þtaMumif;t&mü ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;

jzpfoifhonf/ tpm;tpmrSm;,Gif;rIaMumifh vlemrsm;pGmwdkYonf

a0'emrsm;udkcHpm;ae&ygonf/ ydkíaumif;aomvrf;udk olwdkY

tm;jyzdkYvdkygonf/ odkY&mwGif tom;pm;aeaomq&m0efonf

þt&mudk rnfodkYaqmif½GufEdkifygrnfenf;/ olonf rdrd\

rSm;,Gif;aomtusifhp½dkufrsm;aMumifh rdrd\tvkyfudkt[efYtwm;

ûyum tpGrf;owådrsm;udk tm;enf;êuHvSDoGm;apvsuf½Sdonf/

uREfkyfwdkY\aq;½HkodkYvma&muftukocHaom vlemrsm;pGm

wdkYonf rdrdwdkY\udk,fpdwfESpfyg;tpGrf;xufjrufrIudk xdef;odrf;

vdkaomqE´jzifh tom;pm;jcif;ESifhywfoufí apm'urwuf

Muawmh½Hkomru ¤if;wdkY\tpm;tpmpm&if;rStom;[if;vsm

rsm;udk z,fxkwfcJhMuygonf/ þodkYtm;jzifh ¤if;wdkYtm; ESdyfpuf

aeaomtzsm;a&m*grSoufomcGifh&cJhMuygonf/ ,HkMunfjcif;rwl

onfh nDtpfudkarmifESrrsm;pGmwdkYonfvnf; þûyjyifajymif;vJrI

udkvkyfaqmifjcif;\usKd;aMumif;qDavsmfrIrsm;udk rdrdudk,fusKd;

½IaxmifhrSMunfhjrif½IawGUum usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;

rsm;jzpfvmMuygonf/ vlrsm;pGmwdkYrSm tpm;taomufESifh

0wfpm;qif,ifrIrsm;wGif ûyjyifajymif;vJrIbufwGif owd½Sd½Sdjzifh

&yfwnfcJhMuonf/ ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;onf usef;rma&;

udkxdcdkufaprnfhtusifhp½dkufrsm;wGif qufvuftouf½Sifaexdkif

Murnfvm;/ ]pm;aomfvnf;aumif;? aomufaomfvnf;aumif;?

cyfodrf;aomtrIwdkYudkûyaomfvnf;aumif; bk&m;ocif\

*kPfaus;Zl;awmfudkaxmufí vkyfaqmifMuyg} qdkonfh

ynwfcsufudk olwdkYrvdkufemMuawmhbl;vm;/

Letter, p. 54 (1896)

a&m*gb,rsm;ESifh a&m*g&jcif;\taMumif;&if;rsm;ESifh

ywfoufonfh bk&m;ocifay;tvif;w&m;udk vlwdkif;&½SdzdkY

vdktyfygonf/ taMumif;rSm vltrsm;onf rSm;,Gif;pGmcHwGif;

awmifhwrIudk tvdkvdkufaeMuonf/ cE¨mudk,fudk avsmufywf

pGm*½kpdkufxdef;odrf;rIrsm;tay:üvnf; tm½HkrûyMuawmhyg/

oefYoefY½Sif;½Sif;aexdkifwwfjcif;? tpmpm;aomuf&mwGif

oefY½Sif;rIudkOD;pm;ay;jcif; ponfht&mrsm;udk apmifha½Smufoifh

ygonf/

tom;udk rnfonfhtcgrQrpm;&[k oifñTefMum;&ef

r[kwfbJ oif\tvif;udkxGef;vif;um ynmay;&rnfomjzpf


onf/ raumif;aomtpmrsm;udkpm;aomufjcif;rS udk,fhudkudk,f

xdef;odrf;jcif;? udk,fhudkudk,foefYpifapjcif;rsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;í vlwdkif;

oabmaygufygavap/

tom;pm;jcif;ESifhpyfvsOf;onfh þar;cGef;udk tum

tuG,fay;zdkYvdkonf/ tom;pm;aomolrsm;onf tom;udk

jzwfí [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;udkajymif;vJoHk;aqmifaomtcsdefwGif

tm;enf;oGm;ovdkvdk? cGeftm;avsmhoGm;ovdkvdk tpyxrwGif

cHpm;Mu&ojzifh tom;udkpm;zdkYvdkonf[k wcsKdUujiif;csuf

xkwfMuygonf/ odkY&mwGif þ&v'fonf tom;jzwfjcif;

twGuf toHk;ûyoifhaom wu,fhjiif;qdkrIwpfckjzpfonf/

txl;ojzifh acsmif;qdk;aoG;yga&m*gonfrsm;tm;

½kwfw&uftom;udkjzwfNyD; oufowfvGwfauR;&efudkrl tm;ray;

yg/ rodpdwfudk ynmay;yg/ qE´tvdkrsm;udktm;aumif;apyg/

od k Yr Som ajymif;vJrIvkyf&ef yd kítqif hoif h½ S dvmrnf/

qE´vnf;ygvmygrnf/

usef;rma&;tajctaeqdk;aeonfh acsmif;qdk;aoG;yg

a&m*g½Sifrsm;onf þu@wGif txl;taxGajymif;vJrIrsm;

rvkyfoifhygacs/ usef;rmaomwd&pämefrsm;rS&aomtom;rsm;udk

&½Sd&efom *½kxm;&efvdkygonf/

tusdwfrsm;? zka&mifemrsm;½Sdaoma&m*gonfrsm;udkvnf;

tom;pm;oifh? rpm;oifhqdkonfhar;cGef;jzifh 0efrydkapoifhyg/

þudpöESifhywfoufí wif;usyfaomjyifqifajymif;vJrIrsm;

rvkyfrd&ef *½kpdkufyg/ vkyfaqmifrdygu rnfonfhtusKd;aus;Zl;

rSr&rnfhtjyif tom;rpm;jcif;qdkif&m tajccHoabmxm;udkyif

xdcdkufapygvdrfhrnf/ oD;oefYcef;rsm;wGif ydkYcsrIrsm;ûyvkyfyg/

oabmaygufem;vnf&ef ynmay;yg/ twif;tusyfvkyfaqmif

apjcif;onf wefzdk;r½SdEdkifyg/

wd&pämefavmuwGif a&m*gb,rsm;usa&mufaeNyDqdkonfh

tcsufudk ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;udkomru orm;awmfBuD;

rsm;udkwifjyzdkYvdkaeygonf/ a&m*guif;aomtom;[lí r½Sd

oavmufjzpfaeonf/ wd&pämeftaoaumifrsm;\tom;udk

pm;jcif;jzifh a&m*gb,rsm;onf vlom;rsm;\cE¨mudk,fxJodkY

a&mufvmygonf/ oufowfvGwfpm;cgpwGif cHpm;&onfh

tm;tif,kwfavsmhrIonf rMumrDrSmyif ajyaysmufoGm;ygvdrfh

rnf/ usef;rmjcif;ESifhcGeftm;twGuf tom;pm;jcif;aMumifh

jzpfay:vmonhftm;<urIudk vdktyfaomt&mwpfcktjzpf q&m0ef

rsm;taejzifh roGefoifoifhygacs/ tpmajymif;pm;jcif;tom;us

oGm;aomtcsdefwGif tom;pm;jcif;udkjzwfcJholrsm;onf oefrm

vmMuvdrfhrnf/

Letter, p. 231 (1905)

tjcm;rnfonfhtpmudkrQ pm;r0ifawmhonfhvlemwpfOD;

twGuf MuufpGyfûywfaomuf&ef cGifhûy&ygrnfvm;[k q&m0ef

wpfOD;u uREfkyfudkar;ygonf/ ]tpmpm;r0ifawmhonfhxdkvlemu

MuufpGyfûywfudkawmif;pm;cJhvQif auR;oifhygw,f} [k uREfkyf

wHkYjyefcJhygonf/ odkY&mwGif þudpörsKd;wGif *½kwpdkufaqmif½Guf

zdkYvdkygonf/ xdkyHkoufaoonf aq;½Hkudkrxdcdkufapoifhonfhjyif


tjcm;vlemrsm;twGufvnf; qifajcwufp&mjzpfatmif rvkyf

oifhacs/ olwdkYvnf; MuufpGyfûywfaomufzdkYvdkygonf[k txif

½Sdvmwwfygonf/ þuJhodkYaomtcuftcJrsm; oif\aq;½HkwGif

½Sdaeygovm;[k xdkq&m0efudkuREfkyfar;Munfh&m ]r½Sdygbl;?

'gayr,fh uREfkyf\nDrwpfa,mufu aq;½Hktcef;(9) rSmwuf

aeygw,f/ olr[m tm;enf;aeygw,f/ tm;jywfawmhra,mif

jzpfaeayr,fh Muufom;[if;awmhcsufpm;EdkifwJhtajctaerSm½Sd

aeygw,f} [k xdkq&m0efuajzygonf/ ]olrudk aq;½Hku

tqif;cdkif;vdkufwmtaumif;qHk;jzpfvdrfhr,f/ oifajymwJh

trsKd;orD;[m tm[m&½SdwJhtpmawGtwGufom olr&JhcHwGif;udk

avhusifhay;cJhr,fqdk&if tJ'DcHpm;csufawG[m aysmufoGm;vdrfh

r,fvdkY uREfkyf&cJhwJhtvif;w&m;t&od&ygw,f} [k uREfkyfu

xdkq&m0efudk½Sif;jyvdkufygonf/

olronf rdrdpdwfxJwGif½Sdaomt&mudk ûypkysKd;axmifcJh

ygonf/ pmwefonf olYcE¨mudk,f\tm;enf;csufudk tcGifh

aumif;,ltoHk;csvdkuf&m olr\pdwfonf aeYpOftoufwmwGif

&ifqdkif&onfhtcuftcJrsm;udkyif rcHEdkifawmhacs/ aumif;yg

onf/ olrvdktyfaeonfht&mrSm oefY½Sif;aompdwfxm;? wdk;wuf

yGm;rsm;aeaom,HkMunfjcif;ESifh c&pfawmftwGufxufjrufpGm

trIaqmifjcif;rsm;jzpfonf/ tdrfjyifwGif vufawGUtvkyfrsm;udk

vkyfudkifjcif;jzifh <uufom;rsm;udkvnf; avhusifhcef;vkyfzdkYvdk

ygonf/ cE¨mudk,favhusif hcef;onf olrtoufwm\

taumif;qHk;aumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;wGif wpfcktygt0ifjzpfonf/

olronf vlrrmBuD;vdkae&rSmr[kwfbJ rdrdvkyfaqmif&rnfh

u@udk xufjrufjrifhjrwfpGmvkyfaqmif&ef jyifqifxm;aom

pdwfusef;rm? udk,fusef;rmjcif;ESifhjynfhpHkaomtrsKd;orD;wpfOD;

oabmxm;touf½Sif&efvdkygonf/

olronf rdrd\u@udk wm0efausyGefatmifraqmif½Guf

cJhvQif ¤if;twGuf vkyfaqmifaeaomukorIrsm;onf tusKd;

r½SdEdkifacs/ udk,fvufvIyf½Sm;rIrsm;tm;jzifh <uufom;rsm;udk

oefvmatmif olrvkyfaqmifzdkYvdkonf/ vlrrmBuD;vdkraeap

ygESifh/ olronf tvkyfaumif;aumif;vkyfEdkifonfhtajctae

wGif½Sdygao;onf/

Letter, p. 84 (1898)

q&m0efrsm;udkuREfkyfawGUqHkum ESpfem&DcefYrQpum;ajymcJh

ygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf tpHkprf;taESmifh,SufcHae&um pHkprf;jcif;

aemufodkYvdkufygaeMuNyD[k uREfkyfajymcJhygonf/ aq;½Hkudk

vltrsm;êudufvmatmif tom;[if;rsm;auR;rnf[k olwdkYu

ajymygonf/ tom;[if;NyD;&if vufzuf&nf? aumfzDESifh rl;,pf

aq;rsm;udkpDpOfay;&ef qufvuftpHkprf;cHMu&vdrfhrnf/ tom;

pm;csifaomolrsm;tm;jzifh pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;jzpfay:vmvdrfh

rnf/ xdkolrsm;onf aq;½HkESifhtquftoG,f½SdaecJhvQif ¤if;wdkY

onf oefY½Sif;rGefjrwfaompnf;rsOf;rsm;udkpaw;ypf&ef xdkpHkprf;

aESmifh,Sufjcif;rsm;udkwifqufMuvdrfhrnf/ xdkaMumifh tom;

auR;jcif;udktprvkyfoifhacs/ odkYûyvQif tom;[if;rsm; ZGwf

twif;z,f½Sm;ypfp&mvdkawmhrnfr[kwfacs/ tom;\raumif;


aomt&mrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;í aumif;aumif;em;rvnfao;onfh

tcsdefwGif tom;pm;cGifh½SdzdkYaumif;onf[kvnf; wcsKdUvlem

rsm;u jiif;csufxkwfcJhzl;ygonf/ vlemopfrsm;onf tNrJrjywf

aq;½HkwGifwufa&mufaeMu&m xdkqifajcrsKd;rsm;aMumifh tom;

pm;jcif;onf ajcukyf&wnfNrJoGm;ygvdrfhrnf/ xdkaMumifh tom;

[if;rsm;udk vHk;0rauR;MuygESifh/ odkYrSom tom;pm;jcif;ESifh

ywfoufonfh oif\ydkYcsrIonf oifzGifhqdk&rnfhowif;pum;ESifh

xyfwlxyfrQjzpfygvdrfhrnf/

Letter, p. 213 (1902)

uREfkyfwdkY\aq;½Hkrsm;wGif wcsKdUtxl;udpörsm;rSvGJí

aumfzD? vufzuf&nfrwdkuf&/ tom;udkrauR;&/ tu,fí

vlemrsm;udk,fwdkifu awmif;pm;MuvQif xdktpmrsm;udk ¤if;wdkY\

vlemcef;rsm;xJwGifomauR;Mu&rnf/

E. from U.T, pp. 4,5 (1896)

vlemudkzsm;emaponfh tom;[if;rsm;udkpm;&ef ñTefMum;

aomq&m0efrsm;udkriSm;&? tvkyfrcefY&/ bk&m;ocifudk½Smyg/

udk,fawmf½SifudkawGUvQif oifonf El;nHhodrfarGUum pdwfESvHk;

ESdrfhcsvmygvdrfhrnf/ oifonf wd&pämeftaoaumif\tom;

udk udk,fwdkifrpm;onfhtjyif om;orD;rsm;udkvnf; rauR;yg

ESifh/ vufzuf&nf? aumfzDESifh tom;rsm;udkpm;aomufMu&ef

vlemrsm;udk oifrñTefMum;bJ oD;oefYcef;rsm;wGif vlemrsm;

udkac:um ½dk;pif;aomtpmrsm;udkpm;zdkYvdktyfaMumif;udk ½Sif;jyyg/

usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaprnfhtpmrsm;udk aiGawmif;cHvTmxJrS

z,f½Sm;ypfvdkufyg/

bk&m;ocifhxHrS tvif;w&m;rsm;&½SdNyD;onfhwdkif rdrd

vufatmuf½Sdvlemrsm;udk tom;pm;&ef EIwftm;jzifhaomfvnf;

aumif;? toufwmtm;jzifhvnf;aumif; ynmay;aeaom

orm;awmfrsm;onf uREfkyfwdkY\aq;½Hkrsm;wGif tBuD;tuJvkyf&ef

t&nftcsif;rrDolrsm;jzpfonf/ wm0ef½Sdaomae&mrsm;wGif

wm0efxrf;aqmifaeolrsm;u xdkuJ hod k Y*½krxm;&atmif

usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifhpyfqdkifaomtvif;udk xm0&

bk&m;ocifay;xm;onfr[kwfyg/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf

&,fp&mjyufvHk;xkwfaejcif;r[kwf&m rdefYawmfrlonfhEIwfxGuf

pum;rsm;tm;jzif h udk,fawmf½Sifud k *kPfûyMu&ygrnf/

þtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk rD;armif;xdk;jy&ygrnf/ tm[m&ESifh

ywfoufonfht&mrsm;udk teD;uyfavhvmoHk;oyfum usef;rma&;

pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhtnD ñTefMum;csufrsm;xkwfjyefMu&rnf/

7T, p. 95 (1902)

uREfkyfwdkYonf wnf;cdkcef;tjzpftoHk;ûy&eftwGuf aq;½Hk

rsm;udkwnfaxmifxm;jcif;r[kwfyg/ rSefuefaomtoufwm

pnf;rsOf;twdkif; vdkufavQmufvdkonfhqE´½Sdolrsm;udkom aq;½Hk

wGifvufcHyg/ uREfkyfwdkYowdynm½Sd½Sdjzifh auR;rnfhtpmrsm;udk

vufcHEdkifrnfholrsm;udkom aq;½HkwGifvufcHyg/ vlemrsm;udk

¤if;wdkY\oD;oefYtcef;rsm;xJwGif t&ufaomufcGifhûycJhrnfqdkvQif

vnf;aumif;? tom;pm;cGifhay;vdkufrnfqdkvQifvnf;aumif;

aq;½Hkwufjcif;aMumifh ¤if;wdkY&oifhonfht&mrsm;udk olwdkYtm;

uREfkyfwdkYulnDEdkifawmhrnfr[kwfacs/ uREfkyfwdkYonf pnf;rsOf;t&


xdktpmrsm;udk aq;½Hküvnf;aumif;? uREfkyfwdkY\pm;aomufqdkif

wGifvnf;aumif; rauR;aMumif;? ra&mif;aMumif;udk ¤if;wdkYtm;

today;vdkufMuyg/ uREfkyfwdkY\rdwfaqGrsm; a&m*gb,uif;a0;

um usef;rmaysmf½TifoefrmMuHhcdkifaeonfudk uREfkyfwdkYrjrifcsif

Mubl;vm;/ jrifcsifMuonfqdkvQif oHvdkuftdrfajr§mifonf

tNrJwrf;ajrmuft&yfudkjyaeouJhodkY uREfkyfwdkYonf pnf;rsOf;

rsm;twdkif;touf½SifaexdkifMu&ygrnf/

Letter, p. 54 (1907)

usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udk csufcsif;

vdkufavQmufzdkY avmuom;rsm;pdwfudkûyjyif&efrSm rjzpfEdkifygacs/

xdkaMumifh vlemrsm;udkauR;rnfhtpm;tpmrsm;ESifhywfoufí

wif;usyfvGef;aompnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;udk rowfrSwf&yg/ xdkolrsm;

onf aq;½HkodkYa&mufvmaomtcsdefwGif tpm;tpmrsm;udk

pm;aeustwkdif; pm;&awmhrnfr[kwfacs/ rodromuav;

ajymif;vJypfEdkif&ef usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaomtpmrsm;udk t&om

ESifhjynfhpHkatmif taumif;qHk;pm;zdkrª;rsm;ESifhaqmif½Gufoifhygonf/

aexdkifcESif hukocay;xm;onfh xdkvlemrsm;onf

taumif;rGeft&omt½SdqHk;tpm;tpmrsm;udk pm;oifhonfqdkonfh

taMumif;jycsufrSm xif½Sm;vSygonf/ vlemtm; tom;rauR;

awmhojzifh tajymif;tvJwpfckudk olcHpm;&rnfrSmaocsmonf/

tm;enf;ovdkvdkcHpm;rIrsm;jzpfjcif;aMumifh olwdkYonf tpm

rsm;rsm;awmif;pm;vmvdrfhrnf/ xdkaMumifh [if;vsmrsm;udk cHwGif;

vdkuf½Hkomru pm;csifhpzG,fyom'½Sdatmifvnf; csufûywf&ygrnf/

Letter, p. 171 (1903)

vlemrsm;udk tpmvHkavmufatmifauR;&rnfjzpfaomf

vnf; rwlaomtpmrsm;udk a&míauR;&mwGif *½kpdkufoifhyg

onf/ aq;½HkwGif vlemrsm;twGuf jyifqifauR;arG;aomtpm

rsm;onf pm;aomufqdkifrsm;wGifjyifqifxm;onfhtpmrsm;ESifh

xyfwlxyfrQrwlnDEdkifyg/ tpmaMucsuftm;aumif;onfh usef;rm

aomolrsm;twGufjyifqifaomtpmESifh rusef;rmolrsm;twGuf

jyifqif&onfhtpmonf rsm;pGmuGJjym;jcm;em;ayrnf/

êudufovdktvQHy,fpm;aomufvmolrsm;twGuf tpm;

tpmrsm;udk tuefYtowfjzifhpDpOfjcif;onf tEÅ&m,fBuD;vSyg

onf/ xdkaMumifh tpmrsm;udk&uf&ufa&ma&mauR;oifhygonf/

auR;aomtpmrsm;onfvnf; ½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;omjzpfoifhygonf/

tpm;tpmrsm;udk ½dk;pif;pGmjyifqifEdkif½Hkomru tqDttdrfhrsm;

udkpm;usifh½SdcJholrsm;yifvQif t&omawGUEdkifatmifvnf; csufûywf

ay;Edkifonfudk uREfkyfodxm;ygonf/

opfoD;0vHrsm;udkvnf; tvQHy,fauR;arG;yg/ oifwdkY\

udk,fydkifopfoD;jcHrSxGufaom opfoD;vwfvwfqwfqwfrsm;udk

auR;EdkifMuonfhtwGuf uREfkyf0rf;omrdygonf/ þtcsufonf

r[mtcGifhta&;BuD;wpfckjzpfonf/

Letter, p. 71 (1896)

oifESifhtwl pm;yGJwGifxdkifípm;aeolrsm;tm; touf½Sif

aexdkifEdkif&ef rnfodkYcsufûywfpm;aomuf&rnfqdkonfhtvif;w&m;

rsm;udk qufvufxGef;vif;Muyg/ qufvufoGefoifMuyg/


usef;rma&;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk vufqifhurf;

o,faqmifEdkifap&eftvdkYiSm uREfkyfwdkY\aq;½Hkrsm;odkY vma&muf

vnfywfolrsm;udkvnf; ynmay;Mu&rnf/

Letter, p. 73 (1905)

aq;½Hk½Sdvlemrsm;udkauR;onfhtpmrsm;udk teD;uyf*½kpdkuf

jyifqifzdkYvdktyfygonf/ wcsKdUvlemrsm;rSm tqDttdrfhrsm;udk

t"dupm;oHk;aeonfhtdrfaxmifrsm;rSjzpfMu&m tm[m&tjyif

t&omygaumif;rGefonfhtpmrsm;udk ¤if;wdkYtwGuf êud;pm;

jyifqifum auR;oifhygonf/

usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIudkaxmufcHjcif;

urÇmay:½Sd tm;&auseyfp&mtaumif;qHk;ae&mrsm;ü

wpfcktygt0ifjzpfaom ae&mwpfckESifhoifqufpyfrI½SdEdkifaprnfh

tzGJUtpnf;wpfck bk&m;ocifü½Sdawmfrlvdrfhrnf/ oif\

usef;rma&;udk tEÅ&m,frjzpfap½Hkomru usef;rma&;ûyjyif

ajymif;vJrIqdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk axmufcHtm;ay;onfhtpm;

tpmudk vlemrsm;twGufjyifqif&mwGif oifhtaejzifh txl;

*½kpdkufapvdkygonf/ xdkodkYvkyfaqmifaomaMumifh vlemrsm;\

axmufcHrIudk&½Sdygvdrfhrnf/ xdkvkyfaqmifrIonf ¤if;wdkYusifhoHk;

cJhaomtoufwmvrf;pOfxuf usef;rma&;ESihfnDnGwfaom

toufwmvrf;pOfu tcGifhta&;omaMumif; xif½Sm;apvsuf

¤if;wdkYtm; ynmay;aeygonf/ olwdkYaq;½HkrSqif;oGm;aom

tcgwGifvnf; a&mufav&mae&mü MoZmoufa&mufaprnfh

owif;wpfckudk ¤if;wdkYESifhtwl o,faqmifoGm;Muvdrfhrnf/

Letter, p. 54 (1896)

oifonf rdrd\tvkyform;rsm;twGuf pnf;pepfuseí

vHkavmufaomtpmrsm;udkjyifqifjcif;wGif ayghayghwefwef

oabmxm;aeonf/ olwdkYonfvnf; vwfqwfí tm[m&

ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;udk pm;aomufzdkYvdktyfaeMuonf/ olwdkY

onf tNrJwrf;tvkyfyifyef;aeMuonf/ olwdkYtm;tifukefcef;

roGm;ap&efvnf; xdef;ay;zdkYvdkonf/ aexdkiftouf½Sif&rnfh

toufwmpnf;rsOf;rsm;udkvnf; oifMum;ay;zdkYvdkonf/ aq;½Hk½Sd

tvkyform;rsm;teuf aq;½Hktulrsm;tm; tm[m&½Sdí cGeftm;

jzpfaprnfhtpmrsm;udk jyifqifauR;arG;oifhonf/ tom;[if;

r[kwfbJ t&om½Sdatmifjyifqifcsufûywfxm;onfh oufowf

vGwf[if;rsm;jzpfoifhonf/ þtcsufudk oifvspfvsL½Iojzifh

oifü0ifaiGwdk;yGm;vmaomfvnf; oifhtvkyform;rsm;rSm tm;tif

rsm;,kwfavsmhaeygonf/ bk&m;ocifonf þt&mudk ESpfûrdU

awmfrrlyg/ oifauR;onfhxdktpmrsm;onf oifhtvkyform;

rsm;ESifhtwlxdkifpm;aeolrsm;tm; oifoGefoifaeaomusef;rma&;

pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk axmufcHrIrûyyg/

pm;zdkrª;aq;zufqdkif&mc&pf,mefomoemûy

Letter, p. 100 (1903)

csufa&;ûywfa&;wGif tultnDtay;Ed kifqH k;aom

vufaxmufrsm;udk wwfEdkiforQ&,lyg/ tpmtdrfudktvkyfydk

aprnfhtpmrsm;udkcsufûywfrdvQif pHkprf;ppfaq;rIrsm;udk aocsmpGm

DF- 29


vkyfaqmifyg/ tm[m&ESifht&omjynfhpHkap&ef tpmrsm;udk

jyifqifcsufûywfEdkif&ygrnf/

MS, p. 93 (1901)

aq;½HkwGiftvkyfvkyfaeonfhpm;zdkrª;rsm;onf wu,fh

usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;jzpfMu&rnf/ vlwpfOD;

wpfa,muf\tpm;taomufonf ¤if;\,HkMunfjcif;ESifh

rudkufnDao;vQif xdkolonf ppfrSefaom,HkMunfolwpfOD;

r[kwfao;acs/

aq;½HkwGifwm0efxrf;aqmifaeaompm;zdkrª;rsm;onf

aumif;rGefpGmoifwef;atmifxm;onfh aq;zufqdkif&mc&pf,mef

omoemûyrsm;jzpfMuonf/ pGrf;&nfESifhjynfhpHkol? rdrdudk,fwdkif

twGuf prf;oyfEdkifolwpfOD;jzpf&rnf/ csufûywfenf;½Sdaom

[if;vsmrsm;udkom csufwwfolrsm;rjzpfoifhacs/ xm0&

bk&m;ocifonf uREfkyfwdkYudkcspfawmfrlonfomru raumif;aom

[if;vsmrsm;aMumifh uREfkyfwdkYusef;rma&;ysufpD;rnfudkvnf;

tvdk½Sdawmfrrlacs/

aq;½Hkwdkif;wGif tpm;tpmrsm;tay:tjypfwifolrsm;

½SdEdkifygonf/ usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaponfh [if;vsmrsm;\

raumif;usKd;rsm;taMumif;udk ¤if;wdkYtm; ynmay;zdkYvdktyfyg

onf/ tpmtdrfwGif a0'emcHpm;ae&olonf rnfuJhodkYOD;aESmuf

MunfvifEdkifygrnfenf;/

Letter, p. 37 (1901)

trSefwu,fcsufûywfwwfNyD; qHk;jzwfcsufaumif;um

prf;oyfwDxGifwwfNyD; a½SmifMuOfoifhaomtpmrsm;udk tpysKd;

ray;wwfonfhpm;zdkrª;rsKd;udk uREfkyfwdkY\aq;½HkwGiftvdk½Sdae

ygonf/

Letter, p. 331 (1904)

rdrdwdkYpm;aeustpm;tpmrsm;xuf vlemrsm;tjrif½Sdvm

aprnfh[if;vsmrsKd;udk jyifqifwwfaompm;zdkrª;rsKd; oifwdkYü

½Sdygovm;/ aq;½HkrSpm;zdkrª;rsm;onf tm[m&ESifht&om½Sdaom

tpm;tpmrsm;udk aygif;pyfzefwD;EdkifMu&rnf/ xdktpmrsm;onf

uREfkyfwdkYpm;aeustpmrsm;xufom&ygrnf/

MS, p. 88 (1901)

pm;zdkrª;tvkyfonf BuD;av;aomwm0efwpfckjzpfonf/

¤if;onf ûcd;jcHacRwmwwfNyD; tpm;tpmrsm;udktavtvGifh

r½Sdapatmif vkyfaqmifwwfoljzpfoifhonf/ ]tavtvGifh

r½Sdap&ef usefwJhtpmawGudkpkodrf;Mu} [k c&pfawmfu wynfh

awmfrsm;tm; rdefYrSmcJhonfhpum;udk xdkXmewGifvkyfaqmifaeol

rsm;vdkufemMuyg/ ûcd;jcHacRwma&;taMumif;udk ynmwwfrsm;

vnf; avhvmoif,lum xdkpm;zdkrª;rsm;tm; tajymESifhomru

tvkyfESifhyg oGefoifay;&efvdktyfygonf/

ÀÀÀ


tcef;BuD; (17)

tpmtm[m& -

usKd;aMumif;qifjcifwwfaomukxHk;

MS, p. 86 (1897)

vlemrsm;ESifhywfoufonfh tpm;tpmrsm;\aumif;usKd;

rsm;ESifhtuRrf;w0ifjzpf&ef ta&;BuD;ygonf/ ¤if;wdkYtwGuf

vkyfaqmifay;&rnfht&mrsm;udk vlwdkif;em;vnfoabmayguf

oifhygonf/

5T, p. 443 (1885)

ukxHk;trsKd;rsKd;½Sdjim;aomfvnf; xm0&bk&m;ocifvdkvm;

awmfrlonfhukxHk;rSm wpfckwnf;om½Sd\/ xdkukxHk;wGif obm0rS

½dk;½dk;t&m0w¬Krsm;omjzpfNyD; tpGrf;xufoavmuf tEÅ&m,f

½Sdaomt&mrsm;jzpfonf/ avaumif;avoefY? a&oefY? oefY½Sif;

pifMu,fjcif;? avsmufywfaomtpm? jzLpifaomtoufwmESifh

xm0&bk&m;ocifudk cdkifrmpGmudk;pm;jcif;wdkYjzpfonf/ þt&m

rsm;csKdUwJhaeojzifh vlaygif;rsm;pGmaoaMuysufpD;ae&jcif;jzpfonf/

odkY&mwGif þt&mrsm;onf acwfwdrfvsuf½SdacsNyD/ taMumif;rSm

¤if;wdkYudkuRrf;usifpGmtoHk;cs&ef vIyf½Sm;vkyfaqmifzdkYvdktyfae

ygonf/ þtcsufudk vlom;rsm;rêudufyg/ avaumif;

avoefY? oefYpifaoma&? avhusifhcef;vkyfjcif;? om,maom

ae&mxdkifcif; ponfwdkYudk aps;BuD;BuD;ay;p&mrvdkbJ uREfkyfwdkY

vufvSrf;rDEdkifMuonf/ odkY&mwGif rl;,pfaq;0g;rsm;rSmrl

aps;BuD;ay;&½Hkomru aiGtukeftusrsm;NyD; aemufqufwGJ

a&m*gb,rsm;udkvnf; &½SdcHpm;apEdkifygonf/

MH, p. 127 (1905)

avaumif;avoefY? aea&mifjcnf? ûcd;jcHpGmpm;aomuf

jcif;? em;aejcif;? avhusifhcef;? tm[m&½Sdaomtpm? a&toHk;ûy

jcif;? xm0&bk&m;ocifudkudk;pm;jcif; ponfwdkYonf obm0

ukxHk;jzpfonf/ þobm0ukxHk;rsm;udk vlwdkif;em;vnf

oabmaygufum toHk;cswwf&efvdkygonf/ vlemrsm;udkuko

&mwGif yg0ifywfoufaompnf;rsOf;rsm;udk em;vnfzdkYvdkovdk

xdktodOmPfrsm;udk vufawGUtoHk;cswwfaprnfh vufawGU

oifwef;rsm;onfvnf; ta&;BuD;vSygonf/

xdkobm0ukxHk;rsm;udktoHk;ûy&mwGif tav;xm;êud;pm;

zdkYvdkygonf/ þt&mudk vlom;rsm;rvkyfvdkMuyg/ obm0

ukxHk;rsm;udktoHk;ûyí a&m*guko&mwGif usef;rma&;udk

wjznf;jznf;csif;wnfaqmufygonf/ pdwfr½Snfolrsm;twGuf

a&m*gtaysmufaES;oa,mifjzpfaewwfygonf/ usef;rma&;udk

xdcdkufaponfh avmu\aysmfarGUjcif;vdkufpm;rIrsm;udkpGefYvTwf&ef

twGuf xdcdkufepfemrIrsm;½Sdwwfygonf/ odkY&mwGif t[efY

twm;uif;rJhaomobm0onf rdrdtvkyfudk aumif;rGefpGm

vkyfaqmifoGm;onfudk tqHk;wGifawGUMu&ygvdrfhrnf/ obm0

pnf;rsOf;udk OD;vnfrokefvdkufavQmufaeolrsm;onf udk,fpdwf

ESpfyg;usef;rmcsrf;omjcif;wGif qkvmbfrsm;udk&dwfodrf;&vdrfhrnf/

456 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftpmtm[m&-usKd;aMumif;qifjcif--- 455

CTBH, p. 160 (1890)

jyefvnfusef;rmvm&ef EdkifiHjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;odk Y

oGm;a&mufvnfywf&ef vlemrsm;udk q&m0efrsm;utMuHay;

wwfovdk a&ylprf;rsm;? yifv,frsm;odkYoGm;a&muftyef;ajz

&efvnf; tMuHay;wwfMuonf/ tu,fíom olwdkYonf

oifhwifhavsmufywfpGmpm;aomufum udk,fvufavhusifhcef;

rsm;udk aysmfaysmf½Tif½TifESifhvkyfcJhMurnfqdkvQif xdkvlemrsKd; (10)

OD;wGif (9) OD;onf tcsdefrukef? aiGrukefbJ jyefvnfusef;rm

vmMuvdrfhrnf/ bk&m;ocifu tcrJhaumif;csD;ay;xm;onfh

udk,fvufvIyf½Sm;jcif;? avaumif;avoefYESifh aea&mifjcnfrsm;

onf ydefvSDaeonfha&m*gonftawmfrsm;pGmwdkYtm; cGeftm;ESifh

toufudkay;ygvdrfhrnf/

Letter, p. 35 (1890)

uREfkyfwdkYbmbmvkyfudkifEd kifaomt&mESifhpyfvsOf;í

*½kwpdkufpOf;pm;oHk;oyf&ef tcsufwpfck½Sdygonf/

uREfkyfonf udk,fhtajctaeudk udk,fwdkifaumif;rGefpGm

od½Sdem;vnf&ygrnf/ usef;rma&;tNrJwrf;aumif;rGefaeap&ef

bk&m;ocifay;cEmudk,ftm; rnfodkYxdef;odrf;apmifha½Smuf&rnfudk

tNrJwrf;avhusufae&ygrnf/ cE¨mudk,ftwGuf taumif;qHk;

tusKd;ûyEdkifrnfhtpmrsm;udkompm;&rnf/ aoG;vnfywfrIaumif;

aprnfht0wfrsm;udk0wfzdkY&ef owdxm;&rnf/ udk,fvuf

vIyf½Sm;rIvkyfjcif;ESifh avaumif;avoefY½ªjcif;udkvnf; rysufuGuf

oifhygacs/ aea&mifjcnfudkvnf; &EdkiforQcHum rdrd\cEmudk,f

udk opöm½SdumuG,fapmifha½SmufolwpfOD;jzpf&ef OmPfynmESifh

jynfhpHkMu&rnf/

acR;xGufaepOf tat;cef;xJodkY0ifa&mufaexdkifjcif;onf

rdkufrJaomvkyfaqmifrIwpfckjzpfonf/ tnpftaMu;a&rsm;xJ

wGifxdkifaejcif;aMumifh tat;rdapaomvkyf&yfonfvnf; rdkufrJ

aomt&mwpfckjzpfonf/ aoG;vnfywfrIudk ajczsm;vufzsm;

rSonf OD;aESmufESifhtwGif;ydkif;uvDpmrsm;txd jyefvnfa&muf

oGm;avmufatmif ajcat;vufat;jzifhxdkifaejcif;onf rdkufrJ

aomtûytrlwpfckjzpfonf/ pdkxdkif;aom&moDwGif ajcaxmufudk

aEG;aEG;xm;oifhygonf/ aoG;om;udkjzpfaponfh tm[m&½Sdonfh

tpmrsm;udk tcsdefrSefrSefpm;oifhygonf/ cE¨mudk,furcHEdkif

avmufonftxd tvkyfudktvGeftuRHrvkyfoifhygacs/ tu,fí

uREfkyfonf bk&m;ocifay;usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkcsKd;azguf

rdvQif trSm;rsm;udkrdrdvkyfaeaMumif; todtrSwfûyum avaumif;

avoefY? a&aumif;a&oefYESifh tema&m*gudkaysmufuif;aponfh

tzdk;wefaea&mifjcnf ponfhbk&m;ocifpDrHxm;aom orm;

awmfrsm;vufatmufwGif rdrdudk,fudk ESpfESpfûcdufûcduftyfESH

cH,l&efjzpfonf/

a&m*ga0'emoufomatmif a&udkenf;rsKd;pHkjzifhtoHk;ûy

Edkifygonf/ a&aEG;ykvif;wpf0ufeD;yg;cefYudk xrif;rpm;rDaomuf

ay;yg/ usef;rma&;aumif;rGefvmvdrfhrnf/


,HkMunfjcif;ESifhrSefuefaomtpm;taomuf

Letter, p. 5 (1904)

emrusef;olrsm;onf jyefvnfusef;rmvmap&eftvdkYiSm

rSefuefaomtpm;? taomuf? t0wfrsm;udk pm;aomuf0wfqif

um udk,fvufvIyf½Sm;rIrsm;udk wwftm;orQvkyfaqmifMuyg/

aq;½HkodkYa&muf½Sdvmonfhvlemrsm;tm; usef;rmjcif;cGeftm;&½Sd&ef

xm0&bk&m;ocifESifhyl;wGJvkyfaqmifMuzdkY oGefoifay;yg/

]]oifwdkYonf bk&m;ocif\pdkufuGuf? bk&m;ocif\taqmuf

ttHkjzpfMu\/}} bk&m;ocifonf toHk;csapzdkY <uufom;rsm;

tom;pdkifrsm;udk zefqif;ay;xm;awmfrl\/ xdkt&mrsm;udk

vIyf½Sm;rIrûyjcif;aMumifh a&m*gb,rsm;udkcHpm;&vsuf½SdMuonf/

1T, p. 561 (1867)

vlemrsm;udkukoay;aeolrsm;onf udk,fawmfjyifqif

xm;awmfrlonfh tultnDtrtprsm;wGif½Sdaom aumif;csD;

r*Fvmrsm;twGuf xm0&bk&m;ocifudk rSDcdktm;xm;aompdwf

jzifh xdkaq;zufqdkif&mc&pf,mefomoemvkyfief;udk qufvuf

vkyfaqmifoifhygonf/ udk,fawmfonf xdktultnDtrtp

jzpfaomavaumif;avoefY? oefY½Sif;pifMu,fjcif;? usef;rma&;

ESifhnDnGwfaomtpm;tpm? oifhwifhavsmufywfaomvkyfcsdefESifh

em;csdef? a&udktoHk;csjcif;rsm;udk *½kxm;Mu&efvnf; u½kPmawmf

tm;jzifh qifhqdkaeygonf/

Letter, p. 79 (1905)

aq;½Hkrsm;udkwnfaxmifum ukorIrsm;wGif aq;0g;rsm;

udktoHk;rûybJ usKd;aMumif;qifjcifrI½SdaomukxHk;rsm;udk toHk;ûy

oifhaMumif; uREfkyftm; jrifjcif; (vision) ay;awmfrlygonf/

aq;½Hkwufvmaomvlemrsm;tm; aumif;aomtoufwmyHkpHjzifh

tzsm;temrsm;udkumuG,f&ef 0wfpm;qif,ifyHkESifh av½ªyHkrsm;udk

oifMum;ay;&rnf/

MS, p. 49 (1908)

uREfkyfwdkY\aq;½Hkrsm;wGif obm0ukxHk;rsm;udk toHk;ûy&ef

axmufcHygonf/ aoG;udk tqdyfoifhapwwfaom aq;0g;rsm;

udk uREfkyfwdkYtm;ray;yg/ usef;rma&;udkxdef;odrf;Edkif&eftvdkYiSm

rnfodkYpm;aomuf0wfqif&rnfudk þaq;½Hkrsm;wGif xda&mufpGm

oifMum;ay;oifhygonf/

Letter, p. 73a(1896)

usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;ESifhywfouf

onfhar;cGef;udk jzpf&rnfjzpfoifhonftwkdif; vIHYaqmfay;jcif;

r½Sdygacs/ cE¨mudk,frSukefcef;oGm;aomcGeftm;rsm;udk jyefvnf

tm;jynfhap&ef obm0twdkif;vGwfvyfcGifhay;vsuf aq;0g;rsm;

udkroHk;bJ ½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udkomauR;rnfqdkvQif vlemrsm;udk

uko&mwGif rsm;pGmxda&mufvmygvdrfhrnf/

Sp. Gifts IV, pp. 133-135 (1864)

tpm;tpmudk cPcPpm;jcif;? rsm;rsm;pm;jcif;rsm;onf

tpmtdrfudkxdcdkufap½Hkomru tm;enf;zsm;emonfhtajctae

udkjzpfapygonf/ aoG;onfvnf; npfnrf;vmum a&m*g

trsKd;rsKd;jzpfay:vmwwfygonf/ q&m0efoGm;yifhaomtcgwGif

vnf; a&m*gudkacwåcPomoufomapEdkifonfhaq;0g;rsm;udk


omaomufzdkY ñTefMum;wwfygonf/ xdkukxHk;rsm;onf a&m*g

yHkpHomajymif;oGm;NyD; trSefwu,fraumif;onfht&mrsm;onf

(10) qwdk;yGm;vmygonf/ cEmudk,fwGif pkpnf;aeaomnpfnrf;

rIrsm;udk½Sif;xkwfypf&ef obm0u taumif;qHk;vkyfaqmifae&m

bk&m;ocifaumif;cs D;ay;xm;onfh avaumif;avoefY?

a&aumif;a&oefY ponfht&mrsm;jzifh yHhydk;vdkufrnfqdkvQif vHkûcH

pdwfcs&NyD; jrefqefaoma&m*gaysmufuif;rIrsm;onf t&mxif

vmygvdrfhrnf/

þa&m*grsK d ;ud kc Hpm;ae&aoma0'em½Si frsm;onf

olwpfyg;u olwdkYudk,fpm;vkyfray;Edkifaomt&mrsm;udk olwdkY

bmomolwdkYvkyfaqmifEdkifMuygonf/ obm0tay:wGif olwdkY

wifxm;aom0efrsm;udk ayghyg;oGm;atmif olwdkYtpûyvkyfaqmif

oifhygonf/ a&m*gjzpf&jcif;\taMumif;&if;udk olwdkYz,f½Sm;

oifhygonf/ tcsdefwdktpma½Smifjcif;tusifhudk usifhoHk;um

tpmtdrfudktem;ay;yg/ a&udk *½kwpdkuftoHk;csjcif;jzifh cEmudk,f

\zsm;emrIudkavsmhyg;apyg/ þvkyf&yfrsm;onf npfnrf;rIrsm;

udkz,f½Sm;&ef ½kef;uefaeaomobm0udk tultnDay;ygvdrfh

rnf/ odkY&mwGif rsm;aomtm;jzifh a0'emcHpm;ae&olrsm;onf

pdwfr½SnfMuyg/ udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;tusifhudkusifhaqmif&ef

qE´r½SdMuovdk enf;enf;uav;rQtqmrcHvdkMuyg/

tpm;qifjcifzdkY vlemuqE´rjyif;xefvQif a&toHk;ûy

jcif;aMumifh rsm;pGmtusKd;r½SdEdkifygacs/

rsm;pGmaomvltaygif;wdkYonf usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk

csKd;azgufaeMu½Hkomru tpm;? taomuf? tvkyfwdkYESifhqdkif

aomtusifhrsm;onf usef;rma&;udktaxmuftulûyaeonf

qdkonfhtcsufudk ¤if;wdkYrod½SdMuacs/ obm0udkwvGJtoHk;cs

jcif;tm;jzifh jzpfay:vmonfh emusifrIa0'emrsm;udk rcHpm;&

rcsif; ¤if;wdkYonf rdrdwdkY\tajctaerSefudkrod½SdMuacs/ od½Sd

onfhtcsdefyif xdka&m*gonfrsm;onf ¤if;wdkYvspfvsL½ªcJhMuonfh

obm0ukxHk;rsm;jzpfaom a&ESifhavsmufywfaomtpm;tpm

rsm;udk pwiftoHk;ûyrdcJhvQif obm0twdkif;vdktyfaeonfht&m

rsm;udk tultnD&oGm;ygonf/ þvrf;pOfudkqufvuf

vdkufavQmufcJhvQif rsm;aomtm;jzifh vlemrsm;onf usef;rma&;

jyefvnfaumif;rGefvmygvdrfhrnf/

MH, p. 235 (1905)

tpm;udkcsKyfwnf;rIr½Sdjcif;onf zsm;em&jcif;\taMumif;

&if;jzpfum obm0\awmif;qdkcsufrSm roifhavsmfaom0efrsm;

udkwifjcif;rS uif;vGwfcGifhûy&efyifjzpfonf/ tydktvkyfrsm;udk

vkyfae&onfh tpmtdrfudktem;ay;Edkif&ef xrif;wpfeyfESpfeyf

tpma½Smifjcif;onf zsm;emrItawmfrsm;rsm;twGuf taumif;qHk;

ukxHk;jzpfygonf/ OD;aESmufoHk;ítvkyfvkyf&olrsm;twGuf

opfoD;0vHrsm;udk &uftenf;i,foHk;aqmifjcif;jzifh BuD;rm;

aomoufomcGifhudk&Edkifygonf/ acwåcPtpma½SmifNyD;aemuf

½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udk oifhwifhavsmufywfpGmpm;oHk;jcif;onf emvefx

jrefapygonf/ wpfvwefonf? ESpfvwefonf tpmûcd;jcH

pm;oHk;jcif;tm;jzifh udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;tusifhonf

usef;rma&;vrf;pOfjzpfaMumif; a&m*g½Sifrsm;oabmaygufvmyg

vdrfhrnf/

462tpmtm[m&-usKd;aMumif;qifjcif--- 461

MH, p. 114 (1905)

tpm;rSm;? taomufrSm;? tusifhp½dkuftrSm;rsm;aMumifh

a&m*gcHpm;ae&aMumif;odygvsuf a&m*g½Siftm; tjzpfrSefudk

ajymrjyonfhorm;awmfwpfOD;onf rdrd\vlemudk'ku©a&mufatmif

vkyfaejcif;jzpfonf/ t&uform;rsm;? pdwåZa&m*gonfrsm;ESifh

wuG taysmftyg;vdkufpm;cJholtm;vHk;udkvnf; tjypf\tusKd;tc

tjzpf a&m*ga0'emcHpm;ae&aMumif; ½Sif;vif;wduspGm q&m0ef

rsm;uzGifhqdkMu&rnf/ toufwm\pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk od½Sdem;vnf

olrsm;rSm a&m*gjzpf&jcif;\taMumif;&if;rsm;udk êud;pm;í[efYwm;

oifhygonf/ a&m*goufomoGm;atmif qufwdkufêud;pm;

vkyfaqmifaepOfrSmyif a&m*gonfonf emusifrIa0'emESifh

tNrJwrf;wdkufvSefae&onfudkjrifawGUaeaom xdkorm;awmfonf

tb,fodkYenf;jzifh pdwfcsrf;omEdkifygrnfenf;/ a&m*gaysmufuif;

ap&ef csKyfwnf;jcif;tusifhudkusifhzdkY zdzdpD;pD;roGefoifcJhvQif

olonf apwem? u½kPmESifhjynfhpHkolwpfOD;jzpfygrnfvm;/

MS, p. 93 (1901)

orm;awmfrsm;onf BuD;rm;aomwm0efBuD;wpfckudk

rdrdwdkYxrf;aqmifaeonf[laomtodjzifh qkawmif;jcif;trIudk

ûyoif h Muonf/ olwd k Yonf rdrdwd k Y\vlemrsm;twGuf

taumif;qHk;? toifhavsmfqHk;tpmrsm;udkpm;&ef ñTefMum;oifh

onf/ taoG;tom;aumif;&ef tpm;aumif;zdkYvdkonfjzpf&m

rdrdwdkYxrf;aqmif&aomtvkyf\ta&;BuD;yHkudk oabmayguf

em;vnfonfhpm;zdkrª;rsm;om tpm;tpmrsm;udkjyifqifoifhygonf/

ÀÀÀ

tcef;BuD; (18)

opfoD;0vHESifh[if;oD;[if;&Gufrsm;

Letter, p. 157 (1900)

{'ifO,smOfxJrS tm'Hudkarmif;xkwfvdkufonfhtcsdefwGif

xm0&bk&m;ocifonf opfoD;0vHtyifrsm;udk zsufqD;awmfrrl

cJhonfhtwGuf udk,fawmfudk uREfkyftxl;aus;Zl;wifygonf/

7T, p. 126 (1902)

wpfESpfywfvHk;eD;yg; vwfqwfaomopfoD;0vHrsm;

xGuf½Sdonfhwdkif;jynfrsm;wGif aexdkifolrsm;taejzifh rdrdwdkYonf

xdkopfoD;0vHrsm;tm;jzifh aumif;csD;cHpm;aeMu&onfudk tod

0ifvm&ef xm0&bk&m;ociftvdk½Sdawmfrlonf/ opfyifrSqGwfcl;

NyD; vwfvwfqwfqwfpm;&aomopfoD;0vHrsm;tay: ydkí

tm;xm;avav? aumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;udkydkí&avavjzpfygonf/

7T, p. 134 (1902)

csufûywfpm;jcif;udkavsmhum opfoD;0vHrsm;udk obm0

twdkif;ydkípm;jcif;onf uREfkyfwdkYtwGuf ydkíaumif;ygonf/

xdkopfoD;rsm;udk aqmif;wGif;pmtwGuf oHjzLbl;rsm;wGif

rodkavSmifbJ zefcsKdifhrsm;? zefbl;rsm;jzifh wwfEkdiforQodkxm;yg/

2T, p. 373 (1870)

tpmraMu? avxdk;avatmifha&m*gonfrsm;twGuf

opfoD;0vHrsKd;pHkudk pDpOfauR;arG;&rnfjzpfaomf wpfcgwnf;ESifh

trsKd;rsm;pGmudkrpm;cdkif;oifhyg/


MS, p. 43 (1908)

opfoD;0vHrsm;onf usef;rma&;udktaxmuftuljzpf

aponfhtpmjzpfaMumif; uREfkyfwdkYtxl;ojzifhaxmufcHaomfvnf;

xrif;w0pm;NyD;onfhtcsdefwGifrl opfoD;rsm;udkrsm;rsm;rpm;oifh

acs/

Letter, p. 12 (1887)

a&m*gtemtqmuif;aom &moDoD;ESHESifhopfoD;0vHrsm;

onf vlom;rsm;udktusKd;ûyygonf/ odkY&mwGif a&m*gtem

tqm½SdaomopfoD;0vHESifh toD;tESHrsm;udkpm;rdojzifh tpmtdrf

wGiftcsOfaygufjcif;? aoG;wGiftqdyfjzpfjcif;rsm;aMumifh aoaMu

ysufpD;aomvlta&twGufonf uREfkyfwdkYxifxm;onfxuf

ydkírsm;ygonf/

Letter, p. 103 (1896)

½dk;pif;NyD; tvQHy,f&EdkifonfhopfoD;0vHrsm;onf

taumif;qHk;tpm;tpmrsm;jzpf½Hkomru bk&m;ocif\trIawmf

twGuf jyifqifaeolrsm;udkauR;oifhaomtpmrsm;vnf;jzpfonf/

toD;tESHrsm;? ajryJ? ukvm;yJ ponfhtcGHrmtoD;rsm;?

opfoD;0vHtrsKd;rsKd;ESifh[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;onf zefqif;½Sif

udk,fwdkif uREfkyfwdkYtwGufa½G;cs,fxm;onfh tpmtm[m&jzpf

onf/ xdktpmrsm;udk obm0twdkif;jyifqifpm;oHk;jcif;onf

usef;rma&;udkaumif;aponf? tm[m&jzpfaponf? cGeftm;udk

jzpfaponf? cHEdkif&nf½Sdaponf? OmPfynmudkxufjrufaponf/

xdktpmrsm;udk tjcm;aoG;<uaponfhtpmrsm;ESifha&mpyfcsufûywfí

rpm;oifhygacs/

opfoD;0vHESifh[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm; 463

MS, p. 27 (1906)

toD;tESH? opfoD;0vHESifh [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;wGif

uREfkyfwdkYvdktyfaomtm[m&tm;vHk;yg½Sdygonf/ xm0&bk&m;

ocifxH uREfkyfwdkYtoem;cHqkawmif;MurnfqdkvQif tom;\

npfnrf;rIrsm;ESifhuif;pifonfh tm[m&½Sdonfhxdktpmrsm;udk

rnfodkYjyifqifpm;oHk;&rnfudk uREfkyfwdkYtm; udk,fawmfoGefoif

ay;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/

MH, p. 235 (1905)

tpm;udkcsKyfwnf;rIr½S d jcif;onf zsm;em&jcif;\

taMumif;&if;jzpfum obm0\awmif;qdkcsufrSm roifhavsmf

aom0efrsm;udkwifjcif;rSuif;vGwfcGifhûy&efyifjzpfonf/ tydk

tvkyfrsm;udkvkyfae&onfhtpmtdrfudktem;ay;Edkif&ef xrif;

wpfeyfESpfeyftpma½Smifjcif;onf zsm;emrItawmfrsm;rsm;twGuf

taumif;qHk;ukxHk;jzpfygonf/ OD;aESmufoHk;ítvkyfvkyf&olrsm;

twGuf opfoD;0vHrsm;udk &uftenf;i,foHk;aqmifjcif;jzifh

BuD;rm;aomoufomcGifhudk&Edkifygonf/ acwåcPtpma½SmifNyD;

aemuf ½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udk oifhwifhavsmufywfpGmpm;oHk;jcif;onf

emvefxjrefapygonf/ wpfvwefonf? ESpfvwefonf tpm

ûcd;jcHpm;oHk;jcif;tm;jzifh udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;tusifhonf

usef;rma&;vrf;pOfjzpfaMumif; a&m*g½Sifrsm;oabmaygufvm

ygvdrfhrnf/

Letter, p. 145 (1904)

csKyfwnf;ûcd;jcHESifhpyfvsOf;onfh ñTefMum;csufrsm;udk

uREfkyfwdkY\aq;½Hkrsm;wGif ½Sif;½Sif;vif;vif;azmfjyoifhonf/

466 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufopfoD;0vHESifh[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm; 465

t&ufaopmrsm;\qdk;usKd;rsm;ESifh ûcd;jcHpGmpm;aomufjcif;\

aumif;usK d;rsm;ud kvnf; vlemrsm;tm;ajymjyoif honf/

usef;rma&;udkxdckdufaprnfht&mrsm;udka½Smifum ¤if;tpmrsm;\

ae&mwGif opfoD;0vHrsm;udk tvQHy,fpm;oHk;Mu&ef ¤if;wdkYudk

awmif;qdkoifhonf/ vdar®mfoD;? a½SmufoD;? qD;oD;ajcmuf?

rufrGefoD; ponfhtoD;rsm;udk tvQHy,fpm;oHk;EdkifMuygonf/

êud;pm;umvkyfaqmifMurnfqdkvQif bk&m;ocif\þurÇmajrBuD;

onf toD;tESHrsKd;pHkudkoD;yGifhay;ygvdrfhrnf/

MH, p. 305 (1905)

qm;udkrsm;rsm;rpm;ESifh/ rqmvm? i½kyfaumif; ponfh

[if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;udka½SmifMuOfyg/ opfoD;0vHrsm;udk

rsm;rsm;pm;yg/ odkYûyvQif xrif;pm;pOf jzpfay:wwfonfha&iwf

jcif;udk aysmufuif;apvdrfhrnf/

MH, p. 299 (1905)

opfoD;0vHrsm;aygaygrsm;rsm;&Edkifonfha'orsm;wGif

tajcmufvSef;jcif;? pnfoGwfbl;wGifxnfhjcif;rsm;tm;jzifh

aqmif;&moDtwGuf odkavSmifxm;oifhonf/ þenf;tm;jzifh

toHk;enf;? tpdkufenf;aom qD;jzLoD;? pawmfb,f&D? ql;oD;

rnf;ESifh &ufpfA,f&DoD;rsm;udk ae&mrsm;pGmwGifpdkufysKd;&usKd;eyf

vmvdrfhrnf/

jzpfEdkifvQif opfoD;0vHrsm;udk oHjzLbl;rsm;ESifh pnfoGwf

rvkyfMubJ zeftdk;? zefcGufrsm;jzifh pnfoGwfMuyg/ toD;oefYoefY

rsm;udkompnfoGwfoifhNyD; pnfroGwfrDûywfypfvdkufyg/ oMum;

tenf;i,fudkomtoHk;ûyoifhygonf/ þuJhodkYjyifqifcJhvQif

xdkt&mrsm;udk vwfqwfaomopfoD;rsm;tpm; toHk;ûyEdkifMu

ygrnf/

pyspfoD;ajcmuf? qD;oD;ajcmuf? yef;oD;? opfawmfoD;?

rufrGefoD;ESifh qD;csKdoD;rsm;udk oifhwifhaomaps;jzifh0,f,l&½Sd

EdkifvQif t"dutpmrsm;tjzpfpm;oHk;EdkifMuygonf/ vlwef;pm;

toD;oD;twGuf usef;rma&;udktaxmuftulûyygonf/

yef;oD;pdrf&nfonf zeftdk;rsm;ESifhpdrfvQif t&om

aumif;í tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkonf/ opfawmfoD;ESifh cs,f&DoD;

rsm;udkvnf; rsm;rsm;&EdkifvQif aqmif;&moDtwGuf pdrf&nfrsm;

vkyfxm;Edkifygonf/

Letter, p. 5 (1870)

opfoD;0vHrsm;wGif yef;oD;udk&EdkifvQif taumif;qHk;

jzpfonf/ yef;oD;r&Edkifonfhae&ma'orsm;wGif tjcm;opfoD;

0vHrsm;udk (trsKd;pHkpHkr&Edkifapumrl &orQopfoD;rsm;udk) aoao

csmcsma½G;um toHk;ûyEdkifygonf/ odkY&mwGif yef;oD;rSm tjcm;

toD;rsm;xufydkíaumif;ygonf/

MS, p. 114 (1902)

aq;½HkESifhqufET,fí opfoD;0vHpdkufcif;rsm;udkwnfaxmif

EdkifvQif tusKd;½Sdygonf/ þenf;tm;jzifh temtqmuif;rJhNyD;

vwfqwfaomtoD;rsm;udktoHk;ûyEdkifygrnf/

MS, p. 13 (1911)

rdom;pkrsm;ESifh ausmif;rsm;? aq;½Hkrsm;wGif tvkyfvkyf

aeolrsm;onf pdkufysKd;ûypkysKd;axmifa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif ydkrdk

DF- 30



vkyfaqmif&ef avhusufoifhygonf/ &moDtvdkufajrrSxGufonfh

toD;tESHrsm;\wefzdk;udk vlom;rsm;odMuvQif xGef,uf

pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif ydkíêud;pm;vkyfaqmifMuvdrfhrnf/

O,smOfESifhopfoD;jcHrsm;rSxGufonfh opfoD;0vHESifh[if;oD;

[if;½Gufrsm;\wefzdk;½SdyHkudk tm;vHk;aumif;rGefpGmodxm;oifhonf/

vlemESifhausmif;om;rsm;\ta&twGufrsm;vmonfESifhtrQ ydkí

us,faomajruGufrsm;vdktyfvmygvdrfhrnf/ pyspfjcHrsm;udk

wnfaxmifyg/ odkYrSom aq;½Hktaejzifh pyspfoD;rsm;udkxkwfvkyf

Edkifygrnf/ vdar®mfoD;jcHrsm;½Sdxm;jcif;onfvnf; tcGifhta&;

aumif;wpfckjzpfygonf/

toD;tESHrsm;

MH, p. 296 (1905)

toD;tESHrsm;? ajryJ? ukvm;yJ ponfhtcGHrmtoD;rsm;?

opfoD;0vHrsm;ESifh [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;onf zefqif;½Sifudk,fwdkif

uREfkyfwdkYtwGufa½G;cs,fxm;onfh tpmtm[m&jzpfonf/

xdktpmrsm;udk obm0twdkif;jyifqifpm;oHk;jcif;onf usef;rma&;

udkaumif;rGefaponf? tm[m&udkjzpfaponf? cGeftm;udkjzpf

aponf? cHEdkif&nf½Sdaponf? OmPfynmudkxufjrufaponf/

xdktpmrsm;udk tjcm;aoG;<uaponfhtpmrsm;ESihfa&mpyfcsufûywfí

rpm;oifhacs/

MH, p. 313 (1905)

tom;pm;olrsm;onf [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;ESifh tcGHrm

toD;rsm;udk wpfqifhcHpm;aomufaeMuygonf/ taMumif;rSm

wd&pämefrsm;onf zGHUûzd;rIudktm;ay;onfhtm[m&rsm;udk xdktoD;

tESHrsm;rS&,lMuNyD;jzpfonf/ xdktm[m&rsm;udk wd&pämefom;

rsm;udkpm;jcif;tm;jzifh uREfkyfwdkY&,lMuonf/ bk&m;ocifu

uREfkyfwdkYtwGufjyifqifay;xm;onfhtpmrsm;rS xdktm[m&rsm;udk

wdkuf½dkuf&,lMuvQif rnfrQaumif;vdkufvdrfhrnfenf;/

MH, p. 316 (1905)

cE¨mudk,f½Sd<uufom;rsm;tm;aumif;&ef tom;pm;zdkY

vdkonfqdkonfhxifjrifcsufonfrSm;ygonf/ tom;rpm;bJ

cE¨mudk,f\vdktyfcsufrsm;udk ydkíjznfhqnf;Edkifonfhjyif ydkí

usef;rmapEdkifygonf/ aoG;om;aumif;zdkY yHhydk;Edkifonfhtm[m&

"mwftm;vHk;onf toD;tESHrsm;? opfoD;0vHrsm;ESifh [if;oD;

[if;½Gufrsm;wGifyg½Sdaeygonf/

MS, p. 27 (1906)

uREfkyfwdkYvdktyfonfhtm[m&"mwftm;vHk;udk toD;tESH?

opfoD;0vHESifh [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;wGifawGU&onf/ tu,fíom

uREfkyfwdkYonf ½dk;om;aompdwfoabmjzifh qkawmif;Murnf

qdkvQif tom;rygbJ tm[m&jynfh0aomtpm;tpmjzpfatmif

csufûywfwwfap&ef oGefoifay;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/

MH, p. 297 (1905)

toD;tESH? opfoD;0vHrsm;udk obm0tm;jzifh tvQHy,f

yHhydk;ay;vsuf½Sdonf/ ajrtoD;tESHrsm;onf wpfESpfNyD;wpfESpf

vlom;tm;vHk;twGuf ydkíxda&mufaomydkYaqmifa&;pepfrsm;

tm;jzifh jzefYjzL;ay;vsuf½Sdygonf/ xdkaMumifh vGefcJhaomtcsdef



rsm;u aps;BuD;ay;í0,fpm;cJh&aomtoD;tESHrsm;onf ,ck

tcsdefwGif aeYpOfpm;oHk;&ef vlwdkif;vufvSrf;rDonfhtajctae

wGif½SdaeygNyD/

MH, p. 299 (1905)

uREfkyfwdkYonf owdynm½Sd½SdjzifhpDpOfMurnfqdkvQif

usef;rma&;udktaxmuftultay;EdkifqHk;toD;tESHrsm;udk EdkifiH

toD;oD;wGif&Edkifygonf/ qef? *sKH? ajymif;? jrif;pm;*sKH?

yJawmifh½SnfrSpí yJoD;trsKd;rsKd;wdkYudk jyifqifcsufûywfonfh

enf;rsKd;pHkudk EdkifiH&yfjcm;½Sdae&ma'otoD;oD;odkY jzefYcsday;aeyg

onf/ EdkifiHwGif;rSxGufonfhtoD;tESHrsm;omru EdkifiHjcm;rS

oGif;,lonfhtoD;tESHrsm;udk oifhavsmfovdka½G;cs,fpm;oHk;jcif;

tm;jzifh tom;udkpm;&efrvdktyfawmhacs/

(CTBH, p. 47) CH, p. 115. (1890)

opfoD;0vH? toD;tESHrsm;ESifh [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;udk

[if;cwftarT;têudifryg tqDrsm;udkroHk;bJ EGm;EdkY? rvdkifrsm;

ESifhjyifqifcsufûywfvQifvnf; usef;rma&;udktaxmuftulûy

Edkifonfh[if;vsmrsm;udk&½SdEdkifygonf/ xdktpmrsm;onf cEmudk,f

cGeftm;rsm;udkomru aoG;<uaponfhtjcm;tpmrsm;u ray;pGrf;

Edkifonfh cHEdkif&nfpGrf;tm;rsm;ESifh OmPfynmxufjrufrIrsm;udk

vnf; ay;pGrf;Edkifygonf/

2T, p. 352 (1869)

tqDrygbJ ½dk;pif;pGmobm0rysufjyifqifcsufûywfxm;

onfhtoD;tESHESifhopfoD;0vHrsm;onf aumif;uifEdkifiHodkY

0ifpm;&ef jyifqifaeonf[k zGifhqdkaeMuolrsm;pm;oifhaom

tpmrsm;jzpfonf/

MH, p. 301 (1905)

qef (odkYr[kwf) *sKHudk qefûywfjzpf&ef em&Drsm;pGmûywf

oifhygonf/ odkY&mwGif El;nHh (odkYr[kwf) t&nfjzpfaom

tpmrsm;onf 0g;ípm;&aomtpmajcmufrsm;avmuf tm[m&

rjzpfacs/

Y.I, May 31, 1894.

wcsKdUrSm qefûywfonf t"dutpm;tpmjzpfonf[k

½dk;om;pGmoHk;oyfaeMuonf/ qefûywfrsm;rsm;aomufjcif;onf

usef;rma&;udkaumif;rGefaponf[k tmrcHrxm;yg/ taMumif;rSm

xdkt&monf t&nfrsm;omjzpfonf/ opfoD;0vH? [if;oD;

[if;½GufESifh aygifrkefYudkpm;zdkYwdkufwGef;Muyg/

2T, p. 603 (1871)

*sKH,m*kudk uREfkyfwdkYvkyfwwfygonf/ *sKHonf Murf;vGef;

aevQif qefumcsypfyg/ xdk,m*konf ylaepOf EGm;EdkYESifha&mvdkuf

ygu t&omESifhjynfhpHkNyD; usef;rma&;udktaxmuftulûyaom

tpmwpfckudk&Edkifygonf/

MH, pp. 316,317 (1905)

tom;rsm;udkrpm;awmhbJ ¤if;\ae&mwGif tm[m&ESifh

jynfhpHkNyD; cHwGif;vdkufvG,faomtoD;tESH? [if;oD;[if;½Guf?

opfoD;0vHrsm;jzifh tpm;xdk;oHk;aqmifyg/ tom;[if;tpm;

aps;csKdNyD; tm[m&½Sdaomtpm;tpmrsm;udkoHk;aqmifoifhygonf/

472 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufopfoD;0vHESifh[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm; 471

tydkif; 3 - aygifrkefY

MS, p. 34 (1899)

t&nftaoG;aumif;rGefonfhaygifrkefYrsm;udkzkwf&ef

c&pf,mefbmomt,l0g'u rdcifrsm;udkvrf;jyvdrfhrnf/ aygifrkefY

udk twGif;a&m? tjyifygusufatmifzkwf&rnf/ tiefayghí

ajcmufaomaygifrkefYrsm;onf tpmtdrftwGufaumif;onf/

aygifrkefYonf touf½Sif&ef ta&;ygaomtpmwpfckjzpfonf/

xdkaMumifh pm;zdkrª;wdkif;aygifrkefYaumif;aumif;zkwfwwfoifhygonf/

(CTBH, p. 49) CH, p. 117. (1890)

tpm;tpmrsm;udk oifhwifhavsmufywfpGmjyifqifcsufûywf

jcif;onf c&pf,mefbmoma&;qdkif&mwm0efwpfckjzpfonf[k

wcsKdUuoabmrxm;aomaMumifh aumif;rGefpGmjyifqifcsufûywf

wwfatmif rêud;pm;Muawmhyg/ olwdkYonf e,fxm;aom*sKHudk

csOfatmifxm;NyD;rS aygifrkefYzkwfMu&m xdkrkefYrsm;onf usef;rma&;

udkxdcdkufapEdkifonf/ aygifrkefYzkwf&mwGif owdxm;&rnf/

aphpyf&rnf/ aygifrkefYaumif;wpfvHk;wGif yg½Sdaeaomc&pf,mef

bmomt,l0g'onf ¤if;wdkYxifxm;onfxuf ydkrdkav;euf

aeygonf/

1T, p. 684 (1868)

aumif;aom*sKHrIefYrS aumif;aomaygifrkefYwpfvHk;&atmif

vkyfaqmifwwfapzdkY csufcsif;avhusuf&efrSm trsKd;orD;BuD;i,f

wdkYtwGuf c&pf,mefbmoma&;wm0efwpfckjzpfonf/ rdcifrsm;

onf orD;rsm;ukd i,fpOftcsdefrSpí xrif;csuf? [if;csuf

oifay;oifhygonf/

MH, pp. 300-302 (1905)

aygifrkefYzkwf&mwGif qdk'goHk;jcif;onf usef;rma&;udk

xdcdkufaponf/ qdk'gonf tpmtdrfudk a&mif&rf;emusifapNyD;

cEmudk,fwpfckvHk;wGif tqdyfjzpfaponf/ qdk'grxnfhbJ aygifrkefY

zkwfvdkYr&[k wcsKdUtrsKd;orD;rsm;u rSm;,Gif;pGm,lqaeMuonf/

olwdkYonf 'ku©cHí tjcm;aygifrkefYzkwfenf;rsm;udk ½SmMuHavhusuf

rnfqdkvQif ¤if;wdkYzkwfaomaygifrkefYonf ydkítm[m&½Sdvdrfhrnf/

obm0t&omrysuf ydkípm;aumif;vdrfhrnf/

wap;ygonfhaygifrkefYzkwf&mwGif EGm;EdkYudktoHk;ûyjcif;

wap;ygonfhaygifrkefYzkwf&mwGif a&tpm; EGm;EdkYudk

roHk;oifhyg/ aiGukefaMu;usydkírsm;aponfhtjyif t&omvnf;

ayghoGm;apygonf/ EGm;EdkYjzifha&me,fum zkwfxm;aomaygifrkefY

onf MumMumrcHbJ tcsOfaygufjrefqefygonf/

wap;aygifrkefYtyl

aygifrkefYonf qm;ayghNyD; csKdae&rnf/ tcsOf"mwfuav;

enf;enf;rQrygoifhyg/ wap;"mwfrsm;udkacszsufEdkifap&efESifh

usufatmifzkwfEdkifap&ef aygifrkefYtvHk;onf i,foifhygonf/

ylaeaomaygifrkefYonfvnf; tpmaMuzdkYcufygonf/ xdkwap;

aygifrkefYtylrsKd;udkvHk;0rpm;oifhyg/ þae&mwGif wap;rJh

aygifrkefYrsm;udkrqdkvdkyg/ wap;rJhaygifrkefYylylaEG;aEG;vwfvwf

qwfqwfonf t&om½Sd½Hkomru tm[m&vnf;tjynfht0

½Sdygonf/

opfoD;0vHESifh[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm; 473 474 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf

Zwieback aygifrkefY

ESpfcgjyefzkwfxm;onfhþaygifrkefYrsKd;onf tpmvnf;

aMuvG,fonf/ t&omvnf;aumif;rGefonf/ ½dk;½dk;aygifrkefY

rsm;udk tcsyfvdkufvSD;um tdkAifxJwGif ajcmufoGm;onftxd

xm;jcif;jzifh þaygifrkefYrsKd;udk&Edkifonf/ ñdkwdkwdkta&mif½Sdae

vdrfhrnfjzpfNyD; ajcmufaoGUaomae&mwGifodrf;xm;ygu omref

aygifrkefYrsm;xuf txm;cHonf/ pm;cgeD;wGif aET;vdkufygu

vwfvwfqwfqwfjyefjzpfoGm;vdrfhrnf/

Letter, p. 142 (1900)

2 &uf (odkYr[kwf) 3 &ufMumodkxm;aomaygifrkefY

rsm;onf zkwfNyD;cgpaygifrkefYrsm;xuf usef;rma&;udkydkí

taxmuftulûyonf/ tdkAifxJwGif tajcmufcHxm;onfh

aygifrkefYajcmufonf tm[m&tjynfhqHk;tpm;tpmwpfckjzpfonf/

1T, pp. 681-684 (1868)

*a&[efaygifrkefYrsm;onf csOfNyD; rusufwusufjzpf

aeonfudk uREfkyfrMumcPawGUzl;onf/ þtcsufonf

avhusufrIwGifvnf;aumif;? ta&;ygaompm;zdkrª;\wm0efudk

xrf;aqmifrIwGifvnf;aumif; pdwf0ifpm;rI? *½kxm;rI tm;enf;

jcif;jzpfonf/ wcsKdUudwfrkefYrsm;? bDpuGwfrkefYrsm;onf ajcmuf

aeaomfvnf; rusufonfudkawGU&ygonf/ a½S;½dk;csufûywfenf;

rsm;udk rdrdwdkYuRrf;usifygonf[k pm;zdkrª;rsm;u oifhudkajym

aumif;ajymvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif trSeftwdkif;ajym&vQif ¤if;wdkY\

rdom;pkrsm;rSm *a&[rfaygifrkefYcsOfrsm;udk vHk;0rESpfoufMuacs/

xdkudpötwGuf uREfkyfawG;awmpOf;pm;p&mrvdk[k oHk;oyf

rdygonf/ xdkt&monf t&omrJhaomtpmrsm;udk csufûywf

enf;yifjzpfaeonf/ xdktpmrsKd;udkpm;rdvQif tpmraMuonfh

a&m*gyif&½SdEdkifygonf/ xdkpm;zdkrª;rsm;u ¤if;wdkYcsufûywfaom

tpmrsm;udk ¤if;wdkYpm;um usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIvrf;pOf

onf rdrdwdkYESifhrqDavsmf[kajymMuvdrfhrnf/

tpmtdrfonf tqifhedrfhaomaygifrkefYcsOfrsm;udk taoG;

tom;aumif;jzpfatmif ajymif;vJray;Edkifaomfvnf; xdkaygifrkefY

rsm;onf aumif;aeaomtpmtdrfudk a&m*g&atmifawmh

vkyfaqmifEdkifygonf/ xdkaygifrkefYrsKd;udkpm;rdaomolrsm;onf

rdrdwdkYtiftm;qkwf,kwfaeonfudk cHpm;Mu&vdrfhrnf/ xdkodkY

jzpf&jcif;\taMumif;&if;r½Sdawmhbl;vm;/ xdkyk*¾dKvfrsm;rS wcsKdU

onf rdrdudk,fudk usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;[k

uifyGef;wyfaeMuaomfvnf; trSefrSm r[kwfMuyg/ ¤if;wdkYonf

aumif;aumif;rcsufûywfwwfyg/ olwdkYonf udwfrkefY?

aygifrkefYESifh *a&[rfaygifrkefYrsm;udkzkwfavhzkwfx½Sdaomfvnf;

wdk;wufajymif;vJrIr½Sdojzifh xdktpmrsm;onf cE¨mudk,fcGeftm;

udkrjzpfapyg/ usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaomtpmrsm;udk jyifqif

wwfatmif avhusifhvkyfaqmifzdkY tcsdefay;jcif;onf tcsdefûzef;

aewmjzpfonf[kvnf; olwdkYxifwwfMuygonf/

uREfkyfwdkY\rdom;pkwGif tpmraMu? avxdk;avatmifh

a&m*gonfrsm;½Sdaeonfudk uREfkyfawGU&ygonf/ xdka&m*gjzpf

&jcif;\taMumif;&if;rSm tm[m&r½SdaomaygifrkefYrsm;aMumifh

jzpfonf/ tdrf½Sifrrsm;onf xdkaygifrkefYrsm;udk vTifhrypf&ufbJ


pm;wwfMuonf/ taoG;tom;rjzpfEd kifonfht&mrsm;udk

oifpm;rnfvm;/ tpmtdrfu aygifrkefYcsOfawGudk csKdatmif

vkyfay;Edkifrnfvm;/ iefaeaomaygifrkefYrsm;udk ayghoGm;atmif

vkyfay;Edkifrnfvm;/ rIdwufaeonfhaygifrkefYudk vwfqwfatmif

vkyfay;Edkifrnfvm;/

csufa&;ûywfa&;ESifhywfoufí rSefuefaomynmr&cJh

onfhjyif uRrf;usifrIvnf; tm;enf;aomtdrf½Sifrrsm;onf

usef;rma&;udk jznf;jznf;csif;aocsmaygufxdcdkufapEdkifNyD; aoG;udk

npfnrf;apum emwm½Snfa&m*gaMumifh aojcif;wdkifatmif

ydkYaqmifEdkifonfhtpmrsm;udkjyifqifcsufûywfvsuf rdom;pktm;

aeYpOfauR;aeMuygonf/ vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf aygifrkefYcsOfrsm;udk

pm;ojzifh a&m*g&aoqHk;aeMuygonf/ tjzpftysufuav;

wpfckudk owd&rdygonf/ tvkyform;rdef;uav;wpfOD;onf

tvGefcsOfaomaygifrkefYwpfvHk;udkzkwfcJhrd&m xdkaygifrkefYrsm;onf

tpmpm;aeaom 0uf 2 aumifa½SUod k YypfcscJ hygonf/

aemufwpfaeYreufwGif xdk0uf 2 aumifaoaeaMumif;awGU½Sd

ojzifh cGJpdwfppfaq;Munfh&m tpmtdrfxJwGif aygifrkefYcsOftydkif;

tpudkawGU&ygonf/ 0ufydkif½Sifu pHkprf;rIrsm;ûyvkyf&m

xdkrdef;uav;uvnf; olrvkyfcJhonfht&mudk0efcHygonf/ rdrd

vTifhypfaomaygifrkefYaMumifh xdkuJhodkY0ufrsm;aornfudk olr

rawG;cJhrdyg/ a>rrsm;rStp tjcm;npfnrf;aomtpmrsm;udkyif

0g;rsKdpm;aomufwwfonfh0ufrsm;udkyif aoapEdkifonfhaygifrkefY

csOfrsm;onf tvGefEl;nHhaomvlom;tpmtdrfrsm;udk rnfodkY

xdcdkufEdkifvdrfhrnfenf;/

MS, p. 3 (1897)

oufowfvGwfpm;cgpwGif tm[m&½Sdaomtpm;tpmrsm;

udk csufûywfpm;aomuf&ef tvGef*½kpdkufoifhygonf/ qefûywfudk

t"duxm;pm;aejcif;onf rSm;,Gif;rIwpfckjzpfonf/ 0g;í

pm;&onfhtpmajcmufrsm;onf ydkíoifhavsmfygonf/ usef;rma&;

ESifhnDnGwfaomtpmrsm;udk jyifwwfjcif;onf þae&mwGif

aumif;csD;r*Fvmwpfckjzpfonf/ *sKHMurf;aygifrkefY (odkYr[kwf)

aygifrkefYñdkrsm;onf usef;rma&;twGufaumif;ygonf/ aygifrkefY

udk enf;enf;uav;rQrcsOfygapESifh/ aumif;aumif;usufatmif

zkwfyg/ odkYrSom zG,fwnfwnfuyfap;ap;jzpfjcif;rsm;udk

a½Smif½Sm;Edkifygrnf/

usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfatmif csufûywfzkwfvkyfxm;onfh

[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;ESifhaygifrkefYrsm;onf qefûywfxufydkí

aumif;ygonf/ 2 &uf (odkYr[kwf) 3 &ufMumodkxm;onfh

aygifrkefYudk opfoD;0vHrsm;ESifhpm;jcif;onf zkwfNyD;cgpaygifrkefY

rsm;xuf ydkíaumif;onf/ xdkt&mrsm;udk jznf;nif;pGm

nufatmif0g;pm;jcif;onf cEmudk,f\vdktyfcsufrsm;udk jynfhpHk

apygvdrfhrnf/

bDpuGwftylrsm;

E. From UT, p. 2 (1884)

ylaeao;onfhbDpuGwfrsm;ESifh tom;[if;vsmpm;jcif;

onf usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhrudkufnDyg/


Letter, p. 72 (1896)

bDpuGwfudk axmywfokwfum taumif;qHk;tpmwpfck

tjzpfoHk;aqmifwwfMuygonf/ odkY&mwGif tpmaMucsufrI

tm;enf;olrsm;onf xdktpmrsm;ESifhrwnfhyg/

Letter, p. 3 (1884)

uREfkyfwdkYonf cgemefjynfudk c&D;ESifMu&rnfhtpm;

tJ*kwåKjynf (tD*spf) udkjyefaeMuygonf/ tpm;taomufrsm;udk

jyifqifMuygpdkY/ tm[m&jzpfaprnfh ½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udk rpm;Mu

awmhbl;vm;/ tpmraMu? avxdk;avatmifha&m*g&aponfh

bDpuGwftnHhpm;rsm;udk rpGefYvTwfMuawmhbl;vm;/

R & H, May 8, 1883.

qdk'gxnfhí zkwfxm;onfhbDpuGwfrsm;udk vHk;0rpm;

oifhyg/ tpmtdrftwGufraumif;yg/ xdkenf;wl qdk'gjzifh

zkwfxm;onfhaygifrkefYrsm;onfvnf; tpmaMucJygonf/ tm[m&

t&omESifhjynfhpHkonfh *a&[rf*srf;pfrkefYudkrl *sKHMurf;trIefY

oefYoefYtm; a&at;? EGm;EdkYrsm;jzifha&mum ûyvkyfEdkifonf/

odkY&mwGif ½dk;½dk;rkefYrsm;udkvkyfzdkY uREfkyfwdkY\toif;om;rsm;udk

oif&mwGif cufcJrIrsm;½Sdygonf/ *a&[rf*srf;pfudkpm;zdkY uREfkyf

wdkYtm;ay;onfhtcgwGif ]atmf [kwfuJh? uRefrwdkYtJ'DrkefYudk

vkyfwwfygw,f} [k rdwfaqGrsm;u wHkYjyefwwfMuygonf/

EdkYcsOfrsm;? qdk'grsm;udkoHk;NyD; zkwfxm;onfhaygifrkefYrsm;udkawGU

aomtcg uREfkyfwdkYpdwfysufrdygonf/ xdkt&mrsm;onf ûyjyif

ajymif;vJa&;\om"ursm;r[kwfMuyg/ *sKHMurf;trIefYudk a&oefY?

EdkYoefYrsm;jzifha&mí zkwfvkyfxm;onfhrkefYrsm;onf t&om½SdvS

ygonf/ toHk;ûyaoma&onf a≈jzpfcJhvQif EGm;EdkYudkydkxnfh

yg/ (odkYr[kwf) MuufOwpfvHk;avmufxyfxnfhvdkufyg/ *srf;pf

rkefYrsm;udk rD;at;at;jzifh jznf;jznf;csif;usufatmifzkwfoifh

ygonf/

rkefYvdyfrsm;udkvkyf&mwGif a&oGufESifh EGm;EdkY (odkYr[kwf)

rvdkiftenf;i,fudktoHk;ûyEdkifygonf/ bDpuGwfrkefYvkyf&ef

twGufrl *sKHudkpnf;ydkifaeonftxde,fum ESyfxm;&ygonf/

xdkaemuf tdkAifoHabmifay:wGifwifízkwfyg/ þrkefYrsm;onf

csKdí t&omaumif;ygonf/ tpmtdrftwGufomru oGm;rsm;

twGufyg tusKd;½Sdap&ef aMunufatmif0g;zdkYvdkygonf/

aoG;tm;udkomru cGeftm;udkvnf;jzpfapygonf/ xdkrkefYudk

opfoD;rsm;? [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;? toD;tESHrsm;jzifha&mípm;vQif

tvGeft&om½Sdygonf/

2T, p. 68 (1868)

jzLatmifzGyfxm;onfh*sKHEkonf *sKHMurf;avmuf cEmudk,f

twGuf tm[m&udkrjzpfapyg/ odkY&mwGif aps;wGif trsm;oHk;pGJ

Edkifatmif a&mif;aeonfh*sKHMurf;aygifrkefYrsm;rSmrl usef;rma&;

tajctaeudk qufvufxdef;odrf;EdkifpGrf;r½Sdygacs/

MH, p. 300 (1905)

jzLatmifzGyfxm;onfh*sKHrIefYEkrsm;onf aygifrkefYzkwf&ef

twGuf taumif;qHk;r[kwfyg/ aiGukefaMu;usvnf;roufom

yg/ *sKHMurf;trIefYwGifyg½Sdonfh tm[m&"mwfrsm;vnf; *sKHrIefY


tEkwGifryg½Sdyg/ xdkrQomru 0rf;udkcsKyfaponfhjyif usef;rma&;

udkyifxdcdkufapEdkifygao;onf/

Letter, p. 91 (1898)

*sKHrIefYwdkif; taumif;qHk;aomtm[m&udkay;Edkifonf

r[kwfyg/ *sKHrIefYudk jrif;pm;*sKHrIefY? ½dkif;*sKHrIefYrsm;ESifha&mNyD;

zkwfvkyfaomaygifrkefYonf *sKHrIefYEkESifhvkyfaomaygifrkefYxuf

ydkítm[m&½Sdygonf/

Letter, p. 363 (1907)

aygifrkefYtcsKdrsm;ESifh tcsKdrkefYrsm;udk wpfcgwpf&Hom

pm;oifhygonf/ tcsKdayghaomtpmonf usef;rma&;twGuf

ydkíaumif;onf/ tcsKdtpm;rsm;vQif tpmtdrfü xdcdkufrIrsm;

½SdwwfNyD; pdwfwdkwwfjcif;? pdwfjrefwwfjcif;rsm;jzpfapwwf

ygonf/

Letter, p. 37 (1901)

rkefYvkyfonfhtcg oMum;rxnfhygESifh/ wcsKdUrSm tcsKd

rsm;aomrkefYudkêudufMuonf/ odkY&mwGif xdkrkefYrsm;onf

usef;rma&;udktxl;xdcdkufapygonf/

tydkif; (4) - [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;

MS, p. 13 (1911)

opfoD;jcHESifhO,smOfrsm;rS vwfvwfqwfqwf&onfh

opfoD;0vHESifh [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;\ xl;jcm;aomwefzdk;½SdyHk

rsm;udk vlwdkif;odxm;oifhonf/

(CTBH, p. 47) CH, p. 115. (1890)

[if;cwftarT;têudifESifh tqDrsm;rygbJ EGm;EdkYrvdkif

rsm;jzifhomjyifqifxm;onfh opfoD;0vHrsm;? toD;tESHESifh

[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;onf usef;rma&;ESifhtnDnGwfqHk;tpmrsm;

jzpfygonf/ xdktpmrsm;u cE¨mudk,fcGeftm;ESifh MuHhcdkifrIrsm;

tjyif tjcm;tm;<uaponfhtpmrsm;u ray;EdkifaomOmPfynm

xufjrufrIrsm;udkvnf;jzpfapygonf/

MS, p. 3 (1897)

usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfatmifjyifqifxm;aom [if;oD;

[if;½Guf[if;vsmonf qefûywfxuf ydkíaumif;ygonf/

9T, p. 162 (1909)

[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;udk t&om½Sdatmif EGm;EdkYtenf;i,f

(odkYr[kwf) rvdkiftenf;i,fESifha&míjyifqifoifhygonf/

Letter, p. 70 (1896)

opfoD;0vH? toD;tESHESifh [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;wGif

vlom;rsm;\taoG;tom;udkjzpfaponfh tm[m&"mwftm;vHk;

yg0ifonf/ þtcsufudk tom;[if;vsmu rjznfhqnf;Edkifyg/

Letter, p. 3 (1884)

uREf kyfwdk Y\cE¨mudk,fudk uREf kyfwdk Ypm;aomtpmjzif h

wnfaqmufygonf/ wd&pämeftpmpm;jcif;tm;jzifh wd&pämef

pdwfaygufatmifvkyfMurvm;/ þtpmMurf;rsm;udk cHwGif;awGU

atmif ynmay;aeaomae&mrsm;wGif toD;tESHESifh [if;oD;

[if;½Gufrsm;tay:wGif rSDcdktouf½SifMu&ef ynmay;aeaom


tcsdefonf taumif;qHk;? toifhavsmfqHk;tcsdefjzpfonf/ tom;

[if;vsmrsm;rygbJ oufowfvGwf[if;vsmrsm;udk tm[m&

ESifhvnf;aumif;? usef;rma&;ESifhvnf;aumif; jynfhpHknDnGwf

atmif jyifqifEdkifygonf/ pdwftm;xufoefolrsm;onf

oufowfvGwf[if;vsmESifh opfoD;0vHrsm;udk tvQHy,fpm;Mu

vdrfhrnf/

Letter, p. 72 (1896)

opfoD;0vH? [if;oD;[if;½GufESifh toD;tESHrsm;tay:

wGif jyefírSDcdktouf½SifzdkY rdrdvlwdkYtm; jyefvnfydkYaqmif&ef

xm0&bk&m;ociftMuH½Sdawmfrlonf/

Letter, p. 45 (1903)

aq;½Hkrsm;wGif tmomajyatmifpm;aomufEdkifonfh tpm;

tpmtrsKd;rsKd;½Sdygonf/ wcsKdUu ¤if;wdkY\vdkvm;csufudk

jznfhqnf;&ef oufowfvGwftpm;tpmrsm;udk awmif;qdkMu

onf/ wcsK d Ur Smr l oufowfvGwftpmrsm;ud kpm;um

aemufqufwGJa0'emrsm;udkcHpm;Mu&onf/

Letter, p. 322 (1905)

tmvl;aMumfonf usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaomtpm[k

uREfkyfrxifyg/ ¤if;ü qDonf tenf;ESifhtrsm;ygaeygonf/

tmvl;udk zkwf? ûywfNyD; qm;tenf;i,f? rvdkiftenf;i,fESifh

pm;vQif usef;rma&;udktaxmuftulûyonf/ uefpGef;Oudk qm;

ESifhrvdkiftenf;i,fa&mum zkwfpm;vQif taumif;qHk;jzpfonf/

2T, p. 603 (1871)

yJtrsKd;rsKd;udk ûywfíaomfvnf;aumif;? zkwfíaomf

vnf;aumif; csufvQifvnf; tm[m&½Sdaom[if;aumif;wpfcGuf

udk&Edkifonf/ a&ESifhpdrfum EGm;EdkY? rvdkifrsm;ESifha&mvdkufvQif

yJûywf&nfudk&Edkifonf/

Letter, p. 5 (1904)

toifhjyifqifpm;oHk;Edkif&eftwGuf opfoD;ESifh [if;oD;

[if;½Gufrsm;pdkufysKd;Edkifrnfhajrrsm;½SdzdkY ta&;BuD;aMumif;udk

vlrsm;pGmwdkYrod½SdMuacs/ rdrd\udk,fcEmudk rqDavsmfpGmxdef;odrf;

rdjcif;aMumifh rdrdtwGuf bk&m;ocifpDrHxm;aomt&mrsm;

ysuf,Gif;oGm;rnfpdk;&drfaompdwfjzifh rdrd\u,fwifjcif;twGuf

xdwfvefYaMumuf½GHUpGm êud;pm;vkyfaqmifaeolrsm;udk xm0&

bk&m;ocifaumif;csD;ay;vdrfhrnfjzpfaMumif; rdom;pkwdkif;ESifh

toif;awmfwdkif;tm;ajymMum;&ef uREfkyftm; xm0&bk&m;ocif

rdefYawmfrlcJhonf/

Letter, p. 195 (1905)

pm;ajymif;ajcmufrsm;pkodrf;odkavSmifEdkifzdkY pDpOfMu&rnf/

a½Tz½HkoD;udkvnf; tajcmufvkyfum aqmif;&du©mtwGuf toHk;ûy

Edkifygonf/

Letter, p. 31 (1901)

oifonf uREfkyfpm;aomtpmrsm;ESifhywfoufí ajymqdk

aeonf/ uREfkyfonf tjcm;tpmrsm;udk rpm;Edkifawmhavmuf

onftxd tpmwpfrsKd;udk vHk;0pGJvrf;aeonfr[kwfyg/ odkY&mwGif

tpdrf;vdkufpm;Edkifonfhtpmrsm;ESifhywfoufí uREfkyftwGuf

oifrpdk;&drfygESifh/ oifaexdkifvsuf½Sdaoma'owGif tpdrf;vdkuf

pm;vdkY&aom[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;pGm½SdaMumif; uREfkyfodxm;yg

DF- 31


onf/ &Jvdk;a'ght½Gufrsm;? rkefnif;½Gufrsm;? 'ef'vd½Gufrsm;

udkvnf; uREfkyf&Edkifygonf/ t&nftaoG;aumif;rGefonfh

trsKd;pHkaom[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;udk MopaMw;vsrSmxuf uREfkyf

wdkYqDrSmydkí&Edkifygonf/ tjcm;bmrQr½Sdawmhbl;qdkvQifawmifrS

toD;tESHrsm;pGmudk&½SdEdkifygao;onf/

Letter, p. 10 (1902)

urÇmhta½SUjcrf;udkroGm;rDu uREfkyfcHwGif;ysufaeygonf/

odkY&mwGif ,ckrSmrl cHwGif;jyefaumif;vmum xrif;pm;csdef

a&mufvQif tawmfqmaeacsNyD/ aumif;rGefpGmcsufxm;onfh

ql;avyift½Guf[if;ESifh rvdkifrsm;? a½Smuf&nfrsm;jzifhpdrfxm;

onfh ql;av½Gufrsm;onf tvGefcHwGif;vdkufvSygonf/ uREfkyf

onf MumZH? c&rf;csOfoD;pGyfûywfESifh [if;½Gufpdrf;[if;rsm;udk

wpfvSnfhpDpm;ygonf/ tmvl;[if;rsm;udkvnf;pm;ygonf/

[if;tm;vHk;onf t&om½SdMuygonf/ uREfkyfonf tpmr0

w0jzpfaeonfh a&m*gonfwpfOD;ES,fjzpfaeojzifh ydkNyD;pm;rd

rSmudkyif pdk;&drfae&ygonf/

Letter, p. 70 (1900)

oifay;vdkufonfhc&rf;csOfoD;rsm;rSm tvGeft&om½SdvS

ygonf/ xdkc&rf;csOfoD;rsm;onf uREfkyftwGuf taumif;qHk;

pm;aomufzG,f&mrsm;jzpfaeygonf/

Letter, p. 363 (1907)

ajymif;ESifhyJoD;rsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYtwGufomru tdrfeD;csif;

rsm;twGufyg vHkavmufatmifpdkufxm;ygonf/ uefpGef;Orsm;udk

aqmif;wGif;twGuf tajcmufcHxm;ygonf/ vdktyfonfhtcsdef

wGif trIefYBudwfNyD; vdkovdktoHk;ûyEdkifygonf/ uefpGef;Oonf

pGyfûywftwGufomru [if;vsmtrsKd;rsKd;csufpm;&mwGif t&om

aumif;vSygonf/

pyspfoD;? qD;oD;? yef;oD;? cs,f&DoD;? rufrGefoD;?

opfawmfoD;ESifh oHvGifoD;rsm;udkvnf; &moDtvdkuf tvQHy,f

&½SdEdkifygonf/ c&rf;csOfoD;udkvnf; trsm;BuD;pdkufxm;ygonf/

uREfkyfwdkYjyifqifp&mtpmrsm;twGuf rnfonfhtcgrQ uREfkyfwdkY

qifajcray;Muyg/ qifajcay;onfudkvnf; bk&m;ocifêuduf

rnf[k uREfkyfrxifyg/ {nfhonfrsm;vnf; uREfkyfwdkYpm;ovdk

pm;&um aps;EIef;oufomrItwGuf ¤if;wdkYauseyfyHk&ygonf/

ÀÀÀ


tcef;BuD; (19)

tpmydwf - tcsKdyGJ

MS, p. 93 (1901)

oMum;onf tpmtdrfudk'ku©ay;Edkifonfhtpmjzpfonf/

xdkt&monf tpmtdrfudk tcsOfaygufapvsuf OD;aESmufudk

xdkif;rIdif;apum pdwfudkwdkaponf/

MH, p. 302 (1905)

tpmrsm;wGif oMum;udk tvGeftrif;toHk;ûyaeMuonf/

udwfrkefY? ylwif;? *s,fvDESifh ,dkrsm;onf tpmraMua&m*g\

taMumif;&if;rsm;jzpfonf/ EGm;EdkY? MuufOESifhoMum;udk yifwdkif

xm;um zkwfvkyfxm;onfh ylwif;rkefYESifh umpwwfrkefYrsm;

onf usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapygonf/ EGm;EdkYESifhoMum;rsm;udk

txdef;tuGyfoHk;pm;aejcif;rsm;udk a½SmifMuOfoifhygonf/

2T, pp. 369-370 (1870)

oMum;onf aoG;aMumrsm;udkydwfqdkYaponf/ touf½Sif

rIqdkif&m cE¨mudk,f,EÅ&m;BuD;udk taESmifht,Sufay;onf/

rufcsDuefjynfe,frS jzpfysufcJhonfhtjzpftysufwpfckudk

uREfkyfajymjycsifygonf/ ½kyf&nfom;em;NyD; t&yf 6ay jrifhaom

vlBuD;vlaumif;wpfa,mufonf aeraumif;jzpfaeí uREfkyf

oGm;vnfcJhygonf/ ]cifAsm;&JhrsufvHk;awGu Munfh&wmwpfrsKd;

yJaemf} [k ,cifwpfcgawGUwkef;u olYudkuREfkyfajymcJhzl;ygonf/

olu oMum;udktvGefpm;olwpfOD;jzpfonf/ bmaMumifh

'Davmufawmif oMum;awGudkpm;ae&wmvJ[kar;aomtcg

]tom;jzwfcJhayr,fh tom;ae&mrSm bmpm;&r,fqdkwm

uRefawmfrodovdk oMum;tpm; bmudkpm;&r,fqdkwmudkvnf;

uRefawmfrodvdkY 'Dvdkpm;aerdwmyg} [k oluajzcJhygonf/

ol\ZeD;rSm tcsuftûywfrwwfojzifh tpmpm;&mrSmvnf;

a&mifh&JrIolr&cJhyg/

oifwdkYtxJrS wcsKdUonf orD;ysKdrsm;udk ta&;tBuD;qHk;

t&m[kowfrSwfoifhonfh xrif;csuf[if;csufudk roifay;rD

odyÜ HynmawGud koif,l&ef ausmif;xm;wwfMuygonf/

þtrsKd;orD;rSm usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaomtpmrsm;udk rnfodkY

csufûywf&rnfudk roif,lcJhrdojzifh ,ckwGif rcsufwwf?

rûywfwwfjzpfaeonf/ tdrf½Sifrrsm;onf þtwwfynmwGif

csKdU,Gif;rI½SdaeMuaomaMumifh rcsufwwfcsufwwfjzifh csufxm;

onfhtpmrsm;onf cE©mudk,f\vdktyfcsufudk rjznfhqnf;Edkif

onfjzpf&m usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaprnfh oMum;udk rqifrjcif

pm;aomufaeMuygonf/ þyk*¾dKvfonf tcsuftûywfrwwf

jcif;aMumifh rvdkvm;tyfbJ tepfemcHae&ygonf/

uREfkyfonf xdkvlemudkoGm;MunfhNyD; wwftm;orQulnD

cJhovdk ajymoifhajymxdkufaompum;rsm;udkvnf; ajymjzpfcJh&m

rMumrDrSmyif oltajctaeaumif;vmygonf/ odkYaomf olonf

owdynmuif;rJhpGmjzifh nHhzsif;aomtpmrsm;udkpm;aomufum

cGeftm;rsm;udktoHk;ûyvkyfaqmifcJhrd&m wpfzefjyefívJjyefygonf/

,ckwpfcgwGifrl olYudk rnfolurQrulnDEdkifawmhbJ aoqHk;

488 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftpmydwf - tcsKdyGJ 487

oGm;cJhygonf/ olonf aumif;rGefpGmcsufûywfjcif;tpm; oMum;

udk ae&may;pm;oHk;cJhrdojzifh ydkíqdk;½Gm;aomtajctaeESifh

&ifqdkifcJh&ygonf/

uREfkyfonf nDtpfudkarmifESrrsm;ESifhtwl xdkifípm;MupOf

EGm;EdkYESifhoMum;udk ¤if;wdkYrsm;rsm;pm;MuaMumif;awGUae&yg onf/

þt&mrsm;onf aoG;vnfywfrIud kxdcd kufap½H komru

tpmajconfht*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;udk'ku©ay;um OD;aESmufudkvnf;

ysufpD;apygonf/ cE¨mudk,f,EÅ&m;BuD;\vkyfaqmifrIudk

[efYwm;aeaomt&mrSeforQonf OD;aESmufudkvnf; wdkuf½dkuf

xdcdkufapygonf/ oMum;rsm;rsm;pm;oHk;jcif;onf tom;pm;

jcif;xuf usef;rma&;udkydkíxdcdkufapaMumif; uREfkyftm;tvif;

ay;xm;ygonf/ þajymif;vJrIrsm;udk owdBuD;pGmjzifh vkyfaqmif

oifhonfhjyif þtaMumif;t&mrsm;udkwifquf&mwGifvnf;

uREfkyfwdkYrpoGefoifvdkolrsm;taejzifh tmCmwpdwfrsm;? trkef;

w&m;rsm;jzpfay:rvmatmif vkyfaqmifoifhygonf/

R & H, Jan. 7, 1902.

tpmwpfckudk uREfkyfwdkYrnfrQyifêudufESpfoufonfjzpfap?

xdktpmonf usef;rma&;udk trSefwu,fxdcdkufvdrfhrnfqdkvQif

uREfkyfwdkYvHk;0rpm;oifhMuyg/ tb,faMumifhenf;/ tb,faMumifh

qdkaomf uREfkyfwdkYonf bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm;jzpfMuonf/

oif&,lydkifqdkif&rnfh OD;&pfo&zlwpfck½Sdonf/ oifta&mufoGm;

&rnfhaumif;uifEdkifiHawmf½SdouJhodkY oifa½Smif½Sm;&rnfh i&J

qdkonfhae&mvnf;½Sdonf/ oifü xifxif½Sm;½Sm;&½Sdvsuf½Sdaom

tvif;w&m;½SdaeNyDjzpf&m ]'D[mudk igpm;csifwm? [dk[mudk

igpm;csifwm} qdkNyD; tvif;udk ausmcdkif;awmhrSmvm;[k

c&pfawmf\emrawmfudkaxmufí uREfkyfar;yg&ap/ bk&m;ocif

ESifhtwl vkyfaqmifolrsm;jzpfapzdkY udk,fpdwfESvHk;oHk;yg;udk

oefY½Sif;BuD;jrwfjr§ifhwifEdkif&eftvdkYiSm oifwdkYtoD;oD;onf

udk,fawmf½Sif\r[marwåmawmfESifh apmifha½SmufrIatmufwGif

pwifípkpnf;vkyfaqmifMuyg[k xm0&bk&m;ocifrdefYrSmawmfrl

ygonf/

csKdaomtpmrsm;udk rpm;jcif;onf ydkíaumif;ygonf/

tcsKdyGJrsm;udkrwdkYMuygESifh/ xdkt&mrsm;udk oifpm;zdkYrvdkyg/

xm0&bk&m;ocif\trdefYawmfudk oHk;oyfEdkif&ef Munfvifaom

pdwfudk oifvdktyfaeygonf/

Letter, p. 25a (1889)

awmpcef;awGusif;yonfhae&mrSm 'defcJESifhwuG tjcm;

usef;rma&;xdcdkufapEdkifonfhtpmrsm;udk a&mif;csaeaom

refae*smrsm;udk vGefcJhaomESpftenf;i,fu uREfkyfqHk;rpum;

ajymcJh&ao;onf/ a&muf½Sdvmonfh vlBuD;vli,frsm;onf

rkef Yrsm;udk0,fpm;rnfhaiGaMu;rsm;udk c&pf,mefomoem

tvªcHaowåmxJxnfhzdkY uREfkyfu oGefoifaeonfhtcsdefwGif

olwdkYu txufazmfjyyg pm;p&mrsm;tjyif oMum;vHk;rsm;

aps;csíyifa&mif;aeMuygonf/

MS, p. 87 (1908)

awmpcef;rsm;wGifauR;onfhtpmrsm;ESif hywfoufí

uREkfyftm; tvif;ay;awmfrlcJhygonf/ usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrI

tpmydwf - tcsKdyGJ 489 490 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf

qkdif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhrqDavsmfaomtpm;tpmrsm;ukd wpfcgwpf&H

wGif awmpcef;okdY,laqmifvmwwfMuygonf/

uREk fyfwd k Yonf &&S dxm;onfhtvif;w&m;twkdif;

touf&SifaexdkifMurnfqdkvQif yg;pyft&omwpfcktwGufom

pm;aeonfhxdktpmrsm;udk pGefYvTwfMu&ef vlBuD;vli,ftaygif;

wdkYtm; uREfkyfwdkYynmay;Mu&rnf/ oMum;vHk;rsm;? a&cJrkefY

rsm;uJhodkYaom oa&pmrsm;rpm;bJ xdkudk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;

aMumifh pkrdvmaomaiGrsm;udk ]udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;pkbl;}

xJwGifxnfhNyD; pkaqmif;oifhaMumif; om;orD;rsm;udk oifMum;

oifhygonf/ tdrfwdkif;ü xdkpkbl;rsKd;wpfbl;½Sdoifhygonf/

þenf;tm;jzifh bk&m;ocif\trIawmftwGuf aiGaMu;rsm;

pkaqmif;&½Sdvmygvdrfhrnf/

toif;om;trsm;pkonf usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrI

qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk oif,lzdkYvdkaeao;onf/ oa&pm

puf½Hkrsm;u oa&pmtrsKd;rsKd;udkxkwfvkyfum ¤if;wdkYxkwfvkyf

onfhtpmrsm;onf tEÅ&m,fuif;aMumif; axmufcHcsufay;

aeMuaomfvnf; xdkt&mrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;onfhoufaocHcsuf

rsm;udkajymjy&ef ñTefMum;csufudk uREfkyf&½SdcJhygonf/ xdktpm

rsm;onf trSefwu,ftEÅ&m,fuif;onfr[kwfojzifh ¤if;wdkYudk

pm;&ef tm;ray;oifhyg/ opfoD;0vHrsm;? toD;tESHrsm;ESifh

[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;udkom ydkít"duxm;um pm;oHk;MuzdkYvdk

ygonf/

usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mtvif;w&m;rsm;

ESifhqefYusifaom oa&pmrsm;udk awmpcef;odkY,lrvmMuapyg

ESifh/ xdktpmrsm;twGuf ukefusrnfhaiGrsm;udk aumif;aom

tvkyfwpfcktwGuf toHk;ûyoifhaMumif;zGifhqdkum cHwGif;tvdk

vdkufjcif;qdkif&mpHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;udkazmfxkwfMuygpdkY/ avmu

aysmfarGUjcif;vdkufpm;rIESifhpyfqdkifonfh pHk;prf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;

tm;vHk;udk cdkifNrJpGmwdkufvSefoifhygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYtwGuf

aumif;oa,mifjzpfaomfvnf; trSefwu,f'ku©ay;rnfht&m

rsm;udkvkyfrdatmif udk,fhudkudk,fraoG;aqmifrdygapESif h/

udk,fhtvdkudkjiif;um trIawmfwGif xufxufjrufjruf

usef;usef;rmrmjzifh yg0ifaqmif½Gufaejcif;\teufzGifhqdk

csufudkem;vnfatmif vlwdkif;avhusufMuygpdkY/

Letter, p. 5 (1870)

t&mcyfodrf;wd k Yonf jzpfuwwfqef;yH kpHrsK d;jzif h

rcsufûywfvQif ½dk;½Sif;NyD; tm[m&ESifhjynfhapEdkifygonf/ uREfkyf

wdkY\xrif;pm;pm;yGJay:wGif oMum;udkrwifoifhyg/ uREfkyfwdkY

tm;xm;pm;aeonfh yef;oD;aqmhpfudkvnf; oMum;toifh

twifhomxnfhípm;oifhonf/

Letter, p. 1 (1873)

uREfkyfwdkYonf EGm;EdkYtenf;i,fudk oMum;rsm;rsm;ESifha&mí

oHk;aqmifavh½Sdonf/ þtcsufudk pma&;om;&mwGifvnf;

aumif;? w&m;a[m&mwGifvnf;aumif; twdtvif;xkwfí

tjypfwifjcif;rûycJhzl;yg/ wd&pämefrsm;ü a&m*grsm;usa&mufae

ojzifh tom;pm;jcif;udkjzwf&awmhrnfjzpfaomfvnf; EGm;EdkYESifh

oMum;rsm;udk vHk;0pGefYvTwf&rnfhtcsdefra&mufao;ygacs/


2T, pp. 368-369 (1870)

EGm;EdkY? oMum;ESifhpyfvsOf;í usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrI

qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;aMumifh pdwfacsmufcsm;vmolrsm;ESifh uREfkyf

oduRrf;ygonf/ xdkûyjyifajymif;vJa&;u xdktpmrsm;tm;

êudufovdkoHk;pGJaejcif;udk qefYusifajymqdkaeaomaMumifh rdrdwdkY

taejzifh jzwf&awmhrnfjzpfaMumif; ¤if;wdkYuzGifhqdkcJhMuonf/

tajymif;tvJvkyf&mwGif owdBuD;pGmxm;í ynm½Sd½Sdjzifh

vkyfaqmif&rnf/ þEdkifiH½SdynmwwftrsKd;orD;trsKd;om;rsm;

udk,fwdkif usifhoHk;tusKd;½Sdaeaomþvrf;pOfudk uREfkyfwdkYvnf;

vdkufvdkygonf/ oMum;ESifhEGm;EdkYudk rsm;rsm;a&mípm;vQif

usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapygonf/ cEmudk,fudknpfnrf;apygonf/

EGm;EdkYn§pf,laeonfh wd&pämefrsm;rSm tNrJwrf;usef;rmaeMuonf

r[kwfyg/ olwdkYvnf; a&m*gjzpfwwfygonf/ eHeufrSm

usef;rmaeoa,mif½SdaomEGm;rwpfaumifonf aer0ifrD aoqHk;

oGm;wwfygonf/ xdkEGm;ronf reufuwnf;u a&m*g&ae&m

&½SdaomEGm;EdkYrsm;üvnf; a&m*gydk;rsm;yg½Sdaeygonf/ þt&mudk

uREfkyfwdkYrodMuyg/ wd&pämefavmuwGif a&m*grsm;usa&muf

aeojzifh tom;rsm;onfvnf; roefYMuawmhyg/ tu,fíom

wd&pämefrsm;ü a&m*guif;pifaMumif; uREfkyfwdkYod½SdEdkifvQif oMum;

ESifhEGm;EdkYrsm;udkpm;onfxuf tom;udkpm;zdkY uREfkyfaxmufcHrd

vdrf hrnf/ tom;onf EGm;Edk YESif hoMum;a&monfavmuf

usef;rma&;udkrxdcdkufEdkifyg/ oMum;onf aoG;vnfywfrIwGif

taESmifht,Sufay;um udk,fcEmpuf,EÅ&m;BuD;udk xdcdkufaponf/

2T, p. 370 (1870)

uREfkyfonf nDtpfudkarmifESrrsm;ESifhtwl xdkifípm;Mu

pOf EGm;EdkYESifhoMum;udk ¤if;wdkYrsm;rsm;pm;MuaMumif;awGU&yg

onf/ þtpmrsm;onf aoG;vnfywfrIudk xdcdkufap½Hkomru

tpmajconfht*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;udk 'ku©ay;um OD;aESmufudk

vnf;ysufpD;aponf/

(CTBH, p. 57) CH, p. 154. (1890)

wcsKdUrSm rdrdwdkYonf usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udk

taumiftxnfazmfaeonftxifESifh EGm;EdkYudk oMum;rsm;rsm;

a&mum pm;oHk;aeMuonf/ odkY&mwGif EGm;EdkYESifhoMum;rsm;

a&mNyD;pm;oHk;jcif;onf tpmtdrfudktcsOfaygufapNyD; usef;rma&;

udkxdcdkufapygonf/

MH, p. 302 (1905)

EGm;EdkY? MuufOESifh oMum;rsm;udkyifwdkifxm;um zkwfvkyf

xm;onfh ylwif;uJhodkYaomtpmrsm;onf usef;rma&;udktxl;

xdcdkufapygonf/ EGm;EdkYESifhoMum;udk êudufovdka&mpyfí

oHk;aqmifjcif;udka½SmifMuOfMuyg/

FE, p. 227.

tpmydwfoHk;aqmifonfhtcsKdyGJrsm;onf jyifqif&wm

tcsdefukefonfhjyif rsm;aomtm;jzifh usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapygonf/

Letter, p. 73a (1896)

tpmtdrf\ vdktyfoavmuftwdkif;twmudkjznfhqnf;

NyD;onfhtcsdefwGif ylwif;rsm;? ykdifrkefYrsm;udk rsm;pGmaomvlwdkY

pm;oHk;wwfMuygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf tvHktavmufpm;NyD;onfh


tcsdefrSmyif pm;csifhpzG,ftcsKdyGJrsm;udk rdrdwdkYtwGufaumif;onf[k

,lqum tvGeftuRHpm;oHk;wwfMuygonf/ xdktcsKdyGJrsm;udk

rvdktyfbJpm;oHk;jcif;rsm;tm; a½SmifMuOfEdkifvQif aumif;csD;

r*Fvmwpfckyifjzpfonf/

Sp. Gifts IV, p. 130 (1864)

tema&m*gudkjzpfyGm;apwwfonfh tcsKdrsm;aomudwf

rkefYrsm;? ykdifrkefYESifh ylwif;rsm;udk zuf½Sifwpfcktjzpf pm;aomuf

aeMuygonf/ tqmrajy? usef;rma&;udktaxmuftulrûyonfh

tpmrsm;jzifh wnfcif;auR;arG;aeMuonf/ xdkolrsm;onf csKd;uyf

aeaomvsmBuD;udkxkwfum toufudk reufwdkif;r0w0½ªwwf

Muonf/ xdkolrsm;onf usef;rma&;t&omudkrcHpm;Mu&bJ

tb,faMumifh emusifudkufcJae&ovJ? acgif;udkufae&ovJ?

zsm;ae&wmvJ[k awG;aewwfMuonf/

H to L, ch. 1, p. 53 (1865)

teHYt&om½Sdaompm;aomufzG,f&mrsm;udk pm;aomufjcif;

onf zuf½Sifwpfckjzpfvmonftxd tqDttdrfhrsm;aomtpm;

tpmrsm;tay:xm;½Sdonfh vlom;rdom;pkrsm;\pGJvrf;rIonf

wdk;yGm;aeygonf/ txl;ojzifh ygwDyGJrsm;wGif êudufovdk

pm;aomufaeMuygonf/ npmESifh tdyf&m0ifcgeD;pm;onfhnpm

rsm;wGif tqDttdrfhrsm;aomtpmESifh tom;rsm;udktxdef;tuGyfrJh

pm;oHk;aeMuygonf/

H to L, ch. 1, p. 54 (1865)

xdkt&monf zuf½SifwpfckjzpfaeaomaMumifh wpfaeY

vkyfrSwpfaeYpm;&onfh qif;&Jom;vlwef;pm;rsm;onfvnf;

aiGukefaMu;uscHum {nfhonfrsm;twGuf xdkvlêudufrsm;aom

tqDttdrfhtpmrsm;udkjyifqifae&ygonf/ pm;aomolwdkYtwGuf

usef;rma&;xdcdkufaprnfh xdktpmrsm;udkjyifqif&mwGif ukefus

oGm;ojzifh rdom;pktwGuf t0wftxnfrsm;0,f&ef aiGvdkvm

ygonf/ tpmtdrfudktxdcdkufcHum yg;pyftvdkvdkufzdkY tpm;

tpmrsm;udkcsufûywfae&onfhtcsdefrsm;udk om;orD;rsm;\

pm&dwåESifhc&pf,mefbmoma&;udpörsm;taMumif;oGefoif&ef

toHk;ûyoifhygonf/

Y.I, May 31, 1894.

rsm;pGmaomvltaygif;wdkYonf udwfrkefYtrsKd;rsKd;udkzkwf

vkyfwwfMuaomfvnf; udwfrkefYonf uREfkyfwdk YtwGuf

taumif;qHk;tpmr[kwfygacs/ csKdaomudwfrkefY? csKdaomylwif;

ESifh uwfpwwfrkefYrsm;onf tpmaMucsufrIudkxdcdkufapwwf&m

twlpm;aomufaeaomtdrfoltdrfom;rsm;tm; xdktpmrsm;ESifh

tb,faMumifh uREfkyfwdkYpHkprf;oifhygoenf;/

2T, p. 400 (1870)

[if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;ESifhpD&ifxm;onfh tom;[if;

rsm;? tcsKdtqdrfhrsm;aomudwfrkefYrsm;ESifh ykdifrkefYrsm;onf

usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaom tpmtm[m&rsm;r[kwfMuyg/

Letter, p. 91 (1898)

uwfpwwfrkefYtoGifjzifh pm;oHk;aeaomtcsKdyGJrsm;onf

usef;rma&;udkaumif;rGefaponfxuf qdk;½Gm;rIudkydkíjzpfapyg

onf/ opfoD;0vHrsm;onf taumif;qHk;tpm;tpmrsm;jzpfonf/


MH, p. 302 (1905)

tpm;tpmrsm;wGif oMum;udktoHk;rsm;aeMuygonf/

udwfrkefYrsm;? ylwif;rsm;? *s,f&DESifh,dkrsm;onf tpmraMu

a&m*g\taMumif;&if;rsm;jzpfonf/ EGm;EdkY? oMum;ESifh MuufO

rsm;udk t"dua&mpyfum zkwfvkyfxm;onfh uwfpwwfrkefYESifh

ylwif;rsm;onf usef;rma&;udk txl;xdcdkufapEdkifaomtpmrsm;

jzpfonf/ EGm;EdkYESifhoMum;udktwla&mí rpm;oHk;ygESifh/

Letter, p. 135 (1902)

usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;onf tajymESifh

tvkyfnDnGwfMuygap/ usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaprnfht&mrSeforQudk

¤if;wdkYa½SmifMuOfMuygavap/ ½dk;½dk;tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;udk

pm;yg/ opfoD;0vHrsm;onf taumif;qHk;tpmrsm;jzpfonf/

csufûywf&efvnf;rvdkMuacs/ tqDttdrfhrsm;aomtcsKdyGJrsm;udk

rpm;MuygESifh/ xrif;wpfcgpm;wdkif; trnftenf;i,fudk

aus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;NyD; pm;oHk;Muyg/

Letter, p. 17 (1895)

tcsKdtqdrfhenf;aomykdifrkefYrsm;udk xrif;pm;ydwf? tcsKdyGJ

tjzpfpm;oHk;EdkifonfrSmrSefaomfvnf; tmomajyonftxd 2

csyf? 3 csyfpm;aomolonf bk&m;ocif\trIawmfüyg0if&ef

rxdkufwefacs/ wcsKdUrSm xrif;t0pm;NyD;onfhaemuf rvdktyf

awmhonfhtpmrsm;udk t&omcHNyD;pm;wwfMuonf/ aemufxyf

1 csyf? 2 csyfxyfpm;zdkY olwpfyg;uajymvmvQif xdkpHkprf;

aESmifh,Sufjcif;onf rwGef;vSefEdkifavmufatmifBuD;rm;ae&m

tpmtdrfrcHEdkifawmhonfhtajctxd olwdkYxyfNyD;pm;wwfMuyg

onf/ xdkuJhodkYaomyk*¾dKvfrsKd;onf udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;

tusifhudkusifhaqmif&ef rdrdukd,fudk rnfonfhtcgrQ ynmray;

cJhMuacs/ xdkcHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;\om;aumifonf rdrdudk,fudk

rdrd'ku©ay;aeonfudk rjrifEdkifawmhonfhtajctxd udk,fvrf;pOf

udk udk,fcifwG,faeygawmhonf/

2T, pp. 383-384 (1870)

t0wftxnftydkrsm;ESifh tm[m&½Sdaom½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udk

vdktyfvmaomtcsdefwGifvnf;aumif;? taoG;tom;jzpfaprnfh

tpmrsm;udk cE¨mudk,fu awmif;qdkvmaomtcsdefrsm;wGifvnf;

aumif; vdktyfcsufrsm;udkjyifqif&ef olrwwfEdkifawmhacs/

oifhavsmfonfhtwdkif;tq½Sdaom EGm;EdkY? oMum;onfvnf;

aumif;? waq;tenf;i,fjzifh yGatmifzkwfxm;aomaygifrkefY?

*a&[rfrkefYtrsKd;rsKd;? pyspfoD;ajcmufjzifhzkwfxm;onfhudwfrkefY?

pyspfoD;ajcmufESifhjyifqifxm;aom qefylwif;? qD;oD;ajcmuf?

ozef;oD; ponfhtpmrsm;onf cHwGif;\awmifhwrIudkjznfhqnf;

ay;Muygvdrfhrnf/

Letter, p. 127 (1904)

vlemudkauR;aomtpmrsm;onf pm;csifpzG,fjzpfatmif

jyifqifxm;oifhonf/ MuufOudk yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;jzifhjyifqifcsufûywf

Edkifygonf/ vDrGefydkifpm;jcif;udk rwm;jrpfoifhygacs/

Letter, p. 53 (1898)

tcsKdyGJrsm;udk tjcm;tpm;tpmrsm;ESifhtwla&míjyifqif

auR;arG;oifhonf/ taMumif;rSm Adkufjynfhonftxd pm;NyD;rS


tcsKdyGJa&mufvmwwf&m tcsKdyGJaMumifh tpmtdrfonf rcHEdkif

atmif jynfhusyfoGm;ygonf/

Letter, p. 10 (1891)

uREfkyfwdkYtm;vHk;udk usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;

rsm;jzpfapcsifonfrSm uREfkyf\qE´jzpfygonf/ xdka&m,Suf

tpmrsm;onf usef;rma&;ESifhrnDnGwfyg/ tcsKdrsm;aom udwfrkefY?

ykdifrkefY ponfhtpmrsm;udk tpmrsm;aomolrsm;ESifh tpmwpfcg

pm;wdkif; trnfrsm;pGmpm;aomolrsm;wdkYonf tpmraMuonfh

a0'emESifh OD;aESmufrMunfvifonfha0'emrsm;udk cHpm;&vdrfh

rnf/ xdkuJhodkYpm;oHk;aernfqdkvQif cE¨mudk,fonf vIyf½Sm;rI

rsm;aES;auG;vmum tiftm;qkwf,kwfvmygonf/ a&m*gydk;

rsm;udk[efYwm;&ef cGeftm;rsm;vnf;r½Sdawmhyg/ tcsKdrsm;aom

udwfrkefYESifh tpmoGwfrkefYrsm;ESifhpmvQif tom;pm;jcif;u

usef;rma&;udk ydkítxdcdkufoufomEdkifygao;onf/

Letter, p. 142 (1900)

usef;rma&;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;ESif hrqDavsmfonfh

pm;aomufzG,f&mrsm;udk aMumfjimay;jcif;tm;jzifh xdcdkufepfem

aprnfhtvkyfrsm;udk rdrdwdkYvkyfudkifEdkifaMumif;udk usef;rma&;

ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;owd&Muyg/ bwfpwwfESifh tpm

oGwfrkefYrsm;udkzkwf&mwGif xnfh&rnfhypönf;rsm;udkazmfjy&mwGif

txl;*½kpdkufMu&ygrnf/ tcsKdrsm;aomudwfrkefYudk EdkY (odkYr[kwf)

rvdkifESifha&mum xrif;pm;ydwfpm;rdvQif tpmtdrfxJwGif tcsOf

aygufvmum cE¨mudk,fwGif;½Sd tm;enf;aomt*Fgtpdwftydkif;

wGif tcuftcJay:vmvdrfhrnf/ tpmtdrfwGifjzpfay:aomtcuf

tcJaMumifh OD;aESmufwGifvnf; xdcdkufrIrsm;½Sdvmvdrfhrnf/ tusKd;

taMumif;qufpyfrIudkavhvmum tpmtdrfudkxdcdkufaponfh

tpmrsm;ESifh OD;aESmufudkrIdif;a0aponfhtpmrsm;udk rpm;oHk;bJ

aevdkufvQif xdka0'emonf vG,fulpGmukoEdkifrnfjzpfonf/

odkY&mwGif trsKd;om;trsKd;orD;taygif;wdkYonf rqifrjcif

pm;oHk;rIrsm;aMumifh tEÅ&m,fuif;aom½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udkpm;oHk;um

vkyfaqmifEdkifrnfhtrIawmftwGuf roifhavsmfolrsm;jzpfaeMu

onf/

2T, p. 602 (1871)

tu,fíom awmpcef;odkYa&muf½Sdvmolrsm;onf

csufûywfjcif;ESifhqdkifaom usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;udk

vdkufemMurnfqdkvQif awmpcef;wGif rnfolrQudk,fhudkudk,f

emrusef;atmif vkyfaqmifrdMuvdrfhrnfr[kwfaMumif; uREfkyf

oabmaygufygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf udwfrkefYrsm;? ykdifrkefYrsm;

tpm; ½dk;½dk;aygifrkefYrsm;? opfoD;0vHrsm;udkom awmpcef;twGuf

jyifqifcJhMurnfqdkvQif awmpcef;umvtwGif; tzsm;tem

uif;½Sif;Muygvdrfhrnf/

R & H, Jan. 7, 1902.

csKdaomtpmrsm;udkrpm;jcif;onf ydkíaumif;ygonf/

tcsKdyGJrsm;udkrwdkYMuygESifh/ xdkt&mrsm;udk oifpm;zdkYrvdkyg/ xm0&

bk&m;ocif\trdefYawmfudkoHk;oyfEdkif&ef oifüMunfvifaom

pdwf½SdaezdkYvdktyfaeygonf/

ÀÀÀ

DF- 32


tcef;BuD; (20)

[if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;

Letter, p. 142 (1900)

þurÇmay:½Sdvltrsm; rMumcPtoHk;ûyaeMuonfh

[if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;onf tpmaMucsufrIudk xdcdkufysufpD;

apygonf/

MH, p. 325 (1905)

tpmtdrfudk rNidrfroufjzpfapaomtpmrsm;? aoG;udk

tqdyfoifhapaomtpmrsm;ESifh tm½HkaMumrsm;udkvIyf½Sm;apaom

tpmrsm;tm;vHk;udk rl;,pfaq;0g;rsm;tjzpf rSwf,lvdkY&ygonf/

xdkt&mrsm;toHk;ûyjcif;onf raumif;rIudkjzpfapygonf/ vlwdkY

onf vwfwavmcHpm;&aomcHpm;rIudkêudufaomaMumifh tm;<u

aq;rsm;udk ½SmazGoHk;aqmifaeMuonf/ odkY&mwGif xdkt&mrsm;ü

wefjyeftusKd;oufa&mufrI½Sdwwfygonf/ obm0twdkif;r[kwf

aom tm;<uaq;rsm;onf vGefusL;rIrsm;udk tNrJwrf;jzpfapNyD;

cE¨mudk,fqdkif&m,kwfavsmhrIrsm;udk tvsiftjrefjzpfapygonf/

jrefqefpGmjzpfay:ajymif;vJwwfonfh þacwfwGif tpm;

tpmrsm;ü EId;qGrItm;enf;yg;avav? ydkíaumif;avavyif

jzpfonf/ [if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\obm0

t&yif usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaponfhtpGrf;½SdaeMuonf/ rkefnif;?

i½kwfaumif;? rqvm ponfh[if;vsmtarT;têudifrsm;onf

tpmtdrfudkxdcdkufap½Hkomru aoG;udkvnf;npfnrf;apygonf/

t&uform;wpfOD;\ eDjref;aeaomtpmtdrfonf t&uf\

qdk;usKd;rsm;udkyHkazmfay;aeonfhom"uwpfckyifjzpfonf/ [if;cwf

tarT;têudifrsm;onf tpmtdrfudk xdkuJhodkYaomtajctaersKd;

udkjzpfapEdkifygonf/ xdkt&mrsm;udkoHk;aqmifavh½Sdolrsm;onf

yHkrSeftpm;tpmrsm;udk cHwGif;rawGUawmhbJ ydkípl;½Sx<uaponfh

tpmrsm;udk qmrGwfawmifhwaewwfygonf/

E from UT, p. 6 (1896)

vufzuf&nf? aumfzDESifh t&ufaopmrsm;onf tvkyf

orm;rsm;tm; tvkyfwGifus,fatmif taxmuftulûyonf[k

txifa&mufaponfhenf;wl [if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;onfvnf;

tpmajcjcif;udk tm;ay;oa,mifxif&ygonf/ odkY&mwGif

wpfcPtmedoifukefoGm;aomtcsdefwGif yHkrSeftqifhxuf

twdkif;twmwpfcktxdjrifhatmif tm;<uapcJhouJhodkY xdktwdkif;

twmESifhnDaom tm;enf;avsmhyg;rIudkcHpm;&apygonf/

cEmudk,fonf EGrf;vsoGm;um aoG;onf npfnrf;oGm;ygonf/

tpmtdrfwGif a&mif&rf;eDjref;jcif;onf aocsmaomtusKd;quf

jzpfygonf/

R & H, Nov. 6, 1883.

uREfkyfwdkY\pm;yGJwGif jyifqifxm;aomtpmrsm;ü tyl

tpyfrsm;uif;oifhygonf/ tyltpyfESifh[if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;

jzifhcsufxm;aomtpmrsm;onf t&ufaomufcsifpdwfudkjzpfay:

apwwfonf/ xdkt&mrsm;onf cE¨mudk,f\tajctaeudk

emrusef;jzpfapvsuf tpmtdrfylavmif,m;,HrIudkoufomap&ef

[if;cwftarT;têudifrsm; 501 502 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf

t&ufudkawmifhwaeaponf/ tar&duwdkufwpfckvHk;wGif uREfkyf

c&D;oGm;cJhpOf pm;aomufqdkifrsm;ESifh[dkw,frsm;wGif uREfkyf

pm;avhpm;xr½Sdyg/ taMumif;rSm ¤if;wdkYjyifqifxm;onfhtpm;

tpmrsm;udk uREfkyfrpm;EdkifaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ [if;vsmrsm;

onf qm;ESifhi½kwfaumif;rsm;jzifh jyifqifcsufûywfxm;onf

jzpf&m a&iwfrIudkvnf;aumif;? tpmtdrfü ylavmif,m;,H

eDjref;jcif;udkvnf;aumif; jzpfapygonf/ xdktpmrsm;udk tvS

tyrsm;jzifh pm;yGJwGifjyifqifavh½Sdum uav;rsm;udkvnf;

auR;aeMuygonf/ xdktpmrsm;aMumifh vefYjcif;ESifha&iwfjcif;udk

jzpfay:apygonf/ tpmrsm;udk [if;cwftarT;têudifryg?

qm;rsm;rsm;rygbJ ½dk;EdkiforQ½dk;½dk;uav;jyifqifcsufûywfoifh

ygonf/

Letter, p. 53 (1898)

wcsKdUrSm t&omcHjcif;udk OD;pm;ay;vGef;Mu&m ¤if;wdkY

pm;vdkaomtpmrsm;udkrpm;&vQif pm;vdkYraysmfMuawmhacs/

[if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;ESifh csufxm;onfh[if;vsmrsm;udk

awGU½SdMuvQifrl ¤if;wdkYonf rdrdwdkY\tpmtdrfudk xdkt&mrsm;ESifh

ylavmifapMuawmhonf/ taMumif;rSm tm;<ujcif;udk tm;ray;

onfhtpmrsm;udk todtrSwfrûyawmhatmif avhusifhxm;Mu

aomaMumifhjzpfygonf/

CTBH, p. 17 (1890)

[if;cwftarT;têudifygaom[if;vsmrsm;? tcsKdtqdrfh

rsm;aomrkefYrsm;? udwfrkefYrsm;ESifh tpmoGwfrkefYrsm;udk om;orD;

rsm;\a½SUwGif csauR;aeMuygonf/ þtpmrsm;onf tpmtdrf

udka&mif&rf;eDjref;ap½Hkomru ydkíyljyif;pl;½Saomtpmrsm;udk

pm;csifpdwfay:aponf/ rpm;oifhaomfvnf; pm;zdkYpHkprf;aESmifh,Suf

aeaomtpmrsm;udk om;orD;rsm;tm; txdef;tuGyfrJhpm;cGifhûy

ae½Hkomru xrif;csdefrsm;twGif;rSmvnf; pm;cGifhûyaeMu&m

xdkuav;rsm;onf touf 12 ESpf (odkYr[kwf) 14 ESpfodkY

a&mufvmaomtcsdefwGif tpmraMuavxdk;avatmifha&m*g

onfrsm;jzpfvmMuygonf/

t&ufpGJaeaomyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;\tpmtdrfudk oifjrifzl;

aumif;jrifzl;vdrfhrnf/ tyltpyfrsm;udkpm;aomyk*¾dKvfrsm;\

tpmtdrfonfvnf; xdktajctaersKd;½Sdaeygonf/ xdktpmtdrf

rsKd;½Sdaeonfhyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf ydkíjyif;xefpl;½Saomt&om½Sdonfh

tpmrsm;udk awmifhwaewwfygonf/

Sp. Gifts IV, p. 129 (1864)

aq;vdyf? aumfzD? vufzuf&nfrsm;udkraomufoHk;bJ

trSefw&m;udk,HkMunfvufcHaomvlwpfpk½Sdygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf

txufygt&mrsm;udk rpm;oHk;Muaomfvnf; enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh

cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;trIudkûyaeMuygonf/ olwdkYonf t&om

½Sdatmifcsufxm;onfh tom;[if;vsmrsm;ESifh tcsKdtqdrfhtpm

rsm;udk awmihfwpm;oHk;aeMuonf/ xdkaMumifh ¤if;wdkYcHwGif;

onf ½dk;½dk;csufxm;onfhtom;[if;vsmudkyif t&omrawGU

awmhonftxd azgufjyefysufpD;aeygonf/ tpmtdrfonf

rusef;rmawmhbJ tpmajcrIvnf; tm;enf;aeaomfvnf;


pm;orQtpmrsm;udkacszsuf&ef tpmtdrfonf jyif;xefpGmtvkyfvkyf

ae&ygonf/ xdkodkYtpmtdrfonf rdrdvkyfaqmif&rnfht&mudk

vkyfaqmifNyD;aomtcg armyef;oGm;ygonf/ þtcsufonf

arm[dkufEGrf;vsjcif;udkjzpfay:apygonf/ wcsKdUrSm þt&mudk

tpmqmíjzpfay:onf[k txifrSm;um tpmtdrfudktem;ray;

awmhbJ tpmrsm;udkxyfpm;Mu&m arm[dkufEGrf;vsjcif;udk

wpfcPwmz,f½Sm;EdkifMuaomfvnf; rsm;rsm;pm;onfESifhtrQ

rsm;rsm;qmavmifrIudkcHpm;apygawmhonf/

(CTBH, p. 47) CH, p. 114. (1890)

[if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;onf tpmtdrfudkzHk;tkyfxm;

aom El;nHhonfhtay:,HtvTmuav;udk a½S;OD;pGmylavmifapum

tqHk;wGif xdkt*Fgtpdwftydkif;\obm0cHpm;rIrsm;udk zsufqD;

ypfvdkufygonf/ aoG;rsm;wGif a&m*gydk;rsm;0ifvmNyD; ½dkif;pdkif;

,kwfnHhaompdwfoabmxm;rsm;ay:aygufvmum pm&dwåydkif;

qdkif&m? OmPfynmydkif;qdkif&m tpGrf;wefcdk;rsm;tm;enf;vmyg

onf/ tqHk;wGif edrfhusonfh&r®uf\aus;uRefrsm;jzpfvmMuyg

awmhonf/ rdcifrsm;onf rdrd\rdom;pkrsm;tm; ½dk;pif;í tm[m&

½Sdaomtpmrsm;udk jyifqifauR;arG;wwf&eftwGuf avhvm

oif,loifhMuygonf/

Sp. Gifts IV, p. 130 (1864)

tom;rsm;? tvGeft&omaumif;onfh tom;ûywf&nf

rsm;? tqDttdrfhrsm;aomudwfrkefYrsm;udk txdef;tuGyfrJhpm;cJh

zl;olrsm;onf tm[m&½Sdaom½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udk ½kwfw&uf t&om

rawGUEdkifMuacs/ toD;tESHrsm;? opfoD;0vHrsm;? ½dk;½dk;aygifrkefY

rsm;ESifh [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;udk t&omrawGUEdkifawmhonfh

tajctxd ¤if;wdkY\cHwGif;onf azgufjyefaeygonf/ pm;zl;

cJhaomtpmxuf t&omxl;cHpm;&rnf[kvnf; ½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;

tay:wGif ¤if;wdkYarQmfvifhrxm;Muacs/

MS, p. 33 (1909)

usef;rma&;pmapmifrsm;wGif tqufrjywfxGef;vif;vsuf

½Sdaom tzdk;weftvif;w&m;rsm;aMumifh uREfkyfwdkYonf earmf

erJhaexdkiftouf½Sif&efrjzpfEdkifacs/ rl;,pfaq;0g;rsm;? [if;cwf

tarT;têudifrsm;ESifhwuG aoG;<uaponfhtpmrsm;udk êudufovdk

pm;aomufum ypfpvufcwfaexdkiftouf½Sif&efrjzpfEdkifacs/

uREfkyfwdkYü½Sdaeaom touf0dnmOfrsm;udk u,fwifrvm;?

(odkYr[kwf) tqHk;½IH;cHrnfvm; qdkonfhtcsufudkvnf;aumif;?

csKyfwnf;jcif;qdkif&mar;cGef;rsm;ESifh uREfkyfwdkYudk,fwdkiftMum;½Sd

qufpyfrI\ta&;ygaomtusKd;qufrsm;taMumif;udkvnf;aumif;

aocsmpGmoHk;oyfMuygpdkY/ uREfkyfwdkYvkyfaqmif&rnfhu@udk

wpfOD;csif;aumif;rGefpGmvkyfaqmifjcif;onfvnf;aumif;?

usef;rma&;udkaumif;rGefapzdkY uREfkyfwdkYrnfodkYpm;aomufaexdkif

&rnfudkod½Sdaeonfqdkonfhtcsufonfvnf;aumif; tvGef

ta&;ygvSygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYtaejzifh usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJ

rIqdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk vufcHusifhoHk;um udk,ftvdkudk

jiif;y,fjcif;tusifhudk usifhaqmifjcif;½Sdr½Sdudk xdkt&mtm;vHk;u

oufaocHvsuf½Sdygonf/


qdk'gESifhrkefYzkwfaygif'g

MH, pp. 300-301 (1905)

aygifrkefYzkwf&mwGif qdk'gESifhrkefYzkwfaygif'grsm;udktoHk;ûy

jcif;onf usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapEdkif½Hkomru rvdktyfbJ

xnfhaeaomt&mrsm;vnf;jzpfonf/ qdk'gonf tpmtdrfudk

a&mif&rf;apvsuf cEmudk,fudktqdyfoifhaponf/ qdk'grxnfhbJ

aygifrkefYaumif;wpfvHk;udkzkwfzdkYrvG,f[k tdrf½Sifrrsm;utxif

½SdaeMuonf/ þxifjrifcsufonfrSm;ygonf/ tu,fíom

tyifyef;cHum aygifrkefYzkwfenf;aumif;rsm;udk ¤if;wdkYoif,l

avhusufMuvdrfhrnfqdkvQif ¤if;wdkYzkwfaomaygifrkefYrsm;onf

ydkítm[m&½Sdvmvdrfhrnf/ obm0t&omESifh ydkíjynfhpHkvmMu

ygvdrfhrnf/

R & H, May 8, 1883.

qdk'gxnfhNyD;zkwfxm;onfh ta&mif;&oGufaombDpuGwf

rsm;udk vHk;0rpm;oifhyg/ tpmtdrftwGufraumif;yg/ xdkenf;wl

qdk'gjzifhzkwfxm;onhfaygifrkefYrsm;onfvnf; tpmaMucJygonf/

tm[m&t&omjzihfjynfhpHkonfh *a&[rf*srf;pfrkefYudkrl

*sKHMurf;trIefYoefYoefYtm; a&at;? EGm;EdkYrsm;jzifha&mum ûyvkyf

Edkifygonf/ odkY&mwGif ½dk;½dk;rkefYrsm;udkvkyfwwfatmif uREfkyfwdkY\

toif;om;rsm;udkoif&mwGif cufcJrIrsm;½Sdygonf/ *a&[rf*srf;pf

udkpm;MuzdkY uREfkyfwdkYtm;ay;onfhtcgwGif ]atmf-[kwfuJh?

uRefrwdkYtJ'DrkefYudkvkyfwwfygw,f} [k rdwfaqGrsm;u wHkYjyef

wwfMuygonf/ EdkYcsOfrsm;? qdk'grsm;udkoHk;NyD; zkwfxm;onfh

aygifrkefYrsm;udkawGUaomtcg uREfkyfwdkYpdwfysufrdygonf/

*sKHMurf;rIefYudk a&oefY? EdkYoefYrsm;jzifha&mí zkwfvkyfxm;onfh

rkefYrsm;onf t&om½SdvSygonf/ toHk;ûyaoma&onf a≈

jzpfcJhvQif EGm;EdkYudkydkxnfhyg/ (odkYr[kwf) MuufOwpfvHk;avmuf

xyfxnfhvdkufyg/ *srf;pfrkefYrsm;udk rD;at;at;jzifh jznf;jznf;csif;

usufatmifzkwfoifhygonf/

Health Reform, August, 1873.

tcsuftûywfnHhzsif;jcif;\tusKd;quftjzpf rdom;pk

wpfpkvHk;zsm;emaeMuonfudk uREfkyfc&D;oGm;pOf awGUjrif&wwf

ygonf/ usef;rma&;udktaxmuftulûyonfh aygifrkefYaumif;

rsm;udk olwdkY\xrif;pm;yGJay:wGifjrif&cJygonf/ 0gwmwm

bDpuGwfrsm;ESifh ap;xef;xef;aygifrkefYrsm;onf vlrsm;pGmwdkYtm;

tpmraMuonfha0'emudkjzpfay:apygonf/

(CTBH, p. 49) CH, p. 117. (1890)

tpm;tpmrsm;udk oifhwifhavsmufywfpGmjyifqifcsufûywf

jcif;onf c&pf,mefbmoma&;qdkif&mwm0efwpfckjzpfonf[k

wcsKdUu oabmrxm;aomaMumifh aumif;rGefpGmjyifqif csufûywf

wwfatmif rêud;pm;Muawmhacs/ olwdkYonf e,fxm;onfh*sKHudk

csOfatmifxm;NyD;rS aygifrkefYzkwfMu&m xdkrkefYrsm;onf usef;rma&;

udkxdcdkufapEdkifonf/

2T, p. 537 (1870)

uREfkyfwdkYonf rnfonfhae&mudkoGm;oGm; jzLzyfjzLa&mf

tom;a&mifrsm;ESifh nnf;wGm;aeaomavxdk;avemtpmraMu


a&m*gonfrsm;udkawGUae&wwfygonf/ uREfkyfonf ¤if;wdkYESifh

twl xrif;xdkifpm;pOf ESpfESifhvESifhcsDNyD; yHkpHwpfrsKd;wnf;jzifh

csufxm;onfhtpmrsm;udk ¤if;wdkYpm;aeonfudkawGU&aomtcg

xdkyk*¾dKvfrsm; ,cktcsdeftxdtouf½Snfaeonfudkyif tHhtm;

oifhrdygonf/ aygifrkefYESifhbDpuGwfrsm;onf qmvm&dwfwyfpf

yg0ifonfh t0ga&mifrkefYrsm;jzpfonf/ owd0D&d,rxm;rdvQif

e,fxm;onfh*sKHrsm;onf rkefYrzkwfrDrSmyif rMumcPcsOfoGm;

wwf&m xkdtcuftcJudkajyvnf&ef qmvm&dwfwyfpfrsm;rsm;

xnfhí e,fwwfMuygonf/ xdkodk Yvkyfaqmifjcif;onf

usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapygonf/ qmvm&dwfwyfpfudk rnfonfh

yHkpHjzifhjzpfap? tpmtdrfxJodkYa&mufatmif rvkyfoifhacs/

taMumif;rSm ¤if;aMumifhjzpfay:rnfhqdk;usKd;rsm;onf aMumufp&m

aumif;vSygonf/ xdkt&monf tpmtdrf\tay:,HvTmudk

ysufpD;apum tpmtdrfudka&mif&rf;apygonf/ cEmudk,fwpfckvHk;

udkvnf; tqdyfoifhapygonf/ ]qdk'gwdkY? qmvm&dwfwyfpfwdkY

ryg&if aygifrkefYrvkyfwwfbl;} [k wcsKdUuajymwwfMuygonf/

oifonf trSefwu,favhusufoif,lvdkufrnfqdkvQif xdkt&m

rsm;rygbJ aygifrkefYaumif;aumif;zkwfvkyfEdkifygonf/ oifh

wpftdrfom;vHk;usef;rma&;ESifhjynfhpHkap&ef csufûywfyHkESifh

pm;aomufyHkrsm;udk avhusufvdkcsifpdwf oifürjzpfay:bl;vm;/

MH, p. 305 (1905)

qm;udkrsm;rsm;rpm;ygESifh/ [if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;udk

roHk;bJ csufûywfyg/ opfoD;0vHrsm;udk rsm;rsm;pm;yg/ xrif;

pm;wkef; a&qmwwfonfhtusifhaysmufoGm;ygvdrfhrnf/

9T, p. 162 (1909)

tpm;tpmrsm;udkjyifqif&mwGif tm[m&½SdzdkYvdktyfovdk

cHwGif;vdkufzdkYvnf;vdktyfygonf/ cE¨mudk,f\vdktyfcsufrsm;udk

jznfhqnf;ay;&ef jyifqifpm;oHk;oifhonf/ uREfkyfonf qm;

tenf;i,fudk tNrJwrf;pm;oHk;onf/ taMumif;rSm qm;onf

usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaprnfhtpm; trSefwu,fvdktyfaomtpm

jzpfonf/

Letter, p. 37 (1901)

wpfaeYwGif q&m0efwpfOD;onf uREfkyfwdkYrdom;pkxH

a&mufvmum usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIqdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh

tnD qm;rxnfhbJ csufûywfpm;aomuf&ef olYtjriftwdkif;

oGefoif&ef êud;pm;cJhygonf/ uREfkyfvnf; xdkq&m0efajymonfh

twdkif; êud;pm;vkyfaqmif&ef qHk;jzwfcJhaomfvnf; tm;tifrsm;

qkwf,kwfvmojzifh tajymif;tvJwpfckvkyfcJh&ygonf/ atmifjrif

rIvnf;&cJhygonf/ oifonf tEÅ&m,f½SdEdkifaMumif; uREfkyf

odxm;ojzifh þodkYajymaejcif;jzpfonf/ tpm;tpmrsm;udk

tm[m&½Sdatmif jyifqifoifhovdk cEmudk,f\vdktyfcsufrsm;udk

vnf; Ekwf,lrxm;oifhygacs/

uREfkyfonf qm;tenf;i,fudk tNrJwrf;pm;ygonf/

uREfkyf&½Sdxm;aomtvif;w&m;t& qm;onf usef;rma&;udk

rxdcdkufaponfhtjyif aoG;twGuf trSefwu,fvdktyfaom

tpmjzpfonf/ tb,faMumifh xdkodkYjzpfonfqdkonfhtcsufudk

uREfkyfrodaomfvnf; uREfkyf&½Sdonfhtvif;w&m;udk oifhtm;

jyefvnfa0iSaejcif;jzpfonf/


MH, p. 325 (1905)

jrefqefpGmjzpfay:ajymif;vJwwfonfh þacwfwGif

tpm;tpmrsm;ü EId;qGrItm;enf;yg;avav? ydkíaumif;avav

yifjzpfonf/ [if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\obm0

t&yif usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaponfhtpGrf;½SdaeMuonf/ rkefnif;?

i½kwfaumif;? rqvm ponfh[if;vsmtarT;têudifrsm;onf

tpmtdrfudkxdcdkufap½Hkomru aoG;udkvnf; npfnrf;apygonf/

(CTBH, pp. 61-62) FE, pp. 150-151. (1890)

wpfcgu uREfkyfonf touf (12) ESpfatmuf½Sd

uav;wpfpkESifh pm;yGJwpfvHk;wGifxdkifaeygonf/ tom;[if;

rsm;jzifh tvQHy,fauR;ae½Hkomru EkEke,fe,fuav;ruav;

wpfa,mufu qm;&nfpdrfrsm;udkawmif;pm;aeonfudkawGU&

ygonf/ rkefnif;tygt0if [if;arT;rqvmrsm;jzifhpD&ifxm;

aom qm;pdrfwpfykvif;udkay;vdkuf&m olronf êudufovdk

pm;aeygawmhonf/ trSefrSm xdkoli,fronf aMumufwwfol?

pdwfwkdwwfoljzpfaMumif; vlwdkif;odxm;Mu&m xdkqm;pdrfESifh

[if;arT;rqvmrsm;u þuJhodkYaomtajctaersKd;jzpfatmif

olrudkzefwD;aejcif;jzpfygonf/

2T, p. 368 (1870)

tpmoGwfrkefYrsm;ESifh qm;&nfpdrfrsm;udk rnfonfhtcgrQ

rpm;oifhygacs/ xdktpmrsm;onf aoG;\t&nftaoG;udk

nhHzsif;apygonf/

2T, p. 383 (1870)

[if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;? tpmoGwfrkefYrsm;? qm;pdrf

rsm;ESifh a&m*g½Sdaomtom;rsm;udk taoG;tom;aumif;jzpfatmif

csufvkyfay;&ef cE¨mudk,f,EÅ&m;BuD;u rpGrf;Edkifygacs/

MH, p. 305 (1905)

qm;udkrsm;rsm;rpm;ygESifh? [if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;udk

roHk;bJ csufûywfyg/ opfoD;0vHrsm;udkrsm;rsm;pm;yg/ xrif;

pm;wkef; a&qmwwfonfhtusifhaysmufoGm;ygvdrfhrnf/

Letter, p. 9 (1887)

[if;½Gufokyfrsm;wGif qDESifh½Svum&nfrsm;udkxnfhwwf

Muonf/ xdkuJhodkYaomtokyfrsm;onf tpmtdrfwGif tcsOfayguf

apvsuf tpmraMubJ ykyfodk;aewwfonf/ tusKd;quf

taejzifh aoG;tm;aumif;rvmbJ ½SdESifhNyD;om;aoG;rsm; npfnrf;

oGm;um tonf;ESifhausmufuyfrsm;wGif a&m*gjzpfvmygonf/

ÀÀÀ


tcef;BuD; (21)

tqD - axmywf

7T, p. 135 (1902)

tm[m&ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm;wdk;wufzGHUûzd;ygavap/

EGm;EdkYESifhaxmywfudkroHk;bJ tpm;tpmjyifwwfatmif vlwdkYudk

oifay;Muyg/ MuufO? EGm;EdkY? rvdkifESifh axmywfrsm;udk

pm;oHk;jcif;aMumifh tEÅ&m,fruif;onfhtcsdefa&mufvmawmhrnf/

taMumif;rSm vlom;rsm;\qdk;,kwfrIrsm;wdk;wufaeonfESifhtrQ

wd&pämefrsm;wGif a&m*gusa&mufrIrSmvnf; wdk;yGm;aeygonf/

tjypfwGifusqHk;aeaomvlom;rsm;aMumifh wd&pämefavmu

wpfckvHk; ajrBuD;\usdefpmjzpfaom a&m*gb,rsm;atmufwGif

nnf;wGm;ae&awmhrnfhtcsdefonf ra0;awmhNyD/

xdkt&mrsm;rygbJ tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;udk vlom;

rsm;jyifqifwwfatmif vdktyfaompGrf;&nfESifh OmPfynmrsm;

udk xm0&bk&m;ocifay;oem;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/ tm[m&uif;rJh

aomtpmrsm;udk a½SmifMuOfMuygpdkY/

MH, p. 302 (1905)

axmywfudk aygifrkefYwGifokwfípm;jcif;xuf [if;csuf

&mwGiftoHk;ûyjcif;u ydkíusef;rma&;udkxdcd kufaponf/

taumif;qHk;rSm axmywfudkvHk;0rpm;jcif;yifjzpfonf/

7T, p. 134 (1902)

oHvGifoD;udk aocsmjyifqifum xrif;pm;wdkif;pm;oifh

ygonf/ oHvGifoD;udk aumif;rGefpGmjyifqifpm;oHk;jcif;tm;jzifh?

axmywftoHk;ûyjcif;tm;jzifh &½SdrnfhtusKd;rsm;udk&½SdEdkifygonf/

oHvGifoD;wGifyg½SdonfhtqDonf 0rf;csKyfjcif;udkoufomapyg

onf/ tpmudk wZGwfZGwfpm;wwfolrsm;ESifh tpmtdrfa&m*g

½Sdolrsm;twGuf aq;aomufjcif;xuf oHvGifoD;pm;jcif;u

ydkíaumif;ygonf/ oHvGifqDonf wd&pämefrsm;rS&½SdonfhtqD

rsm;xuf ydkíaumif;aompm;oHk;qDwpfrsKd;jzpfonf/

MH, p. 298 (1905)

oHvGifoD;udk aumif;rGefpGmjyifqifcsufûywfxm;vQif

tcGHrmtoD;rsm;uJhodkYyif axmywfESifhtom;rsm;\ae&mwGif

tpm;xdk;auR;arG;Edkifygonf/ oHvGifoD;udkpm;&mwGif yg0ifoGm;

onfh oHvGiftqDonf tjcm;wd&pämeftqDrsm;xuf rsm;pGm

omvGefaumif;rGefygonf/ þtoD;onf 0rf;udkaysmhapNyD;

wZGwfZGwfpm;olrsm;twGuf ydkítusKd;xl;apygonf/ tpmtdrf

a&mif&rf;emusifrIudkvnf; aysmufuif;apygonf/

Union Conference Record (Australasian), Jan. 1, 1900.

usef;rmjcif;ESifhnDnGwfaomtpmrsm; xkwfvkyfa&mif;cs

jcif;vkyfief;BuD; atmifjrifoifhoavmufatmifjrifap&eftwGuf

enf;ynmrsm;vdktyfaeovdk yl;aygif;aqmif½GufrIrsm;vnf;

vkdtyfaeygonf/ þvkyfief;BuD;\&nf½G,fcsufrSm axmywf?

EGm;EdkYESifh tom;rsm;ae&mwGif tpm;xdk;tpm;tpmrsm;jzifh jzefYjzL;

ay;&efjzpfygonf/ wd&pämefrsm;wGif usa&mufaeNyDjzpfaom

a&m*grsm;taMumif;rSm ydkíydkíuefYuGufp&mjzpfvmygonf/

tqD - axmywf 513 514 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf

3T, p. 136 (1873)

om;orD;rsm;udk tom;rsm;? [if;arT;rqvmrsm;?

axmywf'defcJrsm;? 0ufom;? tpmoGwfrkefYrsm;pm;&ef cGifhûyae

Muygonf/ pm;csifonfhtcsdefwGif pm;csifaomtpmudk

êudufovdkpm;oHk;&ef cGifhûyaeMuygonf/ xdkaMumifh tpmtdrf

a&m*grsm;udk cHpm;aeMu&onf/ obm0ESifhqefYusifaom

ûyusifhrIrsm;udkvkyfaqmifaeMuygonf/ todw&m;rsm;tm;enf;

aeMuygonf/ a&m*gb,rSwpfqifh aojcif;wdkifatmif ydkYaqmif

ay;rnfhrsKd;aphrsm;udk rdrdwdkYpdkufaeaMumif; rdbrsm;rodMuyg/

Letter, p. 37 (1901)

axmywfudk txdef;tuGyfrJhpm;oHk;wwfMuojzifh pm;yGJ

ay:wGif axmywfrsm;udkwifrxm;oifhacs/ tpmaMucsufjcif;udk

t[efYtwm;ûyvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif axmywfaMumifh ydkícHwGif;

awGUrnfqdkvQif aygifrkefYudk axmywftenf;i,fokwfum wpfcg

wpf&Hpm;oifhygonf/ þodkYpm;oHk;jcif;onf tm[m&rJhaom

tpmrsm;udkpm;jcif;avmuf usef;rma&;udkrxdcdkufapEdkifacs/

Letter, p. 45 (1903)

uREfkyfonf wpfaeYvQif xrif; 2 Budrfompm;ygonf/

vGefcJhaom 35 ESpfu &½SdcJhaomtvif;w&m;udk ,cktcsdef

wdkifatmif usifhaqmifaeqJjzpfonf/ uREfkyfonf tom;rpm;

yg/ uREfkyftwGuf axmywftcuftcJudk ajz½Sif;NyD;jzpfonf/

uREfkyfaxmywfrpm;yg/ axmywfoefYoefYr&Edkifonfhae&mwdkif;

wGif þtcuftcJudk vG,fulpGmajz½Sif;oifhygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYü

*smpDESifh[dkpwdef;EGm;rBuD; 2 aumif½Sdygonf/ rvdkifudk uREfkyfwdkY

pm;oHk;ygonf/ tppt&m&mü wif;wdrfa&mifh&Jvsuf½Sdygonf/

7T, p. 135 (1902)

EGm;EdkY? MuufOESifh axmywfrsm;udk tom;ESifhwpfwef;

wpm;wnf;rowfrSwfoifhyg/ wcsKdUudpörsm;wGuf MuufOonf

tusKd;ûyaeygonf/ EGm;EdkYESifhMuufOpm;oHk;jcif;udk vHk;vHk;jzwfypf

&rnfhtcsdefra&muf½Sdao;yg/ wcsKdUqif;&Jom;rdom;pkrsm;rSm

EGm;EdkYESifhaygifrkefYudkomtm;ûyNyD;pm;ae&ygonf/ opfoD;0vH

tenf;i,fudkompm;EdkifMuNyD; toD;tESHrsm;0,fpm;Edkifonfh

aiGtiftm;r½SdMuyg/ usef;rma&;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;owif;

pum;rsm;udka[majym&mwGif {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudk a[mMum;

onfhenf;wl vlwdkY\tajctaeay:rlwnfí o[Zmwjzpf

atmifvkyfaqmifMu&ygrnf/ tzdk;EIef;oufomNyD; tm[m&

t&omrsm;ESif hjynfhpH konfhtpm;tpmrsm;udkcsufwwfatmif

oifray;EdkifrD usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIqdkif&mtpmtm[m&

rsm;taMumif;udk yGifhyGifhvif;vif;BuD;rwifjyoifhao;acs/

MM, p. 269.

urÇmay:½Sdvlom;rsm;ü pdwf"mwftrsKd;rsKd;½SdaeaMumif;udk

owd&atmufarhum tpm;tpmESifhywfoufaom½Iaxmifhrsm;udk

uREfkyfwdkYjrifovdk vlwdkif;jrifvdrfhrnf[k rarQmfvifhoifhacs/

pdwfonf vdkif;wpfckwnf;wGif wpforwfwnf;jzpfay:aeonf

r[kwfyg/ uREfkyfudk,fwdkifu axmywfrpm;aomfvnf; rdom;pk

xJwGif axmywfpm;olrsm;½Sdaeao;onf/ uREfkyfpm;aeaom

pm;yGJay:wGif axmywfudkrwifaomfvnf; wpfcgwpf&Hom

DF- 33


axmywfpm;wwfonfh uREfkyf\tdrfoltdrfom;rsm;udk uREfkyf

t[efYtwm;rûyvkyfyg/ a0zefydkif;jcm;wwfaom nDtpfudk

armifESrrsm;\pm;yGJay:üyif axmywfrsm;udkawGUae&m ¤if;wdkYudk

ZGwftwif;ydwfyif&efrvdk[k uREfkyfxifonf/ nDtpfudkarmifESr

tcsif;csif;tMum;wGif þt&mrsm;aMumifh tcuftcJtjzpfrcHoifh

acs/ opfoD;0vHþrQaygrsm;aeaoma'owGif axmywfpm;zdkY

vdktyfonf[k uREfkyfrjrifyg/

xm0&bk&m;ocifudkcspfí trIawmfaqmifvdkolrsm;tm;

¤if;wdkY\todw&m;twdkif; touf½SifvkyfaqmifcGifhûyoifhygonf/

uREfkyfwdkYpm;ovdkpm;rSrSefonf[k uREfkyfwdkYrxifEdkifaomfvnf;

pnf;vHk;nDnGwfrIudkysufjym;aprnfht&mrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYrvkyf

aqmifoifhMuacs/

Letter, p. 104 (1901)

oifonf usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIqdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;

udk twwfEdkifqHk;êud;pm;vdkufavQmufaeonfudk uREfkyfjrifawGU

ae&ygonf/ t&m&mwGif ûcd;jcHacRwm&rnfqdkonfrSmrSefaomf

vnf; vdktyfonfhtm[m&rsm;udkjynfhrDatmifpm;Muyg/ tcGHrm

toD;rsm;udk vlwdkif;0,frpm;EdkifMuyg/ tu,fí oifhcifyGef;u

axmywfpm;csifonfqdkvQif xdkt&monf usef;rma&;twGuf

taumif;qHk;r[kwfaMumif; oabmaygufonftxd pm;cGifhûy

vdkufyg/

Letter, p. 98 (1901)

wcsKdUrSm tpmajymif;vJpm;oHk;aomaMumifh usef;rma&;

ydkíaumif;rvmbJ ydkíqdk;oGm;wwfygonf/ xdkaMumifh

usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udkwifquf&mwGif

tEÅ&m,f½SdvSygonf/ wpfcsufwnf;ESifh vHk;vHk;BuD;tpm;tpm

rsm;udkajymif;pm;zdkY rwdkufwGef;oifhacs/ ,ckvuf½Sdtajctae

t&qdkvQif EGm;EdkY? MuufOESifh axmywfrsm;udk vHk;vHk;BuD;

jzwfrypfoifhacs/ topftqef;rxGifrd&ef uREfkyfwdkY*½kpdkuf&yg

rnf/ wpfzufpGef;a&mufonfh oGefoifrIrsm;aMumifh a0zef

pOf;pm;wwfaomvlrsm;wdkYonf tpGef;odkYa&mufoGm;ygvdrfhrnf/

¤if;wdkY\cE¨mudk,foGifjyifvu©Pmrsm;onf usef;rmjcif;qdkif&m

ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk xdcdkufapvdrfhrnf/ taMumif;rSm

vltenf;i,favmufuom ¤if;wdkYjzwfvdkufaomtpmrsm;ae&m

wGif rSefuefpGmtpm;xdk;pm;oHk;wwfMuygonf/

9T, p. 162 (1909)

axmywfpm;jcif;tm;jzifh a&m*g&EdkifaMumif;udkvnf;

aumif;? MuufOudk txdef;tuGyfrJhpm;oHk;jcif;\raumif;rIrsm;

udkvnf;aumif; owday;pum;rsm;ajymqdkaeaomfvnf; aocsm

pGmauR;arG;ûypkxm;onfh MuufrrS&aomMuufOudkpm;oHk;jcif;tm;

usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;azgufzsufonf[k r,lqoifhacs/ MuufO

wGif tqdyfajyapEdkifonfh tm[m&"mwfrsm;yg½Sdaeonf/

wcsKdUrSmrl EGm;EdkY? MuufOESifh axmywfrsm;udka½SmifMuOf

aomfvnf; tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;ESifh tpm;xdk;pm;oHk;&ef

ysufuGufMuaomaMumifh tusKd;quftaejzifh cGeftm;rsm;

qkwf,kwfvmum tvkyfaumif;aumif;rvkyfEdkifawmhacs/

þuJhodkYaomjzpf&yfrsm;aMumifh usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrI

rsm;onf emrnfqdk;&vsuf½Sdygonf/ cdkifrmpGmwnfaqmuf&ef


êud;pm;aeaomtrIawmfudk bk&m;ocifawmif;qdkrxm;aom

xl;qef;onfht&mrsm;ESifha&maxG;vdkufMu&m toif;awmf\

cGeftm;rsm;onf csnfheJYvmygonf/ odkY&mwGif xm0&bk&m;

ocifonf txl;jyif;xefaomþoabmxm;rsm;\&v'frsm;udk

umuG,fay;&ef Mum;0ifzsefajzawmfrlvdrfhrnf/ {0Ha*vdw&m;

awmfonf raumif;rItjypfom;jzpfaomvlom;rsm;tm;

o[Zmwjzpfatmifvkyfaqmifay;aeonf/ xdkw&m;awmfonf

vlqif;&J? vlcsrf;omtaygif;wdkYtm; c&pfawmf\ajcawmf&if;wGif

twlwuG pHk½Hk;apygonf/

Letter, p. 37 (1901)

usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;owif;pum;rsm;

udkMum;em&aom qif;&Jom;rsm;u ]uREfkyfwdkYbmudkpm;&rvJ?

tcGHrmtoD;tESHawGudk uREfkyfwdkY0,frpm;Edkifbl;} [kqdkMu\/

qif;&Jom;rsm;xH uREfkyfoGm;a&mufw&m;a[maomtcsdefwGif

tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;udkpm;Muyg[k uREfkyfoGefoifcJhygonf/

MuufO? EGm;EdkY? rvdkifrsm;udkrpm;MuESifh? csufûywf&mwGif axmywf

udkroHk;ESifh[k ¤if;wdkYtm; uREfkyfrajymcJhyg/ {0Ha*vdw&m;awmf

udk qif;&Jom;rsm;xHoGm;a&mufa[mMum;&rnf/ odkY&mwGif

wif;usyfaomtpm;tpmpm&if;udkwifjy&ef tcsdefra&mufao;yg/

xm0&bk&m;ocifvrf;jyawmfrlvdrfhrnf

EGm;EdkY? rvdkif? axmywfESifh MuufOrsm;pm;oHk;jcif;ü

vHkûcHrIr½SdawmhonfhtcsdefodkYa&mufvmaomtcg xm0&bk&m;ocif

onf xdkudpötwGuf az:jycsufay;vdrfhrnf[k uREfkyfajymMum;

vdkygonf/ usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;wGif tpGef;

ra&mufMu&ef awmif;yefvdkygonf/ EGm;EdkY? MuufOESifh axmywf

rsm;ESifhywfoufonfhtcuftcJrsm;onf ajyvnfoGm;ygvdrfhrnf/

,ckavmavmq,fwGif þudpötay:wGif rsm;pGm0efrwifMu

ygESifh/ oif\tpGef;ra&mufonfhvkyfaqmifrIrsm;udk vlwdkYtm;

azmfjyMuyg/

0ufqDESif hwd&pämefqDrsm;0ufqDESif hwd&pämefqDrsm;

0ufqDESif hwd&pämefqDrsm;0ufqDESif hwd&pämefqDrsm;0ufqDESif hwd&pämefqDrsm;

1T, p. 681 (1868)

tpm;tpmrsm;udk oifhwifhavsmufywfatmifjyifqifEdkif

&ef êud;pm;jcif;udk wm0efwpf&yftaejzifh rnfolrQrvkyfaqmif

Muyg/ 0ufqD? axmywfESifh tom;rsm;rygbJ usef;rma&;ESifh

nDnGwfNyD; ½dk;pif;onfh[if;vsmwpfyGJudkjyifqifvdkY&ygonf/

uRrf;usifrIudk ½dk;pif;rIESifhaygif;pyf&ygrnf/ þt&mudkvkyfaqmif

Edkif&ef trsKd;orD;rsm;onf pmzwfzdkYvdkygonf/ ¤if;jyif awGU½Sd

onfht&mrsm;udk vufawGUtaumiftxnfazmfzdkYvnf;vdkygonf/

(CTBH, p. 47) CH, p. 115 (1890)

[if;cwftarT;têudifESifh wd&pämeftqDrsm;udkrxnfh? EGm;EdkY?

rvdkifjzifh ½dk;pif;pGmjyifqifxm;onfh opfoD;0vH? toD;tESHESifh

[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;onf usef;rma&;ESifhtnDnGwfqHk;tpm;

tpmrsm;jzpfonf/

2T, p. 63 (1868)

tpm;tpmrsm;udk ½dk;½dk;jyifqif&rnfrSmrSefaomfvnf;

cHwGif;awGUatmifvnf; aumif;rGefpGmjyifqif&ygrnf/ wd&pämef


tqDrsm;udkroHk;ygESifh/ xdktqDrsm;onf oifjyifqifrnfht&m

rsm;udk npfnrf;apEdkifygonf/

(CTBH, pp. 46-47) CH, p. 114. (1890)

rsm;pGmaomrdcifrsm;onf rdr d\rdom;pktwGuf

axmifacsmufwpfckjzpfaponfh xrif;pm;yGJwpfckudk jyifqif

wwfMuonf/ tom;[if;? axmywf? 'defcJ? csKdqdrfhaom

tpmoGwfrkefY? [if;cwftarT;têudif ponfwdkYudk vlBuD;vli,f

tm;vHk; txdef;tuGyfrJhpm;oHk;aeMuonf/ xdktpmrsm;onf

tpmtdrfudk ua,mufu,ufjzpfapNyD; tm½HkaMumrsm;udkvIyf½Sm;

apum todOmPfrsm;udktm;enf;aponf/ xdktpmrsm;udk

aumif;aomaoG;rsm;jzpfatmif oufqdkif&mt*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;u

rpGrf;Edkifacs/ tpmxJwGifxnfhcsufonfhtqDrsm;onf tpmaMu

csufjcif;udkcufcJapygonf/

Letter, p. 322 (1905)

tmvl;aMumfonf usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaomtpm;tpm

jzpfonf[k uREfkyfrxifyg/ taMumif;rSm tmvl;aMumfwGif

qD (odkYr[kwf) axmywfrsm;yg0ifaeygonf/ tmvl;zkwfESifh

tmvl;ûywfrsm;udk rvdkifESifhqm;tenf;i,fa&mumpm;vQif

usef;rma&;twGuf taumif;qHk;jzpfonf/ uefZGef;Oudkzkwfum

rvdkifenf;enf;? qm;tenf;i,fjzifhpm;vQif tm[m&ESifhvnf;

aumif;? t&omESifhvnf;aumif; jynfh0vSygonf/

Letter, p. 297 (1904)

pm;oHk;onfhtpmrsm;onf usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfyg

ovm;? tm[m&ESifhjynfh0ygovm; qdkonfhtcsufudk vlwdkif;

oHk;oyfMuyg/ tpm;taomufESifhpyfvsOf;í txl;*½kpdkufMuyg/

odkYrSom cEmudk,femrusef;rIrsm;&yfwefYoGm;ayrnf/ tcsdefrSefrSef

pm;yg/ tqDrygaomtpmrsm;udkompm;Muyg/

2T, p. 45 (1868)

[if;arT;rqvm? tom;ESifh tqDrsm;uif;½Sif;onfh

½dk;½dk;tpm;tpmrsm;onf oifwdkYtwGuf aumif;csD;r*Fvmwpfck

jzpfum oif\ZeD;udkvnf; pdwfcsrf;om? udk,fusef;rmjcif;ESifh

jynfhpHkapygonf/

2T, p. 352 (1869)

obm0twdkif; tqDrsm;ESifhuif;½Sif;aom toD;tESHESifh

opfoD;0vHrsm;onf aumif;uifEdkifiHawmfodkY0ifpm;&ef jyifqif

aeMuolrsm; pm;oifhaomtpmrsm;jzpfonf/

EGm;EdkYESifhrvdkif

(CTBH, p. 47) CH, pp. 114-115. (1890)

azgufjyefrIr½Sdao;onfh cHwGif;\awmifhwrIudk jznfhqnf;

ay;&ef enf;vrf;rsm;pGmudk vlom;rsm;twGuf xm0&bk&m;

ocifpDpOfxm;awmfrlonf/ t&omESifhvnf;aumif;? cEmudk,frS

tvdk½Sdaeaom tm[m&ESifhvnf;aumif; jynfh0onfhajrxGuf

oD;ESHtrsKd;rsKd;udk vlom;rsm;a½SUaemufywfvnfwGif MuJjzefYxm;

awmfrlNyD/ xdkt&mrsm;udk pdwfwdkif;uspm;EdkifaMumif; arwåm

apwemt½Sifxm0&bk&m;ocifrdefYawmfrl\/ [if;cwftarT;

têudifESifh tqDrsm;rygbJ EGm;EdkY? rvdkifrsm;jzifhom jyifqif


xm;onfhopfoD;0vHrsm;? toD;tESHESifh [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;onf

usef;rma&;ESifh tnDnGwfqHk;tpmrsm;jzpfygonf/ xdktpmrsm;u

cE¨mudk,fcGeftm;ESifh MuHhcdkifrIrsm;tjyif tjcm;tm;<uaponfh

tpmrsm;u ray;EdkifaomOmPfynmxufjrufrIrsm;udkvnf;

jzpfapygonf/

9T, p. 162 (1909)

tpm;tpmrsm;udk tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkatmif jyifqifzdkY

vdkovdk cHwGif;wnfhatmifjyifqifoifhygonf/ cE¨mudk,f\

vdktyfcsufrsm;udk >cif;csefrxm;oifhyg/ qm;tenf;i,fudk

uREfkyfpm;oHk;onf/ qm;onf usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaponfht&m

r[kwfbJ aoG;twGufta&;ygaomt&mwpfckjzpfonf/ [if;oD;

[if;½Gufrsm;udk EdkYtenf;i,f (odkYr[kwf) rvdkiftenf;i,fjzifh

t&om½Sdatmifjyifqifpm;oHk;oifhonf/

wcsKdUrSmrl EGm;EdkY? MuufOESifh axmywfrsm;udk a½SmifMuOf

aomfvnf; tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;ESifh tpm;xdk;pm;oHk;&ef

ysufuGufMuaomaMumifh tusKd;quftaejzifh cGeftm;rsm;

qkwf,kwfvmum tvkyfaumif;aumif;rvkyfEdkifawmhacs/

þuJhodkYaomjzpf&yfrsm;aMumifh usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrI

rsm;onf emrnfqdk;&vsuf½Sdygonf/

EGm;EdkY? rvdkifESifh MuufOrsm;uJhodkY ,ckpm;oHk;aeonfh

t&mwcsKdUudk uREfkyfwdkYjzwf&rnfhtcsdefa&mufvmvdrfhrnf/

odkY&mwGif tcsdefrwdkifrD tpGef;a&mufûcd;jcHrIrsm;udkusifhoHk;jcif;jzifh

udk,fhudkudk,fpdwf½IyfaxG;atmifvkyfzdkY rvdktyfacs/ tajctaeu

awmif;qdkrIûyonfhwdkifatmif apmifhpm;Muyg/ xdktcsdefa&mufvQif

xm0&bk&m;ocifonf xdkt&mrsm;twGuf enf;vrf;rsm;udk

jyifqifay;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/

roefYpifaomEGm;EdkY\tEÅ&m,f

7T, p. 135 (1902)

EGm;EdkY? MuufOESifh axmywfrsm;udk tom;ESifhwwef;wpm;

wnf;rowfrSwfoifhyg/ wcsKdUudpörsm;twGuf MuufOonf

tusKd;ûyaeygonf/ EGm;EdkYESifhMuufOpm;oHk;jcif;udk vHk;vHk;jzwfypf

&rnfhtcsdefra&muf½Sdao;yg/ wcsKdUqif;&Jom;rdom;pkrsm;rSm EGm;EdkY

ESifhaygifrkefYudkom tm;ûyNyD;pm;ae&ygonf/ opfoD;0vH

tenf;i,fudkompm;EdkifMuNyD; toD;tESHrsm;0,fpm;Edkifonfh

aiGtiftm;r½SdMuyg/ usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;owif;

pum;rsm;udka[majym&mwGif {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudka[majym

onfhenf;wl vlwdkY\tajctaeay:rlwnfí o[Zmwjzpf

atmifvkyfaqmifMu&ygrnf/ tzdk;EIef;oufomNyD; tm[m&

t&omrsm;ESif hjynfhpH konfhtpm;tpmrsm;udkcsufwwfatmif

oifray;EdkifrD usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIqdkif&mtpmtm[m&

rsm;taMumif;udk yGifhyGifhvif;vif;BuD;rwifjyoifhao;acs/

tm[m&ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm; wdk;wufzGHUûzd;ygavap/


oifay;Muyg/ MuufO? EGm;EdkY? rvdkifESifh axmywfrsm;udkpm;oHk;

jcif;aMumifh tEÅ&m,fruif;onfhtcsdefa&mufvmawmhrnf/




tjypfwGifusqHk;aeaomvlom;rsm;aMumifh wd&pämefavmuwpfck

vHk;onf ajrBuD;\usdefpmjzpfaom a&m*gb,rsm;atmufwGif

nnf;wGm;ae&awmhrnfhtcsdefonfra0;awmhNyD/

Letter, p. 1 (1873)

uREfkyfwdkYonf EGm;EdkYESifhoMum;tenf;i,fpDudk pm;oHk;

avh½Sdygonf/ þudpöESifhywfoufNyD; pma&;&mwGifvnf;aumif;?

a[mMum;&mwGifvnf;aumif; uREfkyfwpfcgrQrjiif;qdkzl;yg/

EGm;awGrSm a&m*grsm;usa&mufaeojzifh trJom;udkjzwfMu&

rnfjzpfaomfvnf; EGm;EdkYESifhoMum;udk vHk;vHk;BuD;jzwf&rnfh

tcsdefrusa&mufao;yg/

2T, p. 369 (1870)

EGm;EdkYay;aeonfhEGm;rsm;onf tNrJwrf;usef;rmaeMuonf

r[kwfyg/ a&m*g½Sdaumif;½SdEdkifonf/ eHeufydkif;wGif usef;rm

oa,mif½SdaomEGm;rwpfaumifonf ntcsdefra&mufrD aoqHk;

oGm;wwfonf/ trSefrSm xdkEGm;ronf reufuwnf;u

aeraumif;jzpfae&m ¤if;rS&aomEGm;EdkYonf a&m*gydk;rsm;ygae

aomfvnf; xdktcsufudk uREfkyfwdkYrodMuacs/ wd&pämefavmu

wpfckvHk;wGif a&m*gusa&mufaeygonf/

Union Conference Record (Australisian), July 28, 1899.

rMumrDumvwGif wd&pämefrsm;rS&onfhtpm;tpmrsm;udk

uREfkyfwdkYpGefYvTwfMu&awmhrnfjzpfaMumif; uREfkyftm; xm0&

bk&m;ociftvif;w&m;ay;awmfrlygonf/ EGm;EdkYudkyif uREfkyfwdkY

jzwfMu&ygrnf/ a&m*gydk;rsm;onf vsifjrefpGmysHUESHYvsuf½Sdonf/

vlom;rsm;u ajrBuD;udkusdefcJhaomaMumifh bk&m;ocif\

usdefjcif;tr*Fvmrsm;onf ajrBuD;ay:wGifusa&mufvsuf½Sdonf/

MH, p. 302 (1905)

EGm;EdkYudkpm;oHk;vQif ydk;aoap&ef usufatmifusKdoifhyg

onf/ þodkYûyvkyfvQif a&m*gt&oufomygvdrfhrnf/

Letter, p. 39 (1901)

EGm;EdkYudkpm;oHk;jcif;ü tEÅ&m,fruif;aomtcsdefa&muf

vmEdkifygonf/ odkYaomf EGm;rrsm;onf usef;rmaeNyD; &½Sdonfh

EdkYudk aumif;rGefpGmusKdcsuftoHk;ûyvQif cufcJqif;&Jjcif;umvudk

tcsdefrwdkifrDjzpfyGm;atmif zefwD;zdkYrvdkyg/

Letter, p. 45 (1903)

uREfkyfonf wpfaeYvQif xrif; 2 Budrfompm;ygonf/

vGefcJhaom 35 ESpfu&½SdcJhaomtvif;w&m;udk ,cktcsdefwdkif

atmif usifhaqmifaeqJjzpfonf/ uREfkyfonf tom;rpm;yg/

uREfkyftwGuf axmywftcuftcJudkvnf; ajz½Sif;NyD;jzpfonf/

uREfkyfaxmywfrpm;yg/ axmywfoefYoefYr&Edkifonfhae&mwdkif;

wGif þtcuftcJudk vG,fulpGmajz½Sif;oifhygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYü

*smpDESifh[dkpwdef; EGm;rBuD; 2 aumif½Sdygonf/ rvdkifudk uREfkyfwdkY

pm;oHk;NyD; tppt&m&mü wif;wdrfa&mifh&Jvsuf½Sdygonf/

MM, p. 269.

opfoD;0vHrsm;ESifh ydk;owfNyD;rvdkifrsm;tvQHy,f&½SdEdkif

aoma'owGif axmywfonf vdktyfaomtm[m&jzpfonf[k

uREfkyfrjrifyg/


Letter, p. 5 (1870)

uREfkyfwdkY\pm;yGJay:wGif axmywfudkrwifyg/ EGm;EdkY

(odkYr[kwf) rvdkifrsm;jzifh aumif;rGefpGmjyifqifcsufûywfxm;

onfh[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;onf tvGeft&om½Sdygonf/ usef;rm

aomEGm;rS&onfh EGm;EdkYudk toifhtwifhpm;oHk;jcif;udk uefYuGuf

p&m½Sdrnfrxifyg/

Letter, p. 37 (1901)

uREfkyfwdkYonf vlxkBuD;ESifhxdawGUaeMu&rnf/ usef;rm

jcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udpörsm;udk tpGef;a&mufoGefoif

MurnfqdkvQif xdcdkufrIrsm;omjzpfay:vmvdrfhrnf/ tom;rpm;

MuzdkY? vufzuf&nf? aumfzDraomufMuzdkY? ¤if;wdkYtm; uREfkyfwdkY

oGefoifMuonfrSm aumif;ygonf/ odkYaomf EGm;EdkYudkyifjzwf&ef

wcsKdUuoGefoifaeMuygonf/ þt&monf *½kwpdkufudkifwG,f

&rnfhudpöwpfckjzpfonf/ EGm;EdkYESifhaygifrkefYudkomtm;xm;NyD;

pm;ae&onfhqif;&Jom;rdom;pkrsm;½SdMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf

opfoD;0vHtenf;i,fudkom 0,fpm;EdkifMuonf/ tom;udk

jzwf&rnfrSmrSefaomfvnf; [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;udkvnf; EGm;EdkY?

rvdkifrsm;ESifha&mum t&om½Sdatmifcsufpm;wwfzdkYvdkygonf/

]wdkYbmudkpm;&awmhrvJ/ wdkY[m tcGHrmtoD;awGudk 0,frpm;

Edkifbl;} [k usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;taMumif;udk uREfkyfwdkY

oGm;a&mufwifjypOf qif;&Jom;rsm;uwHk YjyefMuygonf/

¤if;wdkYxHodkYoGm;NyD;w&m;a[mpOf tm[m&½Sdonfhtpmrsm;udk

pm;Muyg[komajym&ef xm0&bk&m;ocifu uREfkyftm; ñTefMum;

awmfrlonf/ ]MuufOrpm;eJY? EGm;EdkYraomufeJY? rvdkifrpm;eJY?

[if;csuf&mrSm axmywfudkvHk;0roHk;eJY} [k olwdkYtm; uREfkyf

rajymEdkifygacs/ {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudk qif;&Jom;rsm;xHodkY

oGm;ía[mMum;&rnfrSmrSefaomfvnf; wif;usyfaomtpm

pm&if;udkazmfjy&efrSm tcsdefrusa&mufao;acs/

EGm;EdkY? rvdkifESifh MuufOrsm;uJhodkY ,aeYpm;oHk;aeaom

tpmwcsKdUudk uREfkyfwdkYpGefYvTwf&rnfhtcsdefonf a&mufvmawmh

rnf/ tEÅ&m,f½Sdaomtom;udk uREfkyfrpm;awmhaomfvnf;

ajymp&mqdkp&mydkíenf;aom MuufOudkrl uREfkyfwdkYpm;oHk;Edkifyg

onf/ EGm;EdkYudk pm;yGJay:rSz,f½Sm;rypfygESifh/ tpmrsm;wGif

xnfhícsufûywfjcif;udkvnf; rwm;jrpfMuygESifh/ pm;oHk;rnfh

EdkYonf usef;rmaomEGm;rS&aomEGm;EdkYjzpfzdkYESifh ydk;owfzdkYom

vdktyfygonf/

,ckuJhodkYEGm;EdkYudk txdef;tuGyfrJhoHk;zdkY roifhavsmfaom

tcsdefa&mufvmvdrfhrnf/ odkYaomf ,ckwGifrl EGm;EdkYudkjzwf&ef

rvdktyfao;yg/

odkYaomf EGm;EdkYudktoHk;csjcif;onf pdwfrcs&awmhaom

tcsdefodkYa&mufvmaomtcg xm0&bk&m;ocifonf þt&mudk

azmfjyawmfrlvdrfhrnf[k uREfkyfajymvdkygonf/ usef;rmjcif;ûyjyif

ajymif;vJa&;rsm;wGif tpGef;ra&mufMuygESifh/ EGm;EdkY? axmywfESifh

MuufOpm;oHk;jcif;rsm;ESifhywfoufonfhtcuftcJrsm;onfvnf;

ajyvnfoGm;ygvdrfhrnf/ ,ckavmavmq,fwGif þudpöESifh

ywfoufí uREfkyfpdwfrylrdyg/ oif\rQwpGmaexdkifpm;aomufrI

udk tjcm;olrsm;tm;od½Sdygavap/


Letter, p. 151 (1901)

EGm;rsm;üa&m*gusa&mufum urÇmBuD;onf npfnrf;

aeNyDjzpfaMumif;udk uREfkyfwdkYjrifawGU&m EGm;EdkYESifhMuufOrsm;udk

pm;oHk;jcif;onf taumif;qHk;r[kwfonfhtcsdefudka&mufawmh

rnfjzpfaMumif; uREfkyfwdkYod½Sdygonf/ odkY&mwGif xdktcsdefonf

ra&muf½Sdao;yg/ xdktcsdefa&mufvmaomtcg xm0&bk&m;

ocifonf pDpOfay;awmfrlrnfudkvnf; uREfkyfwdkYodxm;ygonf/

xm0&bk&m;ocifonf awmwGif pm;p&mrsm;jyifqifay;awmfrl

rnfvm; [laomar;cGef;onf oufqdkifoltm;vHk;twGuf

rsm;pGmt"dyÜg,f½Sdygvdrfhrnf/ ][kwfygonf? xm0&bk&m;ocif

onf rdrdvlwdkYtwGuf pm;p&mrsm;udkjyifqifay;awmfrlvdrfhrnf}

[lí ajzqdkvdrfhrnf[k uREfkyfxifygonf/

EGm;EdkYESifhMuufOae&mwGif tpmxdk;auR;arG;&ef urÇm

t&yf&yfwGif tpDtpOfrsm;ûyvkyfygvdrfhrnf/ þtpmrsm;udk

rnfonfhtcsdefwGifjzwf&rnfudkvnf; xm0&bk&m;ocifonf

uREfkyfwdkYtm; today;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/ cyfodrf;aomt&mwdkYü

ñTefMum;ay;awmfrlrnf/ u½kPmawmft½Sifbk&m;ocifwpfyg;

½Sdawmfrlonfudk vlwdkif;tm; odapvdkawmfrlygonf/ ajrtoD;

tESHrsm;udk rnfuJhodkYjyifqifpm;oHk;&rnfudkoifMum;vsuf urÇm

t&yf&yf½SdrdrdvlwdkYtm; tm[m&qdkif&muRrf;usifwwfajrmufrIudk

xm0&bk&m;ocifay;oem;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/

MH, p. 298 (1905)

oHvGifoD;udk aumif;rGefpGmjyifqifcsufûywfvdkufvQif

tcGHrmtoD;rsm;uJhodkYyif axmywfESifhtom;rsm;ae&mwGif

tpm;xdk;toHk;ûyEdkifygonf/ oHvGifoD;xJwGifyg0ifonfhtqD

onf wd&pämeftqDrsm;xuf rsm;pGmomvGefygonf/ 0rf;udk

aysmhapygonf/ wZGwfZGwfpm;wwfolrsm;twGuf tusKd;ûyEdkif

onfudkawGU&NyD; tpmtdrfudkvnf;usef;rmapygonf/

7T, p. 134 (1902)

xrif;pm;wdkif; tusKd;xl;rsm;&Edkif&ef oHvGifoD;udk

csufûywfpm;oHk;Edkifygonf/ oHvGifoD;rsm;udk aumif;rGefpGm

csufûywfpm;oHk;jcif;tm;jzifh? axmywfpm;jcif;tm;jzifh &Edkifaom

aumif;usKd;rsm;udk&½SdcHpm;Edkifygonf/ pm;vdkufaomoHvGifoD;

xJwGif ygoGm;onfhtqD"mwfonf 0rf;csKyfjcif;udkoufom

apNyD; wZGwfZGwfpm;wwfolrsm;\tpmtdrftwGuf aq;0g;rsm;

xuf ydkíusef;rmapygonf/ oHvGifqDonf wd&pämefrsm;rS

&onfh 'kwd,wef;pm;tqDrsm;xuf ydkNyD;aumif;ygonf/

Letter, p. 14 (1901)

oHvGifoD;wGifyg0ifonfhtqDonf 0rf;csKyfa&m*gtwGuf

aq;wpfckjzpf½Hkomru ausmufuyfa&m*gudkvnf; oufom

apygonf/

ÀÀÀ


tcef;BuD; (22)

y½dkwif;

tydkif; (1) tcGHrmtoD;

MH, p. 296 (1905)

toD;tESH? opfoD;0vH? tcGHrmtoD;rsm;ESifh [if;oD;

[if;½Gufrsm;onf zefqif;½Sifu uREfkyfwdkYtwGuf a½G;cs,fay;

xm;onfhtpmjzpfygonf/ þtpmrsm;udk ½dk;½dk;ESifhobm0usus

jyifqifcsufûywfvQif usef;rma&;ESifhtxl;nDnGwf½Hkomru

tm[m&ESifhvnf;jynfh0ygonf/ cGeftm;ESifhjynfh0apvsuf

cHEdkif&nfESifhvnf;jynfhpHkapygonf/ tjcm;tpm;tpmrsm;u

ray;pGrf;Edkifonfh OmPfynmxufjrufrIudkvnf;jzpfapygonf/

MS, p. 27 (1906)

toD;tESHrsm;? opfoD;0vH? [if;oD;[if;½GufESifhtcGHrm

toD;rsm;xJwGif uREfkyfwdkYtwGufvdktyfaomtm[m&tm;vHk;udk

awGU½Sd&ygonf/ tu,fíom uREfkyfwdkYonf xm0&bk&m;ocif

xHawmfodkY oabm½dk;ESifhcsOf;uyfMurnfqdkvQif tm[m&ESifh

jynfh0aomoufowfvGwf[if;rsm;udk jyifqifwwfatmif

oGefoifay;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/

MH, pp. 297, 298 (1905)

xm0&bk&m;ocifonf usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfonfhtpm

trsKd;rsKd;udk tvHktavmuf uREfkyfwdkYudkay;xm;NyDjzpf&m uREfkyfwdkY\

vdktyfcsufESifhtudkufnDqHk;t&mrsm;udk&½Sd&ef vltoD;oD;wdkYonf

rSefuefaomqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udktoHk;ûyum a½G;cs,foifhygonf/

opfoD;0vHrsm;? tcGHrmtoD;rsm;ESifh toD;tESHrsm;onf

tvHktavmufxGuf½Sdae½Hkomru wdk;wufaeonfhydkYaqmifa&;

pepfrsm;tm;jzifh xdkxGufukefrsm;udk ae&ma'otoD;oD;odkY

jzefYa0ay;aeygonf/

tcGHrmtoD;ESifh tcGHrmtoD;udkpDrHxkwfvkyfxm;onfh

tpm;tpmrsm;udk tom;ae&mwGif tpm;xdk;pm;oHk;vmMuygNyD/

tcGHrmtoD;rsm;udk toD;tESHrsm;? opfoD;0vHrsm;? tjcm;opfjrpf

opfOrsm;ESifh a&m,Sufpm;oHk;vQif usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfum

tm[m&vnf;jzpfygonf/ tcGHrmtoD;udk rsm;rsm;rpm;rdatmif

awmh owdûyzdkYvdktyfygonf/ tcGHrmtoD;udkpm;oHk;jcif;aMumifh

zsm;emonf[k txif½Sdolrsm;onf þêudwifowday;csufudk

owdûyjcif;tm;jzifh tcuftcJudkz,f½Sm;Edkifygvdrfhrnf/

Letter, p. 177 (1901)

tcGHrmtoD;rsm;udk csufûywfwwfatmifavhusuf&ef

tcsdef,lMu&rnf/ tcGHrmtoD;rsm;tpm; tjcm;tpmrsm;udk

pm;oHk;jcif;jzifh ukefusp&dwfudkoufomatmifrvkyfrdzdkYvnf;

owdxm;oifhygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYtxJrSvltrsm;pkonf tcGHrm

toD;rsm;udk0,fpm;EdkifvQifawmifrS csufûywfrpm;wwfMuacs/

vlenf;pkom aumif;rGefpGmcsufpm;wwfMuygonf/

Letter, p. 14 (1901)

pm;aomtpm;tpmrsm;onf &moDOwkESifhudkufnDoifhyg

onf/ uREfkyfwdkYEdkifiHwGif oifhavsmfonfhtpmtcsKdUonf tjcm;

DF- 34

y½dkwif; 531 532 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf

EdkifiHrsm;wGifpm;oHk;&efroifhavsmfyg/ qif;&Jom;rsm;vnf; 0,f,l

pm;oHk;Edkif&eftwGuf tcGHrmtoD;rsm;udkxkwfvkyfa&mif;cs&mwGif

aps;EIef;oufomEdkiforQoufomatmif vkyfaqmifMu&rnf/

Letter, p. 135 (1902)

tcGHrmtoD;rsm;udk rSefuefatmifpm;oHk;wwfatmif

*½kpdkufoifhygonf/ wcsKdUtcGHrmtoD;rsKd;onf tm[m&r½Sdyg/

tcGHrmtoD;jzifhûyvkyfxm;aomtpmrsm;udk ta&twGufavsmhcsum

ukefusp&dwfoufomatmif avsmhrpm;ygESifh/ odkY&mwGif txdef;

tuGyfrJhpm;jcif;onfvnf; roifhavsmfyg/ þtpmudkûcd;jcHpGm

pm;oHk;jcif;onf ydkítmomajyapygonf/ txufazmfjycJhonfh

tpm;tpmrsm;ESifha&mípm;aomtcg tcGHrmtoD;u tcsKd;tq

rsm;aevQif cE¨mukd,fupkyf,lEdkifonfxuf tqDttdrfhrsm;ae

wwfygonf/

7T, p. 134 (1902)

tcGHrmtoD;rsm;udk owdynmuif;rJhpGmjzifhpm;oHk;aeMu

onf[lívnf;aumif;? tcsKd;tqrsm;rsm;xnfhum pm;oHk;ae

Muonf[lívnf;aumif;? tcsKdUtcGHrmtoD;rsm;onf tjcm;

tcGHrmtoD;rsm;avmuf tm[m&r½Sdonfudkvnf;aumif;

uREfkyftm; ñTefMum;awmfrlNyD;jzpfonf/ Am'HaphESifhajryJwdkYonf

ydkíaumif;aomfvnf; tm[m&jynfh0NyD; tpmaMuvG,faom

tpm;tpmûyvkyf&ef ajryJtenf;i,fudk toD;tESHrsm;jzifha&mí

pm;oHk;Edkifygonf/

Letter, p. 188 (1901)

]uREfkyf[m tcGHrmtoD;awGudkrpm;Edkifbl;? tpmtdrfu

vufrcHbl;} [k a&;om;azmfjyxm;onfh pmwpfapmifudk

vGefcJhaom 3 ESpfu&cJhzl;ygonf/ xdktcsdefu csufûywfenf;

rsm;pGmudk uREfkyftm;jyoawmfrlcJhygonf/ xdktxJrS csufûywf

enf;wpfckrSm tcGHrmtoD;ESifhtpyfwnfhonfh tjcm;[if;oD;

[if;½Gufrsm;ESifha&mícsufonfhenf;jzpfonf/ tcGHrmtoD;udk

rsm;rsm;xnfh&efrvdkyg/ tjcm;[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;\ 10yHk

1yHk (odkYr[kwf) 6yHk 1yHkaom tcGHrmtoD;xnfhvQif vHkavmuf

ygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYprf;oyfcsufûywfMunfh&m atmifjrifrI&½Sdygonf/

tydkif; (2) MuufO

MH, pp. 320-321 (1905)

opfoD;0vHESifh tcGHrmtoD;rsm;½Sm;yg;onfha'orsm;wGif

aexdkifMuolrsm;tm; EGm;EdkYESifhMuufOudkrpm;awmh&ef tm;ray;

oifhacs/ pdwfMurf;udk,fMurf;jzpfaeolrsm;onf aoG;tm;<u

aponfhtpmrsm;udk a½SmifMuOfzdkYvdkonfqdk&mwGifrSefygonf/

txl;ojzifh avmuaysmfarGUjcif;ü cHpm;usifh½Sdaeaomrdom;pkrsm;

rSaygufzGm;vmonfhuav;rsm;udk MuufOrauR;oifhacs/ odkY&mwGif

tjcm;vdktyfonfhtpmrsm;udkrpm;Edkifolrsm;rSmrl MuufOESifhEGm;EdkY

udk vHk;vHk;BuD;jzwfroifhygacs/ usef;rmNyD; aumif;rGefpGmarG;jrL

xm;onfhEGm;rESifhMuufrrsm;rS&aom EGm;EdkYESifhMuufOrsm;jzpfzdkY&ef


txl;*½kxm;&ygrnf/ MuufOrsm;udk tvG,fwultpmaMucsuf

Edkifrnfhtaetxm;rsKd;½Sd&ef csufûywfpm;aomuf&rnf/

tpmtm[m&ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;BuD;onf wdk;wuf

zGHUûzd;aeoifhygonf/ wd&pämefrsm;wGif a&m*gb,rsm;usa&muf

aeonfESifhtrQ EGm;EdkYESifhMuufOrsm;udkpm;oHk;jcif;onf ydkítEÅ&m,f

rsm;vmygonf/ xdktpmrsm;\ae&mwGif usef;rma&;ESifhnDñGwfNyD;

aps;EIef;oufomonfh tjcm;tpmrsm;ESifh tpm;xdk;zdkYêud;pm;

vkyfaqmifoifhonf/ tm[m&&SdNyD; t&omESifhjynfhpHkaomtpm

rsm;ukd jzpfEdkifvQif EGm;EdkYESifhMuufOrygbJ csufwwfatmifa'o

toD;oD;rS vlwdkYtm; oifMum;ay;oifhygonf/

7T, p. 135 (1902)

EGm;EdkY? MuufOESifhaxmywfrsm;ukd tom;ESifhwwef;wpm;

wnf;rowfrSwfoifhyg/ wcsKdUudpörsm;twGuf MuufOonf

tusKd;ûyaeygonf/ EGm;EdkYESifhMuufOpm;oHk;jcif;ukd vHk;vHk;jzwf

ypf&rnfhtcsdefra&muf&Sdao;yg/

tm[m&ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm;wdk;wufzGHUûzd;ygavap/


oifay;Muyg/ MuufO? EGm;EdkY? rvdkifESifhaxmywfrsm;udk

pm;oHk;jcif;aMumifh tEÅ&m,fruif;onfhtcsdefa&mufvmawmhrnf/



tjypfwGifusqHk;aeaomvlom;rsm;aMumifh wd&pämefavmu

wpfckvH k;onf ajrBuD;\usdefpmjzpfaoma&m*gb,rsm;

atmufwGif nnf;wGm;ae&awmhrnfhtcsdefonf ra0;awmhNyD/

xm0&bk&m;ocifonf EGm;EdkY? MuufOrsm;rygbJ tpm;

tpmjyifwwfonfh pGrf;&nfESifhyg;eyfrIrsm;udk rdrdvlwdkYtm;

ay;oem;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/ tm[m&r½Sdaomtpm;tpmtm;vHk;udk

uREfkyfwdkYjzwfMuygpdkY/

2T, p. 362 (1870)

oifonf rdrd\om;orD;rsm;udkoifMum;ay;oifhonf/

þacwfwGifjzpfysufaeonfh raumif;rIrsm;ESifh pm&dwåysufjym;

rIrsm;udk rnfuJhodkYa½Smif½Sm;&rnfudk ¤if;wdkYtm; oifñTefMum;

oifhonf/ þodkYvkyfaqmif&rnfhtpm; vlrsm;pGmwdkYrSm rnfodkY

tpmaumif;rsm;udkpm;zdkYudkom avhvmaeMuonf/ axmywf?

MuufOESifh tom;[if;rsm;jzifh xrif;pm;yGJjyifxm;Muojzifh

oifhuav;rsm;onf xdkt&mrsm;udkpm;aeMuonf/ oifonf

uav;rsm;tm; wd&pämefpdwfaygufaprnfhtpmrsm;udk auR;ae

pOfrSmyif rdrd\uav;rsm;udk aumif;csD;ay;&ef tpnf;ta0;

rsm;wGifwufa&mufum bk&m;ocifhxHwGifqkawmif;aeygonf

wum;/ oif\qkawmif;oHonf rnfonfhtjrifhtxdom

wufoGm;Edkifygrnfenf;/ yxrOD;qHk;oifvkyfaqmif&rnfhtvkyf

wpfck½Sdaeonf/ oifhuav;rsm;twGuf oifvkyfaqmifp&m

rsm;udk vkyfaqmifNyD;aomtcsdefwGif uwdawmfESifhtnD xm0&

bk&m;ocifxHwGif txl;tultnDrsm;udk oifawmif;cHEdkifygNyD/

MuufOwGifygonfht&mrsm;onf aq;zuf0ifMuonf/

tpGef;ra&mufap&efowdûyvkyfaqmifyg

Letter, p. 37 (1901)

usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifhpyfvsOf;aom

t&mrsm;wGif tpGef;ra&mufMuygESifh/ þtaMumif;ESifhywfoufí


wcsKdUrSm *½krxm;Muyg/ odkY&mwGif wcsKdUrSm aemufwGif

trsm;BuD;usef&pfcJhMuaomaMumifh oifonf xdkolrsm;twGuf

yHkoufaowpfckjzpfEdkifap&ef tpGef;a&muform;wpfOD;rjzpfygap

ESifh/ aoG;om;udkjzpfaprnfhtpmrsKd;udk rpm;bJraeygESifh/ ppfrSef

aompnf;rsOf;rsm;tay:opöm½SdrIonf usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyif

ajymif;vJa&;udkraxmufcHonfh tawGUtêuHwpfckudkjzpfaprnfh

tpm;tpmwpfckütnHhcH&ef oifhtm;vrf;jyaeygonf/ þt&m

onf oifhtwGuftEÅ&m,fjzpfygonf/ cE¨mudk,fcGeftm;rsm;

,kwfavsmhvmonfudk oifcHpm;&NyDqdkvQif tpmudkcsufcsif;

ajymif;vJNyD;pm;zdkYvdkygonf/ oifrpm;bJcsefxm;cJhaomt&m

wcsKdUudk jyefNyD;pm;yg/ usef;rmaomMuufrBuD;uOonfh MuufO

rsm;udkpm;yg/ þMuufOrsm;udk tusufjzpfap? tpdrf;jzpfap?

oifpm;Edkifygonf/ uapmfraygufao;onfh0dkift&ufrsm;wGif

tpdrf;vdkufazgufxnhfNyD; pm;oHk;ygu oifhcEmudk,f\vdktyfcsuf

rsm;udkjznfhqnf;ay;vdrfhrnf/ þt&monf rSefuefrI½Sdrnf

r[kwf[k ûAef;ueJBuD;txifr½SdvdkufygESifh/

EGm;EdkYrsm;udk ,cktoHk;ûyaeovdk toHk;rûyoifhawmhrnfh

tcsdefa&mufvmvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif ,cktcsdefü EGm;EdkYudkrjzwf

oifhao;ygacs/ MuufOxJwGif tqdyfajyaponfhtmedoif½Sdaom

aq;zuf0if"mwfypönf;rsm;yg½Sdonf/

aq;½HkwGifauR;&rnfhtpmrsm;wGif

uREfkyfwdkYonf usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaponfhtom;rsm;

udkjzwfMuaomfvnf; tjiif;yGm;p&mydkítm;enf;aomtpmrsm;udk

tpm;xdk;pm;oHk;oifhygonf/ xdktpmrsm;wGif MuufOyg0ifyg

onf/ EGm;EdkYudk oifhpm;yGJay:rSz,f½Sm;rypfygESifh/ [if;csuf&m

wGif EGm;EdkYtoHk;ûyaejcif;udkvnf; rwm;jrpfygESifh/ toHk;ûyaom

EdkYrsm;onf usef;rmaomEGm;rBuD;rsm;rS&NyD; ydk;owfxm;onfh

EdkYrsm;jzpfoifhygonf/

odkY&mwGif EGm;EdkY? rvdkif? axmywfESifhMuufOrsm;pm;oHk;&ef

rvHkûcHawmhonfhtcsdefodkYa&mufvmaomtcg xm0&bk&m;ocif

onf today;azmfjyawmfrlvdrfhrnfudk uREfkyfajymjyvdkygonf/

usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm;udk vkyfaqmif&mwGif

tpGef;ra&mufygapESif h/ EGm;Ed k YESif h MuufOpm;oHk;jcif;ESif h

ywfoufonfhtcuftcJonfvnf; ajyvnfoGm;ygvdrfhrnf/

,ckavmavmq,fwGif þudpöESifhywfoufí uREfkyfwdkYü

rnfonfhwm0efrSr½Sdao;yg/ oif\oifhwifhavsmufywfpGm

pm;oHk;aexdkifjcif;udk vltrsm;odjrifygavap/

Letter, p. 37 (1904)

q&m0efwpfOD;aoqHk;awmhrnfjzpfaMumif; a&;om;xm;

onfhpmwpfapmifudk uREfkyf&½SdaomtcsdefwGif xdkyk*¾dKvfonf

tpmajymif;rSjzpfrnf[k (xdknrSmyif) uREfkyftm; ñTefMum;

awmfrlcJhygonf/ MuufOtpdrf;udk wpfBudrfvQifwpfvHk; wpfaeY

2 Budrf (odkYr[kwf) 3 Budrfpm;oHk;vQif oltBuD;tus,f

vdktyfaeaomtm[m&rsm;udk&½Sdygvdrfhrnf/

Letter, p. 127 (1904)

þaq;½HkodkYwufa&muftukocHaeaomvlemrsm;tm;

rSefuefaomusef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhtnD pDpOfcsufûywfxm;

onfh tm[m&t&omESifhjynfh0aomtpmrsm;jzifh auR;arG;&rnf/


uREfkyfwdkYaexdkiftouf½Sifovdk olwdkYaexdkiftouf½SifzdkY uREfkyfwdkY

rarQmfvifhEdkifacs/ ¤if;wdkYtwGuf wnfcif;xm;aomtpmrsm;

onf pm;csifpzG,fjzpfoifhonf/ MuufOudk yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;jzifh

csufûywfauR;arG;Edkifygonf/

tpmrsm;udktpm;xdk;&efysufuGufjcif;

9T, p. 162 (1909)

axmywfpm;jcif;tm;jzifh a&m*g&EdkifaMumif; uav;i,f

rsm;tm; twdkif;tqr½Sd MuufOauR;jcif;onf rdkufrJ&mus

aMumif; owday;pum;rsm;ajymqdkaeaomfvnf; aocsmpGm

arG;jrLxm;onfhMuufrrsm;rS&aomOrsm;udk pm;oHk;jcif;onf

vnf; pnf;urf;csKd;azgufjcif;jzpfonf[k roHk;oyfoifhygacs/

MuufOwGif tqdyfajyaponfh"mwfobm0rsm;yg0ifaeygonf/

wcsKdUrSm EGm;EdkY? MuufOESifh axmywfrsm;udka½SmifMuOfpOf

tm[m&½Sdaomtjcm;tpmrsm;udk tpm;xdk;pm;oHk;&ef ysufuGuf

aeMuonf/ xdkaMumifh tusKd;quftaejzifh cE¨mudk,ftiftm;

rsm;qkwf,kwfvmum tvkyfudkaumif;aumif;rvkyfEdkifMuawmh

acs/ usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIvkyfief;rsm;onfvnf; emrnf

ysufMu&ygonf/ cdkifcdkifrmrmwnfaqmufzdkY uREfkyfwdkYêud;pm;

vkyfaqmif&rnfht&mudk bk&m;ocifcdkif;apxm;onfht&mrsm;ESifh

a&maxG;ypfojzifh toif;awmf\tiftm;rsm;onf csnfheJYvm

ygawmhonf/ odkYaomf txl;jyif;xefaom þoabmw&m;\

tusKd;qufrsm;udk xm0&bk&m;ocifonfumuG,f&ef 0ifa&muf

[efYwm;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/ {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfonf tjypfom;

vltrsKd;tEG,frsm;udk nDnmjzjzjzpfatmif vkyfaqmif&efjzpfonf/

vlcsrf;omrsm;ESifh vlqif;&Jrsm;udk c&pfawmf\ajcawmf&if;odkY


uREfkyfwdkY,aeYpm;oHk;aeaom EGm;EdkY? rvdkifESifh MuufO

rsm;udkjzwf&rnfhtcsdefa&mufvmvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif tpGef;a&muf

csKyfwnf;jcif;rsm;udk tcsdefra&mufrDusifhoHk;jcif;tm;jzifh rdrd

udk,fudkpdwf'ku©a&mufatmifvkyfjcif;onf rvdkvm;tyfaom

t&mjzpfonf/ tajctaeuawmif;qdkvmonfhtcsdefxdatmif

apmifhyg/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf oifhtwGufjyifqifay;awmfrl

vdrfhrnf/

tydkif; (3) 'defcJrsm;

2T, p. 68 (1868)

csd(pf)[kac:onfh'defcJrsm;udk tpmtdrfxJodkYvHk;0rxnfh

oifhyg/

MH, p. 302 (1905)

axmywfudk aygifrkefYwGifokwfípm;jcif;onf [if;csuf

&mwGiftoHk;ûyjcif;xuf usef;rma&;txdcdkufoufomygonf/

odkY&mwGif vHk;vHk;rpm;jcif;onf ydkíaumif;ygonf/ 'defcJpm;

jcif;udk uefYuGufrIrsm;ydkírsm;jym;vmNyD; pm;oHk;&efroifhavsmf

onfht&mjzpfonf/

(CTBH, pp. 46-47) CH, p. 114. (1890)

rdciftrsm;pkonf rdom;pktwGuf axmifacsmufjzpfap

rnfhxrif;pm;yGJrsKd;udk jyifqifwwfMu\/ tom;? axmywf

ESifh'defcJrsm;? tpmoGwfrkefYrsm;ESifh [if;cwftarT;têudifxnfhxm;

aom[if;rsm;udk vlBuD;vli,ftm;vHk;pdwfêudufpm;aeMuonf/


xdktpmrsm;onf tpmtdrfudk uarmufurjzpfaponf/

tm½HkaMumrsm;udk rwnfrNidrfjzpfaponf/ todOmPfpGrf;tm;udk

tm;enf;aponf/ tqDrsm;aomxdktpmrsm;onf taoG;tom;

rjzpfapEdkif½Hkomru tpmaMu&efvnf;cufvSygonf/ xdk'defcJ

rsm;udkpm;jcif;aMumifh touftEÅ&m,fudkyifxdcdkufapEdkifygonf/

3T, p. 136 (1873)

rsm;aomtm;jzifh om;orD;rsm;udk tom;rsm;? [if;arT;

rqvmrsm;? axmywf'defcJrsm;? 0ufom;rsm;? tqDttdrfhrsm;

aomtpmrsm;udk pm;cGifhûyxm;Muygonf/ pm;cGifhûyxm;onfh

tpmrsm;onf usef;rma&;ESifhrnDnGwfonfhMum;wGif tcsdefrrSef

êudufonfhtcsdefwGifpm;zdkYvnf; cGifhûyxm;ao;onf/ xdkaMumifh

tpmtdrfa&m*grsm;jzpfjcif;? tm½HkaMumrsm;yHkrSefrvkyfaqmifjcif;

ESifhtodOmPfrsm;tm;enf;jcif;rsm;jzifh &ifqdkifMu&ygonf/ a&m*g

ESifhaojcif;rsKd;aphrsm;udk rdrdwdkYBuJaeonfudk rdbrsm;rod½SdMuacs/

R & H, July 19, 1870.

tDvDEdk;ppfjynfe,f? Edk;&ma'owGif tpnf;a0;yGJBuD;

pwifusif;yaomtcsdefwGif tpm;taomufESifhywfoufí owd

ay;zdkYwm0ef½Sdonf[k uREfkyfcHpm;rdygonf/ rm&D½Gefa'orS

uHraumif;taMumif;rvSaom wcsKdUyk*¾dKvfrsm;taMumif;udk

ajymjyum tpnf;ta0;umvtwGif;ü rvdktyfaomtpDtpOf

rsm;ESifh rvdkvm;tyfaompm;aomufzG,f&mrsm;udk rvkyfaqmif

Mu&ef uREfkyfwm0efay;wm;jrpfcJhygonf/ wcsKdUrSm 'defcJrsm;udk

,lvmum pm;Muygonf/ xdk'defcJrsm;onf vwfqwfaomf

vnf; tpmtdrftwGufraumif;ojzifh vHk;0rpm;oifhMuyg/

Letter, p. 40 (1893)

'defcJrsm;udk tpnf;a0;yGJBuD;usif;yonfhae&mwGif

ra&mif;oifhaMumif;? tpnf;a0;yGJBuD;jyifyrS0,fvmvdku 0,fvm

EdkifaMumif;? tpnf;a0;yGJBuD;wpfckwGifqHk;jzwfcJh&m 'defcJajrmufjrm;

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Letter, p. 1 (1875)

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udkr0,fjzpfcJhonfhESpfaygif;? rpm;cJhonfhESpfaygif;MumNyDjzpfaMumif;

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xJudkyif 'defcJudkwpfcgrQrxnfhcJhzl;ygacs/

ÀÀÀ


tcef;BuD; (23)

tom; (wd&pämeftom;rsm;)

Sp. Gifts IV, pp. 120, 121 (1864)

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H to L, ch. 1, p. 52 (1865)

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MH, pp. 311-312 (1905)

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MS, p. 38 (1898)

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Sp. Gifts IV, pp. 15-18 (1864)

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DF- 35


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tom;[if;vsmrsm;udk ¤if;wdkYxHrStBuD;tus,fz,f½Sm;awmfrlcJh

ygonf/ ¤if;wdkY\awmif;qdkcsuft& odemawmifra&mufrD

uav;wGif tom;udkauR;cJhzl;aomfvnf; xdkumvonfvnf;

wpf&ufomjzpfygonf/ rEérkefYudkauR;ovdk tom;[if;rsm;

udkvnf; auR;vdkygu auR;Edkifawmfrlaomfvnf; ¤if;wdkYtwGuf

aumif;zdkY tom;pm;jcif;udkwm;jrpfawmfrlcJhygonf/ tJ*kwåKjynf

wGifaepOfu pm;aeusjzpfaom xdktom;[if;rsm;xuf ydkí

aumif;aomtpmjzifh auR;arG;ûypkvdkonfrSm xm0&bk&m;ocif

\tvdkawmfyifjzpfonf/ xdkolwdkYonf {'ifO,smOftwGif;

aexdkifonfh tm'HESifh{0tm; bk&m;ocifay;cJhaom ajrtoD;

tESHrsm;jzpfonfh rlvtpm;tpmudkESpfûcdufvm&ef ¤if;wdkY\

azgufjyefaeonfhcHwGif;udk jyefwnfhay;zdkYvdkaeygonf/

xdk£oa&vrsm;onf udk,fawmf\wm;jrpfcsufrsm;udk

vdkufemum cHwGif;awmifhwrIrsm;udkrvdkufavsm&ef qE´½SdcJhMu


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trSefudk xufxufjrufjrufcGJjcm;em;vnfum rSefuefaom

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ay;awmfrlonfhaumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;udkcHpm;Edkif&ef ¤if;wdkYtwGuf

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tay: jypfwifjrnfwrf;um tJ*kwåKjynfrSmpm;cJh&aom[if;rsm;

udk owd&wrf;waeMuonf/ xdkaMumifh xm0&bk&m;ocif

onf ¤if;wdkYtm;trJom;rsm;udkpm;apawmfrlcJhaomfvnf; xdktom;

rsm;onf ¤if;wdkYtwGuf tr*Fvmjzpfonfudkrl xif½Sm;ap

awmfrlcJhonf/

aum&defokMo0g'pmyxrapmif 10;6?11

]xdkolwdkYonf raumif;aomt&mwdkYudkwyfrufouJhodkY

igwdkYonfrwyfrufapjcif;iSm xdktaMumif;t&mwdkYudk igwdkYtzdkY

yH koufaojzpfMu\/---xdktaMumif;t&m½S dorQwdk Yonf

yHkoufaojzpftHhaomiSm xdkolwdkYüa&mufMu\/ uyfumv

tqHk;wGifjzpfaomigwdkYudk qHk;rp&mzdkY usrf;pmüa&;xm;vsuf

½Sdownf;/}

3T, pp. 171,172 (1873)

a,bk,stm;jzifh bufw,f(vf)c&dü½Sdaomtoif;awmf

onf ¤if;wdkY\tzGJUtpnf;udk rdrdwdkY\toufwmyHkoufao

tm;jzifh xdef;odrf;rIr½SdMuacs/ ¤if;wdkYonf usef;rma&;qdkif&m

tvif;w&m;rsm;udk rdom;pkwGif;usifhoHk;jcif;tm;jzifh *kPfrûy

cJhMuacs/ tu,fíom bk&m;ocifay;tvif;w&m;rsm;twdkif;

aexdkiftouf½SifcJhMuvQif b,fw,f(vf)c&d½Sd rdom;pktrsm;ü

usa&mufaeaoma&m*gb,rsm;udk awGUjrifMu&vdrfhrnfr[kwf

acs/ xdkolrsm;onf tvif;w&m;rsm;udk *½krxm;cJhMu½Hkomru

cHwGif;ESifhywfoufonfhwm;jrpfcsufrsm;\ta&;ygyHkrsm;udkvnf;

rawGUjrifEdkifcJhMuacs/ ]tom;rpm;&&if ao&awmhrSmyJ?} ,ckacwf

vlom;rsm;ajymouJhodkYajymum tom;[if;rsm;udk £oa&v

rsm;awmif;ípm;cJhMu&m xm0&bk&m;ocifonf ¤if;wdkY\qEudk

jznfhqnf;cJhaomfvnf; xdktpmESifhtwl tr*Fvmrsm;yg½SdaecJh

ygonf/ axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom£oa&vrsm;onf xdktrJom;

rsm;udkpm;aepOfrSmyif aoaMuysufpD;ukefMuonf/ uREfkyfwdkYü

a½S;acwf£oa&vrsm;\yHkoufaorsm;½SdaeNyD; ¤if;wdkYvkyfovdk

rvkyfMuzdkY xdkyHkoufaorsm;u uREfkyfwdkYudkowday;aeygonf/

bk&m;ocif\cdkif;apcsufrsm;udk tjypfwifjrnfwrf;aom ¤if;wdkY\

yHkoufaoudkrvdkufavQmufrdap&eftvdkYiSm ¤if;wdkY\r,HkMunfrI

ESifh ykefuefrIrsm;taMumif;udk txl;owday;csufwpfcktjzpf

&mZ0ifwGifrSwfwrf;wifxm;ygonf/ xdkaMumifh uREfkyfwdkYonf

udk,fydkifvrf;pOfrsm;udk a½G;cs,fvsuf udk,ftêudufudkvdkufum


xm0&bk&m;ocifESifh ydkíykdía0;aomtajctaeodkY OD;wnf

xGufcGmvsuf xdka[NAJrsm;vkyfaqmifouJhodkY tb,fodkYvkyfaqmif

Edkifygrnfenf;/ rmausmaompdwfESvHk;ESifh r,HkMunfaom

raumif;rIpdwfrsm;aMumifh rdrdvlwdkYtwGuf BuD;us,faomt&m

rsm;udk xm0&bk&m;ocifvkyfay;Edkifawmfrrlygacs/

xm0&bk&m;ocifonf vlrsufESmaxmufwwfonf

r[kwf/ odkY&mwGif udk,fawmftm; aMumuf½GHU½d kaoum

ajzmifhrwfpGmusifhMuHolrsm;udk vufcHawmfrl\/ jypfwifjrnfwrf;

vsuf? r,HkMunfvsuf? x<uykefuefvsuf½S dolrsm;rSmrl

udk,fawmf\rsufESmomay;jcif;udkvnf;aumif;? trSefw&m;udk

cspfjrwfEdk;um vdkufvHusifhMuHolrsm;twGufxm;aomuwdawmf

udkvnf;aumif; &½SdcHpm;Mu&vdrfhrnfr[kwfyg/ tvif;awmfudk

&½Sdxm;aomfvnf; xdktvif;awmftwdkif; touf½Sifaexdkif

jcif;r½Sdonfhjyif xm0&bk&m;ocif\awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk yrmP

rûyolrsm;rSm cHpm;ae&aomaumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;onf usdefjcif;

tr*Fvmrsm;tjzpfodkYvnf;aumif;? u½kPmawmfonf jypf'Pf

pD&ifjcif;tjzpfodkYvnf;aumif; ajymif;vJoGm;rnfudkawGUMu&

vdrfhrnf/ udk,fhaowGif;udkudk,f½SmcJhMuaom a½G;cs,fjcif;cH&

onfh xl;jcm;aomvlrsKd; a½S;acwf£oa&vrsm;\&mZ0ifudk

uREfkyfwdkYzwfaepOfwGif ESdrfhcsjcif;ESifhem;axmifjcif;rsm;udk uREfkyfwdkY

avhusufMuzdkY xm0&bk&m;ociftvdk½Sdawmfrlonf/

6T, p. 372 (1900)

uREfkyfwdkYonf avmuaemufvdkufaeolrsm;jzpfaeovm;/

(odkYr[kwf) trSefw&m;udktoHk;ûyum avmurSz,fxkwfxm;

jcif;cH&onfhvlpkwGif yg0ifaeolrsm;jzpfaeovm;qdkonfhtcsufudk

uREfkyfwdkY\pm;usifh? aomufusifhrsm;u xif½Sm;apygonf/

þyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf aumif;aomtusifhrsm;udk pdwftm;wBuD;

aqmif½Gufwwfaom xl;jcm;onfhvlrsKd;jzpfygonf/ þtaMumif;

udk or®musrf;pmxJwGif xm0&bk&m;ocifzGifhqdkxm;awmfrl

onf/ usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udpörsm;taMumif;udk 'Ha,v

ESifhtaz:oHk;OD;wdkY\tjzpftysufudk tajcûya[mMum;Edkifygonf/

£oa&vrsm;\aumif;pm;a&;udka½S;½Ivsuf tom;rsm;udk

rauR;cJhaMumif;udk &mZ0ifwGif xm0&bk&m;ocifzGifhqdkxm;yg

onf/ ¤if;wdkYtm; aumif;uifwrefrsm;pm;onfh rEérkefYjzifh

auR;arG;awmfrlcJhygonf/ odkY&mwGif xdkolrsm;onf ajrBuD;ESifh

qdkifaomcHwGif;awmifhwrIudkomtom;ay;um tJ*kwåKjynfwGif

pm;cJh&aom[if;rsm;udk ydkíA[dkûyvmonfESifhtrQ udk,fpdwf

ESvHk;oHk;yg;pvHk;udk qufvufusef;rm½Tifvef;Edkifap&ef xm0&

bk&m;ocifauR;awmfrlonfhtpmrsm;udk ydkírkef;vmMuygonf/

olwdkYonf tom;[if;rsm;udkomawmifhwaeMu&m ¤if;wdkY\

oabmxm;rsm;onf ,ckacwfvlrsm;pGmwdkY\oabmxm;ESifh

wlaeygonf/

(CTBH, p. 119) CH, p. 450. (1890)

obm0ajrxGufoD;ESHrsm;udkpm;oHk;í touf½Sifaexdkif

jcif;wnf;[laom udk,fawmf\rlvtMuHtpnfawmftwdkif;

pm;oHk;Mu&ef uREfkyfwdkYtm; wpfqifhNyD;wpfqifh xm0&bk&m;ocif

êud;pm;ydkYaqmifaeonfudk uREfkyftm;rMumcPpdwftm½HkwGifazmfjy

aeygonf/


MS, p. 115 (1903)

[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;? toD;tESHrsm;ESifh tcGHrmtoD;rsm;

onf uREfkyfwdkY\tpm;tpmrsm;jzpfoifhygonf/ tom;wpfwHk;

udkrQ uREfkyfwdkYrpm;oifhyg/ tom;pm;jcif;onf obm0ESifh

qefYusifaeygonf/ vlom;rsm;udkzefqif;pOfu xm;awmfrl

onfhrlvtMuHtpnfESifhtnD uREfkyfwdkYjyefvnftouf½Sifaexdkif

Mu&ygrnf/

MH, p. 317 (1905)

tom;rsm;udkrpm;oifhawmhonfhtcsdefodkYa&muf½SdaeNyD

r[kwfygvm;/ aumif;uifom;rsm;ESifh taqGcifyGef;jzpfEdkifap&ef

twGuf rdrdudk,fudkoefY½Sif;jzLpifzdkY êud;pm;aeolrsm;onf

udk,fpdwfESpfyg;pvHk;udk xdcdkufysufpD;apEdkifonfhtpmrsm;udk

qufvufpm;oHk;aeMuOD;rnfvm;/ rdrdwdkYtaysmfpm;oHk;zdkY tom;

udk&½Sd&ef bk&m;ocifzefqif;xm;onfh owå0grsm;\toufudk

owfaeMuOD;rnfvm;/ xdkodkYrvkyfaqmifMuawmhbJ tptOD;u

bk&m;ocifauR;cJhonfh tm[m&½SdNyD; t&omESifhjynfhpHkaom

tpmrsm;udk jyefvnfpm;oHk;um rdrdûyorQEk&rnfh oem;p&mh

owå0guav;rsm;tay: u½kPmxm;MuygpdkY/ rdrdwdkY\om;orD;

rsm;tm;vnf; u½kPmxm;wwfatmif oifMum;ay;MuygpdkY/

CTBH, p. 119 (1890)

c&pfawmf'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;udk ajrmfvifhaeolrsm;

txJwGif tom;pm;jcif;tusifh"avhrsm;onf tqHk;wGif

uG,faysmufoGm;vdrfhrnf/ tom;[if;rsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\tpm

pm&if;xJwGif yg0ifawmhrnfr[kwfacs/ þtcsufudk uREfkyfwdkY

tNrJwrf;axmuf½Ium tqHk;wdkifjznf;jznf;csif;êud;pm;vkyfaqmif

oGm;Mu&ygrnf/ tom;pm;jcif;tusifhonf uREfkyfwdkYtm;

xm0&bk&m;ocifay;oem;onfhtvif;w&m;ESifhqDavsmfrI½Sdonf[k

uREfkyfrxifyg/ txl;ojzifh aq;½Hk? aq;cef;rsm;ESifhqufpyf

aeolrsm;onf opfoD;0vHrsm;? toD;tESHrsm;ESifh [if;oD;

[if;½Gufrsm;udkompm;oHk;touf½Sifwwfatmif udk,fhudkudk,f

ynmay;oifhMuygonf/ tu,fíom þt&mrsm;wGif ay;xm;

awmfrlonfhpnf;rsOf;rsm;twdkif; vdkufavQmufrnfqdkvQifaomf

vnf;aumif;? c&pf,mefûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;yDyD rdrdwdkY\

cHwGif;udk rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkif uREfkyfwdkYavhusifhay;MurnfqdkvQif

aomfvnf;aumif; bk&m;ocifESpfoufawmfrlonfh þudpöESifh

ywfoufí olwpfyg;tay:wGif uREfkyfwdkYMoZm½SdvmMuygvdrfh

rnf/

(CTBH, p. 48) CH, p. 116. (1890)

rdrdwdkY\cHwGif;tvdkudkvdkufavsmay;jcif;onf vlom;

rsm;vkyfaqmif&rnfhtqHk;pGeftvkyfjzpfonfr[kwfyg/ cE¨mudk,f

\vdktyfcsufrsm;udkjznfhqnf;ay;&rnfrSmrSefaomfvnf; vludk

¤if;\cHwGif;awmifhwrIu xdef;csKyfrxm;oifhygacs/ aumif;uif

om;todkuft0ef;ESifh rdwfo[m,zGJUEdkif&ef rdrdudk,fudk oefY½Sif;

jzLpifatmif êud;pm;vkyfaqmifaeolrsm;onf bk&m;ocif

zefqif;xm;onfhowå0grsm;\toufudk owfaeMuOD;rSmvm;/

¤if;wdkY\tom;udk taysmfoabmrsKd;jzifh pm;aeMuOD;rSmvm;/

þvkyf&yfrsm;udk ajymif;vJum bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm;


taejzifh t&mcyfodrf;wdkYwGif csKyfwnf;jcif;tusifhudk usifhoHk;MuzdkY

pdwftm½HkwGif uREfkyftm; xm0&bk&m;ocifazmfjyawmfrlygonf/

9T, pp. 153-154 (1909)

tom;pm;jcif;ESifhywfoufaomqdk;usKd;rsm;ESifh vufzuf

&nf? aumfzDESifh tqDttdrfhrsm;aomtpmrsm;\tEÅ&m,frsm;ESifh

ywfoufonfh ñTefMum;csufrsm;udkod½Sdxm;olrsm;onfvnf;

aumif;? tepfemcHjcif;tm;jzifh bk&m;ocifESifhy#dnmOfûy&ef

qHk;jzwfxm;olrsm;onfvnf;aumif; usef;rma&;udkxdcdkuf

aponf[k od½Sdxm;aomtpmrsm;udk pm;Muawmhrnfr[kwfacs/

roefY½Sif;aomtpmrsm;udkrpm;bJ raumif;aomtpmrsm;udk

pm;vdkaomfvnf; rpm;bJaeMu&ef xm0&bk&m;ocifawmif;qdk

aeygonf/ þt&monf pHkvifaomolrsm;tjzpf xm0&bk&m;

ocif\a½SUawmfwGifr&yfrD NyD;pD;atmifvkyfaqmifxm;&rnfht&m

wpfckjzpfonf/

MS, p. 71 (1908)

tom;? vufzuf&nf? aumfzDESifhwuG usef;rma&;udk

xdcdkufaponfhtpm;taomufrsm;udkrpm;bJ a½SmifMuOfMu&ef

usef<uif;aomtoif;awmftm; ¤if;wdkY\tusKd;tvdkYiSm xm0&

bk&m;ociftMuHay;awmfrlvsuf½Sdonf/ tm[m&ESifhjynfh0½Hk

omru t&omvnf;aumif;rGefonfh uREfkyfwdkYpm;p&mtpm;

tpmrsm; þurÇmBuD;wGif tvQHy,fayg<u,f0vsuf½Sdonf/

(R & H, May 27, 1902) CH, pp. 575-576.

c&pfawmf\'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;udk ajrmfvifhaeolrsm;

xJwGif tBuD;tus,fajymif;vJrIrsm;½Sdoifhygonf/ usef;rmjcif;

qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;onf uREfkyfwdkYtxJwGif ,ckwdkif

NyD;ajrmufatmifvkyfaqmifjcif;r½Sdao;onfh tvkyfwpfckjzpf

aomfvnf; NyD;ajrmufatmifvkyfaqmif&rnfht&mwpfckjzpfonf/

tom;pm;jcif;\tEÅ&m,frsm;taMumif;udk today;oifholrsm;?

udk,fpdwfESvHk;oHk;yg;pvHk;udk tEÅ&m,fûyEdkifonfhtom;rsm;udk

,ckwdkifpm;aeMuolrsm; uREfkyfwdkYtxJwGif½Sdaeygao;onf/

tom;pm;jcif;ESifhywfoufí wpf0ufwpfysufomajymif;vJjcif;

½Sdolrsm;wdkYonf bk&m;ocif\vlwdkYESifhtwl qufvuftouf

r½SifMuawmhbJ a½Smifz,foGm;Muvdrfhrnf/

cE¨mudk,fESif h0dnmOfa&;cGeftm;rsm;? [efcsufnDnD

vkyfaqmifEdkif&eftwGuf uREfkyfwdkYonf vkyfaqmifrItpkpkwGif

xm0&bk&m;ocifay;oem;awmfrlaomynwfrsm;udk em;axmif

vdkufavQmufMu&rnf/ vlwdkYonf bk&m;ocif0wfüarGUavsmf

onfhyHkpHrsKd;½Sdaumif;½Sdrnf/ {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudk a[maumif;

a[mMuvdrfhrnfjzpfaomfvnf; oefY½Sif;pifMu,frIESifh uif;rJh

aumif;uif;rJhaeMuygrnf/ ,HkMunfjcif;tm;enf;olrsm;vrf;rSm;

a&mufoGm;rnfpdk;&ojzifh w&m;a[mq&mrsm;onf tpm;

taomufwGif wif;usyfpGmûcd;jcHcsKyfwnf;Mu&ygrnf/ ta&;yg

aombk&m;ocifay;w&m;awmfrsm;udk[pfa<u;aepOf rSm;,Gif;

aompm;usifhaomufusifhrsm;tm;jzifh trSefw&m;udk xdkolrsm;

wdkufvSefaeMuvQif ¤if;wdkYo,faqmifvmonfhowif;pum;

rsm;xJrS tiftm;rsm;tm;vHk;udk xdktusihfqdk;rsm;u &,loGm;

Muvdrfhrnf/


tom;pm;? vufzuf&nf? aumfzDaomufaeolrsm;onf

a0'emESifhaojcif;aumufvIdif;rsm;udk&dwfodrf;&ef rsKd;aphBuJae

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jcif;onf touf0dnmOfudkppfcif;rnfh cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkjzpf

apvsuf ydkíedrfhusodrfzsif;aompdwfaeoabmxm;rsm;udkjzpfyGm;

vmaponf/ wd&pämeftom;rsm;udkpm;jcif;onf edrfhusaom

wd&pämefpdwfoabmrsm;udk zGHUûzd;apum 0dnmOfa&;udktm;enf;

oGm;apojzifh trSefw&m;udkem;vnfEdkifonfhpGrf;tm;rsm;udk

avsmhyg;apygonf/

uRE f ky fw d k Yonf avmuaysm far G U jci f ;c Hpm;r Iud k

ra½SmifMuOfMuvQif udk,fcE¨mobm0onf 0dnmOfobm0ESifh

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xGufpum;u yGifhvif;pGm uREfkyfwdkYtm;owday;xm;ygonf/

tmomirf;irf;pm;jcif;onf usef;rmjcif;ESifhNidrfoufjcif;rsm;udk

xdcdkufapygonf/ þodkYjzifh vlom;rsm;\jrifhjrwfaom

Mueftifvu©Pmrsm;ESifh ,kwfnHhaomoabmxm;rsm;tMum;

wdkufvSefyGJwpfckjzpfvmygonf/ ,kwfnHhaomoabmxm;rsm;u

tm;aumif;vmvQif touf0dnmOftm; zdpD;ESdyfpufygonf/

xd ka Mumif h jri f h jrwfonf h Mueftifvu©Pmrsm;onf

bk&m;ocif\oef Ypifr Iud krcH&aom cHwGi f;awmif hwrI

rsm;udktvdkvdkufjcif;rsm;tm;jzifh tEÅ&m,frsm;udk &ifqdkif

ae&ygonf/

Letter, p. 48 (1902)

trSefw&m;udk vufcH,HkMunfolrsm;onf rdrdwdkY\

tajymtqdk? tusifhtMuHrsm;tm;jzifh bk&m;ocifESifhwuG

ud k,fawmf\trIawmfud k toa&,kwfavsmhoGm;atmif

rvkyfaqmifrdap&eftwGuf rdrdwdkY\udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\wefcdk;

cGeftm;rsm;udk umuG,fapmifha½SmufMu&rnf/ tusifhp½dkufESifh

tusifh"avhrsm;udk tvdkawmfESifhtnDjzpfatmif aqmif½GufMu

&rnf/ tpm;tpmrsm;udk *½kwpdkufpm;aomufMu&rnf/ bk&m;

ocif\om;orD;rsm;taejzifh tom;pm;jcif;udk cdkifrmpGm

qefYusifMu&ef uREfkyftm; pdwftm½HkwGif ½Sif;vif;pGmazmfjyawmfrl

onf/ udk,fpdwfESpfyg;usef;rmcsrf;omcsifvQif tom;rpm;Mu

ESifh[laomowif;pum;udk vlom;rsm;vdkufavQmuf&ef bk&m;

ociftvdkawmfr½SdcJhygvQif ESpfaygif; (30) vHk;vHk; þowif;

pum;udk xm0&bk&m;ocifay;awmfrlygrnfvm;/ tom;pm;

jcif;tm;jzifh ,kwfnHhaompdwfrsm;tm;aumif;vmum 0dnmOfa&;

obm0rsm;tm;enf;oGm;apygonf/

MH, p. 315 (1905)

tom;[if;vsmrsm;aMumifh &½Sdrnfhpdwfydkif;qdkif&mxdcdkufrI

rsm;onf cE¨mudk,femrusef;jzpfjcif;xuf ravsmhenf;ygacs/

tom;onf usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufap&m xdkxdcdkufrItwdkif;twm

twdkif; pdwf0dnmOfrsm;udkvnf; xdcdkufapygonf/ tom;pm;

jcif;ESifhyg0ifywfoufaeonfh wd&pämefrsm;tay:ûyusifhonfh

&ufpufrIrsm;udkvnf; oHk;oyfMunfhyg/ vufawGUusL;vGefolESifh

tom; (wd&pämeftom;rsm;) 561 562 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf

MunfhjrifaeolESpfOD;pvHk;tay:wGif oufa&mufonfhxdcdkufrIudk

vnf;oHk;oyfyg/ xdkvkyf&yfonf a0ae,sowå0grsm;tay:

uREfkyfwdkYxm;oifhonfh odrfarGUrIudkzsufqD;ypfvdkufygwum;/

MS, p. 22 (1887)

trsm;pkpm;oHk;aeaom wd&pämeftaoaumifrStom;rsm;

onf cE¨mudk,ftajctaeudk ysuf,Gif;apouJhodkY pdwfydkif;

qdkif&mxdcdkufysufpD;rIrsm;udkjzpfapygonf/ zsm;emrIrsm;\

taMumif;&if;udk trSefwu,f½SmazGcJhvQif tom;pm;jcif;\

&v'fjzpfaMumif;awGU&vdrfhrnf/

Pacific Union Recorder, Oct. 9, 1902.

tom;pm;aomolrsm;onf tom;ESifhywfoufí bk&m;

ocifay;awmfrlaomowday;csufrsm;udk *½krxm;Muacs/ vHkûcH

aomtoufwmvrf;udkavQmufaeygonf[k ¤if;wdkYüoufao

om"ujyp&mr½SdouJhodkY tom;pm;jcif;twGuf tenf;i,f

aomqifajcuav;udkrQay;p&mvnf;r½SdMuyg/ bk&m;ocif\

usdefjcif;tr*Fvmonf wd&pämefavmuwGif usa&mufvsuf½Sd&m

tom;pm;aomtcsdefrsm;wGif xdktom;rsm;onf tpmtdrfxJwGif

ykyfodk;oGm;um a&m*gjzpfapygonf/ uifqma&m*g? jrif;zkem?

tqkyfa&m*grsm;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh tom;pm;jcif;aMumifh

jzpfay:vm&ygonf/

MS, p. 3 (1897)

þtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk uREfkyftm;azmfjyonfhtwdkif;

vlwdkif;od½SdcJhMurnfqdkvQif pm&dwåwnfaqmufjcif;ESifhywfoufí

*½krxm;Muolrsm;ESifh tom;pm;zdkYawmif;qdkaeMuolrsm;onf

wd&pämeftaoaumif\tom;rsm;udkpm;jcif;rSm rSefuefaom

vkyf&yfyg[k rnfonfhtcgrQajymMuvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ xdktpm;

tpmrsKd;onf cE¨mudk,fwGif;rSaoG;udknpfnrf;apvsuf ,kwfnHh

aom&r®ufrsm;udkjzpfay:aponf/ udk,fhudkukd,fodjcif;? xm0&

bk&m;ocifESifhwuG trSefw&m;udkem;vnfaponfh xufjruf

aomtodw&m;ESifha0zefoHk;oyfrIrsm;udk tm;enf;arS;rSdefapygonf/

MH, p. 313 (1905)

tom;onf rnfonfhtcgrQ taumif;qHk;tpmr[kwf

cJhacs/ wd&pämefrsm;wGif a&m*grsm;vsifjrefpGmusa&mufaeaom

aMumifh tom;pm;jcif;udk ,cktcsdefwGif ESpfquefYuGufp&m

jzpfvmygonf/

7T, p. 124 (1902)

wd&pämefrsm;ü ydkía&m*gusa&mufaeNyDjzpfojzifh ajrmfvifh

jcif;toif;om;rsm;omru tjcm;olrsm;yg tom;pm;jcif;udk

jzwf&rnfhtcsdefonf ra0;awmhNyD/ tom;jzwfEdkif&eftwGuf

usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfí taoG;tom;udkjzpfaprnfhtpmrsm;udk

jyifqifpm;oHk;Mu&rnf/

MS, p. 133 (1902)

trSefw&m;udkod½Sdxm;olrsm;onf rnfonfhtcsdefwGif

xm0&umvtwGuf trSefw&m;bufwGif&yfwnfMuvdrfhrnf

enf;/ usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk

rnfonfhtcsdefwGif olwdkYvdkufavQmufMuvdrfhrnfenf;/ tom;

DF- 36


pm;jcif;onf tEÅ&m,f½Sdonfudk rnfonfhtcgusrS olwdkY

odvmMurnfenf;/ tom;pm;jcif;onf rnfonfhtcgrQ

tEÅ&m,fruif;aMumif;zGifhqdk&ef uREfkyftm;ñTefMum;awmfrlygonf/

Union Conference Record (Australasian), July 28, 1899.

wd&pämeftom;pm;jcif;udk uREfkyfwdkYjzwfypf&awmhrnfh

umvonf ra0;awmhaMumif; uREfkyftm;tvif;ay;awmfrlyg

onf/ EGm;EdkYudkyif rpm;oifhonfhtcsdefa&mufvmygawmhrnf/

a&m*grsm;onf tvsiftjrefusa&mufaeygonf/ vlom;rsm;u

ajrBuD;udkusdefcJhaomaMumifh bk&m;ocif\usdefjcif;tr*Fvm

rsm;onf ajrBuD;tay:odkYusa&mufaeygonf/ wd&pämeftom;

rsm;tpm; tjcm;pm;p&mrsm;udk vlom;rdom;pkrsm;twGuf

tpm;xdk;&onfhtajca&mufonftxd vlwdkY\tusifhp½dkufrsm;u

ajrBuD;udk xdktajctaeodkYa&mufapcJhygonf/ tom;udk uREfkyfwdkY

pm;&efrvdkyg/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf uREfkyfwdkYtwGuf tjcm;

tpm;tpmrsm;udk jyifqifay;awmfrlEdkifygonf/

2T, pp. 404-405 (1870)

oifpm;aeaomtom;rsm;\obm0udk oifodrnfqdkvQif

aomfvnf;aumif;? oifpm;aeaomtom;udkay;onfh xdkwd&pämef

rsm;touf½SifaepOfutajctaeudk oifawGUjrifrnfqdkvQifaomf

vnf;aumif; oifonf tom;pm;jcif;udk jzwfypfygvdrfhrnf/

oifpm;aeaomtom;udkay;onfh xdkwd&pämefonf rMumcP

a&m*gjzpfae&m ypfxm;cJhrnfqdkvQif tvdkvdkaooGm;vdrfhrnf

jzpfaomfvnf; touf½ªaewkef; owfNyD; tom;udk,lum

aps;wGifa&mif;cJhMuygonf/ oifonf tqdk;½Gm;qHk;t&mwpfckrS

tqdyfESifh½GHp&mrsm;udk wdkuf½dkufpm;oHk;aeygwum;/ þtcsuf

udk oifrod½dk;trSefjzpfvdrfhrnf/

MH, p. 314 (1905)

a&m*g&aeojzifh tajctaeraumif;aomaMumifh owfNyD;

aps;üa&mif;aomtom;rsm;vnf;½Sdwwfygonf/ a&mif;wef;

0ifatmif wd&pämefrsm;udk0ûzd;ap&ef tqifhqifhvkyfaqmifrIrsm;

aMumifhvnf; xdkwd&pämefrsm;wGif a&m*g&aewwfygonf/ tvif;

a&mifESifhavaumif;avoefYr&Edkifonfh npfywfaomtcef;rsm;

xJwGif touf½ªaexdkifum ykyfodk;aeaomtpmrsm;aMumifh

xdkwd&pämefrsm;\cE¨mudk,frsm;onf npfnrf;aeaomfvnf;

0ûzd;rI½Sdaewwfygonf/

aps;uGufodkYa&mufonftxd &yfa0;a'orsm;rSo,fvm

aomwd&pämefrsm;rSm c&D;yef;um a&m*ga0'emrsm;&½SdoGm;wwf

ygonf/ pdrf;vef;aompm;usufrsm;rS aps;uGufodkYa&mufonf

txd zkefxlNyD; yljyif;aomc&D;a0;BuD;udk >ywfodyfatmifwifxm;

onfh,mOfrsm;ay:wGif em&Daygif;rsm;pGm tpmrpm;&/ a&raomuf

&ojzifh aovkajrmyg;jzpfaeaom oem;p&mxdkwd&pämefrsm;\

taoaumifrStom;rsm;ud kcsufûywfum vlom;rsm;u

pm;aomufaeMuygwum;/

Sp. Gifts IV, pp. 147-148 (1864)

tom;pm;jcif;aMumifh a&m*g&um vlrsm;pGmaoaMu

ysufpD;aeMuygonf/ odkYapumrl urÇmolurÇmom;rsm;rSm


rdkufwGif;eufqJjzpfygonf/ owfNyD;a&mif;&eftwGuf &yfa0;rS

o,fvmaomwd&pämefrsm;udk rMumcPowfaeMuonf/

¤if;wdkY\aoG;rsm;onf qlaeygonf/ xdkwd&pämefrsm;onf tom;

jynfhNyD; vIyf½Sm;rIrsm;rvkyfMu&ojzifh c&D;a0;BuD;udk jzwfoef;

vm&aomtcg armyef;EGrf;e,faeMuygonf/ xdktajctaersKd;

wGif ¤if;wdkYudkowfí aps;uGufwGifa&mif;Muygonf/ xdkwd&pämef

rsm;\taoG;onfqlae&m ¤if;wdkY\tom;udkpm;rdolrsm;onf

tqdyfudkpm;aeMujcif;jzpfonf/ wcsKdUrSm xdktom;rsm;aMumifh

csufcsif;zsm;emwwfMuaomfvnf; wcsKdUrSmrl emusifudkufcJ

onfha0'emrsm;cHpm;&wwfNyD; zsm;emjcif;? 0rf;avsma&m*grsm;

aMumifh aoqHk;wwfMuygonf/

wd&pämeftawmfrsm;rsm;udk a&m*gjzpfaeojzifh aps;wGif

a&mif;Muonfudk aps;onfrsm;uodMuaomfvnf; 0,f,lpm;oHk;

olrsm;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh rodMuacs/ txl;ojzifh ûrdUBuD;

rsm;wGif þuJhodkYjzpfae&m rdrdwdkYonf emaomtom;rsm;udk

pm;aeaMumif; tom;pm;olrsm;rodMuacs/

wcsKdUwd&pämefrsm;rSm rdrdwdkYtm; rnfodkYvkyfaqmif&ef

om;owf½HkodkY,laqmifvmonfudkod½Sdum pdwfqdk;rmefqdk;jzpfum

½l;ESrf;oGm;ygonf/ þodkYaomtajctaersKd;wGif ¤if;wdkYtm;

owfum ¤if;wdkY\tom;udk aps;wGifcsa&mif;ygonf/ xdktom;

rsKd;ü tqdyfjzpfaeNyD; pm;oHk;rdolrsm;tm; <uufwufjcif;?

wufjcif;? avoifwkef;jzwfjcif;ESifh ½kwfw&uftoufqHk;½IH;jcif;

rsm;udkjzpfapygonf/ odkYapumrl þa&m*grsm;\taMumif;&if;

udk xdktom;rsKd;aMumifh[k pGyfpGJcJvSygonf/

wcsKdUwd&pämefrsm;rSm om;owf½HkodkYo,faqmifoGm;pOf

wGif vlom;rsm;\&ufpufrIrsm;udkcHMu&onf/ ¤if;wdkYonf

em&Daygif;rsm;pGm n§Of;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;udkcHNyD;rS om;owform;

rsm;\owfjcif;udkcHMu&onf/ a&m*g½Sdaeaom0ufrsm;udkowfNyD;

aps;wGifa&mif;wwfMu&m xdk0ufom;rsm;aMumifh a&m*grsm;

ul;pufoGm;um aoaMuysufpD;rIrsm;jzifh &ifqdkifMu&ygonf/

2T, p. 64 (1868)

tom;pm;jcif;aMumifh a&m*g&½SdrIonf (10) qwdk;yGm;

vmygonf/

Letter, p. 83 (1901)

vlom;rsm;ü a&m*gb,cHpm;rIrsm; vsifjrefpGmwdk;yGm;

jcif;twGuf orm;awmfBuD;rsm;taejzifh ½Sif;vif;csufrxkwfjyef

EdkifMuaomfvnf; wd&pämeftaoaumifrStom;rsm;udkpm;jcif;

onf a&m*ga0'emrsm;\taMumif;&if;jzpfzdkYrsm;aMumif;udk

uREfkyfwdkYodygonf/

E from UT, p. 8 (1896)

wd&pämefrsm;ü a&m*grsm;usa&mufae&m ¤if;wdkY\tom;

udkpm;jcif;tm;jzifh taoG;tom;rsm;xJwGif a&m*grsKd;aphrsm;udk

uREfkyfwdkYBuJaeMuygonf/ þuJhodkYaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf iSufzsm;

a&m*gxlaoma'orsm;odkYa&muf½SdoGm;vQif iSufzsm;a&m*gpGJzdkY

vG,fulygonf/ ul;pufa&m*grsm;vnf; vG,fulpGmul;puf

Edkifygonf/ taMumif;rSm ¤if;wdkY\cE¨mudk,frSm a&m*gudk

wGef;vSefzdkY rpGrf;Edkifawmhacs/


2T, p. 61 (1868)

oifonf tom;udkpm;aomfvnf; xdktpmonf oifh

twGufraumif;yg/ tom;aMumifh oifhtajctaeonf ydkí

ydkíqdk;½Gm;aeygonf/ tom;pm;jcif;udk avsmhcsEdkifonfESifhtrQ

a&m*gt&vnf; oufomoGm;ygvdrfhrnf/ tom;pm;jcif;onf

oifhtaoG;tom;\t&nftaoG;udk nHhzsif;apygonf/ oifh

cE¨mudk,ftm; a&m*gpGJuyf&ef vG,fulapygonf/ a&m*gydk;

rsm;udkwGef;vSef&ef tiftm;enf;yg;aeaomaMumifh a&m*grsm;\

xdk;ESdyfrIudkcH&um ½kwfw&ufaoqHk;rIrsm;udkjzpfapygonf/

oif*kPf,l0ifh<um;aeonfh oifhusef;rma&;ESifhcGeftm;rsm;onf

tm;enf;aeaMumif; xif½Sm;rnfhtcsdefa&mufvmygvdrfhrnf/

E from UT, p. 4 (1896)

usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrItvif;w&m;rsm;udk

*½krxm;MuaomaMumifh a&m*ga0'emrsm;udkcHpm;ae&MuaMumif;

vltrsm;a½SUwGif zGifh[wifjy&ef bk&m;ocif\0dnmOfawmfu

uREfkyftm;wdkufwGef;aeoa,mif cHpm;ae&ygonf/ t"dutpm

tjzpf vlrsm;xifaomfvnf; trSefwu,ftm;jzifh rpm;oifh

aomtpmrSm tom;jzpfaMumif;udkvnf;aumif;? pm;aomtpm

jzifh cE¨mudk,fudkwnfaqmufjcif;jzpf&m wd&pämeftaoaumif

rsm;\tom;udk pm;aeojzifh ¤if;wdkY\usef;rma&;rSm csKdUwJh

aeaMumif;udkvnf;aumif;? xdktpmaMumifh ¤if;wdkY\aoG;rsm;

onf npfnrf;aeNyDjzpfaMumif;udkvnf;aumif;? pm;vdkufonfh

tom;onf a&m*g½Sdaeojzifh cE¨mudk,fwpfckvHk;ü npfnrf;

ysuf,Gif;ae&aMumif;udkvnf;aumif; ¤if;wdkYtm; uREfkyfwifjy

cJhzl;ygonf/

2T, p. 368 (1870)

tom;[if;rsm;onf aoG;udk t&nftaoG;usapygonf/

[if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;ESifha&mícsufxm;onfh[if;vsmudkpm;NyD;

tpmydwftjzpf csKdqdrfhaomudwfrkefYrsm;udkoifpm;vQif oif\

aoG;onf t&nftaoG;nHhzsif;oGm;vdrfhrnf/ xdkuJhodkYaom

tpmrsm;udkacszsuf&ef oufqdkif&mt*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;onf

yifyef;BuD;pGmvkyfaqmifMu&ygonf/ tom;n§yfrkefYrsm;ESifh

csOfzwfrsm;onfvnf; aoG;t&nftaoG;udknHhzsif;aponfhtpm?

uREfkyfwdkYrpm;oifhaomtpmjzpfygonf/ tom;[if;vsm? tcsKd

tqdrfhrsm;aomrkefYrsm;ESifhwuG tm[m&uif;rJhaomtpmrsm;onf

wlnDaom&v'frsm;udkjzpfay:apygvdrfhrnf/

E from UT, p. 7 (1896)

uifqma&m*g? jrif;zka&mifem? a&mif&rf;emusifaom

a0'emrsm;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh tom;pm;jcif;aMumifh

jzpfay:cHpm;&jcif;jzpfonf/

wd&pämeftaoaumif\tom;rsm;udkpm;jcif;aMumifh

uifqmESifh jrif;zka&mifrsm;jzpfEdkifonf[k uREfkyftm; bk&m;

ociftvif;ay;awmfrlxm;ygonf/

MS, p. 3 (1897)

tom;udkpm;oifh? rpm;oifhqdkonfhar;cGef;udkajz&efrSm

ta&;BuD;vSonf/ vlom;rsm;onf wd&pämeftaoaumifrS


tom;rsm;udkpm;rSom touf½SifEdkifrSmvm;/ vHk;0r[kwfyg[k

bk&m;ocifay;aom tvif;w&m;udktajcûyíajzyg&ap/

usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&m aq;½Hk? aq;cef;rsm;onf

þar;cGef;ESifhywfoufí ynmay;oifhMuygonf/ cE¨maA'udk

em;vnfoduRrf;onf[k zGifhqdkaeMuonfhorm;awmfrsm;onf

vlemrsm;udk tom;pm;NyD;touf½Sifaexdkif&ef tm;ray;oifh

ygacs/ wd&pämefavmuwGif tjzpfrsm;vmaoma&m*gb,rsm;udk

¤if;wdkYjyñTefoifhygonf/ wd&pämeftenf;pkavmufom a&m*g

uif;Mu&m tom;pm;jcif;onf uifqma&m*g? jrif;zka&mifem?

usyfem? tqkyfa&m*grSpí tjcm;ul;pufa&m*grsm;udk ul;puf

&½SdapaMumif; okawoDrsm;\oufaocHcsufwGifawGU&ygonf/

MH, p. 313 (1905)

tom;[if;rsm;udkpm;oHk;aeMuolrsm;onf rdrdwdkYpm;ae

onfht&mudkrodMuyg/ xdkwd&pämefrsm;touf½SifaepOfu ¤if;wdkY

awGUcJhMurnfqdkvQifvnf;aumif;? ¤if;wdkYpm;aeonfhtom;\

t&nftaoG;udk ¤if;wdkYodcJhMurnfqdkvQifvnf;aumif; ½GHrkef;

pGmjzifh tom;pm;jcif;udk&yfwefYypfMuvdrfhrnf/ vlwdkYonf uifqm

a&m*gESifh tqkyfa&m*gydk;rsm;jzifhjynfh0aeaomtom;rsm;udk

tqufrjywfpm;aeMuygonf/ tqkyfa&m*grsm;ESifh uifqm

a&m*grsm;onf þenf;tm;jzifh vlwdkYüul;pufvmjcif;jzpfonf/

3T, p. 563 (1875)

c&pf,meftrsKd;orD;rsm;pGmwdkY\ xrif;pm;pm;yGJay:wGif

tpmtdrfudkxdcdkufap½Hkomru cE¨mudk,fwpfckvHk;\usef;rma&;

udkxdcdkufapEdkifonfh [if;vsmrsm;jzifh aeYpOfjyifqifaeygonf/

aoG;xJwGif uifqma&m*gydk;ESifh tqkyfa&m*gydk;rsm;jzifh npfnrf;

onftxd rdom;pkwcsKdUonf tom;[if;udk yifwdkifxm;í

pm;aeMuygonf/ ¤if;wdkY\udk,fcE¨monf ¤if;wdkYpm;aom

tpmrsm;jzihfzGJUpnf;xm;onfjzpfaomfvnf; a&m*ga0'emrsm;udk

cHpm;vm&aomtcsdefwGif bk&m;ocif\jypf'PfpD&ifrIjzpfonf[k

rSwf,lwwfMuygonf/

(CTBH, p. 47) CH, p. 115. (1890)

tom;udk pdwfwdkif;uspm;oHk;aeolrsm;onf tNrJwrf;

vdkvdk OD;aESmufrMunfrvifjzpfum todOmPfxufjrufrI

tm;enf;aewwfygonf/ taMumif;rSm ¤if;wdkYpm;vdkufonfh

tom;rsm;onf cE¨mudk,fESifhtodpdwfrsm;udk xHkxdkif;tm;enf;

oGm;apaomaMumifhjzpfygonf/

General Conference Bulletin, Apr. 12, 1901.

xm0&bk&m;ocifonf rdrdwdkYtm; xdk;xGif;odjrifEdkif

onfhpGrf;tm;udk Munfvifapvdk½Hkomru Murf;wrf;onfh

tvkyfrsm;udkvnf; vkyfEdkifonfhpGrf;&nfrsm;½Sdapvdkawmfrlonf/

odkY&mwGif oifonf tom;udkpm;oHk;aeygvQif oif\pdwfonf

vef;qef;Munfvif&ef arQmfvifhEdkifvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ qifjcif

oHk;oyfrIrSefuefaomtcsdefusrSom bk&m;ocifaumif;csD;r*Fvm

rsm;onf rdrdvlwdkYtay:wGif usa&mufvmvdrfhrnfjzpfygonf/

2T, pp. 62-63 (1868)

tom;udkêudufovdkpm;oHk;aeolrsm;twGuf OD;aESmuf

Munfvif&ef rjzpfEdkifouJhodkY OmPfynmvnf;rxufjrufEdkif

ygacs/


E from UT, p. 4 (1896)

rodpdwf\taysmfMuL;jcif;ESifhywfoufonfh taMumif;

t&mtay:azmfjyaeonfh wkefvIyfacsmufcsm;zG,fpdwfr0ifpm;rIrsm;

udkawGUjrifae&ygonf/ wd&pämeftaoaumifrsm;\tom;udk

pm;jcif;onf "avhwpfckyrmjzpfaeacsNyD/ xdktpmrsm;onf vl\

cE¨mudk,fwGif ,kwfnHhaom&r®ufrsm;udkjzpfay:apwwfygonf/

E from UT, p. 7.

tom;pm;jcif;onf vlwdkY\pdwfaeoabmxm;udk

ajymif;vJapum wd&pämefpdwfrsm;udkjzpfay:apwwfygonf/

uREfkyfwdkYonf pm;onfhtpmrsm;jzifh zGJUpnf;xm;olrsm;jzpfMu&m

tom;rsm;rsm;pm;jcif;aMumifh OmPfynmxufjrufrIudk tm;enf;

apygonf/ tom;rpm;aomausmif;om;rsm;onf pmoif,l

&mwGif ydkíxufjrufrI½Sdvmvdrfhrnf/ tom;pm;jcif;tm;jzifh

vl\cE¨mudk,fxJwGif wd&pämefu@rsm;udk tm;ay;aeonfESifh

trQ OmPfynmpGrf;&nfrsm;onf tcsKd;usedrfhusavsmhenf;oGm;

ygonf/ tom;udkrpm;vQif c&pf,mefbmoma&;qdkif&m

toufwmonf ydkíatmifjrifrI½SdEdkifygonf/ taMumif;rSm

xdktpmonf avmuaysmfarGUjcif;cHpm;rIudkvdkvm;onfhpdwfrsm;udk

yd krd ktm;aumif;apvsuf0dnmOfa&;ESif h pm&dwåyd kif;qdkif&m

obm0rsm;udk tm;enf;oGm;apwwfygonf/ ]ZmwdyuwdESifh

0dnmOfyuwdonf wpfyg;ESifhwpfyg;qefYusifbufjzpfMu\/}

2T, p. 352 (1869)

t½dk;pif;qHk;tpm;tpmrsm;udkpm;rnfqdkvQif þtcsdef

umvonf tpm;oifhqHk;tcsdefjzpfonf/ om;orD;rsm;tm;

rnfonfhtcgrQ tom;[if;rauR;oifhacs/ tom;onf ,kwfnHh

aom&r®ufpdwfudk EId;qGtm;aumif;apvsuf udk,fusifhw&m;

qdkif&mpGrf;tm;rsm;udk xHkxdkif;aoaMuapEdkifonfhoabm½Sdygonf/

MS, p. 50 (1904)

tom;pm;jcif;onf wd&pämefoabm? obm0udkjzpfay:

ap½Hkomru vlwdkif;tay:wGifxm;½SdoifhaomarwåmpdwfESifh

udk,fcsif;pmpdwfrsm;udk aysmufuG,foGm;apEdkifonf[k uREfkyftm;

xm0&bk&m;ocifñTefMum;awmfrlygonf/ uREfkyfwdkY\cE¨mudk,f

onf pm;aomtpmrsm;jzifh zGJUpnf;wnfaqmufxm;onfjzpf&m

wd&pämeftom;rsm;udk yifwdkifxm;í pm;oHk;aeolrsm;onf

rdrdwdkY\BuD;jrwfaomtpGrf;rsm;udk ,kwfnHhaom&r®ufrsm;u

tkyfpdk;onfhtajctaersKd;udka&muf½SdapMuygonf/

tpm;tpmESifhpyfvsOf;í vdkufavQmuf&rnfh wdusaom

abmifwpfckudk uREfkyfcwfrxm;yg/ aumif;aomtpm;tpm

trsKd;aygif;rsm;pGm½Sdaeaomfvnf; tom;onf bk&m;ocif\

om;orD;rsm;twGuf taumif;qHk;tpmwpfckr[kwfaMumif;

ajymvdkygonf/ xdktpmonf vlom;rsm;tm; wd&pämefobm0

jzpfxGef;apygonf/ toD;tESHESifh opfoD;0vHrsm;aygrsm;aeonfh

þwdkif;jynfrsKd;wGif tom;pm;rSjzpfrnf[k oabmxm;oifhyg

ovm;/

Letter, p. 200 (1903)

toif;awmfwGif yg0ifzGJUpnf;aeonfhtdrfaxmifrsm;wGif

t&m&monf jzpfoifhovdkjzpfaeMurnfqdkvQif bk&m;ocif


twGuf trIawmfBuD;onf ,ckxufESpfqvkyfaqmifEdkifcJhMu

vdrfhrnf/ usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifhpyfvsOf;onfh

wdusaomowif;pum;rsm;udka[mMum;&rnf[k uREfkyftm;

tvif;ay;awmfrlaeygonf/ tom;pm;aeolrsm;onf ydkí

,kwfnHhaompdwfaeoabmxm;udkwdk;yGm;apvsuf rdrdwdkYtay:odkY

a&m*grsm;tvsiftjrefusa&mufatmif vkyfaqmifaeMuygonf/

2T, pp. 60-61 (1868)

oif\rdom;pkrsm;onf tom;udktBuD;tus,fpm;oHk;

aeMu&m wd&pämefpdwfoabmrsm;tm;aumif;vmum todOmPf

rsm;tm;enf;aeygonf/ pm;aomufaeonfhtpmjzifh uREfkyfwdkY\

cE¨mudk,fudkwnfaqmufaeonfjzpf&m wd&pämeftom;rsm;udk

pm;oHk;touf½SifaevQif ¤if;wdkY\obm0udk uREfkyfwdkYrQa0

&,laeMuvdrfhrnf/ oifhtzGJUtpnf;\tMurf;ydkif;udk oif

tm;ay;aepOfwGif ydkíEl;nHhaomtydkif;onf tm;enf;aeygonf/

General Conference Bulletin, Apr. 12, 1901.

þtpnf;ta0;BuD;rNyD;rD bk&m;ocif\EIwfawmfxGuf

trSefw&m;rsm;udk vlwdkif;em;vnfapvdkygonf/ wd&pämeftom;

rsm;onf vlwdkYtwGuf pm;&eftpmr[kwfaMumif; ¤if;wdkY

em;vnfapvdkygonf/ xdkuJhodkYaomtpmrsm;onf ¤if;wdkYü

vnf;aumif;? ¤if;wdkY\om;orD;rsm;üvnf;aumif; ,kwfnHh

aom&r®ufrsm;udkjzpfxGef;apygonf/ rdrdwdkY\om;orD;rsm;udk

trSeftwdkif;pm;wwf? 0wfwwf? vkyfwwfatmif uREfkyfwdkY

ynmay;&ef xm0&bk&m;ociftvdk½Sdaeygonf/ ysuf,Gif;ae

aom,EÅ&m;BuD;udkjyifqif&ef wwftm;orQ uREfkyfwdkYvkyfaqmif

MuzdkY xm0&bk&m;ociftvdk½Sdawmfrlonf/

2T, p. 64 (1868)

tom;pm;jcif;aMumifh todOmPfpGrf;tm;rsm;? udk,fusifh

w&m;ESifh udk,fcE¨mwefcdk;rsm; ,kwfavsmhtm;enf;vmygonf/

tom;pm;jcif;onf cE¨mudk,fudk usef;rma&;csKdUwJhapvsuf

todOmPfrsm;udk rIef0g;apum udk,fusifhw&m;qdkif&mtodpdwf

rsm;udk xHkxdkif;apygonf/ oifhtwGuf tvHkûcHqHk;vrf;pOfrSm

tom;udkrpm;jcif;yifjzpfaMumif; uREfkyfajymyg&ap/

MH, p. 315 (1905)

tom;pm;jcif;aMumifh jzpfay:vmaomqdk;usKd;rsm;udk

½kwfw&ufrod½SdEd kifaomfvnf; tEÅ&m,fuif;½Sif;onf[k

taxmuftxm;r½Sdyg/ pm;aomufaeaomtom;rsm;aMumifh

aoG;wGiftqdyfjzpfum a0'emrsm;udkcHpm;aponf[k vlwdkY

,HkMunfvufcHvmatmif vkyfaqmif&efrvG,fulyg/

E from UT, p. 8 (1896)

þtaMumif;t&mudk tjcm;½IaxmifhwpfckrS uREfkyftm;

xm0&bk&m;ocifazmfjyawmfrlygonf/ tom;pm;jcif;aMumifh

taotaysmufrsm;aejcif;udk vlwdkYrod½SdMuyg/ tu,fíom

odcJhMurnfqdkvQif wd&pämeftom;rsm;udkpm;jcif;twGuf qifajc

wufMuawmhrnfr[kwfacs/ þwd&pämeftaoaumifrsm;udk

rpm;bJ tqmtrGwfajyapEdkifonfh tjcm;aumif;aomtpm;

tpmrsm; uREfkyfwdkYürsm;pGm½Sdaeygonf/


(CTBH, p. 48) CH, p. 115. (1890)

tom;pm;jcif;oufoufaMumifh vlrsm;pGmaoae&yg

onf/ odkYaomf þtaMumif;&if;udk oHo,r0ifrdMuyg/ wcsKdUrSm

½kwfw&ufjzpfay:vmaomqdk;usKd;rsm;udk rcHpm;&aomfvnf;

tEÅ&m,fuif;aMumif; taxmuftxm;wpfpHkwpfckrQr½Sdacs/

tom;pm;olonf avmavmq,fwGif bmrQrjzpfaomfvnf;

tom;onf vl\udk,fcE¨mudk aocsmayguf'ku©ay;oGm;rnf

omwnf;/

2T, p. 61 (1868)

oifonf tom;pm;jcif;udkuG,fumNyD; ]]tom;[m

wjcm;vlawGtwGufraumif;&ifraumif;r,f? uREfkyfudkawmh

bmrQ'ku©ray;cJhzl;? wpfoufvHk;tom;pm;vmwmyJ}} [k xyfcg

wvJvJajymqdkcJhzl;onf/ odkY&mwGif tom;udkomoifa½SmifMuOf

cJhvQif ,cktajctaexufydkí rnfrQaumif;rnfudk oifrodyg/

2T, p. 96 (1868)

cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkjiif;y,f&ef ñTefMum;xm;aomtvif;

w&m;wnf;[laom udk,fawmfxHrSvmonf[k oif,HkMunf

vufcHxm;aomtvif;w&m;rsm;udk xm0&bk&m;ocifonf

oifhtm;ay;xm;awmfrlNyD;jzpfonf/ 0ufom;pm;jcif;onf azmfjy

awmfrlonfhynwfawmfESifh vHk;vHk;qefYusifonfudk oifodyg

onf/ 0ufom;udkrpm;Mu&ef rdefYrSmjcif;onf tmPmjyvdkí

r[kwfbJ pm;oHk;olrsm;twGuf usef;rma&;xdcdkufapEdkifaom

aMumifhjzpfygonf/ þtom;udkpm;oHk;jcif;aMumifh wDbDa&m*g

ydk;rsm;ESifh tjcm;tEÅ&m,f½Sdaomydk;rsm;onf cEmudk,fudkwdkufcdkuf

um a&m*gb,cHpm;&onftxd aoG;rsm;udknpfnrf;apEdkifyg

onf/ txl;ojzifh tvGefEl;nHhonfhOD;aESmufudk tm;enf;apNyD;

oefY½Sif;aomt&mrsm;udkrodEdkifawmhum omreftqifhavmufom

oabmxm;onftxd todOmPfpGrf;tm;rsm;onf rIef0g;vm

ygonf/

MH, pp. 313-314 (1905)

0ufom;ü½Sdaomtom;rQifrsm;onf uyfyg;ydk;rsm;jzifh

jynfh0aeygonf/ ]]0ufom;onf oihftwGufroefY½Sif;yg/

xdktom;udkrpm;ESihf? taoaumifudkvnf;rwdkYxdESifh}} [k

bk&m;ocifrdefYrSmxm;ygonf/ 0ufom;onf oifhavsmfaom

tpmr[kwfojzifh xdkynwfudkay;xm;awmfrljcif;jzpfonf/

0ufonf tykyftodk;udkpm;aomowå0gjzpf&m npfywfaom

t&mrsm;udk ½Sif;vif;&mwGifom 0ufrsm;udktoHk;ûy&ef &nf½G,f

xm;ygonf/ rnfonfhtaMumif;aMumifhrQ 0ufom;udk vlom;

rsm;rpm;oifhygacs/

H to L, ch. 1, p. 58 (1865)

0ufom;onf vltrsm;t"duxm;ípm;aeaomtom;

wpfrsKd;jzpfaeaomfjim;vnf; usef;rma&;udktxdcdkufqHk;tpmxJ

wGif wpfcktygt0ifjzpfonf/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf tmPm

jyvdkawmfrlaomaMumifh a[NAJrsm;tm; 0ufom;rpm;&ef wm;jrpf

awmfrlcJhonfr[kwfbJ xdkt&monf vltwGufraumif;aom

aMumifhjzpfygonf/ xdktom;aMumifh cE¨mudk,fxJwGif wDbD


*vif;rsm;udkjzpfaponf/ txl;ojzifh ylaEG;aom&moDrsm;wGif

0ufom;pm;jcif;aMumifh Elema&m*grStp a&m*gtrsKd;rsKd;udkjzpf

apEdkifygonf/ at;aom&moDrsm;rSmxuf ylaEG;aom&moDrsm;

wGif 0ufom;onf ydkí'ku©ay;Edkifygonf/ odkY&mwGif rnfonfh

&moDrSmrS 0ufom;udkpm;&ef xm0&bk&m;ocifcGifhûyawmfrrl

cJhyg/ wpfyg;trsKd;om;rsm;u 0ufom;udk yifwdkiftpmwpfcktjzpf

pm;oHk;aeMuovkd tar&duefvlrsKd;rsm;onfvnf; ta&;BuD;

aomtpmwpfcktjzpf êudufovdkpm;oHk;aeMuygonf/ 0ufom;

onf obm0twdkif;pm;vQif t&om½Sdaomtpmwpfckr[kwf

yg/ vlom;rsm;udk ydkíqdk;0g;aomtajctaeudkjzpfaprnfh

[if;arT;rqvmrsm;ESifh tcsKd;usa&mpyfcsufûywfjcif;tm;jzifhom

cHwGif;vdkufapaomtpmwpfckjzpfonf/ tjcm;tom;rsm;xuf

0ufom;onf aoG;udknpfnrf;apygonf/ xdktom;udk txdef;

tuGyfrJhpm;oHk;aeolrsm;onf a&m*gudkom&½SdEdkifygonf/ jyify

wGif tvkyfMurf;vkyfaeolrsm;twGuf 0ufom;pm;jcif;\qdk;usKd;

rsm;udk ½kwfw&ufrod½SdEdkifapumrl txdkiform;rsm;ESifh OD;aESmuf

oHk;ívkyf&aomtvkyform;rsm;twGufrl ½kwfw&ufod½SdapEdkif

ygonf/

0ufom;pm;jcif;aMumifh cE¨mudk,fusef;rma&;wpfckwnf;

udkomxdcdkufapEdkifonfr[kwfbJ pdwf"mwfa&;&mudkvnf;

ysufjym;apEdkifygonf/ El;nHhaomtm½HkcHpm;rIrsm;udkvnf; xHkxdkif;

oGm;apEdkifygonf/ wd&pämef[lonf ½GH½Smp&maumif;aomt&m

rsm;udkpm;oHk;touf½SifaeMuonfjzpf&m ¤if;wdkY\tom;rsm;onf

obm0tm;jzifh npfnrf;aeNyD;jzpfojzifh tom;pm;jcif;tm;jzifh

usef;rma&;aumif;onfqdkaomt,ltqrSm rSm;,Gif;ygonf/

0ufrsm;pm;onfht&mjzifh 0ufom;udkzGJUpnf;xm;&m 0ufom;udk

pm;rdaomvlom;rsm;\taoG;tom;rsm;onf npfnrf;ukefyg

onf/

0ufom;pm;jcif;aMumifh wDbD*vif;rsm;? Elema&m*gESifh

uifqmtusdwfrsm;udkjzpfapwwfygonf/ 0ufom;pm;jcif;onf

vlom;rsm;cHpm;ae&aom jyif;xefonfha&m*grsm;\taMumif;&if;

vnf;jzpfaeygonf/

2T, p. 61 (1868)

oifonf bk&m;ocifzGifh[wm;jrpfxm;onfh wd&pämef

tqDrsm;udkpm;oHk;aomaMumifh rdom;pkwpfckvHk; a&m*gb,ESifh

ruif;EdkifMuacs/ ]]oifwdkYtrsKd;tpOftqufwdkYonf aeav&m&mü

qDOudkrpm;&/ taoG;udkrpm;&[k xm0&ynwfawmfjzpfonf[k

rdefYawmfrl\/}} Muuf? iSufrsm;\taoG;udkomru tjcm;

wd&pämefrsm;\aoG;udkvnf; rnfonfhyHkpHESifhjzpfap rpm;&ef

wm;jrpfxm;ygonf/ pm;rdaomolrsm;udk rdrdvlrsKd;pm&if;rS

y,fzsufypf&efvnf; £oa&vrsm;tm; xm0&bk&m;ocif

rdefYrSmxm;awmfrlcJhygonf/

Letter, p. 102 (1896)

tqDeHYuav;oif;aeonfhtom;rsm;udk auR;wwfMu

onf/ taMumif;rSm xdkteHYonf azgufjyefaeonfhcHwGif;

awmifhwrIESifhudkufnDaeonf/ taoG;ESifhtqDESpfrsKd;pvHk;rSm

DF- 37


pm;vdkYaumif;onfrSmrSefaomfvnf; xdkt&mrsm;udkrpm;&ef

xm0&bk&m;ocifñTefMum;xm;awmfrlygonf/ tb,faMumifh

wm;jrpfawmfrlygoenf;/ taMumif;rSm xdkt&mrsm;udk pm;oHk;

jcif;aMumifh vlom;rsm;\aoG;xJwGif a&m*gydk;rsm;ysHUvTifhukefyg

onf/ bk&m;ocif\ñTefMum;csufudk *½krxm;jcif;aMumifh

vlom;rsm;onf a&m*gb,rsKd;pHkudk cHpm;vmMu&ygonf/

aumif;aomtaoG;tom;udk rjzpfaponfhtpmrsm;udkpm;rdvQif

EIwfawmfxGufpum;rsm;udk *½krxm;jcif;\tusKd;qufrsm;udk

&ifqdkif&ayrnf/

MH, pp. 314-315 (1905)

a&m*g\t&if;tjrpfjzpfaom tnpftaMu;rsm;udkpm;

aomaMumifh ig;rsm;onfvnf; ae&mtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif roefY½Sif;

MuawmhNyD/ txl;ojzifh ûrdUBuD;rsm;rS pGefYypfypönf;rsm;ESifh

xdawGUrI½Sdaeaomig;rsm;onf roefY½Sif;Muyg/ ajrmif;rsm;rS

roefY½Sif;aomtpmrsm;jzifh touf½SifBuD;xGm;aeaomig;rsm;udk

tvGefa0;uGmaoma'o½Sd a&oefYrsm;wGifzrf;rdwwfygonf/

xdkig;rsKd;udkpm;rdolrsm;onf rarQmfvifhbJ a&m*g&aoqHk;Edkif

Muygonf/

CTBH, pp. 117-118 (1890)

EGm;EdkYESifhopfoD;0vHrsm;? tvQHy,fayg<u,faeonfh

t&yfa'owGif tom;pm;jcif;twGuf qifajcray;oifhygacs/

uREfkyfwdkY\omrefvdktyfcsufrsm;udkjznfhqnf;&ef bk&m;ocif

zefqif;xm;onfhowå0grsm;\toufudk rowfoifhygacs/

wd&pämeftom;rsm;udk rjzpfraepm;&ef vdktyfvmonfhtcsdef

rsm;rSmyif usef;rmaomwd&pämefrsm;rStom;rsm;udk a½G;cs,f

pm;oHk;oifhygonf/ þacwfþtcgwGif wd&pämeftom;rsm;udk

pm;jcif;onf vHkûcHrI½Sdygovm;[k ar;cGef;xkwfp&mjzpfaeyg

onf/ rusef;rmaomwd&pämefrsm;\tom;rsm;udkpm;jcif;xuf

tom;udkvHk;0rpm;jcif;u ydkíaumif;ygonf/ vdktyfonfh

tpmrsm;udk r&½SdEdkifaomtcsdefrsKd;wGif uREfkyfonf tom;udk

tenf;i,fpm;wwfaomfvnf; tom;pm;&jcif;udk ydkípdk;&drf

aMumuf½GHUvmygonf/

YI, May 31, 1894.

qefûywfudktm;ûypm;jcif;onf rSefuefonf[k wcsKdUu

½dk;om;pGmjzifh txif½SdaeMuonf/ qefûywfonf t&nfjzpfae

ojzifh rsm;rsm;pm;vQif tpmajconfht*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;\

usef;rma&;udkaumif;rGefaponf[kvnf; tmrrcHEdkifacs/ opfoD;

0vHrsm;? [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;ESifh aygifrkefYrsm;udkpm;zdkYtm;ay;

yg/ tom;onf tm[m&tjynfh0qHk;tpm;tpmr[kwfjim;aomf

vnf; vlwdkif;tom;jzwfoifhonf[kvnf; uREfkyfrajymvdkyg/

tpmaMucsufrItm;enf;olrsm;onf opfoD;ESifh[if;oD;[if;½Guf

udkrpm;Edkifonfhtcgrsm;wGif tom;udkpm;oHk;vdkY&ygonf/

usef;rma&;aumif;vdkvQif [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;ESifh opfoD;0vH

rsm;udk wpfcsdefwnf;wGif a&mípm;jcif;udka½SmifMuOf&rnf/

tpmtdrftm;enf;vQif OD;aESmufrsm;&Da0vmum pdwfzdpD;rIrsm;

jzpfay:vmwwfygonf/ opfoD;0vHESifh [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;udk

oD;jcm;pDjyifqifpm;oHk;Muyg/


csKdaomudwfrkefY? ylwif;rkefYrsm;onf tpmaMucsufrIudk

uarmufurjzpfapojzifh pm;oHk;&ef rjyifqifoifhyg/ ausmif;

q&mrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;\tpm;tpmwGif tom;rsm;onf

ESifhtrQ 0dnmOfa&;qdkif&mudpörsm;udk xdk;xGif;odjrifEdkifonfh

pGrf;&nfrsm;usqif;vmygvdrfhrnf/ ,kwfnHhodrfzsif;aompdwf

oabmxm;rsm;tm;aumif;vmum aumif;raumif;odwwfonfh

pGrf;tm;rsm;vnf; nHhzsif;xHkxdkif;vmygonf/ pdwfwefcdk;rsm;

usqif;&jcif;\t"dutaMumif;&if;rSm êud;pm;vkyfaqmifvGef;

aomaMumifhr[kwfbJ rrSefuefaomtpmrsm;udkpm;jcif;? tcsdef

rSefrSefrpm;jcif;ESifh udk,fvufavhusifhcef;rvkyfjcif;wdkYaMumifh

jzpfygonf/ tcsdefrrSefpm;jcif;? tdyfjcif;onf OD;aESmufpGrf;tm;

rsm;udkusqif;apygonf/

R & H, May 8, 1883.

tom;onf usef;rma&;twGufaomfvnf;aumif;?

cGeftm;twGufaomfvnf;aumif; t"dujzpfaomtpmwpfck

r[kwfyg/ odkYjzpfcJhvQif tjypfr0ifrDu tm'HESifh{0wdkYtwGuf

tpm;tpmpDpOfay;awmfrlpOfu xm0&bk&m;ocifonf trSm;

wpfckudkusL;vGefcJhacsNyD/ tm[m&&zdkYvdktyfaomt&mtm;vHk;onf

opfoD;0vH? [if;oD;[if;½GufESifh tcGHrmtoD;rsm;wGif yg0if

aeygonf/

MH, p. 316 (1905)

tom;pm;rS <uufom;awGoefrmrnf[k xifjrifjcif;

onf rSm;ygonf/ tom;rpm;bJ usef;rmoefpGrf;apEdkifonfhjyif

cE¨mudk,f\vdktyfcsufrsm;udkvnf; aumif;rGefpGmjznfhqnf;Edkif

ygonf/ aoG;om;aumif;jzpf&ef vdktyfaomtm[m&"mwf

tm;vHk;udk toD;tESHrsm;? opfoD;0vHrsm;? tcGHrmtoD;rsm;ESifh

[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;wGif&½SdEdkifygonf/ tom;onf xdkvdktyf

csufrsm;udk txufygtpmrsm;avmuf jynfh0pGmray;pGrf;Edkifyg/

tom;onf usef;rmjcif;cGeftm;twGuf trSefwu,fvdktyf

cJhrnfqdkvQif tptOD;ü auR;cJhonfhtpmrsm;xJwGif tom;

yg0ifcJhygvdrfhrnf/

Letter, p. 72 (1896)

a0ae,sowå0grsm;\tpmonf [if;oD;[if;½GufESifh

toD;tESHrsm;jzpfonf/---xm0&bk&m;ocifonf uREfkyfwdkY\

rdOD;zOD;wdkYtwGuf pm;&eftpmtjzpf opfoD;0vHrsm;udk jyifqif

ay;awmfrlcJhonf/ tm'Htm; O,smOfwm0efrsm;udkvTJtyfum

]þt&monf oifpm;p&mzdkYjzpfonf} [k bk&m;ocifrdefYawmfrl

cJhonf/ owå0gwpfrsKd;u rdrdpm;p&mzdkY tjcm;owå0gwpfrsKd;udk

owfjzwf&efr[kwfygacs/

MH, p. 313 (1905)

tom;pm;aeolrsm;onf 'kwd,wef;pm;[if;oD;[if;½Guf

ESifh toD;tESHrsm;udkpm;aeMujcif;jzpfonf/ taMumif;rSm

BuD;xGm;½Sifoef&eftwGuf xdkwd&pämefrsm;onf toD;tESHESifh

[if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;xJrS tm[m&"mwfrsm;udk &,lcJhMuonf/

xdktoD;tESHESifh [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;xJ½Sd toufuav;onf

pm;aomufvdkufonfhowå0gxJodkYa&mufoGm;acsNyD/ uREfkyfwdkYonf


xdkwd&pämef\tom;rSwpfqifh xdktoufuav;udk&Mu\/

uREf kyfwdk YtwGuf xm0&bk&m;ocifjyifqifay;xm;onfh

xdktoufuav;udk wdkuf½dkufpm;oHk;jcif;tm;jzifh uREfkyfwdkY

&,lcJhMuvQif rnfrQaumif;vdrfhrnfenf;/

MH, p. 316 (1905)

tom;pm;jcif;udk jzwfvdkufonfhtcsdefwGif tm;enf;

oGm;ovdkvdk? cGeftm;avsmhoGm;ovdkvdkjzpfwwfygonf/ tom;

onf r½SdrjzpfvdktyfaomtpmjzpfaMumif;? taxmuftxm;

wpfcktjzpf rsm;pGmaomvlwdkYu þtcsufudkaxmufjyMuonf/

odkYaomf tom;onf tm;<uapEdkifonfhtpmrsKd;? tm½HkaMum

ESifhaoG;rsm;udkEdk;Mum;x<uaponfhtpmrsKd;jzpfaomaMumifh ¤if;udk

xdkuJhodkYwrf;waejcif;jzpfonf/ t&uform;rsm; t&ufudk

pGefYvTwfzdkYcufovdk tom;pm;olwcsKdUtwGuf tom;udkjzwfzdkY

cufwwfygonf/ odkYapumrl jzwfEdkifvQif ydkíaumif;ygvdrfhrnf/

Ed., p. 203 (1903)

tom;onf usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapygonf/ ¤if;\

tm;<uaponfh obm0tmedoifonf rpm;oHk;oifhaMumif;

ajymqdk&ef cdkifvHkaomtaxmuftxm;jzpfonf/ ¤if;tjyif

wd&pämefavmuwGif usa&mufaeaoma&m*gb,rsm;onfvnf;

tom;pm;jcif;udk ESpfqwdk;NyD; uefYuGufp&mjzpfvmygonf/

tom;onf tm½HkaMumrsm;udkylavmifapvsuf &r®ufrsm;udk

Edk;xaponf/ xdkaMumifh ydkí,kwfnHhaomoabmxm;rsm;udk

jzpfay:apygonf/

Letter, p. 73a (1896)

tom;pm;jcif;onf cGeftm;udkrqkwf,kwfapyg[k

oifajymqdkaejcif;tay: uREfkyftenf;i,ftHhtm;oihfrdygonf/

oifonf tom;udkpm;oHk;aeolwpfOD;r[kwfcJhvQif oifxifovdk

r[kwfbl;qdkonfhtcsufudk oifodvmvdrfhrnf/ tom;udk

qufNyD;pm;oifhaMumifh oifay;aomtaMumif;jycsufrsKd;udk

aq;vdyfaomufolwpfOD;u azmfjytaMumif;jycJhrnfqdkvQif

xdkoludkrnfodkYajz½Sif;&rnfudk oifod½Sdygonf/

tom;rpm;awmhvQif tm;,kwfoGm;onf[k oifay;cJh

aomtaMumif;jycsufonf tom;udkjzwfoifhaMumif; uREfkyf

azmfjyrnfhtcdkifvHkqHk;taMumif;jycsufrsm;wGif wpfcktygt0if

jzpfonf/ tom;pm;olrsm;onf tom;udkpm;NyD;ptcsdefwGif

tm;<uovdkvdk? cGeftm;wdk;vmovdkvdk cHpm;&wwfygonf/

tom;pm;jcif;udk&yfwefYvdkufaomtcsdefwGif tcdkuftwefYtm;jzifh

tm;,kwfovdkvdkcHpm;&aumif;cHpm;&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; cEmudk,f

twGif;ü tom;\tmedoifrsm;uif;½Sif;oGm;aomtcsdefwGif

xdkcHpm;csufvnf;aysmufuG,foGm;ygvdrfhrnf/ cGeftm;wdk;&ef

vdktyfonf[k oifzGifhqdkcJhonfh tom;udkpm;csifaomqE´rsm;

vnf; aysmufuG,foGm;ygvdrfhrnf/

MH, pp. 316-317 (1905)

tom;udkjzwfvdkufaomtcsdefwGif tm[m&ESifhvnf;

aumif;? t&omESifhvnf;aumif; jynfh0aomtoD;tESH? [if;oD;

[if;½Guf? tcGHrmtoD;ESifh opfoD;0vHrsKd;pHkwdkYjzifh tpm;xdk;


pm;oHk;Mu&rnf/ txl;ojzifh cGeftm;enf;aomolrsm;? tvkyf

Murf;orm;rsm;onf tpm;xdk;pm;oHk;zdkYvdktyfygonf/ wcsKdU

qif;&JaomEdkifiHrsm;wGif tom;onf aps;tcsKdqHk;tpmjzpfae

wwf&m tpm;tpmajymif;NyD;pm;zdkY tcuftcJ½Sdwwfygonf/

uREfkyfwdkYonf vlwdkY&ifqdkifae&onfhtajctaersm;udkvnf;

t½dk;pGJaeaomtusifhp½dkufrsm;\ vTrf;rdk;rIrsm;udkvnf;aumif;

oHk;oyfum aumif;aomtMuHtpnfrsm;udk tcsdefrwdkifrD

ray;rdzdkYvdktyfvSygonf/ rnfolYudkrQ tpmajymif;pm;zdkY ZGwf

twif;rwdkufwGef;oifhygacs/ tom;ae&mwGif aps;oufomNyD;

tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;jzifh tpm;xdk;pm;oHk;oifhygonf/ þudpö

wGif xrif;csufolonf tc&mjzpfygonf/ olonf uRrf;usif

vdr®mpGmjzifh tm[m&t&omESifhjynfh0aom[if;vsmrsm;udk

jyifqifum tom;[if;rsm;ae&mwGif tpm;xdk;ay;&ygrnf/

t&m&mwGif rodpdwfudk ynmay;yg/ tvdkqE´udk

qef;ppfyg/ tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;udk yHhydk;yg/ tpm;tpm

ajymif;vJpm;oHk;jcif;twGuf tqifoifhjzpfvmum tom;udk

awmifhwonfhpdwfrsm; saysmufuG,foGm;ygvdrfhrnf/

Letter, p. 60a (1896)

aumif;rGefpGmcsufûywfwwfjcif;onf ta&;tygqHk;

vkyfaqmifcsufwpfckjzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh tom;udkyifwdkif

rpm;oHk;awmhonfhae&mrsm;wGif aumif;rGefpGmcsufûywfwwfzdkY

txl;vdktyfygonf/ tom;[if;ae&mwGif tpm;xdk;&ef

oufowfvGwf[if;rsm;udkjyifqifMu&ygrnf/ tom;pm;csifpdwf

aysmufoGm;ap&eftwGuf xdktpm;xdk;[if;vsmrsm;udk aumif;rGef

pGmjyifqifMu&ygrnf/

2T, pp. 486-487 (1870)

pmwefonf vlom;rsm;\pdwfudkxdef;csKyfxm;onfhtcsdef

wGif bk&m;ocifay;oem;awmfrlxm;onfh tvif;w&m;rsm;

onf wjznf;jznf;uG,faysmufoGm;um tmedoifr½Sdawmhacs/

xdktvif;w&m;rsm;udk ab;z,feif;acsum rnfolrsm;onf

qifajcay;aeMuOD;rnfenf;/ r½Sdonfht&mudk a&;BuD;cGifus,f

vkyfaeMuOD;rnfenf;/ tmrcHcsuftjynfhjzifh uREfkyfzGifhqdkaeyg

onf/ vlwdkYonf usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udk

vufawGUrusifhoHk;jcif;onf xdkûyjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf

tBuD;rm;qHk;aomuefYuGufrIjzpfaeygonf/ odkYwdkifatmif rdrd

wdkYonf xdkûyjyifajymif;vJrIudk taumiftxnfazmfEdkifpGrf;r½Sd

aMumif;? rdrdwdkY\cGeftm;rsm;udk xdef;odrf;EdkifpGrf;r½SdawmhaMumifh

0rf;enf;zG,fzGifh[aeMuvdrfhrnf/

usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrItwdkif; touf½Sif

aexdkifEdkifpGrf;r½Sd&jcif;twGuf aumif;aomtaMumif;jycsuf

wpfckudk xdkt&mrsm;wGif uREfkyfawGUaeygonf/ xdkolwdkYonf

ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk toufwmwGif wdwd

ususvdkufemtaumiftxnfrazmfMujcif;aMumifh xdkûyjyif

ajymif;vJrI\tESpfom&rsm;udk rcHpm;Mu&acs/ rdrdwdkYonf

tom;jzwfvdkufojzifh tqDrsm;? [if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;ESifh

uif;vGwfNyD; obm0twdkif;jyifqifxm;aom oufowfvGwf


[if;rsm;ESifh taumif;qHk;opfoD;0vHrsm;udk tpm;xdk;pm;oHk;zdkY

rvdkyg[kyif wcsKdUurSm;,Gif;pGmawG;ac:usifhaqmifaeMuygonf/

tu,fíom rdom;pktaygif;wdkYonf bk&m;ociftvQHy,fay;

oem;awmfrlxm;onfht&mrsm;udk uRrf;uRrf;usifusifjyifqif

pm;oHk;wwfMurnfqdkvQif ½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udk ¤if;wdkYESpfûcdufum

usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;taMumif;udk em;vnfrI

tjynfhjzifh ajymqdkEdkifMuygvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif xdkûyjyifajymif;vJrI

rsm;udk oabmrayguf? txmrusaomolrsm;rSmrl xdkûyjyif

ajymif;vJrI\tESpfom&rsm;udk rSefuefpGmzGifh[EdkifMurnfr[kwf

acs/ tqDw0if;0if;ESifh Muufqifom;rsm;? tom;[if;rsm;

pm;&onfht&omudk rMumcPw0Jvnfvnfpdwfa&mufaeol

rsm;onf cHwGif;awmifhwrIwGif azgufjyefaeNyDjzpf&m usef;rm

jcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrI\tESpfom&udk rSefuefpGmrajymjy

EdkifMuawmhacs/ ¤if;wdkYonf rSefuefaomed,mr\xdef;csKyfrI

atmufwGif r½SdMuawmhbJ t&omcHpm;rI\aus;uRefrsm;jzpf

aeMuygonf/

MS, p. 133 (1902)

rdbrsm;pGmwdkYonf aMumif;usKd;roHk;oyfwwfovdkrsKd;

jzpfaeMuygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf azgufjyefaomcHwGif;awmifhwrI

ESifh ,kwfnHhaom&r®ufrsm;udkvdkufpm;rIaMumifh wkefcsnfhaeum

rdef;armawGa0aeMuygonf/ trSefw&m;udkodxm;Muaom

uREfkyfwdkY\"r®q&mrsm;onf þqdk;½Gm;aomtajctaerS vlwdkYtm;

EId;xapum tom;pm;csifpdwfudkzefwD;ay;rnfht&mtm;vHk;udk

ab;z,fxm;atmif vrf;jyoifhMuygonf/ xdkûyjyifajymif;vJrI

udkrodusKd;uRefûyaevQif 0dnmOfwefcdk;rsm;qHk;½IH;vmum tjypfEGH

wGif ydkíepfûryfoGm;Muvdrfhrnf/ aumif;uifbHkudk½GH½Smaponfh

tusifhp½dkufrsm;? vlom;rsm;tm; wd&pämefxufedrfhusapaom

tusifhp½dkufrsm;udk tdrfaxmifpkrsm;pGmwdkYwGif usifhoHk;aeMuyg

onf/ ]0dnmOfa&;udkwdkufvSefaeaom avmuaysmfarGUjcif;

cHpm;rIrsm;rS a0;&modkYajy;Muyg} [k trSefw&m;udkod½Sdxm;olrsm;

zGifh[Muyg/

rnfonfh"r®q&murQ tom;pm;jcif;wGif raumif;aom

yHkoufaoudkrjyMuygESifh/ q&mwdkYESifhwuG rdom;pktm;vHk;onf

usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhtnD aexdkif

touf&SifjyMuygpdkY/ "r®q&mrsm;onf rdrdESifhwuG om;orD;

rsm;udk edrfhus,kwfnHhaomtajctaeodkY rydkYaqmifrdygapESifh/

tvdkqE´rsm;udk txdef;tuGyfrJhaeaomom;orD;rsm;onf

csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhaomtusifhrsm;udkusifh&ef tpHkprf;cHMu&rnf

omru jzLpifaomtusifhudk yrmPrûy&efESifh ,kwfnHhaom

&r®ufrsm;udkvdkufpm;&ef aoG;aqmifjcif;cHMu&vdrfhrnf/ cEmudk,f

udkzsufqD;&efomru raumif;owif;rsm;udk olwpfyg;tm;

wD;wdk;ajym&ef xdkolrsm;udk pmwefqufvufvrf;jyaeygonf/

rdbrsm;onf rdrdwdkY\raumif;rItjypfrsm;aMumifh xdkt&mrsm;udk

rjrifawGUMuvQif xdkt&mrsm;udkod½SdMuawmhrnfr[kwfacs/

ûrdUBuD;jyBuD;rsm;wGifaexdkifaom rdbrsm;twGuf xm0&

bk&m;ocifowday;awmfrlonfum; oifwdkY\om;orD;rsm;udk


tdrfxJrSmyJaeygap/ ynwfawmfudk rxDrJhjrifûyolrsm;ESifh

raumif;rIrsm;udk oifMum;usifhaqmifaeolrsm;ESifha0;onfhae&m

wGif oifwdkY\om;orD;rsm;udkxm;Muyg/ xdkûrdUBuD;rsm;xJrS

tjrefqHk;xGufcGmoGm;Muyg[líjzpf\/

rdbrsm;onf opfoD;jcHrsm;? pdkufysKd;EdkifrnfhajruGufrsm;

tom;ae&mwGiftpm;xdk;rnfh[if;oD;[if;½GufESifh opfoD;0vH

rsm;udkpdkufysKd;EdkifrnfhajruGufrsm;&Edkifrnfhe,frsm;wGif tdrfuav;

rsm;udk wnfaqmufEdkifMuygonf/

Letter, p. 73 (1896)

wd&pämeftaoaumif\tom;rsm;udk pm;csifpdwf½Sdaeao;

vQif 0dnmOfa&;udk&efbufûyaeaom avmutaysmftyg;

vdkufpm;jcif;udk jiif;qefEdkif&ef? vdktyfaeaomaus;Zl;awmfudk

&½Sd&ef xm0&bk&m;ocifxHawmfwGif tpma½Smifqkawmif;zdkY

vdktyfygonf/

Letter, p. 200 (1903)

þudpöESifhpyfvsOf;NyD; ay;awmfrlxm;onfhtvif;twdkif;

vdkufavQmuftouf½Sifaexdkifjcif;r½Sdolrsm;vnf; ajrmfvifhjcif;

toif;om;rsm;wGif½Sdaeygao;onf/ ¤if;wdkYonf tom;udk

tpm;tpmwpfcktjzpfpm;aeMuwkef;yifjzpfonf/ xdkaMumifh

a&m*grsm;udkcHpm;aeMu&onf/ xdkolrsm;onf ¤if;wdkYvkyfaqmif

aeaom raumif;rI\qdk;usKd;tjzpf a0'emrsm;udkcHpm;&aomtcg

w&m;a[mq&mrsm;udk qkawmif;ay;zdkYawmif;qdkaeMuygonf/

usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifhywfoufonfh udk,fawmf

\ñTefMum;csufrsm;udkrvdkufavQmufbJ tvdkawmfudk0efrcHvdk

olrsm;twGuf rnfodkYxm0&bk&m;ocifûyawmfrlEdkifrnfenf;/

xdkñTefMum;csufrsm;udk vGefcJhaomESpfaygif; (30)

uwnf;u ay;xm;awmfrlcJhaomfvnf; vltrsm;onf xdkt&m

rsm;udkjyuf&,fûyaeMuygonf/ vufzuf&nf? aumfzD? [if;cwf

tarT;têudifESifh tom;rsm;udkpm;aeMuwkef;? aomufaeMuwkef;yif

jzpfonf/ xdkuJhodkYaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;udk usef;rmjcif;cGeftm;ay;zdkY

xm0&bk&m;ocifxHwGif rnfodkYqkawmif;&ygrnfenf;[k

uREfkyfar;vdkygonf/

E from UT, p. 2 (1884)

tcsKdrsm;aombDpuGwfrkefYrsm;ESifh tom;[if;vsmrsm;

onf usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh vHk;0

rudkufnDyg/ tu,fíom uREfkyfwdkYonf wZGwfxdk;vkyfwwf

jcif;ESifh avmuaysmfarGUjcif;cHpm;rIudkjrwfEdk;jcif;rsm;xuf qifjcifwHk

w&m;udkOD;pm;ay;vdrfhrnfqdkvQif wd&pämeftom;rsm;udk rjrnf;prf;

oifhygacs/ tom;ta&mif;qdkifxuf rnfonfhae&mu pdwfudk

qGJaqmifEdkifonfhteHYrsm;udkay;vdrfhrnfenf;/ obm0ESifhrnDnGwf

aom cHwGif;awmifhwrItm;jzifh zsufqD;jcif;rcH&aomolrsm;\

tm½Hkonf tom;pdrf;teHYrsm;udkrêudufMuyg/ rnfonfhjrifuGif;

onf pm;zdkYtowfcH&aomom;aumifjrifuGif;xuf rESpfûrdUp&m

jrifuGif; pdwfwGifxif[yfapEdkifygoenf;/ bk&m;ocifay;oem;

awmfrlonfh usef;rma&;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIpnf;rsOf;udk

tav;rxm;MuvQif udk,fhudkudk,fzsm;ematmifvkyfaeolrsm;ü

usef;rma&;jyefvnfaumif;rGefvmatmif udk,fawmf½Sifedrdwf

vu©PmjyEdkifvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/


Letter, p. 48 (1902)

tom;pm;jcif;udk prf;oyfrIwpfcktjzpf uREfkyfwdkYtoHk;

rûyvdkyg/ tom;pm;jcif;udkpGefYvTwf&efvnf; ZGwftwif;

rwdkufwGef;vdkyg/ odkYapumrl þusef;rma&;qdkif&mtvif;w&m;

rsm;udk uGefz&ifhrS (toif;awmfrS) rnfonfh"r®q&murQ

rqefYusifMu&efudkrl uREfkyfawmif;qdkvdkygonf/ tom;pm;jcif;

tm;jzihf cE¨mudk,fusef;rma&;udkxdcdkufEdkifaMumif; tvif;&xm;

vsufESifh tom;udkqufNyD;pm;aeOD;rnfqdkvQif tusKd;qufrsm;udk

oifcHpm;&vdrfhrnf/ xm0&bk&m;ocifu ûyjyifajymif;vJrIwpfck

ûyvkyf&ef awmif;qdkaeawmfrlaomaMumifh tom;pm;jcif;ESifh

pyfvsOf;onfh ûyjyifajymif;vJrIwpfckudkvkyfaqmif&efrvdk[kawmh

vlwdkYa½SUwGif rajymqdkygESifh/ usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mowif;pum;

rsm;udka<u;aMumf&ef xm0&bk&m;ocifu cdkif;apxm;awmfrlNyD;

jzpf&m þowif;pum;udka<u;aMumfaeolrsm;\a½SUwGif oifxí

r&yfwnfcJhvQif oifonf þtrIawmfudk wefzdk;rxm;&m

a&mufvdrfhrnf/ oifonf xdktrIaqmifrsm;ESifh qefYusifbuf

vkyfaqmifaevQif rSm;,Gif;aombufwGif oif&yfxaeacsNyD/

Pacific Union Recorder, Oct. 9, 1902.

uREfkyfwdkYonf bk&m;ocif\trIaqmifrsm;tjzpfjzifh

cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;ESifhqefYusifaom oufaocHjcif;rsm;udk

vkyfaqmifMuygpdkY/ oifhwifhrQwpGmjyifqifpm;oHk;rnfqdkvQif

uREfkyfwdkY\usef;rma&;udk aumif;rGefaponfhtoD;tESHESifh opfoD;

0vHrsm;udk xm0&bk&m;ocifjyifqifxm;awmfrlygonf/

tb,faMumifh tom;rsm;udkqufvufpm;oHk;aeMuOD;rnfenf;/

tom;pm;olrsm;ESifh wpfpm;yGJxJwGifxdkifípm;aeonfh "r®q&m

rsm;udk uREfkyfwdkY,HkMunfpdwfcsvdkY&EdkifMuyghrvm;/

]oifwdkY\ xm0&bk&m;ocifay;oem;awmfrlonfhynwf

rsm;udk pdwfa&mudk,fygapmifha½SmufMuyg/} usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;

rsm;udkcsKd;azgufoltoD;oD;wdkYtm; xm0&bk&m;ociftrSef

pufqkyfawmfrlonf/ tu,fíom uREfkyfwdkYonf rdrdtvdkudk

jiif;um c&pf,meftusifhaumif;rIrsm;udkusifhaqmifvsuf

wpfoa0rwdrf;vdkufavQmufcJhMurnfqdkvQif aeYpOfESifhtrQ

0dnmOfawmfwefcdk;rsm;udk tBuD;tus,f&½SdMuayvdrfhrnf/

MS, p. 113 (1901)

"r®q&mrsm;ESihf "r®pmaytrIaqmifrsm;wdkY? csKyfwnf;jcif;

tusifhudk wduspGmusihfapmifhMuyg/ ]uREfkyftom;rpm;ygbl;/

wd&pämeftom;rsm;udkrpm;oifhaMumif; od½Sdxm;ojzifh tom;

rpm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ tckvdkauR;wmudk aus;Zl;wifygonf}

[k ajym&rnfudk r½SufMuygESifh/ olwpfyg;u vufzuf&nf

wdkufvQifvnf; tusKd;taMumif;rsm;udkajymjyum raomuf

ygbl;[kajymvdkufyg/ xdkt&monf usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufEdkif

aMumif;? cPwmomaumif;ovdkvdkcHpm;&aomfvnf; rMumrD

rSmyif tmedoifukefum wlnDaomqdk;usKd;udkay;wwfaMumif;

½Sif;jyyg/

Letter, p. 135 (1902)

tom;ESifhywfoufí ]½Sdygap} [k vlwdkif;ajymMuyg/

vufzuf&nfESifhaumfzDrsm;udkvnf; vHk;0raomufoHk;bJ odod


omomoufaocHMuyg/ xdkt&mrsm;onf rl;,pfxHkxdkif;aponfh

t&mrsm;jzpfNyD; cE¨mudk,ft*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;ESifhwuG OD;aESmuf

udkygxdcdkufapEdkifygonf/ odkY&mwGif MuufOESifhEGm;EdkYudk rpm;

ygESihf[k ajym&rnfhtcsdefra&mufao;yg/ ¤if;wdkYudk tom;ESifh

wwef;wnf;rowfrSwfoifhao;acs/ wcsKdUa&m*grsm;twGuf

MuufOonf tusKd;aus;Zl;ûyvsuf½Sdonf/

toif;om;rsm;wdkY? cHwGif;udktvdkrvdkufMuygESifh/

vufzuf&nf? aumfzDESifhtom;rsm;twGuf aiGudktoHk;ûyjcif;

onf ûzef;wD;jcif;xufydkíqdk;ygonf/ taMumif;rSm xdkt&m

rsm;onf um,? OmPESifh 0dOmPzGHUûzd;rIrsm;udk t[efYtwm;

ûyaeygonf/

9T, pp. 156-160 (1909)

tom;pm;vdkonfhqE´udkvdkufavsmjcif;tm;jzifh tusKd;

½SdrnfqdkvQif þawmif;cHcsufudk uREfkyfûyrnfr[kwfyg/ odkY&mwGif

tusKd;r½Sdonfudk uREfkyfodxm;ygonf/ tom;onf cE¨mudk,f

usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapEdkifojzifh tom;rpm;bJ touf½Sif

aexdkif&ef uREfkyfwdkYavhusufMu&rnf/ oufowfvGwfpm;&ef

tajctaeay;ygvsuf rdrd\tvdktwdkif; tom;pm;&ef a½G;cs,f

olrsm;onf bk&m;ocifay;trSefw&m;rsm;udk trIrxm;Mu

aomaMumifh trSefw&m;udkodEdkifpGrf;r½SdMuawmhbJ pdkufonfh

twdkif;&dwfMu&vdrfhrnf/

ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;ausmif;rsm;wGif wufa&mufynm

oif,laeMuonfh ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;tm; tom;[if;

rsm;? usef;rma&;ESifhrnDnGwfaomtpmrsm;udkrauR;&ef uREfkyftm;

xm0&bk&m;ocifñTefMum;awmfrlygonf/ xdktpmrsm;udk pmvdk

pdwfjzpfaprnfh rnfonfhtpmudkrQvnf; rauR;Mu&efjzpfonf/

vlBuD;? vlvwf? vli,ftaygif;wdkY? oif\usef;rma&;udk

xdcdkufaprnfhtpm;tpmrsm;udk rpm;MuzdkY uREfkyfawmif;yefvdk

ygonf/ tepfemcHí xm0&bk&m;ocifudkudk;uG,fMuyg/

om;orD;rsm;vnf; þtrIawmfwGif vIyf½Sm;yg0ifyg

avap/ uREfkyfwdkYonf xm0&bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm;jzpf

Mu&m vlBuD;vli,ftm;vHk;wdkYonf cHwGif;tvdkudkjiif;y,fum

bk&m;ocif\trIawmftwGuf vdktyfaomaiGaMu;rsm;udkacRwmNyD;

c&pf,mefomoemûyrsm;udkaxmufyHhMuzdkY xm0&bk&m;ocif

tvdk½Sdawmfrlonf/

rdbwdkY? þudpöwGif xm0&bk&m;ocifbufwGif pdwfa&m

udk,fyg&yfwnfMuyg/ u½kPmawmftcsdefwGif xm0&bk&m;ocif

a½SUarSmufü uREfkyfwdkYtprf;oyfcHae&onfudk oabmaygufzdkY

vdktyfaeygonf/ oif\usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaponfh avmu

taysmftyg;vdkufpm;rIrsm;udk pGefYvTwfvdkufygvm;rdwfaqG/

pGefYvTwfygrnf[k yg;pyfESifhajymjcif;onf tvGefvG,fygonf/

oifhtm; xl;jcm;olwpfOD;jzpfvmaponfh? xm0&bk&m;ocif

\awmif;qdkrIudkvdkufavsmaMumif; xif½Sm;aponfh udk,ftvdk

udkjiif;y,fjcif;tusihfudk usifhaqmifvdkufyg/ xdktusifhudk

usifhaqmifjcif;aMumifh pkaqmif;&½SdonfhaiGaMu;rsm;udk xm0&

bk&m;ocif\b@mawmfwdkufxJodkYvªvdkufyg/ xdkaiGaMu;rsm;

onf trIawmfBuD;udk qufvufvkyfaqmif&ef taxmuftul

ûyygvdrfhrnf/

DF- 38


tom;rpm;vdkYrjzpfbl;[k vltrsm;pku txif½SdaeMu

ygonf/ þyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf bk&m;ocif\vrf;jyrIatmufrSm

touf½SifaexdkifzdkY vHk;vHk;qHk;jzwfvsuf bk&m;ocifhbufwGif

&yfxMurnfqdkvQif 'Ha,vESifhtazmfrsm;uJhodkY udk,fpdwfESpfyg;

ESifhywfoufaomtpGrf;cGeftm;rsm;udk &½SdMuvdrfhrnf/ udk,ftvdk

udkjiif;y,fjcif;aMumifh pkaqmif;&rdaomaiGaMu;rsm;onf bk&m;

ocif\trIawmftwGuf rnfrQxda&mufpGmtoHk;ûyEdkifonfudk

awGUjrif&olrsm;onf tHhtm;oifhukefMuygonf/ udk,ftvdkudk

jiif;y,fjcif;aMumifh pkaqmif;&½SdonfhaiGaMu;tenf;i,fonf

BuD;rm;vSaomtjcm;aiGaMu;yrmPrsm;xuf bk&m;ocif\

trIawmfNyD;ajrmufrItwGuf ydkíxda&mufvSygonf/

ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;ü tvGefta&;ygaomtrSef

w&m;rsm;½SdaeMuygonf/ usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIqdkif&m

tvif;w&m;rsm;udk vGefcJhaomESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuwnf;u

ay;awmfrlxm;onfjzpf&m uREfkyfwdkYrnfodkYtouf½SifusifhoHk;ae

Muygoenf;/ rnfrQavmufaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf bk&m;ocif

ay;tMuHay;csufrsm;twdkif; touf½Sifaexdkif&ef jiif;qdkaeMu

ygonf/ uREfkyfwkdYonf vlrsKd;pkwpfpktaejzifh rdrdwdkY&½Sdxm;onfh

tvif;ESifhtnD aexdkifusifhaqmifMu&ygrnf/ usef;rma&;

qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk ½dkaovdkufavQmuf&efrSm uREfkyfwdkYwm0ef

jzpfygonf/ csKyfwnf;jcif;qdkif&mudpö&yfrsm;wGif uREfkyfwdkYonf

tjcm;olrsm;\a½SUwGifa&mufaeoifhygonf/ odkY&mwGif wcsKdU

"r®q&mrsm;ESifhwuG owif;pum;&½Sdxm;onfhtoif;om;rsm;

onf þudpöESifhywfoufí bk&m;ocifay;oem;awmfrlxm;onfh

owif;pum;rsm;udk r½dkraoûyaeMuygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf rdrd

wdkY\qE´udkOD;xdyfyefum êudufovdkpm;aeMuygonf/ êuduf

ovdkvkyfaeMuygonf/

tpm;tpmESifhywfoufí vdkufavQmuf&rnfh wdusonfh

zGifhqdkcsufrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYowfrSwfrxm;Muaomfvnf; toD;

tESHESifh tcGHrmtoD;rsm; tvQHy,faygrsm;onfhEdkifiHrsm;wGif

tom;onf bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm;twGuf pm;oifhaom

tpmr[kwfygacs/ ]]oifwdkYonf pm;aomfvnf;aumif;? aomuf

aomfvnf;aumif;? rnfonfhtrIudkûyaomfvnf;aumif; bk&m;

ocif\bkef;wefckd;udkaxmufí cyfodrf;aomtrIudpöudkûyMuavmh}}

[k bk&m;ocif\apwrefrsm;yDyD vlrsm;wdkYtm; rajymvdkMu

bl;vm;/ rSm;,Gif;aomcHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;udk qefYusifvsuf

oufaocHMuygpdkY/ aorsKd;jzpfaomvlom;rsm;tm; ay;awmfrl

onfhtrSefw&m;rsm;wGif trGefjrwfqHk;jzpfaomowif;pum;

rsm;udk a[mMum;aeaom"r®q&mrsm;wdkY? tpm;taomufwGif

aumif;aomyHkoufaoudkjyMuygpdkY/ q,fzdkYwpfzdkYpm;aeMuolrsm;

onf avmutaysmftyg;vdkufpm;jcif;tm;jzifh rdrdwdkY\touf

aoG;aMumrsm;wGif tqdyfoifhatmifvkyfaqmifMurnfvm;/

xdkolrsm;onf bk&m;ocifay;tvif;ESifhowday;pum;rsm;udk

*½krxm;bJ aeMuawmhrSmvm;/ cE¨mudk,fusef;rmjcif;udk

u½kPmawmfwGif BuD;xGm;&efESifh pdwfydkif;qdkif&mpHkprf;rItwGuf

ta&;ygaomt&mwpfcktjzpf *½kxm;Mu&ygrnf/ tpmtdrfudk


aumif;rGefpGm*½krpdkufvQif aumif;jrwfaompm&dwåwnfaqmuf

rIudk xdcdkufapvdrfhrnf/ OD;aESmufESifhtm½HkaMumrsm;onf

tpmtdrfusef;rmrS xufjruftm;aumif;Muvdrfhrnf/ rSm;,Gif;

aompm;aomufrIrsm;onf vG Jr Sm;aomtawG;tac:ESif h

vkyfaqmifrIrsm;udk jzpfay:apygonf/

vlom;tm;vHk;wdkYonf ,ckwGif tprf;oyfcHMu&vsuf

½Sdonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf c&pfawmfü ESpfjcif;r*FvmcH,lMuNyD;

jzpfonf/ uREfkyfwdkYudk toa&ysufapum ½Sdoifhjzpfoifhonfh

tajctaewGifr½Sdap&ef vkyfaqmifaeaomt&mrsm;ESifh uREfkyfwdkY

uif;uif;aeMuvQif uREfkyfwdkY\OD;acgif;jzpfaom c&pfawmfü

BuD;yGm;&ef wefcdk;rsm;udkay;oem;awmfrlrnfjzpfNyD; uREfkyfwdkYonf

xm0&bk&m;ocif\u,fwifjcif;qkaus;Zl;udk jrifawGUMu&

vdrfhrnf/

ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfaq;½Hkrsm;wGif tpm;tpmûyjyif

ajymif;vJrIrsm;tqifhqifhwdk;wufvmjcif;

tcsyfydk- acwfOD;ydkif;ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfaq;½Hk

rsm;wGif vma&muftukocHvlemrsm;ESifh wm0efxrf;aqmifae

olrsm;tm; tenf;ESifhtrsm;qdkovdk tom;[if;rsm;udkauR;cJh

aMumif; ordkif;rSwfwrf;rsm;½SdcJhygonf/ usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwf

pGmtouf½Sifaexdkifjcif;u@rsm;wGif ûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;½Sdvm

ygonf/ xdka½S;aq;½Hkrsm;wGif tcsdefMumjrifhpGmêud;pm;½kef;uef

NyD;onfhaemuf tqHk;wGif tom;auR;jcif;udk &yfqdkif;cJhMuygonf/

rr0Iduf\tMuHay;csufrsm;udk wHkYjyefaomtm;jzifh bufw,fc&d

aq;½HkwGif 1898 ckESpfrSpívnf;aumif;? pdefY[,fvifem

aq;½HkwGif 1903 ckESpfrSpívnf;aumif; tom;auR;jcif;udk

&yfqdkif;cJhygonf/ xdktcsdefydkif;wGif oufowfvGwfpm;jcif;ESifh

ywfoufaomtodynmrsm;vnf; us,fjyefYpGmysHUESHYaeygNyD/

xdkaMumifh {nfhonfrsm;udk tom;rauR;jcif;udkvkyfaqmif&m

wGif ,cifuxufydkívG,fulacsmarmvmygonf/ aq;½Hkopf

rsm;wGif vlemrsm;tm; tom;rauR;awmhaMumif;od&aom

a½S;aq;½Hkrsm;rStkyfcsKyfolrsm;twGufvnf; 0rf;omp&mjzpfvm

ygonf/

Letter, p. 3 (1884)

uREfkyfonf oifhtwGufpmtenf;i,fa&;&ef reuf (4)

em&DtcsdefwGif tdyf&mrSxcJhygonf/ oiftkyfcsKyfaeaom aq;½Hkudk

bk&m;ocif\tvdkawmfESifhtnD rnfuJhodkYOD;aqmif Edkifrnfudk

uREfkyftav;teufpOf;pm;um tenf;i,ftMuHay; vdkufygonf/

uREfkyfwdkYonf bk&m;ocif\csKyfwnf;jcif;qdkif&m rlv

tMuHtpnftwdkif; wwfEdkiforQtouf½Sifaexdkif&ef êud;pm;

aeaom usef;rma&;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;jzpfMu

ygonf/ csKyfwnf;jcif;qdkonfrSm t&ufaopmrsm;ESihf aq;vdyf

rsm;udka½SmifMuOfjcif;qdkonfhzGifhqdkcsufxuf av;eufaom

teufudkaqmifygonf/ xdkt&monf uREfkyfwdkYpm;oHk;aom

t&mrsm;udk pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfygonf/


oifonf usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;tvif;

w&m;rsm;ESifh &if;ESD;rI½SdNyD;om;jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif vlemaqmif

rsm;odkY uREfkyfoGm;a&mufvnfywfaomtcg tom;pm;jcif;

ESifhywfoufNyD; ay;xm;onfhtvif;w&m;ESifh xifxif½Sm;½Sm;

qefYusifvkyfaqmifaeMuonfudkawGUcJh&ygonf/ oifpm;aom

tpmxJwGif tom;ut"dujzpfaeygonf/ xdkaMumifh tajymif;

tvJwpfckudk csufcsif;vkyfaqmifzdkYvdkNyD[k uREfkyfoabmayguf

oGm;ygonf/ þuJhodkYaomvkyfaqmifrIudkvkyfaqmif&ef xm0&

bk&m;ocifvrf;jyaejcif;r[kwfyg/ vlemrsm;\tpmpm;&if;wGif

xdkt&mrsm;udkxnfh&ef aq;½Hkwm0ef½Sdolrsm;udkvrf;jyjcif;jzifh

rSm;,Gif;aomtajccHwpfckay:wGif tpm;tpmar;cGef;rsm;udk

wnfaqmuf&ef pmwefêud;pm;aejcif;jzpfygonf/

tJ*kwåKjynfrS £oa&vrsm;udkxkwfaqmifcJ hpOfu

oefY½Sif;aysmf½TifNyD; usef;rmaomvlrsKd;wpfrsKd;udk cgemefjynfwGif

wnfaxmif&ef &nf½G,fawmfrlcJhygonf/ xm0&bk&m;ocif\

tMuHawmfudkoHk;oyfu rnfrQNyD;ajrmufatmifjrifcJhonfudk

Munfh½IMuyg/ udk,fawmfonf tpm;taomufwGif wif;usyf

pGmxdef;csKyfawmfrlcJhonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh ¤if;wdkYtm; tom;udk

auR;awmfrrlcJhyg/ odkY&mwGif tJ*kwåKjynfwGifpm;cJh&aomt&m

rsm;udk ¤if;wdkYawmifhwaeMuojzifh tom;udkauR;awmfrlcJh&m

a½SmifvGJír&aomtusKd;qufudk olwdkY&ifqdkifcJh&ygonf/

vlemrsm;udk aq;0g;roHk;bJukoay;&ef tukeftuscHum

aq;½Hk? aq;cef;rsm;udkwnfaxmifcJhygonf/ xdkaq;½Hkrsm;udk

usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhtnD OD;aqmifoifhMuygonf/ aq;0g;

oHk;NyD;ukojcif;rsm;udk vHk;vHk;roHk;awmhonftxd tjrefqHk;

a½Smif½Sm;oifhygonf/ oifhwifhavsmufywfpGm pm;wwf? 0wfwwf?

udk,fvufavhusifhcef;vkyfwwfatmif ynmay;Mu&ygrnf/

bk&m;ocif\tvdkawmfESifhtnD usef;rmaysmf½Tifatmifaewwf&ef

toif;om;rsm;udkomru tjyifvlrsm;udkvnf; ynmay;oifh

ygonf/ odkY&mwGif þudpöwGif uREfkyfwdkYudk,fwdkifu tqifh

rrDvQif þaq;½Hkrsm;udkwnfaxmif&ef þrQaiGukefaMu;us

cHzdkYvdkygao;ovm;/ ûyjyifajymif;vJrIonf rnfonfhae&mrS

pívkyf&rnfenf;/

uREkfyfwdkYonf bk&m;ocif\tpDtpOftwdkif; vIyf½Sm;

aeygonf[k uREfkyfrajym&Jacs/ tajymif;tvJwpfckudkvkyfrS

jzpfawmhrnf/ odkYr[kwfygu Health Retreat [laomemrnfudk

pGefYvTwfoifhygonf/ taMumif;rSm xdkemrnfESifhvHk;vHk;rqDavsmf

aomtajctaewGif½Sdaeygonf/ aq;½Hkrsm;udk vlwpfOD;

wpfa,muf\oabmxm;ESifh udkufnDap&eftwGufaomfvnf;

aumif;? vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufcHwGif;awGUap&eftwGufaomf

vnf;aumif; yHkpHajymif;ypf&rnfr[kwf[k xm0&bk&m;ocifu

uREfkyftm;azmfjyawmfrlcJhonf/ tjcm;tpmrsm;udkrêudufMuonfh

taysmftyg;vdkufpm;olrsm;a&mufaeojzifh uREfkyfwdkY\aq;½HkwGif

tom;pm;jcif;udkaxmufcHapm'uwufrIrsm;½Sdaeonfudk uREfkyf

odxm;ygonf/ ¤if;wdkYpm;csifaomtpmrsm;auR;onfh aq;½Hk

rsm;odkY oGm;ukcGifhay;vdkufyg/ þaq;½Hkonf rSefuefaom


pnf;rsOf;rsm;twdkif; {nfhonfrsm;twGufyif vkyfaqmifray;

EdkifcJhvQif &½Sdxm;aomemrnfaumif;rsm; ysufjy,foGm;ayvdrfh

rnf/ odkY&mwGif ,ckwGif tom;pm;jcif;twGuf apm'uwufrI

rsm; ,cifuvdkr½SdawmhNyD/ taMumif;rSm aq;½HkodkYvma&muf

ukorIcH,lolrsm;wGif tjyifvlOD;a&rSmenf;vSygonf/

tom;udk tqufrjywfpm;jcif;aMumifh usef;rma&;udk

xdcdkufapEdkifygonf/ xdkodkYjzpf&jcif;twGuf azgufjyefaom

cHwGif;awmifhwrIrSwpfyg; tjcm;t&mrsm;udk qifajcray;Edkif

ygacs/ oifonf tom;udkvHk;vHk;rpm;awmhbl;vm;[kar;vm

vQif aemufydkif;rSm vHk;vHk;rpm;awmhonfhtajctaewGif½Sdvdrfh

rnf/ odkY&mwGif xdktqifhodkYa&muf&ef ,cktcsdefwGif tqifoifh

rjzpfao;yg[k uREfkyfajzygrnf/ tom;pm;jcif;udk tqHk;wGif

vHk;0pGefYvTwfMuvdrfhrnf/ tom;udk tpmpm&if;xJwGifrxnfh

awmhbJ tom;a&mif;onhfqdkifrsm;udk ½GHrkef;aomtMunhfjzifh

aemifwGifMunfhMuvdrhfrnf/

uREfkyfwdkYonf rdrdwdkYpm;aomtpmrsm;jzifh cE¨mudk,fudk

wnfaqmufxm;Muygonf/ tom;pm;jcif;tm;jzifh wd&pämef

&r®ufrsm;udk wdk;yGm;apMurvm;/ toD;tESHESifh[if;oD;[if;½Guf

rsm;udkpm;oHk;jcif;jzifh touf½Sifaexdkifwwfatmif rdrdudk,fudk

ynmay;&rnfhtcsdefonf þtcsdefjzpfonf/ aq;½HkwGif

trIaqmifaeoltm;vHk;vkyfaqmif&rnfhtvkyfrSm þt&myif

jzpfonf/ tom;udkvHk;0rpm;awmhonfhtxd wjznf;jznf;

avsmhNyD;pm;oGm;yg/ tom;udkvHk;0jzwfum toD;tESHESifh [if;oD;

[if;½Gufrsm;udktm;ûyvmMuvQif bk&m;ocif\tptOD;tMuH

tpnfonf rMumrDwGif jzpfajrmufvmygvdrfhrnf/ tom;udk

bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm;upm;oHk;vdrfhrnfr[kwfyg/

tom;udk,cifuvdkrpm;awmhaomtcsdefwGif oifonf

ydkírSefuefaomcsufûywfenf;rsm;udkavhusufum tom;[if;

ae&mwGif tjcm;[if;vsmrsm;jzifh tpm;xdk;vmygvdrfhrnf/

wd&pämeftqD? wd&pämeftom;rsm;rygonfh usef;rma&;ESifh

nDnGwfaom[if;vsmrsm;udk jyifqifwwfvmygvdrfhrnf/ tm[m&

½SdNyD; usef;rma&;ESifhvHk;vHk;nDnGwfaom [if;vsmtrsKd;rsKd;udk

tom;rygbJ jyifqifwwfvmMuygrnf/ pdwftm;xufoef

olrsm;onf oufowfvGwf[if;ESifh opfoD;0vHrsm;udk tvQHy,f

pm;Mu&rnf/ tom;rpm;&vQif tm;r½Sdawmhbl;[k tpGJ½Sdaeonfh

tjyifvlrsm;tm; wpfcgwpf&HwGif tom;udkauR;vdku auR;Edkif

aomfvnf; tom;udk olwdkYa½SmifEdkifcJhMurnfqdkvQif ydkícHEdkif

&nf½SdvmMuvdrfhrnf/

ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfaq;½Hkrsm;wGif tom;jzwfjcif;udk

q&m0efESifhtrIxrf;rsm;taejzifh uefYuGufae&jcif;\t"du

tcsufrSm olwdkYudk,fwdkifu tom;udkêudufum awmif;pm;

aeMujcif;yifjzpfonf/ xdkaMumifh tom;auR;zdkYvnf; olwdkY

tm;ay;aeonf/ odkY&mwGif aq;½Hkwufvmonfhvlemrsm;udk

tom;auR;jcif;tm; xm0&bk&m;ocifvdkvm;awmfrlrrlyg/

ynmay;a[mMum;rIrsm;jzifhjzpfap? toufwmyHkoufaorsm;

tm;jzifhjzpfap oufowfvGwfpm;zdkY ynmay;Muyg/ tm[m&ESifh


jynfh0aomoufowfvGwf[if;rsm;udkjyifqif&mwGif tvGef

uRrf;usifzd k Yvdkovdk tvkyfvnf;rsm;ygonf/ odkY&mwGif

jznf;jznf;csif;NyD;ajrmufatmifvkyfMu&ygrnf/ tom;udk tpm;

avsmhMuyg/ tcsuftûywfwm0efudkxrf;aqmifae&olwdkY?

usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhtnDpm;wwfatmif rdrdyg;pyfudk

rdrdusifhay;Muyg/

uREfkyfwdkYonf cgemefjynfudkavQmufvSrf;Mu&rnfhtpm;

tJ*kwåKjynfudkjyefaeMuygonf/ uREf kyfwdk Y ûyjyifMuygpd k Y/

oufowfvGwf[if;vsmrsm;udk pm;oHk;MuygpdkY/ tpmraMuonfh

a0'emudkjzpfaponfh bDpuGwfrsm;udkjzwfMuygpdkY/ bk&m;ocif

xm;awmfrlonfhpHESifh teD;pyfqHk;aexdkiftouf½Sifvdkolrsm;onf

tvdkawmfudkqefYusifaomaqGrsKd;rdwfaqGtenf;trsm;wdkY\qEudk

yrmrxm;bJ rdrdwdkY&½Sdxm;onfhtvif;w&m;ESifhtnD aexdkif

touf½SifMuvdrfhrnf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf tpm;tpmESifhywfouf

aom wif;usyfonfhpnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhtnD aexdkifpm;aomufum

tvdkawmfESifhtnD yg;pyfudkusifhay;rnfqdkvQif pdwfawmfESifh

awGUaom MoZmoufa&mufrIwpfckudk&Muvdrfhrnf/ odkYaomf

ar;p&mar;cGef;wpfckrSm ]]uREfkyfwdkYonf usef;rmjcif;qdkif&m

ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;tppftrSefrsm;jzpfzdkY qE½Sdygovm;}} [lí

jzpf\/

[if;wpfrsKd;wnf;udk xyfcgwvJcsufrpm;rdzdkYta&;BuD;

ygonf/ [if;tajymif;tvJûyvkyfjcif;onf cHwGif;udkydkívdkufap

ygonf/ xdkodkYqdkaomfvnf; xrif;wpfcgpm;wdkif; [if;trnf

trsm;udkvnf; rpm;oifhyg/ aiGaMu;u@udkvnf; owdxm;zdkY

vdkygonf/ vlwdkYtvdk½SdygvQif ½Sif;vif;wifjycGifhay;Muyg/

¤if;wdkYESifhtqifajyrIr½SdvQifvnf; trSm;udk½SmcGifhûyMuyg/

£oa&vrsm;onf arma½SESifhtm½kefwdkYudk tNrJvdkvkdyif tjypf

wifpum;ajymwwfMuonf/ usef;rma&;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrI

pHudkxdef;odrf;&efrSm oif\wm0efjzpfonf/ tpm;tpmudpöwGif

pnf;urf;wusvkyfaqmifay;jcif;onf a&ay;csKd;enf;trsKd;rsKd;

xuf emrusef;olrsm;twGuf ydkítvkyfjzpfygonf/

tom;0,fpm;rnfhaiGaMu;rsm;udk opfoD;0vHudk0,fpm;&m

wGiftoHk;ûyMuyg/ vlwdkYtm; rSefuefaomtoufwmyHkpHrsm;udk

jyMuyg/ þt&mudk aq;½H krsm;wGiftptOD;uwnf;u

usifhaqmifcJhMurnfqdkvQif xm0&bk&m;ocifonf xdkaq;½Hk

rsm;udk ESpfoufjrwfEdk;um ¤if;wdkY\êud;pm;rIudk todtrSwf

ûycJhygvdrfhrnf/

tpm;tpmrsm;udkjyifqif&mwGif *½kpd kufzd k Yvdkovdk

uRrf;usifrI½SdzdkYvnf;vdktyfygonf/ xdkaq;½HkwGifauR;aom

tpm;tpmrsm;onf usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;

rsm;ESifhudkufnDap&eftvdkYiSm pm;zdkrª;tm;tMuHay;&ef olrtm;

q&m0efBuD;u wm0efay;vdrfhrnf[k uREfkyfarQmfvifhxm;ygonf/

vlyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;onf ol\cHwGif;awmifhwrIudktvdkvdkuf&ef

pdwf,drf;aeaomaMumifh ol\toufwmvrf;pOftay: oltjypf

jrifawmhrnfr[kwfacs/ odkY&mwGif rdrdêudufaomtpmESifh

vkyfaqmifaeaomp½dkufrsm;ESihfudkufnDatmif aq;½Hk0efxrf;rsm;udk


yHkoGif;&rnfawmhr[kwfyg/ aq;½Hk½Sdwm0ef½Sd0efxrf;rsm;onf

rMumcPwdkifyifaqG;aEG;um [efcsufnDnDjzifh vIyf½Sm;vkyfaqmif

oifhygonf/

tom;pm;jcif;onf rSef&rnf[k rjiif;zdkY&ef uREfkyf

awmif;yefvdkygonf/ taMumif;rSm rdrdonf tom;rpm;&vQif

aq;½HkrwufEdkifyg[k cHwGif;awmifhwrI\uRefwpfOD;u ajymcJhzl;

ygonf/ wd&pämeftaoaumif\tom;rsm;udk pm;oHk;touf½Sif

aexdkifjcif;onf Murf;wrf;,kwfrmonfhtoufwmyHkpHwpfck

jzpfae&m tom;xuf usef;rma&;cGeftm;rsm;udkay;Edkifonfh

oufowfvGwfpm;enf;rsm;udkoifay;um toufwmyHkpHajymif;ypf

oifhygonf/

þacwfþtcgwGi f usL;vGe faeonf htjyp fr Sm

pm;aomufMuL;jcif;jzpfonf/ vltrsm;onf cHwGif;awmifhwrI

wnf;[laom bk&m;ocifudkudk;uG,faeMuygonf/ usef;rma&;

tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifhqufET,frI½Sdaeolrsm;onf þudpöwGif rSefaom

yHkoufaoudkjyoifhMuygonf/ olwdkYonf rSm;,Gif;aomcHwGif;

awmifhwrI\xdef;csKyfrItm;jzifhr[kwfbJ bk&m;ocifudkaMumuf½GHU

aompdwfjzifh tod½Sd½Sda½GUvsm;vkyfaqmifoifhMuygonf/ usef;rm

jcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;udk ausausnufnuf

od½Sdem;vnfoifhMuNyD; rnfonfhtajctaersKd;wGifrqdk xdktvH

atmufwGif&yfxoifhMuygonf/

q&m0efBuD;? usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaom[if;rsm;udk

ydkícsufwwfvmatmif oifavhusufvdrfhrnf[k uREfkyfarQmfvifh

ygonf/ tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;udk tvQHy,fpDpOfyg/

þudpöwGif aiGaMu;udkrûcd;jcHygESifh/ tom;twGufaiGudkroHk;bJ

[if;oD;[if;½GufESifh opfoD;0vHrsm;udk tvQHy,fpm;oHk;yg/

xdkpOfwGif oifjyifqifxm;aomtpmrsm;udk tm;&yg;&vltrsm;

vma&mufpm;oHk;onfudk oifjrifum 0rf;om&vdrfhrnf/ pm;vdkuf

onfhusef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaomtpmaumif;rsm;onf t&mrxif

jzpfoGm;vdrfhrnf[k rnfonfhtcgrQrxifygESifh/ aeYpOftoHk;ûy&ef

vdktyfaomcGeftm;rsm;udk xdktpmrsm;onfay;pGrf;um aoG;ESifh

oefrmaomtom;rQifrsm;udkjzpfapygvdrfhrnf/

Letter, p. 2 (1884)

t&yfa'owpfckrS aq;½Hkwpf½HktaMumif;udkpOf;pm;rd&m

tawG;rsm;pGmonf uREfkyf\OD;aESmufxJodkY0ifvmygonf/ wcsKdUudk

oifwdkYtm;azmfjyvdkygonf/

usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;tvif;w&m;udk

uREfkyfrSwpfqifh oifwdkYtm; xm0&bk&m;ocifay;oem;awmfrl

aeygonf/ þtaMumif;t&mESifhpyfvsOf;í bk&m;ocif\

tvdkawmfudkod½Sdem;vnf&ef oif*½kwpdkufqkawmif;um êud;pm;

cJhzl;ygovm;/ tjyifvlawGuawmh tom;[if;udkpm;MurSmyJ

qifajcay;aeMuaomfvnf; tom;[if;udk ¤if;wdkYpm;cJhzl;onf

rSefapawmh? tom;[if;ae&mwGiftpm;xdk;&ef tjcm;[if;vsm

rsm;udk aocsmpGmcsufûywfauR;rnfqdkvQif xdkolrsm;udk

tom;[if;tm;jzwfEdkif&ef ynmay;EdkifMurnfjzpfonf/ pm;zdkrª;

udk,fwdkifu tom;êudufolwpfOD;jzpfaevQif tom;pm;jcif;udk

oltm;ay;vmvdrfhrnf/ xdktcgwGif ysuf,Gif;aeaomcHwGif;


awmifhwrIonf tom;pm;jcif;twGuf qifajcay;rIrsm;udk

wGef;vSef&yfwnf&ef cdkifcHhvmvdrfhrnf/

tdrf½Sifrrsm;onf tom;[if;udkyifwdkifxm;í pm;oHk;

aeMuojzifh tom;[if;udkrcsuf&vQif rnfonfh[if;udk tpm;xdk;

csuf&rnfudk rodMuawmhacs/ xdkt&mudk uREfkyfjrifawGUaom

tcg ajymif;vJrIwpfckudk csufcsif;vkyfaqmif&rnfudk uREfkyf

odvdkufygonf/ tom;udkjzwfr&avmufatmif wrf;wrf;pGJ

jzpfaeaomacsmif;qdk;aoG;yga&m*gonfrsm;u tom;awmif;pm;

vQif ¤if;wdkYtcef;xJrSmom oD;oefYpm;cGifhûyyg/ tom;udkrpm;

oifhaomolrsm;twGuf pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;wpfckrjzpfygapESifh/

tom;rpm;vQif toufr½SifEdkif[k oifxifjrifaumif;xifjrif

vdrfhrnf/ uREfkyfvnf; wpfcsdefu xdkodkYxifcJhygonf/ odkY&mwGif

vlom;rsm;\tpmtwGuf bk&m;ocif\rlvtpDtpOfwGif

wd&pämeftaoaumif\tom;rygonfudk uREfkyfodxm;ygonf/

rSm;,Gif;aomcHwGif;awmifhwrIrsm;uom xdktpmrsKd;udkvufcH

ygonf/ ¤if;jyif tom;rsm;wGif rsm;aomtm;jzifh a&m*gydk;

rsm;½Sdaeonfqdkonfhtcsufu uREfkyfwdkYtm; tom;udkjzwfEdkif

atmif tom;ukefêud;pm;apygonf/ uREfkyf\,cktaetxm;

rSm tom;udkvHk;vHk;jzwf&efyifjzpfonf/ t&uform;rsm; t&uf

jzwf&cufovdk wcsKdUyk*¾dKvfrsm;twGuf tom;jzwfzdkYcufaevdrfh

rnf/ odkYaomf jzwfEdkifvQif ydkíaumif;ygonf/

Letter, p. 59 (1898)

ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfaq;½Hkonf aumif;aomtrIudk

aqmif½Gufaeygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYrSm tom;ESifhywfoufaom

pdwf½Iyfp&mar;cGef;rsm;ESifh&ifqdkifae&acsNyD/ aq;½Hkvmwufol

rsm;tm; tom;udkrauR;bJ wjznf;jznf;jzwfzdkY ñTefMum;oifh

ygovm;/ tom;tm;vHk;udkjzwfMu&ef ½kwfw&ufrvkyfaqmif

oifhao;aMumif; vGefcJhaomESpftenf;i,fu uREfkyftm; tvif;

ay;awmfrlcJhygonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf wcsKdUudpörsm;wGif

¤if;onf tcsKdyGJrsm;udkpm;jcif;xuf ydkíaumif;rGefaeygonf/

xdktcsKdyGJrsm;onf tpmtdrfudkuarmufurjzpfapygonf/ tom;

[if;rsm;? [if;oD;[if;½Guf[if;rsm;? opfoD;0vHrsm;? 0dkifrsm;?

vufzuf&nf? aumfzD? tcsKdrsm;aomudwfrkefYrsm;ESifh tpmtdrf

udk'ku©ay;onfhydkifrkefYrsm;udka&maESmum pm;aomufjcif;onf

vl\jyuawhobm0udk zsm;emaponfh qefYusifbuftusKd;

oufa&mufrIrsm;udkcHpm;apum emrusef;onfhtajctaeudkjzpfay:

aponf/

uREfkyfonf £oa&vrsm;\bk&m;ocifxHrSvmaom

EIwfawmfxGufpum;rsm;udk wifqufaeygonf/ tjypfusL;vGef

rIrsm;aMumifh bk&m;ocif\usdefjcif;tr*Fvmrsm;onf ajrBuD;

ay:odkYvnf;aumif;? wd&pämefrsm;ESifhwuG taoG;tom;½Sdaom

owå0gtm;vHk;tay:odkYusa&mufcJhygonf/ vlom;rsm;onf

bk&m;ocif\ynwfawmfrsm;rS vrf;vGJpGmavQmufvSrf;cJhonfh

rdrdwdkY\vkyf&yfrsm;aMumifh jzpfay:vmaomtusKd;qufrsm;udk

cHpm;aeMu&ygonf/ om;&Jwd&pämeftm;vHk;wdkYonfvnf;

xdkusdefjcif;tr*Fvmudk cHpm;aeMu&ygonf/

þt&mrsm;udkod½Sdxm;olrsm;xJrS orm;awmfrsm;onf

emrusef;olrsm;tm; tom;auR;&ef rñTefMum;oifhyg/ xdkwd&pämef


rsm;xJwGif jzpfyGm;aeaoma&m*grsm;onf tom;pm;jcif;udk

tEÅ&m,f½Sdapygonf/ bk&m;ocifxHrS usdefjcif;tr*Fvmonf

urÇmajrBuD;tay:wGifvnf;aumif;? vlom;rsm;tay:wGifvnf;

aumif;? om;&Jwd&pämefrsm;tay:wGifvnf;aumif;? yifv,f

xJ½Sdig;rsm;tay:wGifvnf;aumif; usa&mufvsuf½Sdygonf/

raumif;rItjypfvGefusL;rIrsm;onf pMu0Vmtwdkif;twmwrQ

us,fjyefYpGmysHUESHYae&m xdkusdefjcif;tr*Fvmonfvnf; xdkvGefusL;

rIrsm;\twdrfteuftwdkif; usa&mufaeygonf/ a&m*grsm;

onf tom;pm;jcif;tm;jzifh ul;pufaeygonf/ a&m*g½Sdae

aomwd&pämeftaoaumifrStom;rsm;udk aps;xJwGifa&mif;ae

onfjzpf&m tusKd;quftaejzifh vlwdkYwGif a&m*gb,rsm;

cHpm;ae&ygonf/

wd&pämeftaoaumifrsm;\tom;rsm;udk rwdkYxd? rpm;

oHk;rnfhtaetxm;wpfckqDodkY rdrd\vlwdkYtm; xm0&bk&m;ocif

aqmif,loGm;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/ acwfumvESifhywfoufaom

trSefw&m;udkodxm;aomorm;awmfrsm;onfvnf; tom;udk

auR;&ef rñTefMum;MuygESifh/ tom;pm;jcif;onf vHkûcHrIr½Sd

awmhonfhjyif ynwfawmfapmifhaom bk&m;ocif\om;orD;

rsm;xJwGif rMumrDrSmyif EGm;EdkYudkvnf;raomufoHk;bJaeMu

vdrfhrnf/ rMumawmhrnfhumvtcsdefrSm wd&pämefrS&onfhtpm

tm;vHk;onf vHkûcHawmhrnfr[kwfacs/ xm0&bk&m;ocif\

EIwfxGufpum;udk OD;xdyfyefum ynwfawmfrsm;udk pdwfESvHk;

t<uif;rJhapmifha½Smufolrsm;onf aumif;csD;cHpm;&vdrfhrnf/

udk,fawmfonf ¤if;wdkYudktumtuG,fay;onfh'dkif;vTm;jzpf

vdrfhrnf/ odkYaomf xm0&bk&m;ocifonf usDp,fjcif;udk

vufcHawmfrlvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg/ bk&m;ocif\tvdkawmfESifh

vrf;pOfudkrudk;pm;jcif;? rvdkufavQmufjcif;ESifh pdrf;um;jcif;rsm;

onf tjypfom;wpfOD;tm; rsufESmomay;rIudk bk&m;ocif

rûyEdkifawmhrnfhtajctaeodkYa&mufoGm;apygonf/

tpm;tpmESifhywfoufí wpfzefuREfkyfajymMum;ygrnf/

twdwfwkef;upGefYpm;cJhovdk ,ckuREfkyfrpGefYpm;&Jawmhacs/ vlom;

rdom;pkrsm;twGuf usdefjcif;tr*Fvmqdkwm½SdcJhzl;ygonf/

odkY&mwGif vlwdkYusL;vGefaomtjypfraumif;rIaMumifh wd&pämef

rsm;tay:wGif txl;ojzifh bk&m;ocif\usdefjcif;tr*Fvm

usa&mufaeygonf/ wd&pämefrsm;tay:wGif usa&mufaeonfh

a&m*grsm;onf ydkíydkírsm;jym;vm&m tom;udkvHk;0rpm;jcif;

onf wpfckwnf;aomvHkûcHjcif;jzpfonf/ trSefw&m;udkod½Sd

xm;onfh q&m0efrsm;u vlemrsm;tm; tom;pm;zdkYtMuHay;

aejcif;onf tqdk;½Gm;qHk;ul;pufysHUESHYaeaoma&m*gqdk;rsm;wGif

aemufqHk;a&m*gwpfckjzpfonf/ ûrdUBuD;jyBuD;rsm;wGif pm&dwå

rsm;ysufjym;onftxd tom;udktBuD;tus,fpm;aeMuonf/

xdkolrsm;\aoG;rsm;onf roefY½Sif;awmhbJ cE¨mudk,fxJwGif

a&m*gjyefYyGm;aeygonf/ tom;pm;jcif;aMumifh vltrsm;aoqHk;

aeMu&aomfvnf; xdktaMumif;&if;udk olwdkYrodMuacs/

tu,fíomtrSefw&m;udk olwdkYodcJhMuvQif aoqHk;jcif;udk

jzpfaponfht&mrSm wd&pämefrsm;\tom;rsm;jzpfonf[k

DF- 39


oufaocHMuayvdrfhrnf/ aoqHk;aeaomtaumifrsm;\tom;

udkpm;jcif;onf ½GH½SmESvHk;emp&mjzpf½Hkomru xdktaumifrsm;½Sd

a&m*gydk;rsm;udkvnf; rQa0cH,laejcif;jzpfonf/ xdkodkYjzifh

azgufjyefysufpD;jcif;rsKd;aphudk vl\cE¨mudk,fxJwGif BuJjzefYae

Muygonf/

uREfkyfwdkY\aq;½Hkrsm;wGif tom;pm;&ef ñTefMum;csuf

rsm;udk aemufxyfrûyvkyfMuawmh&ef oifhudk uREfkyfpma&;

ajymMum;vdkufygonf/ þudpötwGuf qifajcvHk;0rwufyg

ESifh/ vl\pdwfwGifjzpfay:vmonfhaemufydkif;tusKd;qufrsm;wGif

vHkûcHrIr½Sdygacs/ usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mbufpHkûyjyifajymif;vJa&;

orm;rsm;jzpfMuygpdkY/ taqmifaevlemrsm;rStp rnfonfhvlem

udkrQ aq;½HkwGif tom;rauR;awmhaMumif; today;Muyg/

tom;pm;jcif;udkpGefYvTwf&ef ynmay;&mwGif ta[mtajymESifh

omru vufawGUudkygvkyfaqmifMuyg/ xdkodkYvkyfaqmifojzifh

vlemenf;oGm;cJhvQifvnf; enf;oGm;ygavap? pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk

em;vnfoabmaygufvmaomtcsdefwGifvnf;aumif;? c&pf,mef

\toufudkqufvuf½Sifoefap&ef toufr½Sdawmhonft&m

udkpm;oHk;aeonfudk od½SdaomtcsdefwGifvnf;aumif; xdkpnf;rsOf;

rsm;onf twdkif;xuftvGefwefzdk;½Sdvmygvdrfhrnf/

Letter, p. 84 (1898)

oif\pmudk uREfkyf&½SdaomaMumifh tom;ESifhywfoufí

twwfEdkifqHk;½Sif;jyvdkygonf/ oifa&;om;azmfjyxm;aom

pmom;rsm;onf q&mrBuD;wpfOD; þaq;½HkwGif½SdaepOfu

vlwcsKdUxHodkYa&;cJhaompmom;rsm;yifjzpfaeygonf/ þpmrsm;udk

uREfkyf½Smxm;NyD;ygNyD/ wcsKdUpmrsm;udk rdwåLul;xm;NyD; wcsKdUudk

awmhul;rxm;yg/ xdkpmrsm;udkazmfjyonfhaeYpGJrsm;udka&;&ef

olwdkYudkuREfkyfajymxm;ygonf/ xdkpOfu tom;[if;rsm;udk

tBuD;tus,fñTefMum;auR;arG;cJhygonf/ a&m*gb,uif;aom

tom;rsm;udkcsufcsif;BuD;jzwf&rnfr[kwfaomfvnf; wd&pämef

taoaumifrsm;rStom;rsm;taMumif;ESifhpyfvsOf;í a[majymyGJ

rsm;vkyfay;&ygrnf/ opfoD;0vHrsm;? toD;tESHrsm;ESifh [if;oD;

[if;½Gufoifhwifhavsmufywfatmif jyifqifcsufûywfpm;oHk;vQif

cE¨mudk,frSvdktyfonfhusef;rmjcif;cGeftm;rsm;udk &EdkifaMumif;udk

vnf;aumif;? umvDzdk;eD;,m;jynfe,frSmuJhodkY toD;tESHayg

rsm;aoma'orsm;wGif tom;udkpm;oHk;&efrvdktyfaMumif;rsm;

vnf;aumif; azmfjya[majymMu&ygrnf/ od k Yapumrl

toif;awmfaq;½HkwGif tom;udktvQHy,fauR;NyD;rS ½kwfw&uf

oufowfvGwfauR;&efrSm tqifoifhrjzpfao;ygacs/ tom;udk

wjznf;jznf;csif;avsmhauR;um aemufqHk;wGif vHk;vHk;BuD;jzwfypf

&efjzpfygonf/ vlemrsm;twGuf tom;auR;aompm;yGJwpfyGJ

om½Sd&rnfjzpfNyD; usefpm;yGJtm;vHk;wGif tom;[if;uif;&rnf

jzpfonf/

tom;jzwfzdkYudpöudk tm;wufoa&muREfkyfvkyfaqmifrnf

jzpfaomfvnf; wpfaeYvQif (3) Budrftom;[if;pm;zl;aeNyD

jzpfojzif h þcufcJaomt&mud k Murf;Murf;wrf;wrf;

vkyfaqmif&efrjzpfacs/ El;nHhodrfarGUpGmvkyfaqmifMu&ygrnf/

vlemrsm;udk usef;rma&;½IaxmifhrSaeí ynmay;Mu&rnf/


þtaMumif;ESifhywfoufí þt&monf uREfkyfowd&

orQtm;vHk;yifjzpfonf/ uREfkyfwdkYqifjcifoHk;oyf&ef tvif;rsm;

udkwdk;íwdk;íay;vsuf½Sdygonf/ wd&pämefavmuwGif a&m*g

usvsuf½Sd&m tom;pm;jcif;aMumifh vlom;rdom;pkrsm;wGif

a&m*gb,trsKd;rnfa½GUrnfrQusa&mufaeaMumif; qHk;jzwf&ef

rvG,fulyg/ uREfkyfwdkYonf tom;rsm;udkppfaq;jcif;taMumif;udk

aeYpOfowif;pmrsm;wGif tNrJwrf;vdkvdkzwfae&ygonf/ tom;

a&mif;onhfqdkifrsm;udk pdkufvdkufrwfwwf½Sif;xkwfaeNyD; a&mif;

aeaomtom;rsm;udkvnf; pm;oHk;&efroifhavsmfaMumif; jypfwif

zGifhqdkMu&rnf/

tom;pm;jcif;onf usef;rma&;twGufaomfvnf;

aumif;? tusifhpm&dwåtwGufaomfvnf;aumif; tusKd;rûy

aMumif; ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuwnf;u uREfkyftm; tvif;ay;awmfrl

cJhygonf/ tom;pm;jcif;ESifhywfoufonfhar;cGef;rsm;udk xyfzef

wvJ&ifqdkifae&ojzifh uREfkyftwGuf xl;qef;ovdkjzpfaeygonf/

uREfkyfonf þtaMumif;udk orm;awmfBuD;rsm;ESifh&if;&if;ESD;ESD;

pum;ajymcJhzl;ygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf þudpöudkoHk;oyfcJhzl;Mu

aomfvnf; vlemrsm;udktom;auR;&ef ñTefMum;aeMuygonf/

MopaMw;vs,leD,HuGefz&ifhwGif uREfkyfa&muf½SdpOf pwef;rdk;ü

OykofapmifhpOfwGif xdkt&yfESifhrsm;pGmra0;awmhonfh qrf;rm;a[;vf

wGifwnfaxmifxm;onfh usef;rma&;Xme\tcuftcJudkwifjy&ef

0dnmOfawmfudkwdkufwGef;aeouJhodkY uREfkyfcHpm;ae&ygonf/

þaq;½HkwGif &,l&rnfhtcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk uREfkyf

wifqufcJhygonf/ wd&pämeftaoaumifrsm;udkpm;oHk;jcif;aMumifh

axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaomvlom;rsm;\ usef;rma&;ESifhtouf

rsm;udkpaw;cJh&onfh tpmpm&if;xJwGifyg0ifaomtom;udk

rnfonfhtcgrQrauR;Mu&ef uREfkyfazmfjycJhygonf/ xdkuJhodkYaom

jywfom;NyD; pdwftm;xufoefonfh awmif;yefpum;rsKd;udk

uREfkyfwpfoufwGifrajymcJhzl;yg/ vlemrsm;twGuf tom;[if;

auR;&ef ñTefMum;jcif;rûyonfhaq;½Hkwpf½Hk uREfkyfwdkYü½Sdaeaom

aMumifh bk&m;ocifudkaus;Zl;wifrdaMumif; uREfkyfajymcJhygonf/

orm;awmfrsm;udkjzpfap? refae*smrsm;? tvkyform;rsm;? vlem

rsm;udkjzpfap tom;wpfzwfudkrQrauR;ygESifh[kajymyg&ap/

wd&pämefrsm;\½kyfuvmyfrsm;udk c&pf,mefrsm;pm;rnfhtpmxJwGif

rxnfhoihfaMumif; tNrJwrf;½Ijrifvsuf usef;rma&;½IaxmifhrS

aeí þtom;tcuftcJudk orm;awmfBuD;rsm;½Sif;vif;ay;Edkif

vdrfhrnf[k uREfkyf,HkMunfrdygonf/

þudpöESifhywfoufí pdk;pOf;rQuREfkyfrxdrfcsefcJhyg/ aq;½Hk

0efxrf;rsm;onf wd&pämeftaoaumifrStom;rsm;udk jyifqif

auR;arG;rnfqdkvQif bk&m;ocif\trsufawmf½Svdrfhrnf[k

uREfkyfajymcJhygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf bk&m;ocif\Adrmefawmfudk

npfnrf;apvsuf½Sd&m ]]bk&m;ocif\AdrmefawmfudkzsufqD;ol

taygif;wdkYudk xm0&bk&m;ocifzsufqD;awmfrlvdrfhrnf}} [laom

pum;rsm;udk ¤if;wdkYtm; ajymjyzdkYvdkaeayNyD/ bk&m;ocifxHrS

usdefjcif;tr*Fvmonf ajrBuD;ESifhwuG yifv,frStp wd&pämef

rsm;tay:üygusa&mufvsuf½SdaMumif; uREfkyftm; bk&m;ocif

tvif;ay;xm;ygonf/ uRJtkyf? EGm;tkyf ponfwdkYudkydkifqdkif


xm;jcif;onf vHkûcHrIr½Sdonfhtcsdef rMumrDwGifa&mufvmawmh

rnf/ þurÇmajrBuD;onf bk&m;ocif\usdefjcif;tr*Fvm

atmufwGif ykwfodk;ysuf,Gif;vsuf½Sdygonf/

MS, p. 3a (1903)

rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ ajz½Sif;&efrvG,fonfhtajctaersm;

aMumifh aq;½HkodkYvma&muftukocHMuonfhvlemOD;a&rSm

tBuD;tus,fusqif;oGm;ygonf/ vlemOD;a&usqif;oGm;&

jcif;\taMumif;&if;wpfckrSm vlemrsm;udk tom;[if;rauR;

awmhjcif;aMumifhjzpfonf[k uREfkyfxifygonf/ aq;½HkBuD;udk

pwifzGifhvSpfuwnf;u vlemrsm;udktom;auR;cJhygonf/

þtusifh"avhudk cdkifcdkifrmrmqefYusifzdkYtcsdefusNyD[k uREfkyfwdkY

odxm;ygonf/ ¤if;jyif vlemrsm;tm; tom;auR;jcif;udkvnf;

xm0&bk&m;ocifESpfûrdUawmfrrlaMumif;udk uREfkyfodxm;ygonf/

,ckwGifrl vufzuf&nf? aumfzDESifh tom;rsm;udk

þaq;½Hkrsm;ESifhausmif;rsm;wGif vHk;0rauR;awmhyg/ uREfkyfwdkYonf

ajzmifhrwfjcif;ESifhtrSefw&m;vrf;twkdif;avQmufvSrf;um usef;rm

a&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhtnD touf½SifaexdkifMu&ef qHk;jzwfcsuf

csxm;ygonf/ vlemtvmenf;oGm;rSmpdk;&drfojzifh ig;q,f

&mckdifEIef;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;rjzpfvdkawmhNyD/ ,lxm;onfh

taetxm;uav;wGif bk&m;ocifxHrS trtpawmif;um

tcdkiftrm&yfwnfMuzdkYyifjzpfygonf/ vlemrsm;twGuf jyifqif

auR;arG;aomtpmrsm;onf opfoD;0vHrsm;? toD;tESHrsm;

ESifhtcGHrmtoD;rsm;yg0ifonfh tm[m&t&omESifhjynfh0aom

tpmrsm; jzp fygonf/ þumvDz d k ;e D ;,m;jynfe,fwGi f

opfoD;0vHtrsKd;pHkonf tvQHy,fayg<u,fvsuf½Sdygonf/

tom;rpm;bJ toufr½SifEdkif[k tpGJ½Sdaeaomvlem

rsm;udk þudpöESifhywfoufí oabmaygufem;vnfvmatmif

uREfkyfwdkYêud;pm;Mu&ygrnf/ tu,fí tajctaerSmrxl;jcm;vQif

aomfvnf;aumif;? usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaponfh xdktpmudk

qufípm;&ef ¤if;wd k YqH k;jzwfMuvQifaomfvnf;aumif;

tusKd;qufrsm;twGuf pGefYpm;vdkaomqE´jzifh rdrdwdkY\tcef;xJ

üompm;MurnfqdkvQif ¤if;wdkYtwGuf tom;[if;jyifqifay;&ef

uREfkyfwdkYjiif;qdkvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ odkY&mwGif rdrdwdkY\vkyfaqmif

rItwGuf olwdkYbmomolwdkYwm0ef,lMu&rnfjzpfonf/ uREfkyf

wdkYtaejzifh xdkvkyfaqmifcsufudkvkyf&ef cGifhûyrdefYay;vdrfhrnf

r[kwfyg/ a&m*gb,udkjzpfapum aoG;udknpfnrf;aprnfh

tpmrsm;udkpm;zdkY trdefYay;jcif;tm;jzifh uREfkyfwdkY\b@mpdk;

tvkyfudk uREfkyfwdkYr½Iwfcs&JMuyg/ udk,fawmfrêudufaomt&m

rSef;odvsufESifh uREfkyfwdkYvkyfaqmifcJhMuvQif uREfkyfwdkYonf

c&pfawmftay: opömapmifhod&ma&mufawmhrnfr[kwfacs/

þt&monf uREfkyfwdkY&,lchJonfh&yfwnfcsufyifjzpf

onf/ usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhtnD

touf½Sifaexdkif&ef uREfkyfwdkYoEéd|mefcsxm;onf/ bk&m;ocif

rpygap[kom uREfkyfwdkYqkawmif;vdkygonf/

vlemta&twGufydkrdkrsm;jym;vmatmif pDrHudef;rsm;csrSwf

vkyfaqmifMu&rnf/ vlemrsm;rsm;vmzdkY tom;jyefauR;jcif;onf

uREfkyfwdkYvkyf&rnfht&mjzpfaeovm;/ zsm;emaponfhtpmudk

vlrrmrsm;tm;auR;Murnfvm;/ tzsm;wm½Snfaprnfhtpmrsm;udk

tom; (wd&pämeftom;rsm;) 617 618

vlrrmrsm;tm; auR;Murnfvm;/ usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyif

ajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&ef oEéd|mef

csolrsm;tjzpf uREfkyfwdkY&yfwnfMurnfvm;/

MS, p. 73 (1908)

xdkusef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk ,HkMunfvufcHygonf[k

a<u;aMumfaeonfh aq;½Hkvkyfom;wcsKdUonf usef;rma&;udk

xdcdkufaprSef;od&ufjzifh tom;rsm;udk êudufovdkpm;oHk;aeMu

ygonf/ aq;½HkrSusifhoHk;aeaompnf;rsOf;rsm;udkvdkufavQmuf&ef

oifjiif;qdkaepOfwGif aq;½HkütvkyfrvkyfzdkY bk&m;ocif\

emrawmfü uREfkyfajymMum;vdkygonf/ taMumif;rSm oifonf

xdkodkYvkyfaqmifjcif;tm;jzifh rSefuefaomtrIawmfwpfckudk

taumiftxnfazmf&ef êud;pm;aeaomq&mrsm;ESifh acgif;aqmif

rsm;\vkyfaqmifrIudk ESpfqxdcdkufapvsuf½Sdygonf/ xm0&

bk&m;ocif\vrf;awmfudk½Sif;vif;xm;yg/ udk,fawmfydkYaqmif

aeonfh owif;pum;oGm;rnfhvrf;ay:wGif t[efYtwm;

vkyfjcif;udk&yfqdkif;vdkufyg/

a½S;tcgu uREfkyfwdkYtm; ay;oem;awmfrlcJhonfh

þpnf;rsOf;rsm;onf ,ckacwfumvwGif touf½Sifaexdkif

olrsm;twGufvnf; ta&;ygonf[k rSwf,lMu&rnf/ tpm;

taomufESifhywfoufí ay;xm;awmfrlonfhtvif;w&m;twdkif;

vdkufavQmufjcif;r½Sdaomyk*¾dKvfwcsKdU½Sdaeygonf/ ûcHykwfatmuf

wGifxm;aomtvif;rsm;udk,lum ½Sif;vif;jywfom;pGmvif;&rnfh

tcsdefonf ,cktcsdefyifjzpfonf/

ÀÀÀ

tcef;BuD; (24)

tazsmf,rumrsm;

tydkif; (1) a&aomufjcif;

a&aumif;a&oefYonf usef;rmonfhtcsdefwGifjzpfap?

zsm;emaomtcsdefwGifjzpfap bk&m;ocifay;oem;awmfrlonfh

taumif;qHk;aumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;ü wpfcktygt0ifjzpfonf/

a&udkavsmufywfpGmtoHk;ûyjcif;aMumifh usef;rma&;udkaumif;rGef

aponf/ vlESifhwd&pämefrsm;twGuf tqmtrGwfajyap&ef bk&m;

ocifpDpOfxm;onfhtazsmf,rumvnf;jzpfonf/ a&udk êuduf

oavmufaomufyg/ cE¨mudk,f\vdktyfcsufrsm;udkjznfhqnf;

&mwGif taxmuftulûyum a&m*gb,rsm;udkwGef;vSef&mwGif

obm0udktaxmuftyHhûyvdrfhrnf/

Health Reform, Jan., 1871.

tpmtdrfü rvdkvm;tyfaom0efrsm;uif;vGwfEdkif&ef tpm;

tpmrsm;udk ûcd;jcHpGmpm;oHk;oifhygonf/ xdkaemuf pdwfvuf

ayghyg;jcif;½Sdatmifvkyfaqmifum v[mjyifwGif rdrdESifhoifhavsmf

rnfhudk,fvufavhusifhcef;rsm;vkyfaqmifyg/ rMumcPa&csKd;

oifhNyD; a&aumif;a&oefYrsm;udk tvdk½SdoavmufaomufoHk;

oifhygonf/

Letter, p. 35 (1890)

a&m*goufomatmif a&udk enf;rsKd;pHkjzifhtoHk;ûyEdkifMu

ygonf/ tpmrpm;rD oefYpifaoma&aEG;wpfcGufcefYaomufjcif;

tazsmf,rumrsm; 619 620 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf

onf usef;rma&;udkrxdcdkufaponfhtjyif aumif;aomtusKd;

udkjzpfapygonf/

H to L, ch. 4, p. 56 (1866)

a&aumif;a&oefYESifh avaumif;avoefYrsm;rvHkavmufrI

aMumifh axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaomvlom;rsm;aoqHk;ae&ygonf/

usef;rma&;aumif;rGefvmap&ef þaumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;udk vlom;

rsm;vdktyfaeygonf/ tu,fíom ¤if;wdkYonf todOmPf

rsm;yGifhvif;vmMurnfqdkvQif aq;0g;rsm;udkroHk;awmhbJ v[m

jyifavhusifhcef;rsm;udkvkyfvmMuvdrfhrnf/ aEGa&maqmif;yg tdrf

xJwGifav0ifavxGufaumif;apMuvdrfhrnf/ aomufa&ESifh csKd;a&

twGuf a&aumif;a&oefYrsm;udk toHk;ûyvmMuvdrfhrnf/

xdkaMumifh olwdkYonf txl;usef;rmaysmf½TifvmMuygvdrfhrnf/

H to L, ch. 3, pp. 62-63 (1866)

zsm;emaeaomtcsdefwGif a&rsm;rsm;wdkufum a&zwf

wdkufay;rnfqdkvQif tzsm;usoGm;ygvdrhfrnf/ toufcsrf;om&

oGm;ygvdrfhrnf/ odkYaomf axmifESifhcsDaomvlom;rsm;onf

¤if;wdkY\awmufavmifaeaoma&iwfjcif;udk tqmajyap&ef

a&aomufcGifhr&MubJ ylcspfaeatmiftylcsdefwufum tm;tif

rsm;ukefcef;oGm;onfhtajcxdatmif a0'emrsm;udk jyif;xefpGm

cHpm;NyD; aoyGJ0ifaeMuygonf/ tm½HkrJhtaqmufttHkBuD;udk

jyif;xefaomzsm;emrIrsm;tm; wdkufxkwf&ef tcGifh&aoma&onf

tm;tifrsm;udkavmifuRrf;oGm;aprnfhtyl"mwfudk wdkufxkwfcGifh

r&ygacs/

R & H, July 29, 1884.

vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf xrif;pm;wkef; a&cJa&rsm;udkaomuf

onfhtusifhudk rSm;,Gif;pGmusifhoHk;aeMuygonf/ a&cJa&udk

xrif;pm;wkef;aomufvdkufonfhtwGuf oGm;&nfxGufaponfh

*vif;rsm;\yHkrSefvIyf½Sm;rIudk tm;enf;oGm;apygonf/ aomuf

aoma&onf ydkíat;onfESifhtrQ tpmtdrfudkxdcdkufrIonf

ydkírsm;vmygonf/ tpmaMucsufjcif;tvkyfudk jyefvnf

vkyfaqmifEdkif&ef vHkavmufaomtaEG;"mwfjyefvnf&½Sdonfh

tcsdeftxd xrif;pm;wkef;aomufvkdufaoma&cJa& (odkYr[kwf)

a&cJpdrfvdar®mf&nfrsm;onf tpmaMucsufjcif;udk &yfwefYoGm;

apygvdrfhrnf/ a&aEG;aomufjcif;onfvnf; cE¨mudk,fcGeftm;

rsm;udk xdcdkuftm;enf;oGm;apygonf/ ¤if;jyif xrif;pm;pOf

a&aEG;aomufusifh½Sdolrsm;onf xdktusifhp½dkuf\uRefjzpfoGm;

wwfygonf/ tpmrsm;udkpm;aepOf rnfonfht&mudkrQaomuf&ef

rvdktyfyg/ jznf;nif;pGmpm;NyD; oifpm;vdkufaomtpmudk

oGm;&nfjzifha&maESmoGm;ygavap/ vdktyfonfxuf t&nfrsm;

tpmtdrfxJodkYygoGm;jcif;aMumifh tpmaMu&ef ydkícufcJoGm;ap

ygonf/ taMumif;rSm xdkt&nfrsm;udk a½S;OD;pGmpkwfypf&OD;rnf

jzpfaomaMumifhwnf;/ qm;udk rsm;rsm;rpm;ygESifh/ csOfzwf

rsm;udkrpm;ygESifh/ ylpyfaponfh[if;arT;rqvmrsm;udkrpm;ygESifh/

xrif;pm;aepOf opfoD;0vHrsm;udkpm;ay;yg/ a&iwfjcif;a0'em

udkaysmufuif;oGm;ygvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif a&iwfajyap&ef xrif;

rpm;rD (odkYr[kwf) xrif;pm;NyD; tcsdeftenf;i,fjcm;um


a&oefYtenf;i,fudkaomufzdkYvdktyfygonf/ vufzuf&nf?

aumfzD? bD,m? 0dkift&ufrsm;udk vHk;0raomufMuygESifh/

tom;rQifrsm;udk oefYpifrIûyvkyf&ef a&onf taumif;qHk;t&m

wpfckjzpfygonf/

tydkif; (2) vufzuf&nfESifhaumfzD

R & H, Feb. 21, 1888.

tm;<uaponfhtpm;tpmrsm;ESif h t&nfrsm;onf

aumif;rGefaomusef;rma&;udk rjzpfay:apyg/ vufzuf&nf?

aumfzDESifh aq;vdyfrsm;onf tqdyfygonfhtm;<u0w¬Krsm;jzpf

Muonf/ xdkt&mrsm;onf rvdktyfaomt&mrsm;jzpfonfomru

usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaponfjzpfí roHk;aqmifoifhaomt&mrsm;

jzpfMuygonf/

2T, pp. 64-65 (1868)

vufzuf&nfonf cE¨mudk,fudktqdyfoifhaponf/

c&pf,mefrsm;onf xdkt&mudkraomufoHk;oifhacs/ aumfzDonf

vufzuf&nfuJhodkY cE¨mudk,ftay:wGif MoZmoufa&mufEdkifNyD;

vufzuf&nfxuf ydkíqdk;½Gm;ygonf/ aumfzDaMumifh omref

tajctaexuf ydkípdwfx<urI½Sdvmum armyef;rIrsm;udkjzpfay:

apvsuf tqHk;wGif omreftajctaexuf atmufodkYusqif;

oGm;apygonf/ vufzuf&nf? aumfzDaomufolrsm;onf

¤if;wdkY\rsufESmay:ü xif½Sm;aom0daoorsm;udkazmfjyaeavh

½Sdonf/ tom;ta&onf jzLzyfjzLa&mfjzpfvmum rvef;qef;

awmhacs/ ¤if;\rsufESmwGif usef;rmvef;qef;rIrsm;udk rawGU&

awmhacs/

MS, p. 22 (1887)

vufzuf&nf? aumfzD? rl;,pfaq;0g;? bdef;ESifhaq;vdyf

rsm;udkaomufpm;jcif;aMumifh a&m*grsKd;pHkudk cHpm;aeMu&ygonf/

usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaponfh þtaomuftpm;tm;vHk;udk wpfck

rusefpGefYvTwfMu&ygrnf/ taMumif;rSm txufygt&mtm;vHk;

onf udk,fpdwfESpfyg;ESifhwuG pm&dwåwefcdk;rsm;udk xdcdkuf

ysuf,Gif;aponfjzpfaomaMumifh usef;rma&;½IaxmifhrSMunfhum

qufvufroHk;aqmifoifhawmhyg/

R & H, July 29, 1884.

vufzuf&nf? aumfzD? bD,m? 0dkifESifhwuG ao&nf

ao&ufrsm;udkraomufygESifh/ tom;rQifrsm;oefYpif&eftwGuf

a&onf taumif;qHk;t&mwpfckjzpfygonf/

CTBH, pp. 34-36 (1890)

vufzuf&nf? aumfzD? aq;vdyfrsm;onf t&ufaopm

rsm;uJhodkYyif vlom;rsm;zefwD;xm;onfh tm;<uapaom0w¬K

rsm;wGif rwlnDaomxl;jcm;csufrsm;yg½Sdaeonf/

vufzuf&nf? aumfzDwdkYüyg0ifonfh xdcdkufapaom

owådonf 0dkif? pD'g? t&ufESifh aq;vdyfrsm;enf;wl xdcdkuf

apygonf/

aumfzDaomufjcif;onf usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapygonf/

aumfzDonf acwåcPompdwftm;wuf<urIudkjzpfapaomfvnf;


xdktusKd;oufa&mufrI\aemufqufwGJtjzpf armyef;EGrf;e,frI

udkvnf;aumif;? tm;tifcsnfheJYjcif;ESifhwuG udk,fpdwfESvHk;

oHk;yg;pvHk;\ tm½HkqHk;½IH;rIudkvnf;aumif; jzpfay:cHpm;apyg

onf/ pdwfwefcdk;udktm;enf;oGm;apygonf/ xdkt&mudkûyjyifzdkY

êud;pm;vkyfaqmifrIr½SdcJhvQif OD;aESmuf\vkyfaqmifrIonf

t½Snfojzifhtm;enf;oGm;ygonf/ þtm½HkaMumxdcdkufrItaygif;

toufwmtiftm;pkrsm;udk aysmufvGifhapvsuf tm½HkaMumrsm;

ysufpD;jcif;? pdwfr½Snfjcif;? pdwfwefcdk;tm;enf;jcif;rsm;wdkYaMumifh

jzpfay:vmaompdwf*emrNidrfrIonf 0dnmOfa&;wdk;wufrIudk

[efYwm;onfh tzsuftiftm;pkrsm;jzpfvmygonf/ csKyfwnf;

jcif;ESifh usef;rma&;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJjcif;rsm;udk axmufcH

tm;ay;aeolrsm;onf usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapEdkifonfh þt&nf

rsm;\raumif;rIudkwGef;vSef&ef rEdk;xoifhMubl;vm;/ wcsKdU

olrsm;twGuf vufzuf&nf? aumfzDudkjzwfzdkY&eftwGuf t&uf

orm;t&ufjzwf&efcufovdkrsKd; tcufawGUaewwfygonf/

vufzuf&nf? aumfzDtwGuf toHk;ûyaomaiGaMu;rsm;onf

ûzef;ypfaomaiGaMu;rsm;xuf qdk;½Gm;ygonf/ xdkaiGrsm;onf

xdkaomufoHk;olrsm;tm; usef;rma&;xdcdkufrIudkomay;pGrf;Edkif

ygonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif vufzuf&nf? aumfzDaomufolrsm;?

bdef;pm;rsm;ESifh t&uform;rsm;onf touf½SnfpGmaexdkif&

wwfygonf/ odkY&mwGif xdktcsufaMumifh þt&mrsm;udk

aomufoHk;oifhonf[k r,lqoifhacs/ xdkyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf rdrdwdkY

vkyfaqmifNyD;pD;oifhonfht&mrsm;udk csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhrIaMumifh

rvkyfrdbJ ysufuGufcJhonfhtcgrsm;vnf;½SdcJhayrnf/ bk&m;ocif

\aeYBuD;wGif udk,fawmfonf xdkt&mrsm;udk jyefvnfazmfjy

awmfrlvdrfhrnf/

tvkyfvkyfpOfwGif tm;<uap&eftwGuf vufzuf&nf?

aumfzDaomufwwfolrsm;onf tusKd;quftaejzifh &ifwkefjcif;?

pdwfrxdef;Edkifjcif;rsm;udk cHpm;Mu&vdrfhrnf/ EGrf;e,faeaom

tm½HkaMumrsm;onf qdwfNidrfaomae&mü tem;,l&efvdktyfonf/

ukefcef;oGm;aomcGeftm;rsm;udk jyefvnftm;jznfh&ef obm0

w&m;t& tcsdefvdktyfygonf/ tu,fíom obm0w&m;\

tiftm;pkrsm;udk tm;<uaq;rsm;toHk;ûyjcif;jzifh tNrJwap

tvkyfay;aernfqdkvQif trSeftueftiftm;pkrsm;onf rnfodkYyif

tm;jznfhapumrl tm;enf;oGm;Muayvdrfhrnf/ obm0twdkif;

r[kwfonfh tm;<uypönf;rsm;aMumifh ydkírsm;jym;onfhvkyfief;

rsm;udk tcdkuftwefYtm;jzifh NyD;ajrmufapEdkifrnfrSmrSefaomfvnf;

vdktyfonfhtaetxm;odkYa&mufonftxd pGrf;tifrsm;udkjr§ifhwif

&efrSm ydkícufcJvmrnfjzpfum tqHk;wGif EGrf;vsoGm;aom

obm0onf rnfonfhtcgrQwHkYjyefrIay;Edkifawmhrnfr[kwfacs/

tjcm;taMumif;&if;rsm;udkjzpfay:aponfh

raumif;aomtusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;

vufzuf&nfESifhaumfzDaomufonfhtusifhonf xifxm;

onfxuf rsm;pGmydkíqdk;0g;ygonf/ þtusifhaMumifh acgif;udkuf

jcif;? aMumufvefYwwfjcif;? zsm;emjcif;rsm;udk cHpm;Mu&ygonf/

xdkt&mrsm;udkraomuf&vQif touf½SifzdkYcufonf[k olwdkY

xifxm;Muaomfvnf; xdkt&mrsm;\usef;rma&;qdkif&mqdk;usKd;

rsm;udk olwdkYrodMuacs/ ydkítEÅ&m,fBuD;aomt&mrSm xdkqdk;usKd;

rsm;aMumifh tjcm;a&m*grsm;udk jzpfay:cHpm;apjcif;yifjzpfonf/

pdwfESifhpm&dwåydkif;wGifjzpfay:onfhtusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;

vufzuf&nf? aumfzDrsm;udkaomufoHk;jcif;aMumifh cE¨m

udk,fwpfckvHk;wGif a0'emjzpfay:apygonf/ tm½HkaMumrsm;onf

[efcsufrnDawmhyg/ tonf;onf rdrd\vIyf½Sm;vkyfaqmifrI

wGif aES;auG;um a&m*g&vmygonf/ aoG;t&nftaoG;ESifh

vnfywfrIrsm;ü xdcdkufrI½Sdvmygonf/ tom;ta&rsm; jzLzyf

jzLa&mfjzpfvmygonf/ xdkenf;twl pdwfydkif;qdkif&mwGifvnf;

xdcdkufrIrsm;½Sdvmygonf/ þt&nfrsm;udkaomufcgpwGif

OD;aESmufrsm;MunfvifEdk;Mum;vmaomfvnf; cPwmtwGif;

rSmyif tm;enf;vmum vkyfcsifudkifcsifpdwfavsmhyg;oGm;ygonf/

udk,f? pdwfESifh pm&dwåydkif;qdkif&mcGeftm;rsm;yg qkwf,kwfoGm;

ygonf/ tusKd;quftaejzifh xdkolrsm;onf aMumufvefYwwf

olrsm;? qHk;jzwfcsufrrSefolrsm;? pdwfxm;[efcsufrnDolrsm;

jzpfvmonfudk uREfkyfwdkYawGU&ygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf 'a&m

aomyg;vkyfwwfolrsm;? pdwfr½Snfolrsm;? olwpfyg;\trSm;udk

yHkBuD;csJUum tjypf½Smwwfolrsm;? rdrdtrSm;udk vHk;0rjrifwwf

olrsm;jzpfaMumif; xif½Sm;pGmawGU&wwfygonf/

vufzuf&nf? aumfzDaomufoHk;olrsm;onf vlrIa&;

azsmfajzrIrsm;twGuf awGUqHkMuaomtcg ¤if;wdkY\tusifhqdk;

rsm;\tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;udkazmfjyvmMuygonf/ olwdkY

tm;vHk;onf tazsmf,rumrsm;udk êudufovdkaomufoHk;MuNyD;

xdkt&nfrsm;\tusKd;oufa&mufrIudk cHpm;aeMupOf tmoGuf

vmum olwpfyg;taMumif; raumif;owif;rsm;udk pwifajymqdk

ygawmhonf/ pum;rsm;rsm;ajymvmMuygonf/ aygufwwfu&m

pum;rsm;udkajymvmygonf/ olwpfyg;a'goxGufp&mtwif;

tzsif;rsm;udk oGm;ykwfavvGifhajymvmygonf/ tqifjcifrJhae

aom þtwif;ajymolrsm;onf oufaocHwpfyg;½SdaeaMumif;

arhavsmhaeMuygonf/ rsufjrifr&aomudk,fawmfonf ¤if;wdkY

ajymqdkorQudk aumif;uifpmapmifrsm;wGif rSwfwrf;wifawmfrl

ygonf/ tMuifemuif;aoma0zefjypfwifrIrsm;? yHkBuD;csJUum

ajymqdkowif;ydkYjcif;rsm;? remvdk0efwdkpdwfrsm;wdkYudk vufzuf

&nf\EId;qGrIatmufwGif ¤if;wdkYzGifh[Muygonf/ xdkt&mtm;vHk;

udk rdrdtm;qefYusifajymqdkouJhodkY c&pfawmfrSwfwrf;wifawmfrl

onf/ ]nDtpfudkwdkYwGif ti,fqHk;aomoltm; ûyMuorQwdkYudk

ightm;ûyMuNyD/}

uREfkyfwdkYonf zcifrsm;\0oDqdk;rsm;aMumifh a0'em

rsm;udkcHpm;aeMu&onf/ ¤if;wdkYxufqdk;½Gm;aomvrf;pOfrsm;udk

vlaygif;rnfrQvdkufavQmufaeMuovJ/ bdef;? vufzuf&nf?

aumfzD? aq;vdyfESifht&ufwdkYonf vlom;rsKd;pkwGif ½SdaeqJ

pGrf;tifrD;ñGefYuav;udk tvsiftjrefNidrf;owfaeygonf/

oef;ESifhcsDaom*gvef½Sdt&ufrsm;udk ESpfpOfESpfwdkif;aomufoHk;ae

Muonf/ aq;vdyftwGuf a':vmoef;ESifhcsDNyD;oHk;aeMuonf/

626 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuftazsmf,rumrsm; 625

DF- 40

taysmftyg;vdkufpm;rItwGuf pOfqufrjywfaiGudkûzef;wD;aeMu

aomaMumifh ¤if;wdkY\om;orD;rsm;rSm t0wftpm;csKdUwJhum

ynma&;udpöwGif aESmifhaES;vsuf½SdMuygonf/ þt&mrsm;udk

aomufoHk;aeorQumvywfvHk; vlUtzGJUtpnf;\rSefuefaom

tajctaeodkY rnfonfhtcgrQa&muf½SdEdkifrnfr[kwfacs/

4T, p. 365 (1879)

oifonfvefYwwfNyD; pdwfvIyf½Sm;rItvGefjrefqefaeyg

onf/ vufzuf&nfonf tm½HkaMumrsm;udk Edk;Mum;x<uap

vsuf aumfzDrSm OD;aESmufudkxHkxdkif;apygonf/ vufzuf&nfESifh

aumfzDESpfrsKd;pvHk;onf usef;rma&;udktxl;xdcdkufapEdkifygonf/

xdkaMumifh oifpm;oHk;aomtpmrsm;udk *½kwpdkufa½G;cs,foifhyg

onf/ tm[m&½SdNyD; cGeftm;udkzGHUûzd;aprnfhtpmrsm;udkpm;um

pdwfESvHk;NidrfoufrIudkxdef;odrf;apmifha½Smufyg/ tvdk&r®ufrsm;

aemufodkYvdkuf&ef pdwfrwnfrNidrfjzpfrvmrnfhae&mwGif oifh

pdwfudkNidrfatmifxdef;xm;yg/

MH, pp. 326-327 (1905)

vufzuf&nfonf tm;<uypönf;wpfckuJhodkYvIyf½Sm;yg

onf/ twdkif;twmwpfcktxd rl;,pfapEdkifygonf/ aumfzDESifh

wuG tjcm;a&yef;pm;aeaomazsmf&nfrsm;onfvnf; xdkenf;

ESifESifjzpfygonf/ aomufvdkufonfESifhwpfûydifeuf jrL;<uvm

onf/ tpmtdrf½Sdtm½HkaMumrsm;Edk;xvmonf/ xdkaMumifh

OD;aESmufvnf;ylvmonf/ xdkYjyif ESvHk;ü rsm;jym;aomvIyf½Sm;rI

rsm;jzpfvmum wpfudk,fvHk;wGif cPwmcHonfhpGrf;tifrsm;

jzpfay:vmonf/ armyef;rIrsm;aysmufuG,fum cGeftm;rsm;

wdk;yGm;vmovdkcHpm;vm&ygonf/ todOmPfrsm;xufjrufvmNyD;

awG;awmqifjcifwwfrIrsm;onf ydkí½Sif;vif;xif½Sm;vmygonf/

þ&v'frsm;aMumifh vufzuf&nfESifhaumfzDonf vlom;

rsm;twGufaumif;onf[k vltrsm;txif½SdMuygonf/ odkYaomf

¤if;wdkY\xifjrifcsufonf rSm;ygonf/ vufzuf&nf? aumfzD

onf cE¨mudk,fudk rzGHUûzd;apEdkifyg/ tpmudkajcí cE¨mudk,fu

rpkwf,lrDrSmyif ¤if;wdkYtpGrf;jyygonf/ tm;½Sdvmonf[k xif&

aomt&monfvnf; tm½HkaMumrsm;udkEId;qGjcif;oufoufom

jzpfaeygonf/ tmedoifukefoGm;aomtcsdefwGif obm0twdkif;

r[kwfaom tiftm;pkrsm;onfvnf; NidrfoGm;um armyef;

EGrf;vsjcif;omtzwfwifcHpm;&ygawmhonf/

þt&mrsm;udk pOfqufrjywfaomufoHk;jcif;aMumifh

acgif;udkufjcif;? tdyfraysmfjcif;? ESvHk;ckefrIjrefvmjcif;? tpm

raMujcif;? aMumuf½GHUwkefvIyfaejcif;ESifhwuG raumif;aom

a0'emrsm;udkjzpfay:apygonf/ taMumif;rSm vufzuf&nfESifh

aumfzDonf toufwmtiftm;pkrsm;udk ysufjy,fapygonf/

armyef;aeaomtm½HkaMumrsm;onf NidrfoufpGmtem;,lzdkYvdktyf

ygonf/ ukefoGm;onfhtm;tifrsm;udk jyefvnfjznfhqnf;&ef

tcsdefvdkygonf/ obm0twdkif;&xm;onfhtiftm;rsm;udk

xdktm;<u0wåKrsm;tm; tqufrjywftoHk;ûyjcif;jzifh EGrf;e,f

apaomaMumifh tcdkuftwefYtm;jzifh ydkNyD;tvkyfjzpfoa,mif

jzpfaomfvnf; vdktyfonfhtwdkif;twmtxd cGeftm;rsm;udk


xkwfvkyfEId;qG&ef wjznf;jznf;ydkícufcJvmygonf/ aumfzD?

vufzuf&nfaomufcsifpdwfrsm;onf rnfonfht&murQwm;r&

onftxd? rnfodkYrQxdef;r&onfhtxd jyif;xefvmygonf/

aemufydkif;wGif EGrf;vsxHkxdkif;rIaMumifh wHkYjyefcsufray;Edkifawmh

onfhtajctxd ydkíjyif;aomtm;<uaq;rsm;udk xdkolrsm;

awmifhwvmMuygonf/

Letter, p. 69 (1896)

wpfcPwmomtm;<uaponfhxdkt&mrsm;udk pm;oHk;jcif;

aMumifh ydkíusef;rma&;aumif;rvmapEdkifonfhjyif ,ciftajc

taexufyifqdk;½Gm;oGm;atmif aemufydkif;wHkYjyefrIrsm;ujzpfay:

apygonf/ vufzuf&nfESif haumfzDonf cGeftm;rsm;udk

wpfcPwmEId;qGay;Muaomfvnf; tmedoifukefoGm;aomtcg

pdwfarmvlyef;tajctaeudkjzpfay:apygonf/ xdkt&mrsm;ü

tm[m&"mwfvHk;0ryg½Sdyg/ vufzuf&nfwpfcGuf (odkYr[kwf)

aumfzDwpfcGuftm;jzihf &Edkifrnfhtm[m&rSm xdkvufzuf&nf?

aumfzDxJwGifygonfh EGm;EdkYESifh oMum;wGifyg½Sdonfh tm[m&

xufrydkygacs/

Sp. Gifts IV, pp. 128-129 (1864)

vufzuf&nfESifhaumfzDonf tm;<uaponfhtpmrsm;

jzpfMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYuay;aeonfhqdk;usKd;rsm;onf aq;vdyfrS

&½Sdonfhqdk;usKd;xuf tenf;i,fomavsmhenf;ygonf/ aq;vdyf

orm;rsm;uJhodkYaom jznf;jznf;csif;tqdyfwufaponfh tpm;

taomufrsm;udkaomufoHk;olrsm;onf xdkt&mrsm;udkroHk;&vQif

aooGm;Edkifonf[kyiftxif½SdaeMuygonf/ rSm;,Gif;aomcHwGif;

awmifhwrIudk tvdkvdkufrdolrsm;onf xdktpmtm;jzifh usef;rma&;

udkvnf;aumif;? todOmPfudkvnf;aumif; xdcdkufysufpD;ap

vsuf½Sdonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf 0dnmOfa&;udpörsm;udkvnf; wefzdk;

rxm;Muawmhacs/ tm½HkcHpm;rIrsm;onf xHkxdkif;aeNyDjzpfojzifh

tjypfudktjypfrSef;rodawmhbJ trSefw&m;udk avmupnf;pdrf

xufydkí wefzdk;rxm;Muawmhacs/

Letter, p. 44 (1896)

vufzuf&nf? aumfzDaomufjcif;onf tjcm;raumif;rI

tjypfrsm;uJhodkYyif 0dnmOfa&;udkxdcdkufaponfh usef;rma&;udk

xdcdkufapaom? avmu\aysmf½Tifjcif;cHpm;rIwnf;[laom

tjypfwpfckjzpfonf/ trsm;uwefzdk;xm;ESpfoufjcif;udkcH&aom

þtpmonf pdwfESvHk;udkrwnfNidrfapvsuf tm½HkaMumqdkif&m

vIyf½Sm;rIrsm;udk ysufpD;aponf/ wpfcPomcHonfh tmedoif

ukefoGm;aomtcg ,cifrlv½Sdonfh usef;rma&;tajctaexuf

ydkíedrfhusaomtajcodkYydkYaqmifay;ygonf/

1T, p. 222 (1861)

aq;vdyf? aumfzDESifh vufzuf&nfaomufolrsm;onf

xdkt&mudkjzwfum toHk;ûyrnfhukefusaiGrsm;udk bk&m;ocif\

b@mawmfwdkufxJodkYxnfhMuyg/ wcsKdUrSm bk&m;ocif\

trIawmftwGuf wpfBudrfwpfcgrQ tepfemrcHzl;ao;yg/

¤if;wdkYxHrS bk&m;ocifawmif;qdkaomt&mrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;ívnf;

rodusKd;uRefvkyfaeMuygonf/ tqif;&JqHk;yk*¾dKvfrsm;xJrS wcsKdU


wdkYonf þt&mrsm;udkjzwf&ef tom;ukefêud;pm;Muvdrfhrnf/

bk&m;ocif\trIawmftwGuf bdkifusaeaomaMumifh tvªaiG

xnfh0ifzdkYawmif;qdkaejcif;r[kwf/ odkYaomf pdwfESvHk;toD;oD;udk

prf;oyfrIûyvdrfhrnf/ odkYNyD;rS pm&dwåtoD;oD;wdkYudk zGHUûzd;ap

vdrfhrnf/ xdkt&monf bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm;vkyfaqmif

oGm;&rnfhpnf;rsOf;yifjzpfonf/

R & H, Jan. 25, 1881.

vufzuf&nfESifhaumfzDonf aq;vdyfuJhodkYyif usef;rma&;

udkxdcdkufysufpD;apaomqdk;usKd;rsm;udkay;Edkifonf/ vufzuf&nf

onf rl;,pfxHkxdkif;apygonf/ ¤if;aMumifhjzpfay:vmonfh

qdk;usKd;rsm;onf t&ufaMumifhjzpfay:aomqdk;usKd;avmufrrsm;

apumrl xda&mufrIrSm twlwlyifjzpfygonf/ aumfzDonf

OmPfpGrf;OmPfpudkrIdif;a0apNyD; pGrf;tifrsm;udkxHkxdkif;aponf/

aq;vdyfavmufrqdk;ayr,fh qifwlqdk;usKd;rsm;udk vlom;rsm;

tm; cHpm;apygonf/ aq;vdyfaomufjcif;udkwm;jrpf&ef

awmif;qdkouJhodkY aumfzDESifhvufzuf&nfaomufoHk;jcif;udkvnf;

wm;jrpf&ef awmif;qdkEdkifygonf/

vufzuf&nf? aumfzDaomufoHk;olrsm;? aq;vdyfaomuf

olrsm;? bdef;pm;rsm;ESifh t&uform;rsm;onf xdkt&mrsm;udk

raomufoHk;&vQif bk&m;ociftm;0wfrûyEdkifMuawmhacs/

raomufoHk;onfh tajctaejzifh bk&m;ociftm;0wfûycdkif;vQif

¤if;wdkY\qkawmif;csufrsm;ESifh oufaocHcsufrsm;udk touf0if

atmif (odkYr[kwf) 0dnmOfwefcdk;yg½Sdatmif vkyfaqmifay;&ef

u½kPmawmfü tpGrf;r½Sdygawmhacs/ þc&pf,mefrsKd;wdkYonf

¤if;wdkYcHpm;&rnfhom,mrIavmufudkom pOf;pm;aewwfMuonf/

xdkoabmw&m;onf aumif;uifrSvmonfht&mjzpfovm;?

(odkYr[kwf) atmuft&yfuvmonfht&mjzpfovm;/

CTBH, pp. 79-80 (1890)

cHwGif;awmifhwrIudk tvdkrvdkufaomolrsm;udk pHkprf;

aESmifh,Suf&jcif;onf taysmftyg;vdkufpm;olrsm;udk pHkprf;

aESmifh,Suf&jcif;avmufrvG,fonfudk pmwefawGUjrifae&m

vlwdk Ytm; taysmftyg;vdkufpm;rIud k ûyMu&ef tNrJwrf;

olêud;pm;vkyfaqmifaeygonf/ usef;rma&;ESifhrnDnGwfaom

tpmrsm;udkpm;rdaomaMumifh rodpdwfonf rIef0g;apNyD; pdwfESvHk;udk

tarSmifusapygonf/ xdk;xGif;odjrifwwfrIudk ysufpD;aponf/

odkYaomf ynwfawmfvGefusL;ol\tjypfraumif;rIrsm;onf

tm½HkcHpm;rIaysmufuG,fonftxd rodpdwfudkvGefusL;apmfum;

aomaMumifh avsmhyg;oGm;rnfr[kwfyg/

touf½SifapEdkifonfhtiftm;pkrsm;\ obm0tajctae

tay:wGif pdwf\usef;rma&;onf tajcûyaeonfjzpf&m tm;<u

tpm;tpmrsm;ESifh rl;,pfaq;rsm;udkroHk;rdatmif txl;*½kpdkuf

oifhMuygonf/ odkYapumrl c&pf,meftrsm;pkonf aq;vdyf

aomufaeMuonfudk uREfkyfwdkYawGUae&ygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf

csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhrI\raumif;rIrsm; ylaqG;aomua&mufae

&ygonf/ t&ufaomufjcif;onf raumif;yg[k olwdkYajym

aepOfrSmyif aq;vdyfrsm;udkaomufaeMuygonf/ raumif;rI\


t&if;tjrpfodkYra&muf½Sdao;rD aq;vdyfESifhywfoufonfh

oabmxm;rsm;udk olwdkYajymif;vJMu&rnf/ vufzuf&nfESifh

aumfzDaomufjcif;aMumifh ydkíjyif;xefaomtm;<uypönf;rsm;

pm;vdkpdwfjzpfay:apygonf/ t&mcyfodrf;wdkYwGif csKyfwnf;jcif;

tusifhudk usifhoHk;&rSmvm;/ usef;rmaysmf½TifrItwGuf t"du

jzpfaom þûyjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm;udk þavmuwGif taumif

txnfazmfMu&rnfvm;qdkonfhar;cGef;rsm;udk tdrfwGif tpm;

tpmjyifqifcsufûywfcgeD;wGifar;Muyg/

ppfrSefaomc&pf,mefwdkif;onf rdrd\cHwGif;awmifhwrIESifh

&r®ufrsm;udk csKyfwnf;&rnf/ cHwGif;awmifhwrI\taESmiftzGJUrS

rvGwfuif;oa½GUumvywfvHk; xdkolonf c&pfawmf\

wynfhawmftppftrSefwpfOD;rjzpfEdkifao;acs/ cHwGif;tvdkvdkuf

jcif;ESifh &r®ufBuD;jcif;onf ESvHk;om;ay:wGifxyf[yfrnfh trSef

w&m;\MoZmoufa&mufrIrsm;udk rIef0g;apygonf/

3T, pp. 487-488 (1875)

usef;rma&;ESifhrnDnGwfaomtpmrsm;udk pm;oHk;jcif;

tm;jzifh csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhrIudk uREfkyfwdkY\xrif;pm;yGJrS tp

ûywwfMuygonf/ xdktpmrsKd;udk tcsdeftwdkif;twmwpfcktxd

pOfqufrjywfpm;oHk;cJhjcif;tm;jzifh tpmaMucsufrItm;enf;vm

ygonf/ pm;aeusxdktpmrsm;onf cHwGif;awmifhwrIudk

rjznfhqnf;Edkifawmhyg/ usef;rma&;ESifhrnDnGwfaomtajctae

rsm;onf twnfjzpfvmum ydkítm;<uaponfhtpmrsm;udk

awmifhwvmygawmhonf/ vufzuf&nf? aumfzDESifh tom;

rsm;onf wpfr[kwftusKd;oufa&mufrIwpfckudkjzpfapMuygonf/

tqdyfygonfh xdktusKd;oufa&mufrIatmufwGif tm½HkaMum

rsm;onf Edk;xvmygonf/ wcsKdUyk*¾dKvfrsm;rSm xdkt&mrsm;udk

aomufoHk;vdkufNyD;aemuf rMumrDrSmyif OmPfpGrf;rsm;xufvm

ovdkvdk? tawG;tjrifrsm;ydkí½Sif;vif;vmovdkvdk cHpm;vm&

wwfygonf/ xdkvufzuf&nf? aumfzDrsm;onf olwpfyg;

oabmusonfhtusKd;qufrsm;udk vwfwavmjznfhqnf;ay;

ojzifh xdkt&mrsm;onf vdktyfaomtpm;taomufrsm;[k

xifum qufvuftoHk;ûyaeMuygonf/ odkY&mwGif wefjyef

oufa&mufrIwpfckrSm tNrJwrf;½Sdaewwfygonf/ tcsdefrwefrD

vIHYaqmfrIudkcH&aom tm½HkaMumpepfonf avmavmq,f

toHk;ûy&efvdktyfaompGrf;tm;rsm;udk&½Sd&ef tem*wfcGeftm;

t&if;tjrpfrsm;rSacs;,lum êudwiftoHk;ûy&ygonf/ þ,m,D

tm;tifjynfh0rI\aemufqufwGJjzpf&yftjzpf pdwftm;usrIudk

cHpm;vm&ygonf/ þtm;<uaponfhtpmrsm;aMumifh ,m,D

tm;jzifh jrifhwufvmaomcGeftm;twdkif;twmESifhtnD cGeftm;

qkwf,kwfrIudk xdkt&mrsm;\tmedoifr½SdawmhonfhtcsdefwGif

cHpm;Mu&ygonf/ ESpfoufzG,f ydkíjyif;xefaompdwfx<urIudk

xdef;ay;Edkifrnfh ydkíjyif;onfhtm;<utpmrsm;udkawmihfw&ef

cHwGif;udkynmay;aeMuygonf/ tqHk;wGif xdkavmutaysmftyg;

vdkufpm;rIonf tusifhwpfcktvm;jzpfvmum ydkíjyif;aom

tm;<utpmrsm;jzpfaom aq;vdyf? 0dkifESifht&ufrsm;udk tNrJ

xm0pOfawmifhwaeygawmhonf/ cHwGif;udk ydkíydkítvdkvdkuf


avav? yd kíaomufcsifpm;csifavavjzpfum yd kíyd kí

xdef;csKyf&efcufcJvmygawmhonf/ cE¨mudk,fonf ydkítm;tif

csnfheJYvmonfESifhtrQ xdkt&mrsm;udkrpm;oHk;bJ aeEdkifzdkYydkí

cufvmygonf/ xdkt&mrsm;ydkípGJvrf;pdwfrsm;wdk;yGm;vm&m

tqHk;wGif xdkt&mrsm;udkaomufcsifonfhqE´udk rjiif;qefEdkif

avmufonftxd pdwfwefcdk;rsm;vnf; tm;enf;vmygonf/

wpfckwnf;aomvHkûcHonfhenf;vrf;

wpfckwnf;aomvHkûcHonfhenf;vrf;rSm vufzuf&nf?

aumfzD? 0dkif? aq;vdyf? bdef;ESifh t&ufaopmrsm;udk vHk;0

rxdMuygESifh? rwdkYMuygESifh/ enf;enf;uav;rQjrnf;rMunfhMu

ygESifh/ pmwef\pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;rsm;udkwGef;vSef&efESifh rSm;,Gif;

aomcHwGif;awmifhwrIudk qefYusif&yfwnfEdkif&eftvdkYiSm ,ck

acwfvlom;rsm;onf aus;Zl;awmftm;jzifh tm;jznfhxm;onfh

pdwfwefcdk;rsm;udk&½SdzdkY a½S;acwfvlom;rsm;xuf 2 qwdk;í

qkawmif;toem;cHMu&ygrnf/

Sp. Gifts IV, pp. 36-37 (1864)

xm0&bk&m;ocifudkvnf;aumif;? arma½SESifh tm½kefudk

vnf;aumif; qefYusifykefuefcJhMuaom aum&ESifhtzGJUwdkY

taMumif;udk aemufqHk;aomacwfumvwGif touf½Sifaexdkif

Muonfh uREfkyfwdkYtwGuf owday;qHk;r&ef rSwfwrf;wifxm;

ygonf/ aum&? 'goefESifh tbd&HwdkYudk twkcdk;um bk&m;ocif

\vlwdkYtMum; ykefuefjcm;em;rIrsm;ûyvkyfatmif pmwefonf

vrf;jyaeygonf/ ½Sif;vif;pGmwifjyxm;onfh xdkoufaocHcsuf

rsm;udk qefYusifvkyfaqmif&ef rdrddudk,fudkcGifhûycJhMuolrsm;onf

udk,fhudkudk,fvSnfhjzm;olrsm;jzpfvmygonf/ ¤if;jyif trIawmf

twGuf bk&m;ocifu wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&olrsm;onf tjcm;

olrsm;xuf ajr§mufpm;jcif;cH&onf[lívnf;aumif;? xdkolrsm;

ay;aomtMuHOmPfrsm;ESifh qHk;rpum;rsm;udkvnf; rSwfom;

xm;p&mrvdk[lívnf;aumif; ¤if;wdkYtrSefwu,f,lqaeMu

ygonf/ bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm;tMum; rSm;,Gif;pGm

vkyfaqmifaerIrsm;udkqHk;r&ef xkdwm0ef½Sdolrsm;ujyoonfh

½Sif;vif;aomoufaocHcsufrsm;udkvnf; olwdkYqefYusifcJh

Muygonf/ vufzuf&nf? aumfzD? aq;vdyf ponfwdkYudk

aomufjcif;? aq;½ªjcif;rsm;rvkyf&ef azmfjyonfh oufaocHcsuf

rsm;onf vlwef;pm;wpfcktwGuf pdwfqdk;p&mjzpfaeygonf/

taMumif;rSm xdkqHk;rpum;rsm;onf ¤if;wdk Y\½kyfwkudk

zsufqD;ypfaeaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ rsm;pGmaomvlwdkYonf

usef;rma&;ESifhrnDnGwfaom xdktpmrsm;udka½SmifMuOfrnf?

(od k Yr[kwf) wdusjywfom;aomoufaocHcsufrsm;ud k

jiif;y,frnf[lí tcdkuftwefYtm;jzifh wdusaomqHk;jzwfcsufudk

rûyEdkifMuao;bJ cHwGif;tvdkvkdufrIwGif arsmygaeqJjzpfygonf/

¤if;wdkY\tajctaeonf rwnfrNidrfjzpfaeygonf/ trSefw&m;

tay:,HkMunfoabmaygufjcif;ESifh udk,ftvdkudkvdkufjcif;ESpfck

tMum;wGif wdkufvSefyGJwpfckjzpfyGm;aeygonf/ qHk;jzwfcsuf

rcsEdkifonfhtajctaeonf ¤if;wdkYudk tm;enf;apvsuf


cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;onf vltrsm;tay:wGif atmifyGJqifcJh

ygonf/ wjznf;jznf;csif; tqdyfwufaponfh xdkt&mrsm;udk

toHk;ûyjcif;aMumifh aumif;jrwfaomt&mwdkY ¤if;wdkYrodMu

awmhbJ jzpfcsifonfha&m*gjzpfygapqdkum rdrdtvdkudk jiif;y,f

jcif;rvkyfMuawmhacs/ aMumufp&maumif;onfh xdkqHk;jzwfcsuf

aMumifh udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\npfnrf;rIrsm;udk bk&m;ocif\

trdefYawmfESifhtnD rdrdudk,fudkoefYpifapum bk&m;ocifudk

aMumuf½GHUjcif;tm;jzifh pHkvifaomoefY½Sif;jcif;udk &atmifêud;pm;

aeolrsm;ESifh ¤if;wdkYtMum;wGif jcm;em;onfhwHwdkif;wpfckay:xGef;

vmygonf/ ruG,f0Sufwrf;zGifhqdkxm;aomoufaocHcsufrsm;

onf ¤if;wdkY\vkyf&yfrsm;udk t[efYtwm;ûyum ¤if;wdkYtm;

pdwfrcsrf;romjzpfapygonf/ xdkaMumifh rdrdwdkY\vkyfaqmifrI

rsm;onfom rSefuefonf[k tjcm;olrsm;ESifh rdrdudk,fudk,HkMunf

vufcHatmif wGef;tm;ay;vsuf xdkoufaocHcsufrsm;udk

wdkufcdkufqefYusifjcif;wGif pdwfoufom&m&½SdrIudk ¤if;wdkYawGUcJh

Muygonf/ vlawGvkyfwmrSefuefaomfvnf; xdkoufaocHcsuf

rsm;u tcuftcJjzpfatmifvkyfaejcif;jzpfonf[kvnf; ¤if;wdkYu

zGifhqdkcJhygonf/ xdkykefuefolrsm;u ¤if;wdkY\tvHudkvTifhxl

vdkufaomtcsdefwGif rauseyfoltm;vHk;onf xdktvHywfvnf

wGif pk½Hk;vmMuum 0dnmOfa&;qdkif&mtpGef;txif;½Sdolrsm;?

roefpGrf;olrsm;? rsufuef;wdkYonf ¤if;wdkY\MoZmtmPmrsm;udk

BuJjzefYNyD; rnDnGwfrIrsm;udk pdkufysKd;Muygonf/

MH, p. 335 (1905)

csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhrIudkûzdcGif;&ef tBuD;tus,fêud;pm;

aeMuaomfvnf; xdkêud;pm;rItrsm;onf xda&mufrIr½SdcJhacs/

csKyfwnf;jcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIudk ,HkMunfvufcHaeolrsm;

tm; tm[m&rJhaomtpmrsm;? [if;cwftarT;têudifrsm;ESifh

vufzuf&nf? aumfzDwdkYudkoHk;aqmifjcif;tm;jzifh &½Sdrnfhqdk;usKd;

rsm;udkodatmif vkyfaqmifoifhygonf/ rdrdwdkYwdkufvSefaeaom

raumif;rIvkyfief;rsm;udk ydkrdkeuf½Idif;pGmMunhfMu&efESifh rdrdwdkY\

toufwmESifh ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkufnDrI½Sdr½Sdudk

aocsmatmifvkyfaqmifMu&ef csKyfwnf;jcif;qdkif&mtrIaqmif

rsm;tm; wdkufwGef;EId;aqmfvdkufygonf/

pdwfESifhudk,fusihfw&m;tMum; csdefcGifvQmrSefaeap&ef

cE¨mudk,fusef;rma&;aumif;rGefjcif;onf ta&;ygaMumif;udk

vltaygif;wdkYtm; zGifhqdkMu&rnf/ cE¨mudk,fobm0udk edrfhus

tm;enf;aponfh rl;,pfxHkxdkif;aporQt&mtm;vHk;onf

todOmPfESifh udk,fusifhw&m;tqifhudkyg edrfhusoGm;apygonf/

csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhjcif;onf urÇmay:wGifjrifawGUae&aom

pm&dwår@Kdifjcpm;jcif;\ tajccHtkwfjrpfjzpfygonf/ rSm;,Gif;

aomcHwGif;awmifhwrIudkvdkufavsmjcif;aMumifh vlom;rsm;onf

pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;udk wGef;vSefEdkifrnfhwefcdk;rsm;qHk;½IH;aeMu&

ygonf/

csKyfwnf;jcif;qdkif&mtrIaqmifrsm;onf þudpöESifh

ywfoufí vlwdkYtm; ynmay;onfhtvkyfudk vkyfaqmifMu

&ygrnf/ usef;rmjcif;? tusifhpm&dwåESifh toufrsm;EGrf;vsae

aompGrf;tifrsm;udk obm0vGefvIyf½Sm;rIrsm;aqmif½GufEdkifatmif

EId;qGonfhtm;<uaprnfhtpm;taomufrsm;u tEÅ&m,fûyEdkif

aMumif; ¤if;wdkYtm;oGefoifMuyg/


ZGJ½Sd½SdvkyfaqmifygvQif obm0w&m;onf pkpnf;vmrnf

vufzuf&nf? aumfzD? aq;vdyfESifh t&ufaopmrsm;ESifh

pyfvsOf;í wpfckwnf;aomvHkûcHonfhvrf;pOfrSm ¤if;wdkYtm;

rwdkY? rxd? rjrnf;Munhfjcif;yifjzpfonf/ vufzuf&nf? aumfzD

tp½Sdaomtm;<ut&nfrsm;\oabmw&m;rSm aq;vdyfESifh

t&ufwdkY\OD;wnfrIESifhtwlwlyifjzpfNyD; t&uform;wpfa,muf

t&ufjzwfzdkYcufovdk xdkt&mrsm;udkjzwf&ef cufwwfygonf/

xdkt&mrsm;udkjzwfcgpwGif tm;enf;ovdkvdkcHpm;&NyD; raomufbJ

raewwfatmifjzpfaeygvdrfhrnf/ odkYaomf ZGJ½Sd½Sdjzifh raomufbJ

aevdkufvQif aomufvdkpdwfrsm;aysmufuG,foGm;ygvdrfhrnf/ yHkrSef

taetxm;odkYjyefvnfa&muf½Sdatmif tcsdefvdktyfrnfjzpfaomf

vnf; tcsdeftwdkif;twmwpfcktxd ZGJ½Sd½Sdjzifh êud;pm;vkyfaqmif

rnfqdkvQif e*dkyHkrSeftwdkif; jyefvnfaumif;rGefvmygvdrfhrnf/

3T, p. 569 (1875)

pmwefonf pdwfrsm;udkazgufjyefysufpD;atmifvkyfaqmif

um aumufuspfaompHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;rsm;udkoHk;um pdwf

0dnmOfrsm;udkzsufqD;aeygonf/ azgufjyefaomcHwGif;awmifhwrI

udkvdkufpm;jcif;\tjypfudk uREfkyfwdkYjrifawGUMuygovm;/ olwdkY

onf vufzuf&nf? aumfzD? tom;ESifh tjcm;tm;<utpm;

taomufrsm;udkjzwfum xdkt&mrsm;twGuf oHk;rnfhaiGrsm;udk

trIawmfvkyfief;rsm;twGuftoHk;ûy&ef ay;vªMurnfvm;/

rcsKyfwnf;jcif;rsm;udk[efYwm;&ef aq;vdyform;rsm;ü rnfonfh

wefcdk;½Sdoenf;/ opfyifajc&if;ü ykqdefcsrxm;rD aq;vdyfESifh

ywfoufaomawmfvSefa&;wpfckudk þurÇmBuD;xJwGif ½Sdudk

½Sd&awmhrnf/ vufzuf&nfESifhaumfzDrsm;onf ¤if;wdkYxuf ydkí

tm;<uaponfh aq;vdyfESifht&ufrsm;udk aomufcsifpdwfjzpfay:

aponf/

Letter, p. 135 (1902)

tom;taMumif;ESifhywfoufí ajym&rnfqdkvQif tom;

udk vHk;0OD;aESmufxJrSmrxnfhygESifh/ ¤if;jyif uREfkyfwdkYtm;vHk;

onf vufzuf&nfESifhaumfzDrsm;udkvnf; vHk;0raomufoHk;bJ

tjcm;olrsm;xHwGifvnf; xdkt&mrsm;udkraomufoHk;zdkY oufaocH

Muyg/ xdktpmrsm;onf OD;aESmufESifhwuG udk,fcE¨m\tjcm;

tpdwftydkif;rsm;udkvnf; xdcdkufysufpD;apEdkifonfh rl;,pfaq;

rsm;jzpfaeygonf/

toif;om;taygif;wdkY? twåqefaomcHwGif;tvdkudk

rvdkufMuESifh/ vufzuf&nf? aumfzDESifh tom;rsm;twGuf

toHk;ûyaomaiGaMu;rsm;onf ûzef;wD;ypfaomaiGaMu;rsm;xuf

ydkíqdk;½Gm;ygonf/ taMumif;rSm xdktpmrsm;onf udk,f? pdwf?

0dnmOfwefcdk;rsm;\zGHUûzd;rIudk t[efYtwm;ûyMuygonf/

1T, pp. 548-549 (1867)

vufzuf&nf? aumfzDESifh tom;rsm;udkjzwfvdkufvQif

usef;rma&;xdcdkufoGm;rnfjzpfojzifh ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyf&ef

rjzpfEdkif[k wcsKdUutxif½SdMuonf/ þt&monf pmwef\

tMuHay;csufomjzpfygonf/ cE¨mudk,fpuf,EÅ&m;BuD;udk

ysuf,Gif;apum a&m*gESifhtcsdefrwdkifrD ysufpD;jcif;rsm;udk tum

tuG,fay;xm;onfht&mrsm;udkûzdcsvsuf cE¨mudk,ftajctae


udk,drf;,dkifapNyD; emwm½Snfa&m*g&zdkY vG,fulatmifjyifqif

ay;aomt&mrSm usef;rma&;ESifhrqDavsmfonfh xdktm;<utpm

rsm;yifjzpfygonf/

xdktpmrsm;udkpm;oHk;jcif;aMumifh cE¨mudk,fusef;rma&;udk

xdcdkufap½Hkomru xm0&umvESifhqdkifaomt&mrsm;udk wefzdk;

rxm;Edkifonfhtajctaea&mufatmif OD;aESmufudkvnf; xHkxdkif;

apygonf/ vlom;rsm;tm; aojcif;rSu,fwif&ef udk,ftvdkudk

jiif;NyD; 'ku©qif;&Jjcif;ESifh jypfwifuJh&JhrIrsm;udk pOfqufrjywfcHum

aemufqHk;wGif rdrd\tjypfrJhaomtoufwmudkyifay;oGm;aom

c&pfawmfjyifqifcJhonfhu,fwifjcif;udk xdk½kyfwkrsm;udkwG,fwm

jrwfEdk;aeolrsm;onf rSefuefpGmwefzdk;rxm;EdkifMuawmhacs/

tydkif; (3) qD&D,,f (ac:) pyg;? *sKHrsm;rS

xkwfvkyfxm;onfhtpmudk vufzuf&nf? aumfzDrsm;

ae&mwGif tpm;xdk;pm;oHk;jcif;

Letter, p. 200 (1902)

vufzuf&nfESifhaumfzDESpfrsKd;pvHk;udk rwkdufauR;oifhyg/

þtpmrsm;tpm; qD&D,,f (ac:) pyg; (odkYr[kwf) *sKHrsm;udk

taumif;qHk;pDpOfxkwfvkyfxm;aomtpmrsm;udk tpm;xdk;auR;arG;

oifhygonf/

MH, p. 321 (1905)

wcsKdUyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf tajctaetrsKd;rsKd;aMumifh xrif;

wwd,teyfpm;zdkYvdkaumif;vdkvdrfhrnf/ vdktyfonfhtwGuf

pm;vQifvnf; tpmaMuvG,frnfhtpmrsm;udk tenf;i,fom

pm;oifhygonf/ bDpuGwf? opfoD;0vHrsm;? qD&D,,frsm;onf

xdknpmtwGuf taumif;qHk;tpm;tpmrsm;jzpfMuygonf/

Letter, p. 73a (1896)

uREfkyfonf tdrfwGifvkyfonfh ½dk;½dk;aumfzD? EGm;EdkYqlqlwGif

a&mí aomufoHk;avh½Sdygonf/

Letter, p. 14 (1901)

a&aEG;ylylrsm;udk aq;jzpf? 0g;jzpfrSwpfyg; raomufoHk;

ygESifh/ ylaomtpmESifht&nfrsm;rsm;pm;aomufjcif;aMumifh

tpmtdrfudk tBuD;tus,fxdcdkufapEdkifygonf/ xdktpmrsm;udk

pm;oHk;jcif;jzifh vnfacsmif;? tpmtdrfESifhwuG cE¨mudk,f\

tjcm;twGif;t*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;udkvnf; xdcdkuftm;enf;oGm;

apEdkifygonf/

tydkif; (4) yef;oD;t&uf (yef;oD;0dkif)

uREfkyfwdkYonf csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhaomacwfwpfckwGif

touf½Sifaexdkifvsuf½SdMu&m yef;oD;t&ufêudufolrsm;twGuf

yef;oD;t&ufjyifqifay;jcif;onf bk&m;ocifa½SUarSmufü tjypf

wpfckjzpfaeygonf/ oifonf tvif;w&m;twdkif; rvdkuf

avQmufaomaMumifh þvkyfief;wGif tjcm;olrsm;ESifhyg0if

ywfoufaeygonf/ tu,fíom oifonf tvif;awmfwGif

&yfxcJhrnfqdkvQif þtvkyfudkvkyfcJhvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg/ vkyfEdkif


DF- 41

vdrfhrnfvnf;r[kwfyg/ oifonf tvkyfrajymif;awmhbJ yef;oD;

t&ufxkwfvkyfonfhtzGJUxJwGif yg0ifywfoufaeOD;rnfqdkvQif

bk&m;ocif\jypf'PfpD&ifjcif;udk cH&vdrfhrnf/ xdkaMumifh jypf'Pf

pD&ifjcif;rSuif;vGwftHhaomiSm oifonf tvkyfopfwpfckudk

,ckcsufcsif;tpûyzdkYvdktyfaeygNyD/

csKyfwnf;jcif;qdkif&mvlrIa&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGif wuf<u

pGmyg0ifvkyfaqmifjcif;udkqefYusifaMumif; cdkifrmpGmoif&yfwnf

onfhaemufydkif;ü oifvufcHxm;onfh oefY½Sif;aom,HkMunf

jcif;ESifhtnD owdynm½Sd½SdoifvkyfaqmifcJhrnfqdkvQif taumif;

bufwGif qufvufíoifMoZm½SdEdkifaumif;½SdEdkifrnfjzpfaomfvnf;

yef;oD;t&ufxkwfvkyfa&mif;csrIwGif yg0ifywfoufvdkufjcif;

tm;jzifh oif\MoZmwefcdk;udk trsm;BuD;xdcdkufaponfhtjyif

trSefw&m;udkvnf; oifxdcdkufapaomaMumifh oif\udk,fydkif

touf0dnmOfonfvnf; rsm;pGmepfem&ygonf/ csKyfwnf;jcif;

trIawmfESifhoifhtMum;wGif wHwdkif;wpfckudk oifudk,fwdkif

wnfaqmufaeygonf/ oifavQmufaeaomvrf;pOfaMumifh

oifajymaeonfhpnf;rsOf;rsm;tay: r,HkMunfolrsm;u ar;cGef;

xkwfvmygonf/ oifonf avQmufvSrf;&ef ajzmifhrwfaom

vrf;udk rwnfaqmufcJhojzifh tm;enf;aomolrsm;onf oifh

tay:odkYarSmufvJMuum i&JodkYOD;wnfaeMuygonf/

c&pf,mefrsm;onf odvsufom;ESifh yef;oD;t&uf

xkwfvkyfa&mif;csjcif;wGif yg0ifaeMuonfudk ynwfawmf\

tvif;wGif uREfkyfrjrifawGUEdkifatmifjzpfaeonf/ þa&;om;

azmfjycsufrsm;udk aumif;aomae&mwGiftoHk;ûyum aumif;csD;

r*Fvmrsm;udk&,lcHpm;Edkifovdk rSm;,Gif;pGmtoHk;ûyjcif;jzifh pHkprf;

aESmifh,Sufjcif;ESifh usdefjcif;tr*Fvmudkvnf;jzpfapEdkifygonf/

yef;oD;pdrf&nfvwfvwfqwfqwfudk oHjzLbl;rsm;wGif tcsdef

MumjrifhpGmxnfhodkum uapmfaygufonfhtcsdefusrStoHk;ûyvQif

xdkt&nfonf oif\usKd;aMumif;qifjcifEdkifonfhOmPfudk ûzdcs

zsufqD;ypfvdrfhrnf/

enf;enf;yg;yg;aomufjcif;onf t&ufpGJjcif;\vrf;pO f

t&ufjyif;rsm;udkaomufvQif rl;,pfapovdk yef;oD;

t&ufESifh0dkifrsm;onfvnf; vlwdkYudktrSefwu,frl;,pfapygonf/

t&ufpGJaponfhtqdk;qHk;enf;vrf;rSm t&uftaysmhpm;uav;

rsm;[kac:onfh t&ufrsm;udk aomufpûyjcif;yifjzpfonf/

xdkt&ufrsm;udkaomufjcif;aMumifh tvdk&r®ufrsm;onf azgufjyef

vmonf/ tusifhpm&dwårsm;\ajymif;vJrIonf BuD;rm;vmonf/

ydkíacgif;rmvmygonf/ yef;oD;t&uftenf;i,fudkaomuf

jcif;onf ydkíjyif;aomt&ufrsm;udk aomufcsifpdwfay:apNyD;

t&ufpGJaeoltrsm;pkonf xdkuJhodkYt&ufaomufjcif;wGif tkwfjrpf

cscJhMuygonf/ wcsKdUyk*¾dKvfrsm;rSm tdrfwGif yef;oD;t&uf

(odkYr[kwf) 0dkifrsm;udkaomuf&ef vHk;0rjzpfEdkifygacs/ ¤if;wdkYonf

pmwef\tqufrjywfawmif;qdkcsufudk vufcHtwnfûyum

tm;<utpmrsm;udk pm;csifonfhcHwGif;udk tarGcHaeMuygonf/

xdkpHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;udkvdkufygrdvQif &yfwefY&efrjzpfEdkifawmhbJ


cHwGif;awmifhwrIrSmjyif;xefvmum ¤if;wdkYtm; ysufpD;,dk,Gif;

oGm;onftxd cHwGif;tvdkudkvdkufMuygawmhonf/ OD;aESmuf

onf &Da0xHkxdkif;aeNyD; aMumif;usKd;qifjcifEdkifpGrf;vnf;r½Sd

awmhay/ ¤if;wdkYonf avmuaysmfarGUjcif;cHpm;rIavmufudk

omod½Sdygawmhonf/ yef;oD;t&ufESifh0dkifrsm;udk aomufoHk;jcif;

aMumifh aygufvTwfyJpm;aexdkifûyrljcif;? olYr,m;udkapmfum;jcif;

rSpí raumif;rItrsKd;pHkudkusL;vGefvmMuygonf/ þtpmrsm;udk

ESpfoufNyD; aomufoHk;avh½Sdaom c&pf,mefbmoma&;qdkif&m

bmom&yfrS uxduwpfOD;onf aus;Zl;awmfü rnfonfhtcgrQ

rBuD;yGm;Edkifacs/ olonf avmuaysmfarGUjcif;cHpm;rIudktom;

ay;um wd&pämef&r®ufrsm;u ¤if;\pdwfpGrf;&nfrsm;udk

xdef;csKyfxm;aomaMumifh ol\tusifhoDvrsm;onf ESpfoufzG,f

raumif;awmhyg/

tayghpm;t&ufrsm;udkaomufjcif;onf t&uform;

b0odkYa&muf&ef oifMum;ay;aeaomausmif;rsm;jzpfMuonf/

t&uform;b0odkY rarQmfvifhbJa&mufoGm;ap&eftvdkYiSm pmwef

onf csKyfwnf;jcif;uwkwfusif;rsm;rS uREfkyfwdkYtm; xGufcGm

oGm;apvsuf usef;rma&;rxdcdkufaponfh0dkifrsm;jzifh uREfkyfwdkY\

t&omcHpm;rItay:vTrf;rdk;&ef aumufuspfpOf;vJpGmvkyfaqmif

aeygonf/ xdktm;<utpmrsm;tay: t&omcHpm;rIudk ysKd;axmif

ay;um tm½HkaMumrsm;udk udk;½dk;um;&m;jzpfapvsuf xdkyk*¾dKvf

rsm;\pdwfESvHk;udk tNrJwrf;rNidrfroufjzpfatmif pmwefxdef;csKyf

aeygonf/ oem;p&maumif;aom xdkt&uf\om;aumifonf

rdrd\vkyfaqmifrItay: vHk;vHk;pdwfcs,HkMunfpGmjzifh pnf;rsOf;

toD;oD;udkpaw;um tumtuG,frSeforQûydvJoGm;onftcsdef

txd wdk;íwdk;íom xdkt&mrsm;udkaomufoHk;aeygawmhonf/

tckdifrmqHk;aomoEéd|mefrsm;vnf; ûydvJukefMuayNyD/ xm0&

umvESifhqdkifaomt&mrsm;onfvnf; edrfhus,kwfnHhvsuf½Sd

xdkcHwGif;awmifhwrIudk usKd;aMumif;qifjcifrIatmufwGif xdef;csKyf

xm;Edkifavmufatmif rpGrf;aqmifEdkifawmhacs/

wcsKdUyk*¾dKvfrsm;rSm yef;oD;t&uf (odkYr[kwf) 0dkift&uf

rsm;\MoZmvTrf;rdk;rIatmufwGif tNrJwrf;rl;aeMuygonf/ ¤if;wdkY

onf udk,fpdwfESpfyg;pvHk;wGif usef;rma&;csKdUwJhum ½l;ESrf;ESrf;

jzpfae½Hkomru tajctaerSmvnf; vHk;0qdk;½Gm;aeygonf/

taMumif;rSm ¤if;ü½SdcJhaom pdwf\rGefjrwfaomwefcdk;rsm;onf

azgufjyefysufpD;ukefygonf/ azga&mifjcif;? tonf;a&m*g?

aMumufvefYwwfjcif; ponfha&m*grsm;udk OD;wnfonfht&m

wpfckrSm yef;oD;t&ufudk yHkrSefaomufoHk;jcif;yifjzpfonf/

xdkyef;oD;t&ufaMumifh vltrsm;onf emwm½Snfa&m*grsm;udk

cHpm;aeMu&onf/ wcsKdUwdkYrSm xdkt&ufrsm;udkaomufjcif;aMumifh

OD;aESmufaoG;aMumjywfonfha&m*gjzifh aoqHk;aeMuonf/

wcsKdUrSm tpmraMuavxdk;avatmifha&m*gudkcHpm;aeMu&onf/

ta&;ygaom t*Fgtpdwftydkif;toD;oD;\vkyfaqmifrIrsm;onf

&yfwefYukefojzifh ¤if;wdkYü tonf;a&m*gjzpfaeNyD;jzpf&m

xdkt&ufrsm;udkrjzwfMuvQif a0'emESifhjynfh0aomtoufwm

onf a0'emrsm;udkydkrdktm;aumif;vmvdrfhrnf[k q&m0efrsm;

¤if;wdkYtm;ajymMuygonf/


yef;oD;t&ufudkaomufjcif;onf t&ufjyif;rsm;udk

aomufwwfatmif vrf;jyay;ygonf/ tpmtdrfonf ¤if;\

obm0cGeftm;rsm;qHk;½IH;oGm;aomaMumifh qufvufvkyfaqmif

EdkifzdkY EId;qGay;&ef ydkíjyif;aomt&mwcsKdUudkvdktyfaeygonf/

t&ufjyif;aomufcsifonfh cHwGif;awmifhwrIonf vlom;rsm;

tay:pdk;rdk;aeNyDudkvnf;aumif;? BuD;jrifhaom&mxl;rsm;ESifh

ajr§mufpm;jcif;cH&aom xl;jrwfonfhOmPfynmrsm;ESifhjynfhpHkaom?

El;nHhonfhpdwfoabm½Sdaom? &JpGrf;owådESifhjynfhpHkaom? BuD;rm;

aomatmifjrifrIrsm;udkqGwfcl;xm;aom xufjrufonfh

usKd;aMumif;qifjcifrIESifhjynfhpHkaom vlom;rsm;wnf;[laom

BuD;rm;onfhwm0ef0wå&m;rsm;udk xrf;aqmifaeMuaomvlrsm;pGm

wdkYonf wd&pämefrsm;ozG,f ½dkif;pkdif;onfhtajctaeodkYa&muf

oGm;onftxd cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkjznfhqnf;ay;&ef t&mcyfodrf;

wdkYudk paw;cJhMuonfudkvnf;aumif; uREfkyfwdkYjrifawGUae&

ygonf/ xdkuJhodkY ¤if;wdkYjzpf&jcif;\t&if;tjrpfrSm yef;oD;

t&uf (odkYr[kwf) 0dkifrsm;udkaomufoHk;jcif;yifjzpfonf/

ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;twGufuREfkyfwdkYjy&rnfhyHkoufao

c&pf,mef[kzGifh[[pfa<u;aeonfh OmPfynmxufjrufol

trsKd;om;? trsKd;orD;rsm;u uapmfraygufaomaMumifh rl;,pf

apjcif;r½Sdonfh yef;oD;t&ufrsm;udk xkwfvkyfa&mif;csjcif;onf

xdcdkufrIudkrjzpfapyg[kajymaomtcg uREfkyf0rf;enf;rdygonf/

tm;<uaponfh xdkt&mrsm;udkaomufoHk;jcif;rS xGufay:vmrnfh

raumif;usKd;rsm;udkrawGUjrif&ef twåpdwfu ¤if;wdkY\rsufpd

rsm;udkydwfxm;ojzifh ¤if;wdkYMunfh&efjiif;qdkaeonfh taMumif;

t&m\tjcm;½Iaxmifhwpfck½Sdaeonfudk uREfkyfodygonf/

tazsmf,rumrsm;

uREfkyfwdkYonf cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkazgufjyefaprnfh pmwef

\pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;trsKd;rsKd;udk tumtuG,fûyvsuf½Sdaom

ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;jzpfaMumif;? avmuwGif tvif;

aqmifolrsm;jzpfaMumif;? bk&m;ociftwGuf opöm½Sduif;apmifh

rsm;jzpfaMumif; zGifhqdkaeMuonf/ uREfkyfwdkY\yHkoufaoESifh

MoZmoufa&mufrIrsm;onf ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;wGif wefcdk;wpfck

jzpfap&rnf/ rodpdwfudk rxufjrufaprnfht&m (odkYr[kwf)

pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;udk tm;ay;&ma&mufrnfht&mrSeforQudk

uREfkyfwdkYa½SmifMuOf&rnf/ bk&m;ocif\oP²mefawmfESifhtnD

zefqif;xm;onfh vlom;wpfOD;wpfa,muf\pdwfudk pmwef

csOf;uyfvmrnfhwHcg;rSeforQudk uREfkyfwdkYydwfMu&rnf/ usef;rma&;

udkrxdcdkufapEdkifygbl;[ktqdk½Sdonfh 0dkifESifhyef;oD;t&ufrsm;udk

aomufoHk;jcif;tm;jzifh rnfonfh0ifaygufudkrQ tenf;i,f

avmufyif[ray;aom Edk;Mum;opöm½Sdaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;jzpfcJhMuvQif

t&uform;b0odkYydkYaqmifrnfhvrf;rBuD;onf ydwfaevdrfhrnf/

vlYtzGJUtpnf;toD;oD;wGif vdktyfaeaomt&mrSm cdkifrmaom

&nf½G,fcsufESifh rxdrwdkY? rjrnf;vdkonfhqE´wdkYyifjzpfonf/

xdkokdYaomqE´onf uREfkyfwdkYü½SdaomtcsdefwGif csKyfwnf;jcif;


qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;trIawmfBuD;onf tm;aumif;vmvdrfh

rnf? wnfwHhcdkifNrJvmvdrfhrnf/

aemufqHk;aomacwfumvwGif touf½SifaexdkifMurnfh

vlYtzGJUtpnf;\tajctaeudk aumif;rGefpGmod½Sdawmfrlonfh

urÇmhu,fwif½Sifu pm;aomufjcif;trIudk þacwfvlom;

rsm;tm; jypf'PfpD&ifrnfhtjypfwpfcktjzpf azmfjyawmfrlcJhyg

onf/ aem{tcsdefuJhodkY c&pfawmfay:xGef;aomtcsdefwGif vlom;

rsm;onf pm;aomufMuL;olrsm;jzpfrnfhtaMumif; zGifhqdkawmfrl

cJhygonf/ ]a&vTrf;rdk;jcif;rjzpfrDumvü aem{onf oabFm

xJodkY 0ifaomaeYwdkifatmif vlrsm;wdkYonf pm;aomufvsuf?

xdrf;jrm;pHkzufvsufaeMuvdrfhrnf} [k c&pfawmfrdefYawmfrlxm;

ygonf/ aemufqHk;aomacwfumvwGif xdkuJhodkYaomtajc

taersKd;jzpfvmvdrfhrnf/ þowday;csufudk ,HkMunfvufcH

olrsm;onf tjypfpD&ifjcif;udkcH&rnfh xdktoufwmvrf;pOfxJodkY

yg0ifroGm;ap&ef txl;owdxm;Muvdrfhrnf/

nDtpfudkarmifESrwdkY? þudpöudktrSefw&m;tvif;wGif

Munfh½Ium cyfodrf;aomt&mwdkYwGif csKyfwnf;jcif;½Sdatmif

êud;pm;MuygpdkY/ yef;oD;ESifhpyspfoD;rsm;onf bk&m;ocifay;

awmfrlonfh vufaqmifypönf;rsm;jzpfonf/ xdktoD;rsm;onf

usef;rma&;udk txl;aumif;rGefaprnfhtpmrsm;tjzpf pm;oHk;Edkif

ouJhodkY rrSefaomenf;tm;jzifh usef;rma&;xdcdkufaprnfhtpm

rsm;tjzpfvnf;toHk;ûyEdkifMuygonf/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf

vlom;rsm;\rSm;,Gif;aomtusifhp½dkufrsm;aMumifh pyspfjcHrsm;ESifh

yef;oD;rsm;udk zsufqD;awmfrlvsuf½Sdonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf ûyjyif

ajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;tjzpf þurÇmBuD;wGif &yfwnfaeonf

jzpf&m r,HkMunfolrsm;u uREfkyfwdkY\,HkMunfjcif;tay: tjypf

wifcGifhpdk;pOf;rQr&ap&ef touf½SifaexdkifMuygpdkY/ ]oifonf

avmu\qm;jzpfonf} [lívnf;aumif;? ]avmu\tvif;

jzpfonf} [lívnf;aumif;? c&pfawmfurdefYawmfrlxm;&m

uREfkyfwdkY\pdwfESvHk;ESifhrodpdwfonf aus;Zl;awmf\ûyjyif

ajymif;vJa&;wefcdk;awmfatmufwGif½Sdaeonfudkvnf;aumif;?

,m,DtusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;udk tepfemcHpGefYvTwf&ef awmif;qdk

aumif;awmif;qdkrnfh bk&m;ocifay;oefYpifonfhpnf;rsOf;rsm;\

tkyfpdk;rIatmufwGif uREfkyfwdkY\toufwm½Sdaeonfudkvnf;

aumif; uREfkyfwdkYazmfjyMuygpdkY/

teD;MunfhrSefajymif;jzifhMunfhjcif;

MH, pp. 332-333 (1905)

obm0twdkif;r[kwfonfh tm;<utpm;taomufrsm;udk

cHwGif;awGUNyD;om;yk*¾dKvfrsm;onf 0dkift&ufrsm;? bD,mESifh

yef;oD;t&ufrsm;udk jrifEdkifonfhae&m? vufvSrf;rDEdkifaom

ae&mrsm;wGif rnfodkYrQrxm;oifhMuacs/ taMumif;rSm þt&m

onf ¤if;wdkY\a½SUarSmufü pHkprf;aESmihf,Sufjcif;jzpfaewwfyg

onf/ rsm;pGmaomvlwdkYonf yef;oD;t&ufrsm;udk tEÅ&m,f

uif;onf[k ,lqvsuf pdwfpaemifhpeif;r½SdbJ êudufoavmuf

0,f,laeMuygonf/ odkY&mwGif xdkyef;oD;t&ufrsm;onf


tcsdefwdkwpfcPom vwfqwfaomt&nfwpfcktjzpf wnf½Sd

aeaomfvnf; rMumrDrSmyif uapmfpíaygufygonf/ xdkuapmf

aygufNyD;csdefwGif ¤if;ü½Sdonfh pl;½Saomt&omudk vltrsm;

êudufESpfoufMuonf/ odkYaomf xdkt&nfonf uapmfayguf

aeNyD[k aomufoHk;olrsm;u0efcH&ef rvdkvm;Muacs/

yef;oD;t&uftcsKdrsm;udk aomufoHk;jcif;onfvnf;

usef;rma&;udkxdcd kufapEdkifygonf/ ¤if;wdk Y0,fxm;onfh

xdkt&ufrsm;udk teD;MunfhrSefbDvl;jzifhMunfhvdkufrnfqdkvQif

xdkt&ufudk vlwdkYraomufoavmufjzpfoGm;ygvdrfhrnf/ yef;oD;

t&ufudkxkwfvkyfa&mif;csolrsm;onf ¤if;wdkYcsufvkyfrnfhyef;oD;

wGif ydk;ygryg? ykwfrykwfudk taotcsmrMunfhMubJ Mudwfcsuf

um aps;odkYwifydkYa&mif;wwfMuonf/ raumif;aomyef;oD;

rsm;udk toHk;ûycsufvkyfxm;onfudkrodbJ aomufoHk;olrsm;u

xdkt&ufudk ZdrfcHypönf;wpfck[k orkwfaeMuaomfvnf;

teD;MunfhrSefbDvl;rsm;\azmfjycsuft& xdkt&ufonf toHk;ûy&ef

roifhavsmfaomt&mwpfckjzpfaeygonf/

0dkifESifhbD,mrsm;? yef;oD;t&ufrsm;onf t&ufjyif;rsm;

uJhodkYyif rl;,pfapEdkifygonf/ xdk,rumrsm;udk aomufoHk;

jcif;aMumifh ydkíjyif;aomt&ufrsm;udkawmihfwvmum t&uf

aomufusifh&oGm;Muygonf/ tayghpm;t&ufrsm;udkaomufjcif;

onf t&uform;b0odkYa&muf&ef oifMum;ay;aeaomausmif;

rsm;jzpfMuonf/ aomufoHk;olrsm;onf tEÅ&m,fjzpfjzpf[k

oHo,rjzpfrDrSm t&ufpGJonfhb0odkYydkYaqmifay;Edkifonftxd

xdktayghpm;t&ufrsm;u rodomaomtusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;udk

ûyvkyfaeMuygonf/

tydkif; (5) opfoD;azsmf&nf

MS, p. 126 (1903)

uapmfraygufao;onfh pyspf&nftcsKdoefYoefYonf

tm[m&jzpfaomtpmwpfckjzpfygonf/ odkYaomf t,fudka[mvf

ygonfht&ufrsm;ü aoapEdkifonfhaq;&nfrsm;yg0ifaeygonf/

xdkt&mrsm;udk vltrsm;u ,aeYaomufoHk;aeMuygonf/

xdkt&mrsm;udkaomufoHk;olrsm;onf rMumcP½l;ESrf;ESrf;jzpfum

usKd;aMumif;qifjcifEdkifonfhtpGrf;rsm;qHk;½IH;ukefMuygonf/ qdk;½Gm;

aomþt&mrsm;\MoZmoufa&mufrIatmufwGif vlwdkYonf

tMurf;zufjcif;? vlowfjcif; ponfh&mZ0wfrIrsm;udk usL;vGef

aeMuygonf/

Letter, p. 72 (1896)

oif\tpm;tpmpm&if;wGif opfoD;0vHrsm;udkxnfhoGif;

yg/ opfoD;azsmf&nfrsm;udk aygifrkefYESifha&mípm;vQif tvGef

t&om½Sdygonf/ temtqmuif;onfh toD;aumif;? toD;

rSnfhrsm;twGuf xm0&bk&m;ocifudk uREfkyfwdkYaus;Zl;wifoifh

ygonf/ taMumif;rSm xdkt&mrsm;onf usef;rma&;udk txl;

tusKd;ûyaomaMumifhjzpfygonf/

ÀÀÀ



tcef;BuD; (25)

usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkoGefoifjcif;

tydkif; (1) usef;rmjcif;taMumif;ñTefMum;jcif;?

usef;rmjcif;ynmay;&efvdktyfjcif;

MH, pp. 125-126 (1905)

,ckacwfonf usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk ynmay;zdkY

tvdktyfqHk;aomacwfumvjzpfygonf/ aq;½Hkvkyfief;rsm;ESifh

aq;ukorIqdkif&mvkyfief;rsm;tygt0if u@aygif;pHkwGif vlom;

rsm;oufomaysmfarGUpGmaexdkifEdkif&eftwGuf tHhMozG,fwdk;wufrI

rsm;½Sdaeaomfvnf; cE¨mudk,fpGrf;tm;ESifh cHEdkif&nftm;rsm;

usqif;aerIrSmvnf; tHhtm;oifhp&maumif;vSygonf/ vlom;

tcsif;csif;\usef;rmaysmf½Tifa&;tay: pdwf0ifpm;rI½Sdoltaygif;\

*½kxm;rIudk þtajctaersm;uawmif;qdkaeygonf/

vlom;rsm;wDxGifxm;onfh uREfkyfwdkY\,Ofaus;rIonf

aumif;jrwfcdkifrmaompnf;rsOf;rsm;udk zsufqD;ypfrnfhraumif;rI

rsm;udk tm;ay;tm;ajr§mufûyvkyfaeygonf/ tusifh"avhrsm;ESifh

zuf½Sifrsm;onf obm0ESifhqefYusifwdkufvSefaeygonf/ ¤if;wdkY

usifhoHk;aeaom tusifhp½dkufrsm;ESifh ¤if;wdkYvdkufpm;aeaom

avmuaysmfarGUjcif;cHpm;rIrsm;onf vltrsKd;EG,fpktay:odkY

onf;rcHEdkifavmufonfh0efwpfckudkwifvsuf udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\

cGeftm;rsm;udk wjznf;jznf;avsmhyg;apvsuf½Sdygonf/ csKyfwnf;

jcif;uif;rJhrIESifh &mZ0wfrIrsm;onfvnf;aumif; a&m*gb,rsm;ESifh

ted|m½HkjrifuGif;rsm;onf ae&mwumwGifawGUjrifae&ygonf/

653

rsm;pGmaomvlwdk Yonf rodem;rvnfaomaMumifh

usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkcsKd;azgufaeMuonf/ xdkaMumifh

¤if;wdkYtm; oGefoifñTefMum;ay;zdkYvdktyfaeygonf/ odkY&mwGif

vltawmfrsm;rsm;rSm ¤if;wdkYvkyfaqmifaeonfht&mxuf ydkí

od½SdaeMuygonf/ ¤if;wdkYod½Sdxm;onfht&mrsm;udk ¤if;wdkY\

b0vrf;jyjzpfatmif xdkolrsm;twGufvkyfay;&efta&;BuD;vSygonf/

MH, p. 146 (1905)

txl;ojzifh tpm;tpmESifhywfoufaomûyjyifajymif;vJrI

ESifhpyfvsOf;onfh ñTefMum;csufrsm;ay;&efvdktyfaeygonf/ rSm;,Gif;

aompm;usifhaomufusifhrsm;ESifh usef;rma&;udktaxmuftul

rûyonfhtpmrsm;udk pm;aomufjcif;onf þurÇmBuD;tm;

usdefpmoifhaprnfh csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhrIrsm;? &mZ0wfrIrsm;?

ted|m½HkjrifuGif;rsm;ESifh jynfh0apjcif;ü rsm;pGmwm0ef½Sdaeygonf/

CH, p. 505 (1892)

uREfkyfwdkYoGm;a&muftrIaqmif&rnfhEdkifiHrsm;½Sd udk,fusifh

w&m;qdkif&mpHudkjr§ifhwifvdkvQif udk,fcE¨mqdkif&mtusifh"avh

rsm;udk rSefuefatmifjyifqifay;jcif;tm;jzifh tpûyMu&ygrnf/

tusifhpm&dwåqdkif&maumif;rIonf udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\tpGrf;rsm;udk

rSefuefatmifusifhaqmifjcif;tay:wGif tajccHaeygonf/

6T, pp. 378-379 (1900)

usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udk vufawGU

vkyfaqmifjcif;tm;jzifh udk,f? pdwfESifh udk,fusifhw&m;rsm;udk

ydkrdkqdk;½Gm;oGm;rnfhtajctaerS vlrsm;pGmwdkYtm; u,fq,fEdkif

656 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufusef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkoGefoifjcif; 655

vdrfhrnf[k uREfkyftm; xm0&bk&m;ociftvif;ay;awmfrlygonf/

usef;rma&;a[majymyGJrsm;udkusif;yum usef;rma&;pmapmifrsm;udk

ydkrdkjzefYcsdMuvdrfhrnf/ usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;

pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk tm;wufoa&mvufcHvmMuum vlrsm;pGmwdkYrSm

todOmPfrsm;xGef;vif;vmMuvdrfhrnf/ usef;rmjcif;qdkif&m

ûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;ESifhtwlyg½Sdvmaom MoZmoufa&mufrIrsm;

onf tvif;w&m;udkvdkvm;olrsm;tm;vHk;udk qHk;jzwfcsuf

csEdkif&ef xdkt&mudkaxmufcHygvdrfhrnf/ xdkaemuf xdkolrsm;onf

þacwfumv\ txl;aomtrSefw&m;udkvufcH&ef wpfqifhNyD;

wpfqifhwdk;wufvmMuvdrfhrnf/ þodkYtm;jzifh trSefw&m;ESifh

ajzmifhrwfjcif;wdkYonf twlwuGawGUqHkoGm;Muvdrfhrnf/

{0Ha*vdw&m;a[mMum;jcif;ESifh aq;zufqdkif&mtrIawmf

vkyfief;rsm;onf twlwuGwdk;wufzdkYjzpfygonf/ {0Ha*vd

w&m;awmfudk usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mppfrSefaomûyjyifajymif;vJa&;

pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhtwl yl;wGJwifquf&efjzpfonf/ tajctjrpf

rSpí ûyjyifajymif;vJjcif;qdkif&mtrIawmfudk NyD;ajrmufatmif

vkyfaqmifMu&rnf/ or®musrf;pmqdkif&mppfrSefaomc&pf,mef

bmomw&m;onf usqHk;aeaomvlom;rsm;tay:xm;½Sdonfh

bk&m;ocif\ arwåmawmf\ydkvQH,dkpD;vmaomt&myifjzpfonf/

bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm;onf trSefw&m;udk½SmazGaeolrsm;ESifh

trSeftwdkif;usifhaqmiftouf½Sifvdkolrsm;\ESvHk;om;udk xdkt&m

ESifhjznfhqnf;&ef a½SUodkYwnfhrwfpGmcsDwufMu&ygrnf/ xdkpnf;rsOf;

rsm;\txl;ta&;ygyHkudkawGUjrifoGm;ap&efESifh vufawGUusifhoHk;

Edkif&eftwGuf vltaygif;wdkYtm;vrf;jyzdkY uREfkyfwdkYudk,fwdkif

xdkt&mtm;vHk;udkvdkufavQmufvsuf usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk

wifqufMu&ygrnf/

MS, p. 27 (1906)

b,fw,fvfc&dwGif EdkifiHawmfjyyGJjyopOfu uREfkyfwdkY\

tzGJU0ifrsm;onf a&eHqDrD;zdkrsm;udk,laqmifoGm;um oufowf

vGwf[if;aumif;rsm;jyifqifyHkudk vufawGUcsufjycJhMuygonf/

taumif;qHk;tpmrsm;udk jyifqifay;cJhonf[k uREfkyfwdkYtm;

ajymygonf/ tpnf;ta0;BuD;rsm;usif;yaomtcgwdkif;wGif

tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpm;tpmrsm;udk jyifqifcsufûywfum

ynmay;vkyfief;rsm;udk oifwdkYûyvkyf&ef tcGifhta&;&½Sdygvdrfhrnf/

vlom;rsm;tm;jzifhvnf; bk&m;ocifonf uREfkyfwdkYudk

rsufESmomay;awmfrlcJhygonf/ arQmfvifhcsufr½Sdawmhonfha&m*g

onfrsm;tm; usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;

rsm;udktoHk;ûyvsuf usef;rma&;jyefvnfaumif;rGefvmatmif

rnfodkYvkyfaqmifEdkifaMumif;azmfjy&ef tHhMozG,ftcGifhaumif;rsm;

½Sdaeygonf/

awmpcef;ESifhwpftdrfwufqif;

usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk

vltaygif;wdkYtm;oGefoif&ef uREfkyfwdkYtxl;êud;pm;Mu&ygrnf/

toD;tEHSrsm;? opfoD;0vHrsm;? tcGHrmtoD;rsm;ESifh [if;oD;

[if;½Gufrsm;udk tm[m&jynfh0NyD; cHwGif;awGUaprnfhoufowf

vGwf[if;csufenf;rsm;udk awmpcef;usif;ywdkif; o½kyfjyoifMum;

ay;oifhygonf/ toif;om;topfrsm;0ifvmonfha'owdkif;ü

vnf; tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaom[if;csufenf;rsm;udk oifMum;

ay;oifhygonf/ þynmay;vkyfief;udk wpftdrfwufqif;

vkyfaqmifEdkifrnfhtvkyform;rsm;udk a½G;cs,fcefYxm;oifhygonf/

awmpcef;rSaq;ukoay;onfhwJuav;

uyfumvtqHk;odkYa&mufvkqJqJtcsdefwGif touf½Sif

aexdkifaomuREfkyfwdkYonf usef;rmjcif;ESifhqdkifaom ûyjyif

ajymif;vJrIESifhywfoufonfhar;cGef;udk ydkíxkwf½Hkomru cdkifrmí

vufcHEdkifrnfhenf;pepfudktoHk;ûyum c&pf,mefcsKyfwnf;jcif;

taMumif;udkwifjyMu&ygrnf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf a[mMum;jcif;

rsm;ESifhomru vufawGUvkyfief;rsm;tm;jzifhvnf; ynmay;&ef

pOfqufrjywfêud;pm;oGm;&ygrnf/ tajymESifhtvkyfyl;aygif;

aqmif½GufygvQif BuD;rm;aomMoZmoufa&mufrIwpfckudkjzpfay:

apEdkifygonf/

awmpcef;rsm;wGif usef;rma&;ESifhywfoufonfhñTefMum;

csufrsm;udk ay;oifhMuygonf/ MopaMw;vswGifusif;yaom

tpnf;ta0;BuD;rsm;ü usef;rma&;ESifhywfoufaomtaMumif;

t&mrsm;udk aeYpOfa[mMum;&m pdwf0ifpm;rIrsm;txl;wdk;wuf

cJhygonf/ q&m0ef? q&mrrsm;xdkif&ef wJwpfvHk;pDpOfay;NyD;

vlemudktvum;Munfhay;cJh&m vlemawmfawmfrsm;rsm;vma&muf

tprf;oyfcHcJhMuygonf/ axmifESifhcsDaomvlxkBuD;onfvnf;

usef;rma&;a[mMum;csufrsm;udk vma&mufem;axmifcJhMu&m

txl;pdwf0ifpm;MuonfudkawGU&ygonf/ ûrdUBuD;rsm;wGif

awmpcef;rsm;usif;ypOf rdrdwdkYvnf; yg0ifulnDygrnf[kqdkum

aq;cef;rsm;zGifh&ef ûrdUcHrsm;uawmif;qdkcJhMuygonf/

6T, p. 112 (1900)

uREfkyfwdkY\toif;om;rsm; axmifESifhcsDípk½Hk;jcif;onf

usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIpnf;rsOf;rsm;twGuf yHkoufao

jy&ef taumif;qHk;tcGifhta&;yifjzpfygonf/ vGefcJhaomESpf

tenf;i,fu usif;ycJ haomtpnf;a0;BuD;rsm;wGifvnf;

usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJrIqdkif&mudpörsm;ESifh oufowfvGwf

pm;jcif;wdkY\tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;taMumif;udk rsm;pGma[mMum;cJh

Muygonf/ odkY&mwGif wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif xrif;pm;aqmifwGif

tom;[if;rsm;udkauR;um usef;rma&;ESifhrnDnGwfaomtpm;

tpmrsm;udk a&mif;cJhMuygonf/ tusihfrygaom,HkMunfjcif;

onf taojzpfonf/ usef;rma&;qdkif&ma[mMum;csufrsm;udk

vufawGUvkyfaqmifrIrsm;jzifhjiif;y,fcJhMu&m rsm;pGmrxda&mufcJh

ygacs/ aemufydkif;usif;yaomtpnf;ta0;yGJBuD;rsm;wGif OD;pD;

OD;aqmifûycJhMuolrsm;rSmrl pmawGUaum? vufawGUygynm&xm;

olrsm;jzpf&m tom;[if;rsm;udk xrif;pm;aqmifwGifrauR;

awmhbJ opfoD;0vH? toD;tESHESifh [if;oD;[if;½Gufrsm;udkom

tvQHy,fauR;arG;cJhygonf/ {nfhonfrsm;u tom;[if;rauR;

&jcif;taMumif;udk ar;vmMuaomtcgwGif tom;onf

usef;rma&;ESifhrnDnGwfojzifh rauR;aMumif; ½Sif;½Sif;ajymjycJh

Muygonf/

usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkoGefoifjcif; 657 658 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csuf

DF- 42

Letter, p. 79 (1905)

aq;½Hkwpf½HkudkwnfaxmifoifhaMumif; xdkaq;½HkwGif

xkwfvkyfaomaq;0g;rsm;udkroHk;bJ ½dk;½dk;qifjcifwHkw&m;udk

tajcûyonfhukoenf;rsm;jzifh vlemudkukoay;oifhaMumif;

uREfkyftm; tvif;ay;awmfrlygonf/ xdkaq;½HkwGif rSefuefaom

toufwmyHkpHjzifhaexdkifum tzsm;temrsm;udkumuG,fEdkif&ef

0wfqifyHk? touf½ªyHkESifh avsmufywfpGmpm;yHkrsm;udk oifMum;

ay;&efjzpfygonf/

Letter, p. 233 (1905)

uREfkyfwdkY\aq;½Hkrsm;onf aq;ukorIcH,l&ef a&muf½Sd

vmonfhvlemrsm;tm; tvif;ay;onfhae&mjzpf&ygrnf/

ajrxGuftoD;tESHrsm;jzifh pD&ifxm;onfhtpm;tpmrsm;onf

touf½SifaexdkifEd kifaMumif;udk vlemrsm;tm;jyo&rnf/

usef;rma&;qdkif&ma[majymyGJrsm;udkvnf; yHkrSefvkyfay;oifhaMumif;

uREfkyftm;ñTefMum;awmfrlygonf/ c&pfawmfudk,fawmfwdkif

toufay;umuG,fcJhaom vlom;rsm;\usef;rmjcif;ESifhcGeftm;

rsm;udk tm;enf;oGm;aprnfhtpm;tpmrsm;udkjzwfypf&ef vlwdkY

tm; oGefoifMu&efjzpfonf/ tpmtdrfudkxdcdkufaprnfhtpm

rsm;udk rnfodkYa½SmifMuOf&rnfudkvnf; oGefoifay;Mu&rnf/

usef;rma&;jyefvnfaumif;rGefvdkvQif usef;rma&;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;

rsm;udkusifhoHk;jcif;onf ta&;ygaMumif;udk vlemrsm;tm;azmfjy

Muyg/ pm;aomufjcif;ü csKyfwnf;jcif;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;?

v[mjyifwGif udk,fum,avhusifhcef;vkyfjcif;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;

usef;rma&;aumif;rGefvmEdkifaMumif;udk vlemrsm;tm;azmfjyMu

yg/ uREfkyfwdkYaq;½Hk\vkyfaqmifrIaMumifh tema&m*grsm;oufom

oGm;um usef;rma&;jyefvnfaumif;rGefvm&efjzpfygonf/ tpm;

taomufwGif qifqifjcifjcif½Sdjcif;tm;jzifh usef;rma&;aumif;

vmEdkifaMumif;udkvnf;aumif;? tom;udka½Smifaomolü tusKd;

aus;Zl;cHpm;&aMumif;udkvnf;aumif; oGefoifMu&rnf/ tpm;

tpmESifhywfoufaomar;cGef;onf pdwf0ifpm;p&mtaMumif;t&m

wpfckjzpfaeygonf/ vlwdkYonf pm;zdkYtouf½Sifaejcif;r[kwfbJ

touf½SifzdkYpm;aeMujcif;jzpfaMumif;udk vlwdkYtm; oifMum;

ay;&ef t"du&nf½G,fcsufjzifh uREfkyfwdkY\aq;½Hkudkwnfaxmif

xm;jcif;jzpfygonf/

Letter, p. 204 (1906)

vlemrsm;tm; wwfEdkiforQtcef;xJwGifraeygapESifh/

0dnmOfcGeftm;jzpfapNyD; em;vnf&vG,fulonfh usrf;pmoifcef;pm

ESifh ½dk;½dk;pmayrsm;udkzwfapyg/ {nfhcef;xJwGif pdwfayghyg;

aysmf½Tifap&ef pum;pjrnfrsm;ajymMuapyg/ usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;

rsm;taMumif;udkvnf;ajymjyyg/ ½IyfaxG;aprnfh usef;rmjcif;

qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrItaMumif;rsm;udkrajymygESifh/ aq;½Hk

vmwufonfh xdkvlemrsm;onf aq;½Hkqif;oGm;aomtcg

¤if;wdkY\rdom;pkrsm;udk jyefvnfajymjywwfaprnfh ½dk;½dk;

usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkoifay;Muyg/

vlemrsm;tdrfodkYjyefa&mufaomtcg toHk;rûyEdkifrnfh

pufypönf;toHk;taqmifrsm;twGuf aiGaMu;rsm;udkoHk;onfh


tEÅ&m,f½Sdwwfygonf/ touf½Sifaeaom ¤if;wdkY\cE¨mudk,f

,EÅ&m;BuD; [efcsufnDnDtvkyfvkyfEdkifap&eftvdkYiSm rnfonfh

tpmrsm;udk pnf;urf;wuspm;&rnfudkom oifay;oifhMuygonf/

Letter, p. 145 (1904)

uREfkyfwdkY\aq;½Hkrsm;ESifh aq;ausmif;rsm;wGif csKyfwnf;

jcif;ESifhpyfvsOf;í ½Sif;vif;jywfom;pGmoifMum;ay;oifhonf/

rl;,pfaponfht&ufaopmrsm;\raumif;usKd;rsm;ESifh xdkt&m

rsm;udka½SmifMuOfjcif;tm;jzifh &½Sdrnfhaumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;taMumif;

udk vlemrsm;tm;ajymjyoifhygonf/ usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaprnfh

t&mrsm;udkrpm;oHk;bJ xdktpmrsm;tpm; opfoD;0vHrsm;udk

tvQHy,fpm;oHk;Mu&ef tm;ay;oifhygonf/ vdar®mfoD;? a½Smuf

oD;? qD;oD;? rufref;oD;rSpí toD;rsKd;pHkudk&½SdEdkif&m êud;pm;

vkyfaqmifMurnfqdkvQif xm0&bk&m;ocifonf þurÇm

ajrBuD;tm; toD;tyGifhrsm;ESifhjynfh0apawmfrlvdrfhrnf/

MH, pp. 176-177 (1905)

cHwGif;awmifhwrI\wefcdk;rS ½kef;uefaeMuaomolrsm;tm;

usef;rmaysmf½TifpGm touf½Sifaexdkifjcif;pnf;rsOf;rsm;taMumif;udk

oGefoifoifhygonf/ obm0ESifhravsmfnDaom cHwGif;awmifhw

jcif;ESifh a&m*gb,&½Sdaprnfhtajctaersm;udkzefwD;jcif;jzifh

usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udkcsKd;azgufjcif;onf t&uform;

b0udka&mufaprnfh tajccHtkwfjrpfrsm;udkwnfaqmufaejcif;

jzpfaMumif; ¤if;wdkYtm;azmfjyoifhygonf/ xdkusef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;

rsm;ESifhtnD aexdkiftouf½Sifjcif;onfomvQif obm0twdkif;

r[kwfonfh xdktm;<uaprnfhtpmrsm;udk pm;csifaomufcsifpdwf

r½SdapEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/ cHwGif;awmifhwrI\taESmiftzGJUrS

½kef;xGuf&ef bk&m;ocifhxHrScGeftm;,laeMupOfwGif ¤if;wdkYonf

udk,fusifhw&m;ESifh cE¨mudk,fqdkif&mynwfxm;onfh udk,fawmf

\rdefYrSmcsufrsm;udk em;axmifvdkufavQmufum xm0&bk&m;ocif

ESifhtwl yl;aygif;vkyfaqmifMu&ygrnf/

MS, p. 1 (1888)

aq;½Hk? aq;cef;rsm;wGif rnfonfhtxl;wm0efudk

xrf;aqmif&ef uREfkyfwdkYtm;cefYxm;ygonf/ rSm;,Gif;aomcHwGif;

awmifhwrIudkvdkufpm;&ef pmawGUvufawGUtm;jzifh ynmay;jcif;

rûybJ xdkt&mESifhuif;½Sif;atmif ynmay;Mu&efjzpfonf/ ûyjyif

ajymif;vJrIpHEIef;ud k tbufbufrSjr§if hwif&efjzpfonf/

]]nDtpfudkwdkY? touf½Sifjcif;vu©Pm? oefY½Sif;jcif;vu©Pm?

bk&m;ocif ESpfoufawmfrlzG,faomvu©PmESifhjynfhpHkaom,Zfudk

oifwdkYonfylaZmfí rdrdudk,fcE¨mudk bk&m;ociftm;tyfESHjcif;

wnf;[laom oifwd k Y ûytyfaom0wfud k ûyrnftaMumif;

bk&m;ocif\u½kPmawmfud kaxmufxm;í oifwd k Yud k

igwdkufwGef;EId;aqmfay\/ oifwdkYonf avmuyHkoP²mefudk

raqmifMuESifh/ aumif;jrwfaomt&m? ESpfoufzG,faomt&m?

pHkvifaomt&mwnf;[laom bk&m;ociftvdk½Sdaomt&monf

tb,ft&mjzpfonfudk oifEdkifrnftaMumif; pdwfESvHk;topf

jyifqifí yHkoP²mefajymif;vJjcif;odkYa&mufMuavmh}} [k

wrefawmfaygvkuvnf; toHjr§ifhízGifhqdkxm;ygonf/

oefY½Sif;pifMu,fí usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaomtpm;tpm

rsm;ESifhpyfqdkifonfhpnf;rsOf;rsm;udkwifquf&ef &nf½G,fcsufjzifh


uREfkyfwdkY\aq;½Hk? aq;ausmif;rsm;udkwnfaxmifxm;ygonf/

udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;? rdrdudk,fudkxdef;csKyfjcif;qdkif&mtod

ynmrsm;udkrQa0Mu&rnf/ aq;½HkodkYa&muf½Sdvmolrsm;a½SUwGif

vlom;rsm;udkzefqif;½Hkomru u,fwifawmfrlcJhonfhc&pfawmfudk

ajr§mufwifjyoMu&rnf/ vltaygif;wdkYonf ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;

vdktyfaMumif; jrifawGUEdkif&eftvdkYiSm toufwmNidrfoufjcif;

ESifh usef;rmjcif;ESifhywfoufaomvrf;pOfrsm;udk wpfckcsif;today;

wifjyMu&rnf/ raumif;rItjypfrsm;aMumifh bk&m;ocifzsufqD;

ypfvdkufonfh a&vTrf;rdk;jcif;rwdkifrD urÇmBuD;ESifhaom'HkûrdUrsm;wGif

aexdkifolrsm;usifhaqmifcJhonfh ,kwfnHhedrfhusaomtusifhp½dkuf

rsm;udk vltrsm;jiif;y,fatmif vrf;jyMu&rnf/

aq;½HkodkYvma&mufvnfywfoltaygif;wdkYudk ynmay;

Mu&rnf/ Zmwfedrfh? Zmwfjrifh? vlqif;&J? vlcsrf;omtm;vHk;

wdkY\a½SUarSmufwGif u,fwifjcif;pDrHudef;taMumif;udkzGifh[Mu

&rnf/ tpm;taomufwGif csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhpGmjzifh udk,ftvdk

udkvdkufjcif;onf a&m*gb,rsm;ESifh tusKd;qufwpfcktjzpf

aemufqufwGJjzpfay:vmonfh raumif;aomtusifhp½dkufrsm;\

tajccHtaMumif;&if;jzpfonfudkjrifawGUvmatmif *½kwpdkuf

jyifqifxm;onfhñTefMum;csufrsm;jzifh a[majymwifquf&rnf/

toufyifrSt½Gufrsm;

9T, p. 168 (1909)

usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;u@wGif uREfkyfwdkY

vkyfzdkYvdkonfht&mrsm;udk aESmifhaES;rIr½SdbJvkyfaqmifMu&ef

uREfkyftm;ñTefMum;awmfrlygonf/ þtrIawmfvkyfief;tm;jzifh

vrf;êudvrf;Mum;½Sdvltrsm;xHodkY uREfkyfwdkYa&muf½SdoGm;Edkifyg

onf/ aq;½Hkrsm;odkYa&muf½Sdvmolrsm;pGmwdkYonf ,aeYtrSef

w&m;udkvufcHvdkufavQmufMuvdrfhrnf[k uREfkyftm; txl;

tvif;ay;awmfrlxm;ygonf/ rdrdwdkY\udk,fcE¨mudk rnfodkY

*½kpdkufûypk&rnfudkvnf;aumif;? wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif ,HkMunf

jcif;wGif rnfuJhodkYcdkifrmatmifwnfaqmuf&rnfudkvnf;aumif;

aq;½HkwGifa&muf½SdaeMuol trsKd;om;? trsKd;orD;rsm;udkoGefoif&ef

jzpfonf/ c&pfawmf\tom;udkpm;jcif;ESifh taoG;udkaomuf

jcif;wdkY\teufudkvnf; oGefoifay;Mu&ygrnf/ ]udk,fum,

onf tvQif;rwwfEdkif? igajymaompum;onf 0dnmOfjzpf\}

[k c&pfawmfudk,fwdkifrdefYawmfrlcJhzl;ygonf/

MH, pp. 227, 228 (1905)

usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapaomtusifhp½dkufrsm;udk pGefYvTwfzdkY

roifMum;cJhvQif bk&m;ociftm; temaysmufuif;apawmfrlol

wpfyg;jzpfaMumif; oGefoifaejcif;onf tcsdefukefvlyef;om

jzpfygvdrfhrnf/ qkawmif;xm;onfhtwdkif; bk&m;ocifhxHrS

aumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;udkcHpm;Edkif&eftvdkYiSm raumif;rIvkyf&yfrsm;

udk&yfwefYum aumif;rIrsm;udkvkyfaqmifMu&ygrnf/ ¤if;wdkY\

ywf0ef;usifonfoefYpifNyD; ¤if;wdkY\p½dkuftusifhrsm;onf

rSefuefMu&ygrnf/ ¤if;wdkYonf obm0w&m;ESifhvnf;aumif;?

0dnmOfa&;qdkif&mynwfrsm;ESifhvnf;aumif; nDnGwfpGmtouf½Sif

aexdkifMu&ygrnf/


MS, p. 22 (1887)

vlemrsm;twGufzGifhvSpfxm;onfhaq;½Hkrsm;onf obm0

w&m;ESifhtnDaexdkifum usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaponfh avmu

qefaom0wfpm;qif,ifrIrsm;udkypfy,fap&ef ynmay;zdk Y

taumif;qHk;ae&mjzpfygonf/ xdkaq;½Hkrsm;onf avmuudk

tvif;ay;&ef aumif;aomtvkyfrsm;udkvkyfaqmifaeMuygonf/

,ckwGif a&m*grsm;udkukoonfhbufrS ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;

orm;rsm;jzpfaom q&m0efrsm;ü vdktyfcsuf½Sdaeygonf/ rdrdwdkY

vkyf&rnfhwm0efrsm;udk a½SUodkYqufívkyfaqmifEdkifzdkY êud;pm;

tm;xkwf&ef vdktyfovdka&m*grsm;udkuko&mwGif uRrf;usifrI

tjynfhjzifhuko&ef ¤if;wdkYtm; arQmfvifhaeolrsm;udk pdwf0ifwpm;

oGefoifay;&ef vdktyfvSygonf/ xdkolrsm;onf xdcdkufrIr½SdbJ

csKd;azgufvdkYr&onfh bk&m;ocifay;ynwfcsufpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk

txl;tm½Hkxm;*½kûyoifhygonf/ olwdkYonf a&m*gudkukozdkY

avmufom êud;pm;vkyfaqmifaeMuaomfvnf; a&m*grjzpf

atmifumuG,f&ef xdkpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk ½dk½dkaoaojzifhowdxm;

vdkufavQmufzdkY rvIHYaqmfMuacs/ q&m0efrsm;udk,fwdkifu tpm;

tpmydkif;wGif rSm;,Gif;aeaomoufowfvGwf[if;rsm;xuf

tom;[if;udkyd kíESpfoufaeOD;rnfqdkvQif tpmudkpm;&ef

olwpfyg;udkvnf; olynmay;ysKd;axmifaeOD;rnfomjzpfonf/

ol\tawG;tac:rsm;onf usOf;ajrmif;NyD; rMumrDrSmyif

olêudufonfhtpmrsm;udkpm;&ef ol\vlemrsm;udk olynmay;

pDpOfay;ygvdrfhrnf/ cGeftm;udkray;bJ tm;<urIudkomjzpfaponfh

tqdk;½Gm;qHk;aomtpmjzpfaom wd&pämeftom;rsm;udkpm;&ef

vlemtm; olñTefMum;vdrfhrnf/ olwdkYonf rdrdwdkY\pm;aomuf

usifhta[mif;rsm;udk rpl;prf;awmh½Hkomru a&m*gjzpf&ef

ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmtkwfjrpfcsay;cJhonfh rSm;,Gif;aomtusifhp½dkuf

rsm;udkvnf; txl;*½krxm;Muawmhacs/

owdynmESifhjynfhpHkaomq&m0efrsm;rSm todOmPfuif;rJh

olrsm;tm; tvif;w&m;ay;&ef tqifoifh½SdMu½Hkomru

raumif;rSef;odaomtpmrsm;udkrpm;zdkYwm;jrpfvsuf ñTefMum;csuf

rsm;udk ynmowdjynfh0pGmjzifhay;wwfygonf/ olwdkYonf

usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapEdkifonf[k rSwf,l&aomt&mrSeforQudk

½Sif;½Sif;vif;vif;azmfjyum vlemtm; rdrdwdkYvkyfEdkiforQudk owd

ynm½Sd½SdESifhvkyfapum usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;jzifh vlemrsm;udk

rSefuefpGmqufpyfapMuygonf/

2T, pp. 74-75 (1902)

q&m0efwpfOD;onf pm;rSm;aomufrSm;aMumifh zsm;em

aeaomvlemwpfOD;udkawGU½SdaomtcgwGif zsm;emjcif;\taMumif;

&if;ajymum ûyjyifajymif;vJzdkYvdktyfaMumif;axmufjy&ef vspfvsL½I

cJhvQif olonf xdkvlemtm; xdcdkufrI½Sdatmif vkyfaqmifaejcif;

jzpfygonf/ t&uform;rsm;? taysmftyg;vdkufpm;jcif;aMumifh

½l;ESrf;ESrf;jzpfaeolrsm;u a&m*ga0'emrsm;onf tjypf\tzdk;tc

jzpfaMumif; ½Sif;½Sif;vif;vif;jywfjywfom;om;zGifh[Mu&ef

q&m0efrsm;tm;awmif;qdkaeygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf usef;rma&;

ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&m r[mtvif;w&m;udk&½Sdxm;MuNyDjzpf&m


a&m*gjzpfapEdkifonfhtaMumif;&if;rsm;udk qefYusifwdkufvSef&m

wGif tb,faMumifh cdkifrmpGmjzifhêud;pm;vkyfaqmifrIr½SdMu&

oenf;/ a0'emrsm;ESifh tNrJwrf;wkdufvSefaeonfudkjrifawGU

ae&NyD; xdka0'emrsm;udk oufomap&ef tNrJwrf;vkyfaqmif

ae&aomuREfkyfwdkY\q&m0efrsm;onf tb,fodkYNidrfoufrI

&EdkifMuygrnfenf;/ owday;pum;rsm;udkrajymbJ ¤if;wdkY

xdef;csKyfxm;Ed kif Murnfvm;/ a&m*gudkukpm;onfhenf;

wpfckuJhodkYjzpfaom wdusaomcsKyfwnf;jcif;tusifhudk roifMum;

ay;bJ olwdkYonf apwem? u½kPmESifhjynfh0aomq&m0efrsm;

jzpfEdkifMuygrnfvm;/

CH, pp. 451-452 (1890)

vlemrsm;udk aq;ukojcif;omru a&m*grsm;udkwm;qD;

ay;jcif;twGuf enf;vrf;wpfcktjzpf uREfkyfwdkYESifheD;pyfaom

oltm;vHk;udk tvif;w&m;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwf

aomtpmoGwfbl;ajrmufjrm;pGmudk xkwfaqmifEdkifygonf/

a&m*gjzpf&jcif;taMumif;&if;obm0ESifhpyfvsOf;í a&m*g½Sifrsm;

tm;ynmay;&eftwGufaomfvnf;aumif;? a&m*gr&atmif

a½Smif½Sm;aomenf;vrf;rsm;udk oifMum;ay;&eftwGufaomfvnf;

aumif; êud;pm;vkyfaqmifaeaomq&m0efrsm;onf jyif;xef

pGmvHkYv0D&d,pdkufaumif;pdkuf&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; olonf owd

ynmESifhjynfhpHkaom ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;wpfOD;jzpfcJhvQif

olonf udk,ftvdkudkvdkufonfh 0wfpm;qif,ifrIwdkY\qdk;usKd;

rsm;udkvnf;aumif;? vlemrsm;tm; aq;½HkodkYa&mufvmaponfh

(ta&;ygonfhtiftm;pkrsm;udk) 0efESifhtm;rrQavmufatmif

t*Fgpkrsm;udktvkyfvkyfapjcif;rsm;udkvnf;aumif; ½Sif;vif;pGm

zGifhqdka[majymMuvdrfhrnf/ vlem\obm0cGeftm;rsm;onf

½kef;uefrIudkpGefYvTwfonfhtajca&mufatmif tm;ukefoGm;onf

txd aq;0g;rsm;udktoHk;ûyjcif;tm;jzifh raumif;aomt&mrsm;ukd

wdk;yGm;aprnfr[kwfbJ rSefuefaomtusifhp½dkufwnfaqmufyHkudk

oGefoifay;um? obm0ukxHk;rsm;udktoHk;ûyum e*dktaetxm;

odkYjyefvnfa&muf½SdoGm;atmif ulnDrpygvdrfhrnf/

uREfkyfwdkY\aq;½HkESifhaq;ausmif;rsm;wGif usef;rma&;

qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;onfh ñTefMum;csufrsm;udkay;onfh

txl;tpDtpOfrsm;udk usif;yûyvkyfoifhygonf/ usef;rmjcif;

qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk vlemrsm;ESifh aq;½Hk

vkyfom;tm;vHk;a½SUwGif *½kwpdkuftdyfoGefzmarSmufazmfjyoifh

ygonf/ þtvkyfudkvkyfaqmif&ef pdwfydkif;qdkif&m&JpGrf;owåd

rsm;vdktyfonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf þvkyfaqmifrIaMumifh

vltrsm;tusKd;½SdrnfrSmaocsmaomfvnf; qefYusifwdkufcdkufrI

rsm;udkvnf; &ifqdkifMu&ygvdrfhrnf/ odkYaomf bk&m;ocif\

pdwfawmfESifhtnD touf½SifaomwynfhawmftppftrSefrsm;rSm

vlom;rsm;udk avmutESHYwGifjzpfay:aeaomtjypfraumif;rI

rsm;ESifh a0;&mtxuft&yfodkYydkYaqmifaeMuouJhodkY txuf

t&yfESifhqdkifaomt&mrsm;udkvkyfaqmif&ef oGefoifaeMurnf

jzpfonf/


Letter, p. 82 (1908)

ynmoifausmif;rsm;onf aq;½Hkaq;cef;rsm;ESifh jzpfEdkif

onfhae&mwdkif;wGif yl;wGJvkyfaqmifMu&rnfjzpfaMumif; uREfkyf

tm;½Sif;vif;pGmñTefMum;awmfrlygonf/ þt&mESpfck\trIawmf

vkyfief;rsm;ud k a&m,Sufaygif;zufvkyfaqmifMu&rnf/

vdkrmvif'gü ausmif;wpfausmif;½SdaeonfhtwGuf bk&m;ocifudk

aus;Zl;wifrdygonf/ aq;zufqdkif&mc&pf,mefomoemûyrsm;udk

arG;xkwfay;aeaomausmif;rsm;wGif xl;cRefxufjrufaom

orm;awmfBuD;rsm;\ ynma&;qdkif&mtpGrf;wefcd k;onf

ta&;ygvSygonf/ xdkausmif;rsm;wGif ynmoif,laeMuonfh

ausmif;om;rsm;tm; cdkifrmaomusef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJ

a&;orm;rsm;jzpfvmatmif oifMum;ay;&rnf/ a&m*grsm;ESifh

¤if;wdkY\Zmpfjrpfrsm;ESifhvnf;aumif;? a&m*gumuG,fyHkrsm;ESifh

vnf;aumif;? a&m*g½Sifrsm;tm; ukoonfhenf;rsm;ESifhvnf;

aumif; pyfvsOf;onfhoifMum;ydkYcscsufrsm;onf wefzdk;rjzwfEdkif

onfhynmwpfckjzpfNyD; xdkynmonf uREfkyfwdkY\ausmif;om;

tm;vHk;&½Sd&rnfhynmyifjzpfonf/

ausmif;ESifhaq;½HkwdkYa&m,Sufí trIawmfxrf;aqmifjcif;ü

rsm;pGmtcGifhomapygonf/ aq;½Hkuay;vdkufonfhñTefMum;csuf

rsm;tm;jzifh ausmif;om;rsm;onf txdef;tuGyfrJhpm;aomuf

jcif;tusifhudk a½SmifMuOfwwfvmygvdrfhrnf/

9T, p. 112 (1909)

usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk

vltrsm;od½Sdatmifvkyfaqmif&ef uREfkyfwdkYtm;wm0efay;xm;yg

onf/ tpm;tpmESifhywfoufaomynmay;vkyfief;rsm;onf

{0Ha*vdw&m;awmfa[mMum;jcif;vkyfief;xJwGif xnfhoGif;

vkyfaqmif&avmufatmif ta&;ryg[k wcsKdUuxifMuonf/

xdkodkYxifjrif,lqjcif;onf r[mtrSm;BuD;wpfckjzpfonf/

]pm;aomfvnf;aumif;? aomufaomfvnf;aumif;? cyfodrf;aom

trIudkûyaomfvnf;aumif; bk&m;ocif\bkef;wefckd;udkaxmufí

vkyfaqmifMuavmh} [k EIwfxGufpum;uzGifhqdkxm;&m t&m

cyfodrf;wdkYü csKyfwnf;jcif;trIonf u,fwifjcif;qdkif&m

trIawmfwGif ta&;ygaomu@wpfckjzpfaeygonf/

ûrdUBuD;rsm;wGifvkyfaqmifaeaomc&pf,mefomoem

vkyfief;ESi f hqufET,fNyD; pdwf0ifpm;rI½S daomvlrsm;tm;

oifwef;ay;&efpk½Hk;Edkifavmufatmif us,f0ef;onfhtcef;

rsm;yg½Sdoifhonf/ vlwdkY\pdwfxJwGif txifao;pdwfay:oGm;

atmifjzpfovdkenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh þta&;ygaomtrIawmf

udkvkyfaqmif&efr[kwfyg/ vkyfaqmifaeorQtrIawmftm;vHk;onf

trSefw&m;\t½Sifbk&m;ocifudk ESpfoufzG,faomoufaocH

jzpfoifhonfhjyif aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;owif;pum;wGif

azmfjyxm;aomw&m;awmf\oefY½Sif;jcif;ESifh ta&;ygrIrsm;udk

avsmufywfpGmudk,fpm;ûyoifhygonf/

CH, pp. 449-450 (1890)

uREfkyfwdkY\c&pf,mefomoeme,frsm;wGif½SdaeMuaom

OmPf&nfxufjrufonfhtrsKd;orD;rsm;ü tdrfwGif;rIvkyfief;

wm0efrsm;udk vkyfaqmif&efwm0ef½Sdygonf/ txl;ojzifh


xrif;[if;aumif;aumif;csufwwfonfh trsK d;orD;onf

xdkwm0efrsm;udkvkyfaqmifMu&ygrnf/ t&nftaoG;taumif;qHk;

tpmrsm;udk jyifqifwwfMu&ygrnf/ vufzuf&nf? aumfzD?

[if;arT;rqvmESifhraumif;aomtpmrsm;udk pm;csifolrsm;

½SdaeygvQif ¤if;wdkYudkynmay;Muyg/ ¤if;wdkYoabmaygufem;vnf

vmatmif êud;pm;Muyg/ or®musrf;pmwGifazmfjyxm;onfh

usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk ¤if;wdkYtm;ajymjyMuyg/

CH, p. 449 (1890)

usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhtnD touf½SifaexdkifEdkif&ef

twGufomru ydkíaumif;aomtoufwmvrf;pOfudk olwpfyg;

tm;ñTefjyEdkif&eftvdkYiSm uREfkyfwdkYonf rdrdudk,fudkynmay;oifh

Muygonf/ þacwfumvESifhywfoufonfhtrSefw&m;udk

,HkMunfygonf[kzGifhqdkxm;olrsm;yifvQif usef;rmjcif;ESifh

csKyfwnf;jcif;taMumif;rsm;udk rodem;rvnfMuao;acs/

¤if;wdkYudk xdktaMumif;t&mrsm;taMumif; *CePynmay;oifh

ygonf/ xdktaMumif;t&mudk ¤if;wdkYa½SUwGif xyfcgwvJajymjy

oifhygonf/ xdkt&mudk ta&;rBuD;aomtaMumif;t&mwpfck

tjzpfypfxm;&rnfr[kwfyg/ taMumif;rSm þtaMumif;t&mudk

tdrfaxmiftoD;oD;tm; ynmay;zdkYvdkygonf/ rSefuefaom

ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk vufawGUusifhoHk;&efwm0ef

½SdaMumif; od½Sdvm&ef rodpdwfudkEId;qGay;Mu&rnf/ t&m

cyfodrf;wdkYwGif csKyfwnf;jcif;tusifhudkusifhMu&ef rdrdvlwdkYtm;

xm0&bk&m;ocifawmif;qdkawmfrlonf/ csKyfwnf;jcif;tusifh

udk rusifhMuvQif trSefw&m;\oefYpifapEdkifaomwefcdk;awmfudk

¤if;wdkYodEdkifpGrf;½SdMuawmhrnfr[kwfacs/

uREfkyfwdkY\c&pf,mef"r®q&mrsm;onf þtaMumif;t&m

udk em;vnfoabmaygufvmoifhygonf/ ¤if;wdk Yonf

xdktaMumif;t&mudk rodusKd;uRefrûyoifhovdk ¤if;wdkYtm;

tpGef;a&mufolrsm;[k ac:a0:orkwfolrsm;\ab;z,fxm;

jcif;udkvnf;rcHoifhygacs/ rSefuefaomusef;rma&;ûyjyif

ajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkazmfxkwfum ¤if;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk

olwpfyg;tm; *CePoifay;½Hkomru udk,fwdkifvnf;

usifhoHk;NyD;yHkoufaojyMuyg/ tpnf;a0;BuD;rsm;wGif usef;rmjcif;

ESifhcsKyfwnf;jcif;taMumif;udk oGefoifoifhygonf/ em;vnf

oabmaygufvmatmif EId;qGzdkYêud;pm;Muyg/ rdrdwdkYü½Sdaom

tpGrf;owådrsm;udk trIawmfwGif toHk;csMuyg/ ]ynmay;yg?

ynmay;yg? ynmay;yg} [laomowif;pum;onf uREfkyf\

pdwfxJwGif tNrJwrf;owd&atmufarhaeonfh bk&m;ocif

ay;owif;pum;wpfckjzpfonf/

6T, p. 112 (1900)

uyfumvtqHk;odkYa&mufvkqJqJtcsdefwGif touf½Sif

aexdkifaomuREfkyfwdkYonf usef;rmjcif;ESif hqdkifaomûyjyif

ajymif;vJa&;ar;cGef;udk ydkíxkwfMu½Hkomru cdkifrmívufcH

Edkifrnfhenf;pepfudktoHk;ûyum c&pf,mefcsKyfwnf;jcif;taMumif;

udkwifjyMu&rnf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf a[mMum;jcif;rsm;ESifhomru

vufawGUvkyfief;rsm;tm;jzifhvnf; ynmay;&ef pOfqufrjywf

êud;pm;oGm;&ygrnf/ tajymESifhtvkyfyl;aygif;aqmif½GufygvQif

BuD;rm;aomMoZmoufa&mufrIwpfckudk jzpfay:apEdkifygonf/


6T, pp. 376-378 (1900)

uREfkyfwdkY\c&pf,mef"r®q&mrsm;onf usef;rmjcif;

qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udk em;vnfoabmaygufoifhMuyg

onf/ cEmaA'ESifh wpfudk,fa&usef;rma&;taMumif;rsm;ESifhvnf;

&if;ESD;xm;zdkYvdkygonf/ ¤if;jyif cE¨mudk,ftoufwmudk

pdk;rdk;xm;onfh pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkvnf;aumif;? xdkpnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh

udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\usef;rma&;tMum;qufpyfrIrsm;udkvnf;aumif;

em;vnfoifhygonf/

axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaomvlwdkYonf ¤if;wdkYtm; bk&m;

ocifay;oem;xm;onfh tHhMozG,f&mcE¨mudk,ftaMumif;udk

vnf;aumif;? xdkcE¨mudk,ftm; Munfh½Iapmifha½SmufyHkrsm;udk

vnf;aumif; rodem;rvnfMuacs/ þae&mwGif c&pf,mef

"r®q&mrsm;vkyfaqmif&rnfh vkyfief;wpfck½Sdygonf/ olwdkYonf

þudpöESifhywfoufí rSefuefpGm&yfwnfonfhtcsdefwGif rsm;pGm

tusKd;xl;ygvdrfhrnf/ olwdkYonf rdrdwdkY\toufwmESifh

tdrfaxmifrsm;wGif rSefuefaompnf;rsOf;rsm;udkusifhoHk;um

usef;rmpGmaexdkiftouf½Sifvsuf toufwm\pnf;rsOf;rsm;

udkvdkufavQmufoifhMuygonf/ xdktcgwGif ¤if;wdkYonf vlwdkYudk

ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;trIawmfydkíjrifhrm;atmif vrf;jyvsuf

þtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk rSefuefpGmajymEdkifvmMuvdrfhrnf/

olwdkYonf rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkif tvif;wGiftouf½Sifaexdkifvsuf

wefzdk;BuD;aom xdkowif;pum;rsKd;udk Mum;csifolrsm;xHodkYoGm;í

a[mMum;EdkifMuygvdrfhrnf/

tu,fíom c&pf,mef"r®q&mrsm;onf usef;rmjcif;

qdkif&mtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk toif;awmfvkyfief;rsm;ESif h

yl;wGJvkyfaqmifcJhMurnfqdkvQif rGefjrwfaomaumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;ESifh

aumif;jrwfaomA[kokwrsm;udk&½SdMuygrnf/ usef;rma&;

qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrItvif;w&m;rsm;udk vltaygif;wdkY

odxm;Mu&ygrnf/ þvkyfief;udk vspfvsL½ªcJhMuygonf/

odoifhodxdkufaomt&mrsm;udk rodMu&ao;ojzifh vltrsm;

wdkYonf aoqHk;ukefMuawmhrnfjzpfonf/ ¤if;wdkY\twå

qefaomtaysmftyg;vdkufpm;jcif;udkrpGefYvTwfrD xdktvif;w&m;

rsm;udk ¤if;wdkY&½Sdxm;Mu&ygrnf/

þudpöESifhywfoufí rSefonfhbufrSm&yfwnf&ef ta&;

ygaomtcsdefjzpfaMumif; uGefz&ifhOuúXrsm;oabmaygufzdkYvdkyg

onf/ c&pf,mef"r®q&mrsm;ESifh ausmif;q&mrsm;onfvnf;

rdrdwdkY&½Sdxm;onfhtvif;w&m;udk tjcm;olrsm;tm;rQa0Mu&ef

jzpfonf/ u@toD;oD;wGif ¤if;wdkYvkyfaqmif&rnfhvkyfief;

rsm;onf vkyfaqmifzdkYvdktyfaeygao;onf/ cdkifrmpGm&yfwnf

aeolrsm;ESifhudk,ftvdkudkvdkufEdkif&ef trSefw&m;ESifhajzmifhrwfjcif;

vrf;pOfrS aoGznfroGm;rnfh,HkMunfolwynfhawmfrsm;udk

udk,fawmfonf rpulnDum cGeftm;ay;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/

aq;zufqdkif&mc&pf,mefomoemvkyfief;rsm;wGif

ynmay;jcif;trIawmfonf udk,fusifhw&m;ESifhywfoufaom

0wå&m;rsm;taMumif;ud k vlom;rsm;tm;EI d;aqmf&mwGif

tvGefta&;ygaomajcvSrf;wpfckjzpfonf/ c&pf,mef"r®q&m

rsm;onf bk&m;ocifay;oem;onfh tvif;w&m;rsm;ESifhtnD

þvkyfief;udkrdrdvkyfaqmifaeaom u@toD;oD;wGifxnfhNyD;


DF- 43

xrf;aqmifcJhrnfqdkvQif pm;aomuf? qif,ifjcif;rsm;wGif

cdkifrmaomûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;ay:xGef;cJhygvdrfhrnf/ odkYaomf

wcsKdUc&pf,mef"r®q&mrsm;onf xdktrIawmfwdk;wufrIudkyif

t[efYtwm;vkyfaeMuygonf/ ¤if;wdkY\pdwf0ifpm;rIr½Sdaom

rSwfcsufrsm; (odkYr[kwf) jypfwifajymqdkrIrsm;? jyuf&,f

ûyjcif;rsm;tm;jzifh vlwdkYudk a½SUodkYrwdk;Edkifatmifvkyfaqmif

aeMuonf/ olwdkYudk,fwdkifomru rsm;jym;pGmaomvltaygif;

wdkYonf aoawmhrnfha&m*gonfrsm;jzpfaeMuNyDjzpfaomfvnf;

¤if;wdkYtm;vHk;onf ûyjyifajymif;vJrIqdkif&mtodw&m;rsm;udk

ravhusuf&ao;ygacs/

vufOD;rI&,lEdkifjcif;aMumifhom atmifjrifrItenf;i,fudk

cHpm;cJhMu&ygonf/ vlwdkYonf udk,fhtvdkudkjiif;vdkpdwfr½SdMu

½Hkomru rdrd\tvdkudk bk&m;ocif\tvdkawmfütyfESHzdkYvnf;

qE´r½SdMuacs/ xdkolwdkYonf rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkifcHpm;ae&aom

a0'emrsm;ESifh rdrdwdkYaMumifh tjcm;olrsm;a0'emcHpm;rIrsm;\

aocsmaom&v'fudkvnf; od½Sdxm;NyD;jzpfygonf/

toif;awmfonf udk,fhordkif;udk udk,fwdkifa&;aeygonf/

aeYpOfaeYwdkif; wdkufyGJ0ifaeygonf? ppfcsDaeygonf? rsufjrif

r&aom&efolrsm;onf ywfvnf0dkif;xm;Muygonf/ uREfkyfwdkY

onf bk&m;ocifrponfhtwGuf rxdkufwefbJ atmifyGJqif

aumif;qifMurnf/ odkYr[kwfygu t½IH;ESifh&ifqdkifMu&rnf/

usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIudpörsm;wGif Mum;ae0g'

usifhoHk;olrsm;udk ajymif;vJMuygawmh[k uREfkyfwdkufwGef;vdkufyg

onf/ þtvif;w&m;onf tvGefrGefjrwfvSygonf/ trIawmf½Sd

u@toD;oD;udk wm0ef,lxrf;aqmifaeoltm;vHk;onf xdktrSef

w&m;udk*½kxm;jcif;tm;jzifh pdwfESvHk;ESifhtoufwmwGif MoZm

tmPmrsm;BuD;xGm;vmrnfjzpfaMumif; zGifh[wdkufwGef;&ef xm0&

bk&m;ocifrdefYawmfrlygonf/ xdkokdYaomtajctaeodkYa&mufrSom

pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;rsm;ESihf&ifqdkif&aomtcg atmifyGJqifEdkifMu

rnfjzpfygonf/

usef;rmjcif;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkusifhoHk;&efysufuGufolrsm;onf

trIawmfaqmif&eft&nftcsif;rrD

tb,faMumif h wcsK d Uc&pf,mef"r®q&mrsm;onf

usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;wGif pdwfr0ifpm;Mu&

oenf;/ taMumif;rSm xdkajymif;vJrIrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\vufawGU

toufwmESifhqefYusifbufjzpfaeaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ þtcsuf

onf usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIvkyfief;wdk;wufrIudk

tBuD;tus,ft[efYtwm;jzpfapygonf/ tpm;tpmESifhpyfvsOf;

NyD; rdrdvlwdkYtm;ay;xm;awmfrlonfhoufaocHcsufESifh qefYusif

aomyHkoufao (odkYr[kwf) qefYusifaomoGefoifcsufrsm;udk

ydkYcsaeolrsm;onf vltaygif;wdkY\q&mwpfOD;tjzpf oD;oefY

owfrSwfxm;aomyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;rjzpfoifhacs/ taMumif;rSm

þtcsufonf ½IyfaxG;rIrsm;udkjzpfoGm;apEdkifygonf/ usef;rm

jcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udk *½krxm;jcif;aMumifh xdkol

onf bk&m;ocif\apwrefwpfOD;taejzifh&yfwnf&ef roifhavsmf

ygacs/


þtaMumif;t&mESifhywfoufí EIwfxGufpum;wGif

udk,fawmfzGifhqdkxm;onfhtvif;w&m;onf ½Sif;vif;ygonf/

vdkufemrI½Sdr½SdjrifawGU&ef enf;rsKd;pHkjzifhprf;oyfawmfrlvdrfhrnf/

csKyfwnf;jcif;taMumif;udk toif;awmfwdkif;? rdom;pkwdkif;tm;

oGefoifay;zdkYvdkonf/ usef;rmjcif;ESifhjynfhpHkEdkif&eftwGuf rnfodkY

pm;aomuf&rnfudk vlwdkif;od½Sdxm;oifhygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf

urÇmh&mZ0if\aemufqHk;aomtcsdefwGif touf½Sifaexdkifvsuf

½SdMu&m Oykofapmifholrsm;\tqifhtwef;ESifhavsmfnDatmif

vkyfaqmifoifhMuygonf/ þowif;pum;udk vlwdk YxH

oGm;a&mufa[mMum;jcif;tvkyfudk pdwfr0ifpm;aomolrsm;onf

c&pfawmfjyonfhvrf;udkvdkufavQmufjcif;r[kwfyg/ ]igü

tyfESHvdkaomoljzpfvQif udk,fudkudk,fjiif;y,f&rnf/ udk,f

vuf0g;uyfwdkifudkxrf;í ighaemufodkYvdkuf&rnf} [k c&pfawmf

rdefYrSmxm;ygonf/

MH, p. 386 (1905)

rdbrsm;onf vlYtzGJUtpnf;rsm;xuf rdrdwdkY\om;orD;

rsm;twGuf tav;xm;touf½SifoifhMuygonf/ usef;rma&;

ESifhpyfqdkifaomtaMumif;rsm;udkavhvmum vufawGUtoHk;cs

Muyg/ tusKd;taMumif;qifjcifoHk;oyfwwfatmif om;orD;

rsm;udkoifay;Muyg/ usef;rmaysmf½TifvdkvQif obm0w&m;ESifh

tnD touf½SifMuzdkY om;orD;rsm;udkoGefoifMuyg/ ¤if;wdkY\

wdk;wufrIonf xifoavmufrjrefonfudkawGUjrifvQifvnf;

pdwf"mwfrusbJ ZGJ½Sd½Sdjzifh om;orD;rsm;udkoGefoifMuyg/

udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;ESifh udk,fhudkudk,fxdef;csKyfjcif;

taMumif;rsm;u i,fpOft½G,frSpí om;orD;rsm;udkoGefoifyg/

obm0\tvSudk cHpm;wwf&eftwGufaomfvnf;aumif;?

udk,fpdwfESpfyg;twGuf tcsKd;ususavhusifhcef;jzpfaponfh

toHk;0ifaomtvkyfudk vkyfudkifwwf&eftwGufaomfvnf;aumif;

oGefoifMuyg/ cE¨mudk,fMuHhcdkifum udk,fusifhw&m;aumif;½Hk

omru oabmaumif;aomolrsm;jzpfatmif ûypkysKd;axmifMuyg/

uREf kyfwdk Yonf vwfwavmt&omcHpm;rIrsm;twGufom

touf½SifMu&efr[kwfbJ tqHk;pGefwGifaumif;pm;ap&ef&nfpl;í

touf½SifaexdkifzdkY xm0&bk&m;ociftvdk½Sdaeonfqdkonfh

trSefw&m;udk ¤if;wdkY\pdwfxJwGifpGJaeygavap/ pHkprf;aESmifh,Suf

jcif;aemufodkYvdkufygjcif;onf tm;enf;jcif;oufouf? qdk;,kwfrI

oufoufomjzpfaomaMumifh pHkprf;jcif;udkwGef;vSefMuzdk Y

¤if;wdkYtm;oGefoifMuyg/ þt&mrsm;onf ajrMoZmaumif;

aomajrxJodkYBuJvdkufaomrsKd;aphuJhodkYjzpfum oif\ESvHkk;tm;

MunfEl;aprnfhtoD;rsm;udk oD;ay;Muvdrfhrnf/

6T, pp. 370-371 (1900)

toif;awmfwdkif;üvnf;aumif;? pmoifausmif;wdkif;ü

vnf;aumif; usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;owif;pum;

rsm;udkrQa0Mu&rnf/ þûyjyifajymif;vJrIudk vufawGUusus

rodem;rvnfolrsm;udk vli,frsm;udkynmay;onfhausmif;q&m

wm0efESif h ausmif;tkyfwm0efudkray;MuygESifh/ wcsKdUrSm

þtaMumif;t&mudk A[kokwr½SdbJ jypfwifa0zefaeMuonf/


ar;cGef;xkwfaeMuonf/ tjypf½SmaeMuygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf

rSefuefaom þvkyfief;BuD;udkvkyfaqmifaeolrsm;ESifh ycHk;csif;pyf?

&ifcsif;tyfNyD;&yfwnfoifhMuygonf/

usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;owif;pum;rsm;udk

toif;awmfrsm;wGif wifjycJhzl;aomfvnf; vIdufvIdufvSJvSJ

vufrcHcJhMuacs/ twåvGefuJNyD; usef;rma&;udkzsufqD;rnfh

avmuavsmfarGUjcif;cHpm;rIudk jrwfEdk;wG,fwmMuonfh trsKd;om;?

trsKd;orD;rsm;wdkYu bk&m;ocif\aeYBuD;twGuf vlom;rsm;udk

jyifqifay;rnfh þowif;pum;\MoZmoufa&mufrIudk qefYusif

wdkufvSefcJhMuygonf/ toif;awmfrsm;onf cGeftm;jynfh0pGmjzifh

touf½SifvIyf½Sm;vdkvQif ¤if;wdkYonf bk&m;ocifay;oem;

awmfrlonfh trSefw&m;ESifhtnD touf½SifaexdkifMu&ygrnf/

usef;rmjcif;ESifhqdkifaom þtvif;w&m;udk toif;om;rsm;

tav;rxm;cJhMuvQif udk,fcE¨mESifh0dnmOfa&;ESpfckpvHk;\

odrfzsif;edrfhusjcif;&v'fudk aocsmayguf&dwfodrf;Mu&vdrfhrnf/

þtoif;om;a[mif;BuD;rsm;aMumifh ,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifh

toif;awmfodkYa&muf½SdvmMuonfh toif;om;topfrsm;onf

tusifhysufvmMuvdrfhrnf/ trSefw&m;vrf;xJodkY vlrsm;pGm

a&muf½Sdvmatmif ,cktcsdefwGif xm0&bk&m;ocifonf

ûyawmfrrlyg/ taMumif;rSm wpfcgrQrajymif;vJao;onfh

toif;om;rsm; wpfcPomajymif;vJNyD; aemufydkif;wGif azgufjyef

aomtoif;om;rsm;aMumih f jzpfygonf/ tyfES HrIr½S daom

þtoif;om;rsm;onf toif;om;topfrsm;tay:wGif

rnfonfhMoZmvTrf;rdk;rIudk vkyfaqmifMuvdrfhrnfenf;/ ¤if;wdkY

jzefYa0&rnfh bk&m;ocifay;xdkowif;pum;udk tusKd;oufa&muf

atmif olwdkYvkyfaqmifMuvdrfhrnfvm;/

7T, p. 62 (1902)

aq;zufqdkif&mc&pf,mefomoemvkyfief;wGif toif;

om;wdkif; yg0ifvkyfaqmif&rnfhtcsdefudk uREfkyfwdkYa&muf½SdvmygNyD/

þurÇmBuD;onf udk,fcE¨mESifhpdwf0dnmOfESpfckpvHk;wGif a&m*g

&½Sdxm;onfha&m*gonfrsm;ESifhjynfhaeaom 'ku©onftdrfwpfvHk;

jzpfaeygonf/ ae&mwumwGif vltaygif;wdkYonf ¤if;wdkY

twGufay;xm;aomowif;pum;udkrodaomaMumifh ysufpD;

qHk;yg;aeMu&ygonf/ xdktrSefw&m;owif;pum;udk jzefYcsdzdkY

wm0ef½SdonfqdkonfhtodEdk;Mum;vm&ef toif;om;wdkif;udk

EId;aqmfzdkYvdktyfaeygonf/ tvif;w&m;&½Sdxm;olrsm;onf

avmutwGuftvif;aqmifolrsm;jzpfMu&rnf/ tvif;udk

rvif;atmifzHk;xm;jcif;onf aMumufp&maumif;onfh rSm;,Gif;rI

wpfckudkusL;vGefjcif;jzpfonf/ oifxavmh? vif;avmh? oif\

tvif;a&mufvmNyD/ xm0&bk&m;ocif\bkef;wefcdk;onf

oifhtay:rSmay:xGef;vsuf½Sd\/

tvif;w&m;ESifhtodynmrsm;rsm;&½Sdxm;olrsm;onf

taumif;udkvkyfaqmif&rnfhtpm; tqdk;udkvkyfaqmifaeonfudk

tbufbufüuREfkyfwdkYawGU&ygonf/ xdkolwdkYonf ûyjyifajymif;vJ

&ef rêud;pm;Muawmhojzifh qdk;onfxuf ydkíqdk;vmygonf/

odkY&mwGif bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm;onf tarSmifxJwGif


avQmufvSrf;Mu&rnfr[kwfyg/ olwdkYonf ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;

orm;rsm;jzpfMuaomaMumifh tvif;wGifavQmufMu&efjzpfygonf/

Xmetopfrsm;wnfaxmifjcif;

8T, p. 148 (1904)

a0;vHaoma'orsm;odkY oGm;a&muftrIawmfaqmif&efrSm

bk&m;ocifhom;orD;rsm;\wm0efjzpfonf/ yGifhaeaomae&m

wdkif;wGif Xmetopfrsm;wnfaxmifzdkY ajropfrsm;udk½Sif;Edkif&ef

tiftm;rsm;udkpdkufxkwfí vkyfaqmifMuyg/ c&pf,mefomoemûy

pdwf"mwfjyif;xefolrsm;tm;pk½Hk;um &yfa0;&yfenf;wGif tvif;

w&m;ESifhtodynmrsm;udkjzefYa0yg/ usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyif

ajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk rodem;rvnfao;olrsm;xHodkY

oGm;a&mufum xdkpnf;rsOf;rsm;udkajymjyMuyg/ a&m*gukxHk;rsm;udk

twef;toD;oD;zGJUpnf;um oifMum;ay;Muyg/

9T, pp. 36-37 (1909)

trsK d;om;rsm;twGuf trIawmfaqmifp&m½S dovdk

trsKd;orD;rsm;twGufvnf; trIawmfaqmifp&mrsm;pGm½Sdygonf/

pm;zdkrª;rsm;? pufcsKyform;rsm;ESifh olemûyq&mrrsm;wdkY? tul

tnDvdkolrsm;xHoGm;íulnDMuyg/ qif;&Jom;rdom;pkrsm;xHoGm;í

csufûywfenf;rsm;? pufcsKyfenf;rsm;? vlemudkûypkenf;rsm;ESifh

tdrfaxmifxdef;odrf;enf;rsm;udk oifay;Muyg/ rdrdwdkYxuf

csKdUwJholrsm;xHoGm;í arwåmjywwfatmif? u½kPmxm;wwf

atmif uav;i,frsm;udkyif oifay;Muyg/

ynm½Sdrsm;a½SUodkYxGufumvkyfaqmifMuyg

9T, pp. 112-113 (1909)

usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;rsm;onf

þurÇmBuD;xJwGif a&m*gb,enf;oGm;um toif;awmfBuD;

ydkíoefYpifvm&eftwGuf bk&m;ociftoHk;ûyaomenf;vrf;wpfck

jzpfonf/ vlom;rsm;\udk,fcE¨mESifh0dnmOfa&;rsm; rlvtajc

taeodkYjyefvnfydkYaqmif&mwGif xm0&bk&m;ocifESifhyl;aygif;vsuf

bk&m;ocif\rpvufrsm;ozG,f olwdkYvkyfaqmifEdkifaMumif;

vlwdkYudkoGefoifMuyg/ þtrIawmfonf bk&m;ocif\wHqdyf

vufrSwfudkaqmifum tjcm;trSefw&m;rsm;twGuf vrf;zGifh

ay;ygvdrfhrnf/ ¤if;jyif þtrIawmfBuD;udkwwfodem;vnfpGmjzifh

pGJpGJNrJNrJqkyfudkifxm;olrsm;twGuf trIawmfaqmifp&mae&mrsm;

½Sdaeygao;onf/

þtrIawmfBuD;udk tNrJwrf;a½SUwef;wifyg[laom

owif;pum;onf uREfkyftm;a[majym&ef ñTefMum;awmfrlonfh

owif;pum;yifjzpfonf/ þt&mudk ae&mtrsm;wGif vdktyf

aeonfhvdktyfcsufudkjznfhqnf;Edkif&eftvdkYiSm ¤if;ü½Sdaom

tzdk;weftcsufrsm;udk ½Sif;vif;pGmwifjyMuyg/ usef;rma&;udk

xdcdkufapEdkifonfh tpm;taomufrsm;udka½SmifMuOfjcif;tusifhonf

ppfrSefaomc&pf,mefbmomw&m;\toD;tyGifhjzpfonf/ trSef

wu,fajymif;vJNyD;olrsm;onf raumif;aomtusifhESifh tpm;

taomufrsm;udkpGefYvTwfMuvdrfhrnf/ xdka½SmifMuOfjcif;tusifh

aMumifh usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufapEdkifonfh avmutaysmftyg;

vdkufpm;rIrsm;udk pGJvrf;onfhpdwfudk azsmufzsufapEdkifvdrfhrnf/


a½SUodkYcsDwufMuyg[k usef;rma&;ynmay;olrsm;tm;

ajym&ef uREfkyfudkñTefMum;awmfrlygonf/ udk,fusifhw&m;qdkif&m

raumif;rIa&vIdif;BuD;udk [efYwm;wGef;vSef&ef oifzGifhqdkaom

pum;vHk;wdkif;udk þurÇmBuD;uvdkvm;aeygonf/ aumif;uif

wrefoHk;yg;owif;pum;udk oGefoifaeMuaomoltaygif;wdkY?

rdrdwdkY\,HkMunfcsuftwdkif;&yfwnfMuyg/

tydkif; (2) usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkwifqufyHk

MH, pp. 146-147 (1905)

tpm;tpmûyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifhpyfvsOf;onfhñTefMum;

csufudkzGifhqdk&ef txl;vdktyfaeygonf/ rSm;,Gif;aompm;usifh?

usef;rma&;ESifhrnDnGwfaomtpmrsm;udk pm;wwfonfhtusifh

rsm;aMumifh þurÇmBuD;udk usdef'Pfoifhaponfh csKyfwnf;jcif;

uif;rJhrIrsm;? &mZ0wfrIrsm;ESifh ted|m½HkjrifuGif;rsm;jzpfay:zdkY

tm;aumif;vmygonf/

usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk oGefoifonfhtcgwdkif;wGif

pdwfxJü tNrJrSwfom;xm;&rnfht&mrSm ]udk,f? pdwf? 0dnmOf

oHk;yg;pvHk;\ tjrifhqHk;zGHUûzd;wdk;wufrIudk&½Sd&efrSm þpnf;rsOf;

rsm;\&nf½G,fcsufjzpfonf} qdkaomtcsufyifjzpfonf/ bk&m;

ocifowfrSwfay;xm;onfh obm0w&m;rsm;onf uREfkyfwdkY

twGuf taumif;&v'frsm;ay;zdkY wnf½SdaeonfudkazmfjyMuyg/

xdkobm0w&m;rsm;twdkif; touf½Sifaexdkifjcif;aMumifh ,ck

b0wGif aysmf½TifrIudkcHpm;&rnfomru aemifvmrnfhb0

toufwmtwGufjyifqif&mwGifvnf; tultnDrsm;&½Sdygonf/

obm0wGifawGUjrifae&aom bk&m;ocif\arwåmawmf

ESifhOmPfawmfrsm;udkavhvm&ef vlwdkYtm;ydkYaqmifyg/ tHhzG,f&m

rsm;ESifhjynfh0aom vl\cEmudk,fESifhwuG ¤if;tm;tkyfpdk;aeonfh

pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkavhvm&efvnf; ydkYaqmifMuyg/ arwåmawmf

qdkif&mtaxmuftxm;rsm;udkod½SdoGm;olrsm; OmPfawmfudk

vnf;aumif;? ynwfawmfaMumifh&½SdcHpm;&aomaumif;usKd;rsm;

udkvnf;aumif;? em;axmifvdkufavQmufjcif;\&v'frsm;udkvnf;

aumif; od½Sdem;vnfolrsm;onf rdrdwdkYxrf;aqmif&rnfhwm0ef

0wå&m;rsm;udk rSefuefaom½IaxmifhrSawGUjrifvmMuygvdrfhrnf/

xdkusef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkapmifha½Smuf&jcif;tm; tepfemcHrI

(odkYr[kwf) udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;uJhodkYrjrifMuawmhbJ

rcefYrSef;Edkifavmufatmif BuD;rm;aomaumif;csD;r*Fvmwpfcktjzpf

trSeftwdkif;jrifawGUvmMuygvdrfhrnf/

usef;rma&;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk oGefoifa[mMum;jcif;

onf rdrdwdkYxrf;aqmif&rnfhwm0efrsm;wGif u@wpfckjzpfonf[k

c&pf,mef"r®q&mwdkif; oabmxm;oifhygonf/ þvkyfief;udk

vkyfaqmif&ef rsm;pGmvdktyfaeNyD; xdkvkyfief;udkvkyfaqmif&ef

wHcg;yGifhaeygonf/

MH, p. 130 (1905)

xm0&bk&m;ocif\cdkif;apcsufrsm;udk NrJNrJrSwfom;xm;

Mu&rnf/ rdrdudk,fudk xufjrufatmifavhusifhjcif;? oefYpif

aomtoufwmjzifhaexdkifjcif;? raumif;aomaexdkifpm;aomufrI


rsm;rSuif;½Sif;jcif; ponfhwm0efrsm;? todpdwf"mwf½Sd½Sdxrf;aqmif

Edkif&ef trsKd;om;? trsKd;orD;taygif;wdkYtm; EId;aqmfMu&rnf/

rdrdwdkYü½Sdxm;onfh udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\pGrf;tm;rsm;onf bk&m;

ocifuay;oem;aomqkvufaqmifrsm;jzpfonfudkvnf;aumif;?

xdkt&mrsm;udk trIawmftwGuftoHk;ûy&ef taumif;qHk;tajc

taewGif½Sdatmif xdef;odrf;apmifha½Smuf&rnfudkvnf;aumif;

¤if;wdkY\pdwfESvHk;wGif pGJNrJpGmod½Sdaeatmif vkyfaqmifay;zdkY

vdktyfygonf/

c&pfawmftoHk;ûycJhonfhenf;vrf;twdkif;vkyfaqmifyg

MH, pp. 143-144 (1905)

c&pfawmftoHk;ûyawmfrlcJ haomenf;vrf;tm;jzifhom

vlom;rsm;xHcsOf;uyf&mwGif atmifjrifrIay;Edkifrnfjzpfonf/

aumif;pm;vdkaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;ESifha&maESmum udk,fawmfaexdkifavh

½Sdygonf/ udk,fawmfonf ¤if;wdkYtay:xm;½Sdonfh Muifem

oem;rIrsm;udkjyawmfrlonf/ ¤if;wdkY\vdktyfcsufrsm;udkjznfhqnf;

ay;onf/ xdkaemuf ¤if;wdkY\pdwfcs,HkMunfrIudk&,lonf/

xdkaemufrS ]ighaemufudkvdkufavmh} [k ¤if;wdkYtm;zdwfac:ygonf/

yk*¾vduêud;pm;rItm;jzifh vlwdkYESifheD;eD;uyfuyfaezdkYvdkyg

onf/ w&m;a[monfhtcsdefudkavsmhNyD; vufawGUusaom

udk,fwdkifudk,fustrIawmfaqmifonfhtcsdefudkydkítoHk;ûycJhygvQif

ydkíBuD;rm;aomatmifjrifrIrsm;udk awGUjrifcHpm;Mu&vdrfhrnf/

qif;&Jom;rsm;udkoufomapyg/ vlemrsm;udkûypkMuyg/ 0rf;enf;

aeolrsm;udkESpfodrfhyg/ rodem;rvnfolrsm;udkoGefoifyg/

A[kokwenf;yg;olrsm;tm; tMuHOmPfay;yg/ idka<u;olrsm;ESifh

twlidka<u;NyD; 0rf;ajrmufolrsm;ESifhtwl0rf;ajrmufMuyg/ qGJaqmif

EdkifonfhtpGrf;? qkawmif;jcif;wefcdk;? bk&m;ocifarwåmawmf\

wefcdk;awmftm;jzifh þtrIawmfudkaqmif½GufvQif ratmifjrifbJ

aernfr[kwfygacs/

tjypfemusaeaomvlom;rsm;tm; avmu\tjypfrsm;udk

,laqmifoGm;onfh u&meDukef;xufrS xdkvlom;udkjyñTef&efrSm

aq;zufqdkif&mc&pf,mefomoemvkyfief;\ t"du&nf½G,fcsuf

jzpfonfudk uREfkyfwdkYtNrJwrf;owd&oifhygonf/ xdkolwdkYonf

udk,fawmfudkMunfhjcif;tm;jzifh udk,fawmfESifhwlvmMuvdrfhrnf/

c&pfawmfudkMunfhí touf½SifaexdkifMu&ef vlemrsm;tm;

uREfkyfwdkYtm;ay;Mu&rnf/ udk,fpdwfESpfyg;wGif a&m*gusa&mufae

ojzifh pdwf"mwfusaeaom xdkolrsm;\a½SUwGif c&pfawmftm;

tNrJwrf;ajr§mufwifjyoMuyg/ udk,fcE¨mESifhpdwf0dnmOfwdkY\

a&m*grsm;udk ukoay;Ed kifonfhc&pfawmfudkjyñTefMuyg/

'ku©a0'emonfrsm;\ cHpm;csufrsm;udkodjrifaom c&pfawmf

taMumif;udk ajymjyMuyg/ ¤if;wdkYxm0&touf&pdrfhaomiSm

rdr d\toufawmfud kp Ge f YoGm;awmfr lonf h c&pfawmf\

apmifha½SmufrIatmufwGif rdrdudk,fudktyfESHMu&ef ¤if;wdkYudk

tm;ay;Muyg/ udk,fawmf\arwåmawmfESifh u,fwifEdkifonfh

wefcdk;awmftaMumif;udk zGifh[Muyg/

MH, pp. 156-157 (1905)

oifonf u,fwifjcif;pDrHudef;\u@wpfcktjzpf

vkyfaqmiforQwdkif;wGif c&pfawmfESifh&pfywfaESmifzGJUaeonfudk

owd&Muyg/ a&m*gudkaysmufuif;apum toufay;ydkifaom


c&pfawmf\arwåmawmfudk oifhb0wpfckvHk;wGif pD;qif;ap&

rnf/ tjcm;olrsm;tm; c&pfawmf\arwåmawmfy&d0kPfxJodkY

qGJ,l&ef oifêud;pm;aomtcsdefwGif oifajymaompum;rsm;onf

odrfarGUygap/ oif\vkyfaqmifrIwGif twåuif;ygap/ ESpfvdkY

zG,faomtrlt&mrsm;jzifh aus;Zl;awmfwefcdk;twGuf oufaocH

wpfOD;jzpfygap/ oefYpifajzmifhrwfaomudk,fpm;ûyolwpfOD;tjzpf

avmua½SUwGif&yfwnfyg/ odkYûyvQif vltaygif;wdkYonf

udk,fawmf\wifhw,fvSyrIrsm;udk jrifawGUMuvdrfhrnf/

rSm;,Gif;onf[k uREfkyfwdkY,lqaomtusifhqdk;rsm;udk

axmufjyum tjcm;olrsm;tm; ûyjyifajymif;vJzdkYêud;pm;jcif;onf

toHk;rwnfhvSyg/ xdkodkYaomêud;pm;rIrsm;onf wnfaqmufrI

udkjzpfapjcif;xuf ysufpD;rIrsm;udkydkíjzpfapygonf/ ½Srm&d

trsKd;orD;ESifhawGUqHkpOf ,mukyfa&wGif;taMumif; ESdrfíajymqdk

raeawmhbJ ydkíaumif;aomt&mwcsKdUudk c&pfawmfwifqufcJh

ygonf/ ]a,½Iuvnf; bk&m;ocifhaus;Zl;awmfudkvnf;aumif;?

igaomufzdkYa&ay;yg[kqdkaomolum; tb,foljzpfonfudk

vnf;aumif; oifonfodvQif xdkoludkawmif;vdrfhrnf/ xdkol

onfvnf; toufa&udkay;vdrfhrnf[k jyefírdefYawmfrl\/}

udk,fawmfonf pum;udkvTJvdkufum {0Ha*vdw&m;awmf\

aysmf½Tif0rf;ajrmufjcif;ESifh arQmfvifhjcif;jzpfaomtoufa&wnf;

[laom olrydkifqdkifxm;aomt&mrsm;xuf ydkíaumif;aom

rdrday;awmfrlxm;onfht&mudk jyñTefawmfrlcJhygonf/

þt&monf trIawmfaqmifpOf uREfkyfwdkYusifhoHk;&rnfh

enf;vrf;twGuf om"uwpfckjzpfygonf/ t&mcyfodrf;wdkYxuf

omvGefaumif;rGefonfh c&pfawmf\Nidrfoufjcif;wnf;[laom

¤if;wdkYydkifqdkifxm;onfht&mrsm;xuf omvGefaumif;rGefaom

t&mrsm;udk vlwdkYtm; uREfkyfwdkYay;Mu&rnf/ udk,fawmf\

pm&dwåawmf\yHkwljzpfaom oefY½Sif;onfhynwfawmftaMumif;

udkvnf; ajymjyMu&rnf/ xdkynwfawmfonf vlom;rsm;tay:

bk&m;ocifjzpfapvdkonfhqEudkazmfjyxm;onfht&myifjzpfygonf/

þavmuwGiftouf½SifaexdkifMuolrsm;teuf ûyjyif

ajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;onf twåtuif;qHk;? tMuifemwwfqHk;?

t,Ofaus;qHk;yk*¾ dKvfrsm;jzpfoifhMuonf/ twåuif;aom

vkyfaqmifrIrsm;\ppfrSefaomaumif;jrwfjcif;udk ¤if;wdkY\

toufwmwGifawGUjrifaeoifhonf/ ,Ofaus;rIenf;yg;NyD; rod

em;rvnfolrsm;tay:pdwfr½SnfbJ pum;udk½dkif;½dkif;ajymum rpOf;

rpm;vkyfaqmifwwfaomtrIaqmifrsm;onf vlwdkYxHodkYcsOf;uyf

vdkYr&atmif ¤if;wdkY\pdwfESvHk;wHcg;rsm;udk ydwfaeMuygonf/

wdk;wufzGHUûzd;ae&rnfhtpm;tpmûyjyifajymif;vJrI

7T, pp. 132-135 (1902)

vlwdkYtm;ynmay;zdkYvdktyfaeonfudk þûyjyifajymif;vJrI

udkpwifvkyfaqmifuwnf;u uREfkyfwdkYawGU½Sdxm;ygonf/ ynm

ay;jcif;vkyfief;udk uREfkyfwdkYqufvufvkyfaqmif&ef xm0&

bk&m;ociftvdk½Sdygonf/

uREfkyfwdkYonf tjcm;{0Ha*vdtrIawmfvkyfief;rsm;udk

vkyfaqmifouJhodkYyif usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIvkyfief;


udkvkyfaqmif&mwGif vlwdkY\tajctaerSefESifhavsmfnDatmif

vkyfaqmifMu&rnf/ ¤if;wdkYtm; tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkNyD; t&om

½Sd½Hkomru tukeftusoufomaomoufowfvGwf[if;csuf

enf;rsm;udkroGefoifEdkifrD usef;rmjcif;ESifhywfoufaomûyjyif

ajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mtpm;tpmtaMumif;ESifhpyfvsOf;onfh tqifhjrifh

tMuHay;csufrsm;udk txdef;tuGyfrJhwifqufMu&rnfr[kwfyg/

tpm;tpmûyjyifajymif;vJrIudk wdk;wufzGHUûzd;ygavap/

axmywfESifhEGm;EdkYudkroHk;bJ tpm;tpmcsufûywfwwfatmif

vlwdkYtm; oifMum;ay;Muyg/ vlom;rsm;tv,fwGif qdk;,kwfrI

rsm;wdk;yGm;vmonfESifhtrQ wd&pämefrsm;üvnf; a&m*gb,rsm;

wdk;yGm;aeaomaMumifh EGm;EdkY? MuufO? rvdkif (odkYr[kwf)

axmywfrsm;udkpm;oHk;jcif;twGuf tEÅ&m,fruif;aomtcsdef

onf rMumrDrSmyifa&mufvmawmhrnfjzpfaMumif; ¤if;wdkYudk

ajymjyMuyg/ tjypfwGifusqHk;aeaomvlom;rsm;\raumif;rI

rsm;aMumifh wd&pämefavmuwpfckvHk;onf uREfkyfwdkYurÇmBuD;tm;

usdefpmoifhaponfh a&m*gb,rsm;udkcHpm;vsuf nnf;wGm;idka<u;

ae&rnfhtcsdefonf ra0;awmhNyD/

xdkwd&pämeftom;rsm;rygbJ tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaom[if;

rsm;udkjyifqifwwfatmif xm0&bk&m;ocifonf rdrdvlwdkYtm;

tpGrf;owådESifhyg;eyfrIrsm;udk ay;awmfrlvdrfhrnf/ tm[m&r½Sd

aomtpmrsm;udkjzwfMuygpdkY/ rdrdwdkYoif,lxm;onfht&mrsm;udk

tjcm;olrsm;tm; oifMum;ay;vsuf usef;rmjcif;ESifhnDnGwf

atmifaexdkifwwf&ef avhusufMuyg/ usrf;pmoifwef;rsm;

ydkYcs,if; þt&mrsm;udkvnf;rQa0Muyg/ urÇmBuD;tm; emwm

½Snfa&m*gonfrsm;ESifhjynfh0aeaprnfh tcsuftûywfrsm;udk

a½Smif½Sm;jcif;jzifh usef;rmjcif;cGeftm;rsm;ESifhjynfhpHkpGmaexdkifwwf

atmif vlwdkYtm;oifMum;ay;yg/ tjypfuif;onfhe*dkrl&if;tajc

taeodkYjyefvnfa&muf½SdEdkif&ef tm'Htm; bk&m;ocifauR;onfh

tpmonf taumif;qHk;tpmjzpfaMumif; tajymESifhtvkyfESpfck

pvHk;tm;jzifh½Sif;jyMuyg/ toufwmpnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhtnD

cE¨mudk,ftpdwftydkif;toD;oD;onf vIyf½Sm;oifhaMumif; od½Sd

em;vnfvsuf usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk oGefoifaeMuolrsm;

onf a&m*g\tajctjrpfESifh a&m*gtaMumif;rsm;udkod½Sdxm;

oifhygonf/ usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;owif;pum;

rsm;onf uREfkyfwdkYESifhwuG wpfurÇmvHk;\u,fwifjcif;twGuf

jzpfygonf/ uREfkyfwdkY\cEmudk,fudk udef;0yf&mae&mwpfcktjzpf

bk&m;ocifoabmxm;aomaMumifh opöm½Sdaomb@mpdk;rsm;

tjzpf uREfkyfwdkY&yfwnf&ef xm0&bk&m;ociftvdk½SdaMumif;

trsKd;om;? trsKd;orD;taygif;wdkYudkajymjyMuyg/ ]]bk&m;ocif

rdefYawmfrlonfum;? olwdkYwGifigudef;0yfrnf/ olwdkYwGif

vSnfhvnfí olwdkY\bk&m;ocifjzpfrnf/ olwdkYonfvnf;

ig\vljzpfMuvdrfhrnf/}} 2aum? 6;16/

usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkudkifpGJxm;yg/ xm0&bk&m;

ocifonf pdwfESvHk;rsm;udkvrf;jyydkYaqmifygavap/ csKyfwnf;

jcif;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk pGJrufp&mtaumif;qHk;enf;jzifh

wifqufMuyg/ usef;rmpGmtouf½Sifjcif;ESifhpyfqdkifonfh ñTefMum;

csufrsm;a&;xm;aompmtkyfrsm;udkjzefYcsdMuyg/


DF- 44

usef;rma&;pmapmifrsm;\MoZmoufa&mufrI

vltrsm;onf usef;rma&;pmapmifESifh pmtkyfrsm;xGef;vif;

aeonfhtvif;w&m;rsm;udk vdktyfaeMuygonf/ vlom;rsm;

tm; aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;owif;pum;udkvdkufavQmufEdkifap

&eftwGuf tvif;ay;zdkY xdkpmtkyfpmapmifrsm;udk Mum;cHypönf;

rsm;uJhodkY xm0&bk&m;ociftoHk;ûyvdkygonf/ bk&m;ocif\

jyifqif&maeYBuD;wGif urÇmolurÇmom;rsm;&½Sdxm;&rnfhtvif;

udkjzefYa0ay;onfh txl;wm0efudkxrf;aqmif&ef þpmtkyf

pmapmifrsm;onf vufeufypönf;rsm;jzpfMuonf/

usef;rma&;vufurf;pmapmifrsm;

R & H, Nov. 4, 1875.

usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifhywfoufonfh taMumif;

t&mrsm;udk vlom;rsm;em;vnfoabmaygufatmif ,ckxuf

ydkêud;pm;oifhMuygonf/ pm½Guf (4) ½GufrS (16) ½Guftxd

yg0ifonfha0pmrsm;ü þtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk aocsmpGma&;om;

azmfjyvsuf aEGOD;opf½Gufrsm;uJhodkYBuJjzefYoifhMuygonf/

tom;udpöu owdynm½Sd½SdjzifhudkifwG,fajz½Sif;yg

Letter, p. 102 (1896)

MopaMw;vsEdkifiHwGif oufowfvGwftzGJUwpfzGJUudkzGJUpnf;

xm;ygonf/ okdY&mwGif tzGJU0ifOD;a&rSm ajymyavmufatmif

rrsm;vSyg/ vlwef;pm;tm;vHk;wGif tom;udkrsm;pGmpm;oHk;ae

Muygonf/ tom;onf aps;EIef;tcsKdomqHk;tpm;tpmjzpfae&m

qif;&Jom;vlwef;pm;rsm;onf tom;udkpm;oHk;avh½SdMu&m

tom;pm;jcif;ESifh ywfoufonfhudpöudk owdynm½Sd½Sdjzifh

udkifwG,fajz½Sif;zdkYvdkygonf/ þudpöESifhywfoufí tvsifpvdk

rvkyfoifhMubJ wpfoufvHk;tusifhygvmonfh t&mwpfck\

MoZmoufa&mufrIESifh vlwdkY\tajctaersm;udk ûcHiHkoHk;oyf

oifhygonf/ ¤if;jyif tom;rsm;rsm;pm;aomoltm; tBuD;qHk;

aomtjypfom;wpfOD;tjzpf prf;oyfaomar;cGef;wpfyk'ftvm;

olwpfyg;oabmaygufroGm;atmif *½kwpdkufvkyfaqmif

oifhygonf/

vltaygif;wdkYonf þudpöESifhywfoufí tvif;w&m;

&oifhMuaomfvnf; xdktvif;w&m;udk *½kwpdkufjzifhwifquf

Muyg/ rSefonfxifNyD; wpfoufvHk;usifhaqmifvmaomt&m

wpfckudk ½kwfw&ufcsufcsif;ajymif;vJypf&efrSm cufcJvSygonf/

uREfkyfwdkYonf awmpcef;rsm;ESifh tjcm;tpnf;ta0;BuD;rsm;wGif

toif;om;rsm;udk ynmay;Mu&ygrnf/ usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;

rsm;udkoGefoifaeMupOfrSmyif toufwmrsm;tm;jzifh yHkoufao

udkvnf;jyMuyg/ xrif;pm;aqmifrsm;wGif tom;udkrauR;bJ

oufowfvGwf[if;rsm;ESifh opfoD;0vHrsm;udktpm;xdk;auR;Mu

yg/ uREfkyfwdkYoGefoifovdk usifhaqmifMu&rnf/ tom;pm;

aomolrsm;ESihf wpfpm;yGJxJwGiftwlpm;aomtcsdefrsm;ü tom;

pm;jcif;twGuf ¤if;wdkYudkwdkufcdkufajymqdkjcif;rûyygESifh/ oifhtm;

oufowfvGwfpm;jcif;\&nf½G,fcsufudkar;vmvQif tom;

rpm;&jcif;\taMumif;rsm;udk av;pm;MuifempGmjzifh½Sif;jyMuyg/


NidrfNidrfae&rnfhtcsdef

Letter, p. 76 (1895)

tom;udkrnfonfhtajctaerSmjzpfjzpf rpm;oifhbl;[k

ajym&ef uREfkyfüwm0ef½Sdonf[k rnfonfhtcgurQ uREfkyfrcHpm;

cJhzl;yg/ tom;pm;NyD;touf½Sif&ef tusifh&xm;NyD;olrsm;tm;

tom;rpm;ESifh[kajymjcif;aMumifh ¤if;wdkYtm; tpGef;odkYa&mufoGm;

apEdkifygonf/ þuJhodkYvkyf&ef uREfkyfüwm0ef½Sdonf[kvnf;

rnfonfhtcgurQ uREfkyfrxifcJhyg/ wm0ef½Sdonf[kxifNyD;

uREfkyfajymcJhrdaomt&mrsm;½SdcJhzl;aomfvnf; xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf;jzifh

uREfkyfajymqdkcJhygonf/ taMumif;rSm olwpfyg;twGuf xdrd

vJp&mjzpfoGm;&ef tcGifhtvrf;ay:oGm;rnfudk rvdkvm;aom

aMumifhjzpfonf/

tar&duef½Sde,fopfrsm;wGif êuHawGU&aomtjzpfrsKd;udk

þMopaMw;vsEdkifiHwGifvnf; uREfkyfêuHawGUae&ygonf/

usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaomtpmrsm;udk pm;Edkifavmufatmif tajc

taeray;onfhrdom;pkrsm;udk uREfkyfawGUjrifae&onf/ tdrfeD;csif;

toif;om;r[kwfolrsm;u avmavmq,fowfxm;onfh

wd&pämefrS tom;tenf;i,fudk ¤if;wdkYtwGufydkYay;ojzifh

om;orD;rsm; aygifrkefYESifhpm;&ef xdktom;udkpGyfûywfûywfí

pm;oHk;Muygonf/ tom;pm;jcif;\raumif;rIrsm;taMumif;udk

xdkrdom;pkxHoGm;a&mufum oifwef;ydkYcs&efrSm uREfkyf\wm0ef

r[kwfovdk rnfol\wm0efrSvnf;r[kwfacs/ uREfkyfwdkY\

,HkMunfjcif;vufcHNyD;pyk*¾dKvfrsm;ESifh xrif;aemufwpfeyfudk

rnfodkYpm;&rnfudkrodEdkifavmufatmif qif;&JrGJawonfhrdom;pk

rsm;udk uREfkyfoem;rdygonf/ usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfonfhtpm

rsm;taMumif; ¤if;wdkYtm;oifwef;ay;&efrSm uREfkyf\wm0ef

r[kwfyg/ ajym&a[m&onfhtcsdef½Sdovdk wdwfqdwfpGmae&onfh

tcsdefvnf;½Sdonf/ wpfoufwmvHk;tom;pm;vmolrsm;onf

tom;\qdk;usKd;rsm;udk rodjrifMuacs/ xdkuJhodkYaomolrsm;udk

El;nHhpGmudkifwG,fvrf;jyMu&ygrnf/

9T, p. 163 (1909)

tpm;MuL;jcif;ESifhcsKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhrIudkwdkufzsufae

MupOfwGif vlom;rdom;pkrsm;&yfwnfaeonfhtajctaeudkvnf;

uREfkyfwdkY½IrSwfMu&rnf/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf urÇmt&yf&yf

wGifaexdkifMuolrsm;twGuf pm;p&maomufp&mrsm;udk jyifqif

xm;awmfrlNyD;jzpfonf/ rnfonfhtpmudkpm;í rnfonfhtpm

udka½Smifrnf[krowfrSwfrD bk&m;ocifESifhtwl trIaqmifvdkol

rsm;onf aocsmpGmoHk;oyfMu&rnf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf omref

tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ESifhxdawGUqufpyfMu&efjzpfonf/ tajc

taeaMumifh vufcHusifhoHk;Edkifjcif;r½Sdolrsm;tm; tpGef;a&muf

usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkoGefoifrdvQif taumif;xuftqdk;

jzpfzdkYrsm;ygonf/ qif;&Jom;rsm;xHoGm;NyD; uREfkyfw&m;a[monfh

tcgwdkif;ü tm[m&½Sdrnfhtpmrsm;udkompm;Muyg[k uREfkyf

ajymavh½Sdygonf/ ]MuufO? EGm;EdkY? rvdkifwdkYudkrpm;MuESifh/

axmywfudkroHk;ESifh} [k olwdkYudkuREfkyfrajymqdk&ufyg/ {0Ha*vd

w&m;awmfudk qif;&Jom;rsm;xHoGm;a&mufa[mMum;&rnfrSm

rSefaomfvnf; tpm;tpmpm&if;udkñTefMum;ay;zdkY tcsdefra&muf

ao;ygacs/


rSm;,Gif;aomvkyfenf;vkyf[ef

CTBH, pp. 119-120 (1890)

rdrdESifhoabmxm;rwdkufqdkifolrsm;\ tusifhp½dkufrsm;udk

a0zefjypfwifvsuf xl;qef;onfhtawG;tac:rsm;udkudkifpGJrxm;

ygESifh/ xdktawG;tac:rsm;udk prf;oyfrIwpfcktjzpftoHk;rûyyg

ESifh/ þtaMumif;t&mudk us,fus,fjyefYjyefY? eufeuf½dIif;½dIif;

avhvmum oif\udk,fydkiftawG;tac:? tusifhp½dkufrsm;udk

csKyfwnf;jcif;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh vHk;vHk;nDnGwfoGm;atmif

êud;pm;vkyfaqmifyg/

rdrdwdkYrSm;onfxifonfht&mrsm;udk axmufjywdkufcdkufum

tjcm;olrsm;\toufwmudkjyifay;&ef êud;pm;aeolrsm;pGm½Sdyg

onf/ rSm;,Gif;pGmvkyfaqmifaeolrsm;[k ¤if;wdkYrSwf,lxm;onfh

yk*¾dKvfrsm;xHoGm;um xdkyk*¾dKvfrsm;\trSm;rsm;udk axmufjyae

Muaomfvnf; rSefuefaompnf;rsOf;rsm;tay: xdkyk*¾dKvfrsm;

pGJvrf;vmatmif ¤if;wdkYrêud;pm;Muyg/ xdkuJhodkYaomvkyf&yf

rsm;onf vdkvm;aom&v'frsm;udk&cJvSonf/ tjcm;olrsm;udk

trSm;jyifay;zdkYêud;pm;onfhtcgwGif ¤if;wdkY\wdkufcdkufvdkonfh

oabmrsm;udk EId;qGay;&ma&mufojzifh taumif;xuftqdk;

&v'frsm;udk&ifqdkif&wwfaMumif; uREfkyfwdkYod½SdcJh&ygonf/ ¤if;jyif

olwpfyg;udkqHk;rwwfolrsm;ü tEÅ&m,fwpfck½Sdaeygonf/

olwpfyg;udktrSm;jyifay;&if; tjypf½Smwwfonfhtusifhudk&vm

wwfygonf/ rMumrDrSmyif xdkolonf olwpfyg;\tjypftem

tqmrsm;axmufjy&onfudk pdwf0ifpm;vmygonf/ tjcm;

olrsm;udkapmifhMunfhraeygESifh? tjypfr½SmygESifh? trSm;vkyf&yf

rsm;udkrxkwfazmfygESifh/ oif\aumif;aomtoufwmyHkpHtm;jzifh

ydkíaumif;aomtusifhp½dkufrsm;udk ¤if;wdkYem;vnfusifhoHk;vm

atmif ynmay;yg/

udk,fpdwfESvHk;oHk;yg;pvHk;wGif tjzpfEdkifqHk;zGHUûzd;wdk;wuf

atmifvkyfaqmif&efrSm usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrI\

&nfrSef;csufjzpfonfudk tNrJwrf;pGJrSwfxm;Muyg/ bk&m;ocif

owfrSwfxm;onfh obm0w&m;tvHk;pHkwdkYonf vlom;rsm;

aumif;usKd;twGufjzpfygonf/ xdkobm0w&m;rsm;twdkif;

aexdkiftouf½Sifjcif;onf þvuf&Sdb0wGif aysmf½Tifcsrf;ajrhrIudk

cHpm;&rnfomru wrvGefb0twGufjyifqif&mwGifvnf;

taxmuftuljzpfygonf/

olwpfyg;\trSm;rsm;? tm;enf;csufrsm;udkajymonfxuf

ydkíajymp&maumif;aomt&mwcsKdU½Sdygonf/ xdkt&mrSm bk&m;

ocifhtaMumif;ESifh udk,fawmf\vuf&mawmfrsm;taMumif;yif

jzpfonf/ obm0wGif xif½Sm;ay:vGifaeonfh udk,fawmf\

arwåmawmfESifh r[mOmPfawmfrsm;taMumif;udk avhvmoif,l

Muyg/

yHkoufaotm;jzifhoGefoifyg

6T, p. 336 (1900)

oifonf r,HkMunfolrsm;ESifh taygif;toif;jzpfaeyg

vQif rSefuefaompnf;rsOf;rsm;rS oifhudk,foifwdrf;,drf;roGm;yg

apESifh/ olwdkYESifh wpfpm;yGJwnf;rSxdkifpm;rdvQif oif\pdwfESvHk;udk


½IyfaxG;roGm;aprnfhtpmrsm;udk oifhwifhavsmufywfpGmpm;yg/

csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhrIrsm;ESifh uif;½Sif;ygavap/ 0dnmOfa&;

udpörsm;udk trSm;trSefoifrcGJjcm;EdkifrSmpdk;ojzifh udk,fpdwfESpfyg;

udktm;enf;oGm;aprnfhtpmrsm;udk oifrpm;ygESifh/ EIwfxGufpum;

rStrSefw&m;rsm;tm;jzifh oifhpdwfudk bk&m;ocifyHkoGif;ay;Ekdif

rnfhtajctaersKd;ü oifhpdwf½Sdaeatmifxdef;odrf;yg/ tjypf½SmzdkY

olwpfyg;udkrMunfhygESifh/ oifhtoufwmyHkpHtm;jzifh oGefoif

ay;yg/ oifazmfjyonfhudk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;tusifhESifh cHwGif;

awmifhwrItay: oifatmifyGJqifcJhrIrsm;onf rSefuefaom

pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkvdkufavQmufjcif;\om"uwpfckjzpfygavap/

trSefw&m;\oefY½Sif;pifMu,fum jrifhjrwfaomoufaoudk

oifhtoufwmtm;jzifhazmfjyMuyg/

csKyfwnf;jcif;owif;pum;udkpdwfxJwGif

tpGJvrf;apEdkifqHk;enf;vrf;jzifhwifqufyg

Letter, p. 135 (1902)

tcsdefrwdkifrDûyvkyfaomprf;oyfrIwpfckjzpfaprnfh ½kwfw&uf

tpmajymif;pm;jcif;ûy&eftwGuf r,HkMunfolrsm;tm; rwdkufwGef;

rdzdkY c&pf,mef"r®q&m? orm;awmfESifh toif;om;toD;oD;

wd k Y*½kpd kufMu&ef xm0&bk&m;ociftvdk½S dawmfrlonf/

usef;rmjcif;qdkif&m ûyjyifajymif;vJrIpnf;rsOf;rsm;udkom

pGJudkifxm;yg/ xdkaemuf ½dk;om;rI½Sdolrsm;\pdwfESvHk;udk

xm0&bk&m;ocifvrf;jyygavap/ olwdkYonf Mum;emum

,HkMunfvmMuvdrfhrnf/ tjcm;olrsm;\pdwfxJwGif tmCmwpdwf

yGm;aprnfhenf;vrf;jzifh þpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYydkYcszdkY

xm0&bk&m;ociftvdk½Sdawmfrrlyg/ rodem;rvnfjcif; tarSmif

xkwGif avQmufvSrf;aeolrsm;a½SUü xdrdvJp&mrsm;ud k

csrxm;MuygESifh/ aumif;uGufrsm;udkcsD;rGrf;pum;ajym&müyif

vdkonfxufydkNyD;rajymrdatmif êud;pm;Muyg/ odkYr[kwfvQif

owif;pum;udkem;axmif&ef a&muf½Sdvmolrsm;onf uREfkyfwdkY

udkausmcdkif;oGm;wwfygonf/ pdwf0ifpm;p&mtaumif;qHk;

yHkpHrsKd;jzifh csKyfwnf;jcif;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk wifqufMuyg/

&J&ifhaom,HkMunfjcif;jzifh uREfkyfwdkYvkyfaqmifMu&ef

r[kwfyg/ e,fopfrsm;ü toif;awmfrsm;wnfaxmif&ef

vkyfaqmifaeMuolrsm;onf tpm;taomufESifhywfoufaom

xl;xl;jcm;jcm;ar;cGef;rsm;udkar;jref;jcif;jzifh tcuftcJrsm;udk

rzefwD;MuygESifh/ tcuftcJay:rnfht&mrsm;udkrvkyfrdatmif olwdkY

*½kpdkufoifhygonf/ þodkYaomenf;rsm;jzifh t[efYtwm;jzpfrnfh

t&mrsm;udk tjcm;olrsm;\atmifjrifrIvrf;aMumif;ay:wGif cswwf

Muygonf/ vlawGudkaemufurwGef;bJ a½SUrSmqGJyg/ c&pfawmf

a,½IxHrS w&m;pum;rsm;udka[mMum;Muyg/ t&mcyfodrf;udk

wpfcPtwGif;rSmavhusufvdkYr&Edkifonfudk owd&atmufarh

vsuf trIaqmifrsm;onf pdwf½Snf½Snf? ZGJ½Sd½Sdjzifh trIaqmif

Mu&rnf/ vlwdkYudkpdwf½Snf½Snfjzifh onf;cHvsuf oifMum;ay;

rnf[laom cdkifrmaomqHk;jzwfcsufonf ¤if;wdkYü½SdMu&rnf/

MS, p. 1a (1890)

uREfkyfwdkYtoD;oD;ü vkyfaqmif&efwm0efwpfck½Sdaeonfudk

owd&Muyg/ ¤if;rSm tpm;tpmpm&if;udkprf;oyfar;cGef;tjzpf


toHk;cs&efr[kwfbJ a&mr 13;8-14/ 1aum 9;24-27/

1wd 3;8-12 wdkYwGif aygvkrdefYqdkxm;ouJhodkY usef;rma&;

pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkudkifqGJtoHk;ûy&ef todpdwfay:vmapzdkY ynmwwf

rsm;tm; êud;pm;NyD;ynmay;Mu&efjzpfonf/

Letter, p. 363 (1907)

'dk&mc&dwGifaexdkifonfh rdom;pkwpfpkrSm tm;vHk;zsm;em

aeMuonf/ xdkrdom;pku pm&mudkzkef;qufNyD;ac:ygonf/

zcifBuD;rSm jrifhjrwfaomrdom;pkrSqif;oufvmolwpfOD;jzpfaomf

vnf; t&ufpGJoGm;NyD;onfhaemufydkif;wGif wpfrdom;pkvHk; csKdUwJh

pGmtouf½SifcJhMu&ygonf/ wpftdrfom;vHk;zsm;emaeonfh

þtcsdefwGif ¤if;wdkYüpm;p&mqdkvdkY bmrQr½Sdacs/ uREfkyfwdkY

,loGm;ay;onfht&mrsm;udkvnf; olwdkYrpm;csifMuyg/ olwdkYonf

tom;pm;aeusjzpfojzifh wpfckckpDpOfay;&efvdkaMumif; uREfkyfwdkY

odygonf/ xdkaMumifh ]pm&ma&? tdrfuMuufwpfaumif,lNyD;

csufauR;vdkufyg} [k pm&mudkuREfkyfajymvdkufygonf/ odkYjzifh

pm&monf ¤if;wdkYtm; Muufom;[if;csufauR;NyD; aq;uk

ay;cJh&m rMumrDrSmyif wpftdrfom;vHk;jyefvnfusef;rmvmMu

ygonf/

þt&monf uREfkyfwdkYvdkufavQmuf&rnfhvrf;pOfyifjzpf

onf/ ]tom;rpm;ygESifh} [k vlrsm;udkuREfkyfwdkYajym&efr[kwfyg/

uREfkyfwdkYudk,fwdkif tom;rpm;aomfjim;vnf; zsm;emaeaom

rdom;pktwGuf auR;zdkYvdktyfaeNyD[kxifonfhtcgwGif ¤if;wdkY

tm; tom;udkauR;cJhygonf/ vlwdkYudk ¤if;wdkY½Sdonfhtajctae

ESifhvdkufavsmatmif uREfkyfwdkYvkyfaqmif&rnfhtcgrsKd;vnf;êuH&

wwfygonf/

þrdom;pk\zcifBuD;onf tuif;yg;olwpfOD;jzpfonf/

usef;rmvmaomxdkrdom;pkudk uREfkyfwdkYusrf;pmoifay;&m

xdkolonf trSefw&m;udkvufcH,HkMunfum c&pf,mefjzpfvm

ygonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí t&ufESifhaq;vdyfudkoljzwfvdkuf&m

wpfoufvHk;wpfcgrQraomufoHk;awmhacs/ odkYjzifh olYudk

uREfkyfwdkY\v,fxJodkYac:vmum tvkyfay;cJhygonf/ uREfkyfwdkY

e,l;umq,füusif;yaomtpnf;ta0;BuD;udkwufa&mufaepOf

olqHk;oGm;cJhygonf/ uREfkyfwdkY\tvkyform;rsm;u olYudk

tpGrf;ukefukoay;cJhMuaomfvnf; tcsdefMumjrifhpGmwvGJtoHk;cs

xm;jcif;cH&aom ol\cE¨mudk,fonf xdkolrsm;\êud;pm;rIudk

rwHkYjyefawmhacs/ odkY&mwGif olonf ynwfawmfudkapmifha½Smuf

aomc&pf,mefwpfOD;taejzifh aoqHk;oGm;cJhygonf/

tpGef;a&muftjrifrsm;udk

3T, pp. 18-21 (1870)

uREfkyfwdkYonf 1870 ckESpf? aEGtaESmif;aqmif;tul;

umvrSm uifqwfujyefvmpOfu tpfudkBuD;OD;bDzsm;emae

onfudkawGU&ygonf/ olcHpm;ae&aoma&m*grSm ajymqdkp&m

wpfckjzpfaeygonf/

uREfkyfwdkYonf em;csdefr½Sdavmufatmif tvkyfrsm;aeMu

ygonf/ The Review, The Reformer ESifh The Instructor pmapmifrsm;


udkwnf;jzwfMu&ygrnf/ t,f'Dwmrsm;rSmzsm;emaeMuojzifh

uREfkyf\cifyGef;onf olvkyf&rnfhtvkyfudk pNyD;vkyfcJhygonf/

uREkfyfonfvnf; olYudkwwfEdkiforQulnDcJhygonf/

The Reformer pmapmifxkwfa0a&;vkyfief;onf &yfwefY

oGm;awmhrnfjzpfygonf/ tpfudkBuD;OD;bDonf a'gufwm

xa&m\tpGef;a&muftajctaersm;udk wdkufwGef;axmufcHcJhzl;

ygonf/ xdkaxmufcHtm;ay;rIaMumifh a'gufwmxa&monf

EGm;EdkY? oMum;ESifh qm;rsm;udkjzwfjcif;wGif ¤if;wwfEdkifonf

xuf ydkíjyif;xefaomt&mrsm;udk xdkpmapmifwGif a&;om;

xkwfa0vmygonf/ xdktpmrsm;udk vHk;vHk;a½SmifMuOfoifhonf

qdkonfrSmrSefaomfvnf; þtcsuftay:wGif trsm;pk&yfwnf

usifhoHk;&rnfhtcsdefonf ra&mufao;ygacs/ EGm;EdkY? oMum;ESifh

qm;rsm;udkrpm;oihfaMumif; a<u;aMumfaxmufcHaeolrsm;onf

olwdkYudk,fwdkifvnf; xdktpmrsm;udka½Smifoifhygonf/ tpfudkBuD;

OD;bDonf xdktpmrsm;\qdk;usKd;ESifhpyfvsOf;í a'gufwmxa&m

ESifhtwl The Reformer wGif&yfwnfcJhaomfvnf; oludk,fwdkifurl

rusifhoHk;ygacs/ xdktpmrsm;udk aeYpOfolpm;oHk;aeygonf/

vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf The Reformer pmapmifudk pdwfr0ifpm;

Muawmhacs/ ]The Reformer pmapmifudk aus;Zl;ûyNyD; rxkwfa0

ygESifhawmh} [k pdwfysufp&mpmrsm;udkvnf; aeYpOf&½SdcJhygonf/

The Health Reformer pmapmifudkxkwfa0ay;rnfholudk&½SdzdkY taemuf

EdkifiHtESHYwGif pdwf0ifpm;vmatmif uREfkyfwdkYrvkyfEdkifawmhacs/

The Reformer rSma&om;aeonfh uavmif½Sifrsm;uvnf; ¤if;wdkY\

pmrlrsm;udkrydkYay;Muawmhonfudk uREfkyfwdkYawGUMu&ygonf/

ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;jzpfaom owdynmESifhjynfhpHkonfh

c&pf,mefrsm;yif vufcHrusifhoHk;Edkifonfhtaetxm;wGif

uREfkyfwdkY½SdaevQif usef;rma&;½Iaxmifhwpfckuom uREfkyfwdkY

vufvSrf;rDEdkifonfh xdkvlwef;pm;udktusKd;ûyzdkY uREfkyfwdkYrnfodkY

arQmfvifhEdkifygrnfenf;/

ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;vIyf½Sm;rIwGif ta&;ygaomtcsuf (3)

csufonf;cHjcif;? owd½Sdjcif;ESifh rrSdwfrokefvkyfaqmifjcif;/

uREfkyfwdkYonf rdrdwdkYa<u;aMumfvdkufaomtrSefw&m;

tm;jzifh pdwfESvHk;ygygoabmaygufaomolrsm;udkac:Edkifjcif;xuf

ydkívkyfEdkifaomt&mr½Sdyg/ vlwdkYtm; ¤if;wdkY½Sdaeonfhtajctae

udkvdkufí uREfkyfvkyfaqmifMu&rnf/ uREfkyfwdkYtxJrSwcsKdUrSm

usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifhywfoufí ,ckvuf½Sd

tajctaeodkYa&muf½SdaeonfrSmMumNyDjzpfonf/ tpm;tpmESifh

ywfoufonfh ûyjyifajymif;vJrIudkvkyfaqmifjcif;onf aES;auG;

aomvkyfief;wpfckjzpfonf/ þurÇmBuD;onf tpm;MuL;aom

urÇmBuD;jzpfaeojzifh jyif;xefaomcHwGif;awmifhwrIrsm;udk

uREfkyfwdkY&ifqdkifMu&rnf/ uREfkyfwdkY\vlrsm;udk ,cktajctae

a&mufatmif tcsdefMumMumapmifhcJhMu&onfjzpf&m usef;rmjcif;

qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;wGif ¤if;wdkYtajccdkifatmif

wpfvSrf;jcif;wdk;wufvmapzdkY uREfkyfwdkYtrsm;BuD;onf;cHMu&

vdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif vm&mvrf;twdkif;jyefrdrnfpdk;ojzifh a½SUodkY

wpf[kefxdk;rvkyfaqmifrdapzdkY trsm;BuD;owdûyoifhygonf/ ûyjyif


ajymif;vJa&;trIawmfwGif uREfkyfwdkYonf wpfvSrf;OD;atmif

vkyfjcif;xuf wpfvSrf;aemufusatmifvkyfaqmifjcif;u ydkí

aumif;ygonf/ trSm;t,Gif;rsm;½SdcJhvQif xdkolrsm;ürjzpfygapESifh/

tcsKyfajym&rnfqdkvQif uREfkyfwdkYonf rdrdwdkYtdrfaxmif

wGif vufawGUrusifhoHk;aomt&mrsm;udk pmjzifha&;NyD; wdkufwGef;

tm;ay;jcif;rûyoif hacs/ þt&monf olawmfaumif;

a,mifaqmifjcif;wpfrsKd;jzpfaeygonf/ toD;tESHrsm;½Sm;yg;onfh

urÇmhta½SUzsm;ESifh taemufzsm;a'orsm;rSmxuf rufqDuef

jynfe,fwGif qm;? oMum;ESifh EGm;EdkYrygbJ pm;vQifydkaumif;

ygonf/ þt&mrsm;udk txdef;tuGyfrJhpm;oHk;jcif;onf

usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufEdkifonfudk uREfkyfwdkYodygonf/ xdkt&m

rsm;udk vHk;0a½SmifMuOfvdkufjcif;jzifh usef;rma&;aumif;rnfudk

vnf; uREfkyfwdkYod½Sdxm;ygonf/

odkY&mwGif ,ckavmavmq,fwGif þt&mrsm;twGuf

uREfkyfwdkYpdwfrylyg/ vltrsm;onf ¤if;wdkYvkyfaqmifEdkifaom

t&mrsm;rvkyfbJ aemufususefcJhMuNyDjzpfonfudk uREfkyfwdkY

awGUjrifae&ygonf/ ¤if;wdkYpm;oHk;aeonfh aq;vdyf? t&uf?

vufzuf&nf? aumfzD? tom;? axmywf? [if;cwftarT;têudif

rsm;? tcsKdrsm;aomudwfrkefYrsm;? ydkifrkefYrsm;ESifh qm;rsm;rsm;

pm;jcif;ESifhwuG pdwf<uaponfhtpmrsm;\qdk;usKd;rsm;udk uREfkyfwdkY

oufaocHaeMuygonf/

usef;rma&;owif;pum;rsm;udk rMum;zl;ao;olwpfOD;xH

odkY uREfkyfwdkYa&mufvQif uREfkyfwdkY\jyif;xefaom&yfwnfrIrsm;udk

yxrOD;pGmwifjywwfygonf/ xdkaMumifh xdkolonf rdrdpGefYvTwf

&rnfht&mrsm;udkawGUjrifum pdwf"mwfusrnfhtEÅ&m,f½Sdwwfyg

onf/ odkYjzifh olonf ûyjyifajymif;vJ&ef rêud;pm;vdkawmhay/

¤if;wdkYudk rnfonfhtajctaersKd;rSu,fq,faeonfudk owd&

atmufarhum pdwf½Snf½Snfjzifh jznf;jznf;csif;uREfkyfwdkYvrf;jy

Mu&ygrnf/

tydkif; (3) tcsuftûywfausmif;rsm;

7T, p. 55 (1902)

aq;zufqdkif&mc&pf,efomoemvkyfief;udkaqmif½Guf

onfh ûrdUBuD;wdkif;ü tcsuftûywfoifwef;rsm;udkay;oifhonf/

rpf½Sifausmif;rsm;zGifhaomae&mwdkif;ü usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfaom

tpm;tpmrsm;csufûywfjcif;udk vufawGUom"ujyonfh

pm;aomufqdkifwpfckwnfaxmifoifhygonf/

9T, p. 112 (1909)

tcsuftûywfoifwef;ausmif;rsm;udkzGifhvSpfMu&rnf/

tm[m&½Sdaomtpm;tpmrsm;udk rnfodkYjyifqif&aMumif; vlwdkYudk

oifay;Mu&rnf/ ¤if;jyif usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaprnfhtpm;

tpmrsm;udkvnf; a½SmifzdkYvdkaMumif; azmfjyMu&rnf/ odkYaomf

rao½Hkwpfrnfpm;onfhtpm;tpmrsKd;udkpm;&ef rwdkufwGef;oifh

ygacs/ vufzuf&nf? aumfzDESifh tom;rsm;rygbJ t&om

½SdNyD; tm[m&ESifhjynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;udkjyifqif&efjzpfEdkifygonf/

pm;vQifpm;csif; cHwGif;awGUNyD; tm[m&udkjzpfaprnfhtpmrsKd;udk


jyifqifwwfatmifoifMum;ay;jcif;onf ta&;tygqHk;vkyfaqmif

rIwpfckjzpfonf/

7T, p. 126 (1902)

wcsKdUrSm oufowfvGwfpm;NyD;rS tom;udkjyefpm;wwf

Muygonf/ þvkyf&yfonf ynmrJh&ma&mufygonf/ ¤if;jyif

tom;ae&mwGiftpm;xdk;um aumif;aomtpmrsm;udkjyifqif&ef

OmPfrrDaMumif; azmfjyaejcif;vnf;jzpfygonf/

tcsuftûywfoifwef;ausmif;rsm;? tajrmftjrif½Sdaom

q&mrsm;OD;pD;vsuf tar&duefjynfaxmifpkESifhwuG tjcm;EdkifiH

rsm;wGifzGifhvSpfMu&efjzpfonf/ ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mtpm;

tpmrsm;\wefzdk;½SdyHkudkazmfjy&ef uREfkyfwdkYwwfEdkiforQvkyfaqmif

Mu&rnf/

MH, pp. 320-321 (1905)

tpmtm[m&ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;BuD;onf wdk;wuf

zGHUûzd;aeoifhonf/ wd&pämefrsm;wGif a&m*gb,rsm;usa&muf

aeonfESifhtrQ EGm;EdkYESifhMuufOrsm;udkpm;oHk;jcif;onf ydkí

tEÅ&m,frsm;vmygonf/ xdktpmrsm;\ae&mwGif usef;rma&;

ESifhnDnGwfNyD; aps;EIef;oufomonf/ tjcm;tpmrsm;ESifhtpm;

xdk;zdkY êud;pm;vkyfaqmifoifhonf/ tm[m&½SdNyD; t&omESifh

jynfhpHkaomtpmrsm;udk EGm;EdkYESifhMuufOrygbJ csufwwfatmif

a'otoD;oD;rSvlwdkYtm; oifMum;ay;oifhygonf/

CTBH, p. 119 (1890)

xdktcsuftûywfausmif;rsm;wGif oifwef;wufcGifh&olrsm;

onf rdrdwdkY\vufawGUvkyfief;twGufomru olwpfyg;wdkYtm;

oifMum;ay;&mwGifvnf; BuD;rm;aomtusKd;aus;Zl;½SdaMumif;

awGU&vdrfhrnf/

MH, p. 149 (1905)

toif;awmfwdkif;onf c&pf,meftrIaqmifrsm;twGuf

oifwef;ausmif;wpfausmif;jzpfoifhonf/ or®musrf;pmzwfenf;

rsm;? Oykofpmajzausmif;rsm;wGifoifMum;yHk? qif;&Jom;rsm;ESifh

vlrrmrsm;udkûypkyHkESifh c&pf,mefbmomxJodkY0ifvmolrsm;twGuf

vkyfaqmifyHkrsm;udk toif;awmfrsm;uoifMum;ay;oifhonf/

usef;rma&;oifwef;ausmif;rsm;? tcsuftûywfausmif;rsm;ESifh

wuG c&pf,mefvlrI0efaqmifvkyfief;rsm;udkoifMum;ay;onfh

ausmif;rsm;vnf;½Sdoifhygonf/ tawGUtêuH½Sdaomoifwef;

q&mrsm;tultnDjzifh pmawGUomru vufawGUygoifMum;

ay;oifhygonf/

MS, p. 79 (1900)

usef;rma&;ESifhtnD zGifhvSpfa&mif;csaeaompm;aomuf

qdkifrsm;onf ¤if;ESifhqufET,faeonfhtrIaqmifwpfOD;twGuf

ausmif;wpfausmif;jzpfoifhonf/ þvkyfief;udk ûrdUi,fuav;

rsm;rSmxuf ûrdUBuD;rsm;wGif ydkíBuD;us,fpGmvkyfaqmifEdkifonf/

odkY&mwGif toif;awmfwpfck½Sdaomae&mwdkif;ESifh toif;awmf

ausmif;wpfausmif;½Sdaeaomae&mwdkif;wGif usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;

rsm;twdkif;aexdkiftouf½Sifvdkolrsm;twGuf usef;rmjcif;ESifh

nDnGwfonfh½dk;½dk;tpm;tpmcsufûywfjcif;ESifhywfoufaom

oifwef;rsm;udkay;oifhygonf/ þvkyfief;rsKd;udk uREfkyfwdkY\

c&pf,mefomoeme,ftm;vHk;üvkyfaqmifEdkifygonf/


DF- 45

opfoD;0vHrsm;? taphrsm;? tcGHrmtoD;rsm;ESifh opfO

rsm;udk tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;ESifh a&maESmcsufûywfpm;oHk;jcif;

onf xm0&bk&m;ocif\vkyfaqmifrIjzpfonf/ toif;awmf

wnfaxmifNyD;onfhae&mwdkif;½Sd toif;om;rsm;onf bk&m;

ocifha½SUawmfwGif ESdrfhcspGmtouf½Sifygavap/ tjcm;vlrsm;udk

usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;jzifhtvif;ay;zdkY êud;pm;Muyg/

6T, pp. 44-45 (1900)

awmpcef;tpnf;ta0;rsm;udk 0dnmOfa&;udpörsm;twGuf

vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;jzpfEdkifoavmuftyfESHoifhygonf/ tjcm;

toif;awmfudpörsm;udk txl;cefYtyfwm0efay;xm;olrsm;u

wufa&mufvkyfaqmifoifhygonf/ jzpfEdkifvQif toif;awmf

vkyfief;udpörsm;udk awmpcef;rSmxuf tjcm;tcsdefrsm;wGif

toif;om;rsm;xHwifjyvQif ydkíaumif;ygonf/ "r®pmay

jzefYcsda&;udpörsm;? Oykofpmajzausmif;udpörsm;ESifh tjcm;c&pf,mef

omoemvkyfief;rsm;udk rdciftoif;awmfrsm;wGifvnf;aumif;?

xdkudpörsm;twGufowfrSwfxm;aom tpnf;a0;rsm;wGif

vnf;aumif; wifjyoihfygonf/ csufenf;ûywfenf;oifwef;

udkvnf; xdkenf;twlusif;yoifhonf/ xdkodkYvkyfaqmifMuvQif

awmpcef;tpnf;a0;yGJusif;yonfhtcsdefrsm;wGif xdktpDtpOf

rsm;aMumifh tcsdefydkíukefawmhrnfr[kwfacs/

7T, pp. 113-114 (1902)

tcsuftûywfoifwef;ausmif;rsm;udk ae&ma'orsm;rsm;

wGifzGifhvSpfMu&rnf/ þausmif;rsm;udk ½dk;½dk;yHkpHuav;jzifh tpysKd;

Edkifygonf/ xufjrufaompm;zdkrª;rsm;u vlwdkYudkynmay;&ef

taumif;qHk;êud;pm;vkyfaqmifMuonfESifhtrQ xm0&bk&m;ocif

onf ¤if;wdkYtm; uRrf;usifem;vnfrIrsm;udkay;oem;awmfrl

vdrfhrnf/ ]olwdkYudkrwm;qD;MuESifh/ igonf ¤if;wdkY\oifwef;

q&mwpfyg;uJhodkY udk,fudkxif½Sm;apawmfrlrnf} [k bk&m;ocif

rdefYawmfrlxm;ygonf/ tzdk;EIef;csKdomNyD; usef;rma&;ESifhjynfhpHk

aomtpmrsm;udk jyifqifcsufûywfjcif;tm;jzifh tpm;tpmESifh

pyfvsOf;onfhûyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfaqmifyHkrsm;udk oifMum;ay;

um udk,fawmf\tMuHtpnfawmfrsm;udk taumiftxnf

azmfay;olrsm;ESifhtwl xm0&bk&m;ocifvkyfaqmifawmfrlvdrfh

rnf/ þenf;tm;jzifh þusef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk qif;&Jom;

rsm;vufcHusifhoHk;vm&ef tm;ay;vsuf êud;pm;vkyfaqmif

olrsm;jzpfvmatmif rpulnDvdrfhrnf/

tpGrf;tp½Sdaom trsKd;om;? trsKd;orD;rsm;udk t&om

ESif hvnf;aumif;? tm[m&ESif hvnf;aumif; jynfhpH kaom

oufowfvGwf[if;csufyHkcsufenf;rsm;udk oifMum;ay;vsuf

½Sdonf/ xdkoltrsm;pkrSm vli,frsm;ESifh t½G,fa&mufNyD;olrsm;

jzpfMuygonf/ aq;zufqdkif&mc&pf,mefomoemvkyfief;

vkyfaqmifaeaoma'owdkif;wGif tcsuftûywfoifwef;ausmif;

rsm;udkvnf; zGifhvSpfoifMum;&ef uREfkyftm; xm0&bk&m;ocif

ñTefMum;awmfrlygonf/ ¤if;wdk Y\a½SUarSmufwGif ûyjyif

ajymif;vJa&;udk pdwf0ifpm;aprnfht&mcyfodrf;udkûyvkyfMu&rnf/

olwdkYtm;wwfEdkiforQtvif;ay;Muyg/ oufowfvGwf[if;vsm


jyifqif&mwGif tbufbufrSwdk;wufzGHUûzd;rI&atmif vkyfaqmifzdkY

¤if;wdkYtm;oGefoifyg/ oif,l&½SdorQudk tjcm;olrsm;xH jyefvnf

rQa0MuzdkYvnf; tm;ay;Muyg/

uREfkyfwdkY\ûrdUBuD;rsm;wGif þtrIawmfBuD;wdk;wufzGHUûzd;

vmatmif tpGrf;½SdorQêud;pm;MuygpdkY/ uREfkyfwdkY\teD;ywf0ef;usif

½Sdvlaygif;rsm;pGmwdkYonf tultnDrsm;udk yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;jzifh vdktyf

aeMuygonf/ c&pf,mef"r®q&mtaygif;wdkY? ]]oifwdkYonf

þavmu\tvif;jzpfMu\/ awmifxdyfüwnfaomûrdUudk

ruG,fEdkif/ qDrD;xGef;í awmif;Zvm;atmufüzHk;xm;avhr½Sd/

oifwdkYonf þavmu\qm;jzpfMu\/ qm;rlum; tief

uif;aysmufvQif iefaomt&omudk tb,fodkYjyef&rnfenf;}}

[laombk&m;ocif\EIwfawmfxGufpum;rsm;udk owd&

atmufarhMuyg/

R & H, June 6, 1912.

ESvHk;om;wHcg;rsm;udk tmCmwpdwfrsm;jzifhydwfxm;Mu

aomaMumifh rsm;pGmaomvltaygif;wdkYrSm usef;rmpGmtouf½Sif

a&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk rod½SdMuacs/ usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfonfh

tpm;tpmcsufenf;rsm;udk vlwdkYtm; oifay;jcif;tm;jzifh

aumif;jrwfaomtvkyfudkvkyfaqmifEdkifMuygonf/ þtvkyf

onf tvGefta&;BuD;aomaMumifh tcsuftûywfoifwef;ausmif;

rsm;udkzGifhvSpfívnf;aumif;? wpftdrfwufqif;oGm;a&mufí

vnf;aumif; vkyfaqmifoifhMuygonf/ þusef;rmjcif;qdkif&m

ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;tm;jzifh udk,fpdwfESvHk;oHk;yg;\,kwfnHhedrfhus

jcif;rS vlrsm;pGmwdkYtm; u,fwifygvdrfhrnf/ tvif;w&m;udk

½SmazGaeolrsm;onf þpnf;rsOf;rsm;udkvufcHusifhoHk;um

xdkrSwpfqifh þacwfumvtwGuf ay;awmfrlonfhtrSefw&m;

tvHk;pHkwdkYudk vufcH,HkMunfvmMuvdrfhrnf/

olwpfyg;tm;rQa0zdkY rdrdvlwdkYtaejzifh&,lMu&ef xm0&

bk&m;ociftvdkawmf½Sdonf/ rdrdwdkY&½Sdxm;aomt&mrsm;udk

r>cif;csefbJ olwdkYrQa0Mu&rnf/ oifonf þtrIawmfxJwGif

yg0ifvkyfaqmifaomtcg tmCmwpdwfrsm;udkrwdk;yGm;apbJ

z,f½Sm;oGm;aprnfhenf;vrf;udktoHk;ûyum vlwdkY\pdwfESvHk;udk

xdawGUEdkif&ef vkyfaqmifMu&rnf/ c&pfawmf\toufwmudk

pdkufvdkufrwfwwfavhvmvsuf udk,fawmfjycJhonfhyHkoufao

twdkif; udk,fawmfvkyfaqmifcJhonfhenf;wl vkyfaqmifMuyg/

Letter, p. 166 (1903)

usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrItvif;w&m;rsm;udk

uREfkyfwdkY&½Sdptcsdefu ½Hk;ydwf&uftcsdef? vltrsm;pk½Hk;onfhae&m

rsm;okdY rD;zdkrsm;udk,loGm;um waq;rygaomaygifrkefYrsm;udk

uREfkyfwdkYzkwfMuygonf/ ,cktcsdefwGif uREfkyfwdkYü½Sdonfhcsufûywf

enf;rsm;udk xdkpOfur½Sdao;apumrl uREfkyfwdkY\êud;pm;rIonf

atmifjrifrI½Sdonf[k uREfkyfxifygonf/ xdkpOfu tom;rygbJ

rnfodkYcsufûywfpm;aomufrnfudkavhusuf&ef tpysKd;aewkef;

jzpfygonf/

wpfcgwpf&HwGif uREfkyfwdkY{nfhcHyGJrsm;usif;y&m t&om

½Sdaomtpmrsm;jzifh *½kwpdkufcsufûywfum wnfcif;auR;arG;

cJhygonf/ toD;rsm;udk&Edkifonfh&moDwGif bvl;b,f&DoD;?


&ufpfb,f&DoD;ESifh pawmfb,f&DoD;rsm;udk&Edkif&m uREfkyfwdkY\

pm;yGJudk oufowfvGwftpmrsm;ESifhjyifqifxm;aomfvnf;

nHhaomtpm;tpmrsm;r[kwfaomaMumifh vufawGUoifcef;pm

wpfcktjzpf <ua&mufvmolrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYjycJhMu&ygonf/

wpfcgwpf&HwGif xdk{nfhcHyGJESifhqufET,fum csKyfwnf;

jcif;qdkif&moifwef;twkduav;rsm;udkay;cJh&m vltrsm;wdkYonf

touf½Sifjcif;ESifhpyfqdkifaompnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh &if;ESD;cGifh&cJhMuyg

onf/ uREfkyfwdkYod&oavmufajym&vQif wufa&mufvmol

taygif;wdkYonf Mum;emjrifawGU&orQudk êudufESpfouf½Hkomru

tvif;w&m;vnf;&½SdoGm;Muygonf/ pm;oHk;&olrsm; t&om

½Sd½Sd? cHwGif;awGUawGUESifh ausauseyfeyfpm;aomufEdkifapzdkY tpm;

tpmrsm;udk ½dk;½dk;ESifhtm[m&½Sd½Sdjyifqifjcif;\ta&;ygyHktaMumif;

rsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYtNrJwrf;ajyma[mMu&rnf/

þurÇmBuD;onf cHwGif;awmifhwrIudktvdkvdkuf&ef pHkprf;

aESmifh,Sufjcif;rsm;jzifhjynfhESufae&m rSefuefaomOD;wnfcsufudk

jyñTefonfhowday;pum;rsm;onf vlwpfOD;csif;udkvnf;aumif;?

rdom;pkrsm;udkvnf;aumif; tHhMop&maumif;atmif ajymif;vJ

oGm;apEdkifygonf/

MS, p. 27 (1906)

uREfkyfwdkYb,fw,fc&dwGif vkyfaqmifcJhonfht&mrsKd;udk

ûrdUBuD;rsm;wGifvnf;vkyfaqmif&ef tcGifhtvrf;½SdaMumif; uREfkyftm;

tvif;ay;ygonf/ þtvif;w&m;twdkif; usef;rma&;ESifh

nDnGwfaompm;aomufqdkifrsm;udkvnf; wnfaxmifcJhNyD;jzpf

onf/ odkY&mwGif vltrsm;vdktyfaeaomtvif;udkrQa0&ef

ysufuGufNyD; trIaqmifrsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;pdwf"mwfjyif;xef

vmonfhtEÅ&m,f½S daeygonf/ xdkpm;aomufqdkifrsm;u

uREfkyfwdkYtm; vltrsm;ESifhxdawGUcGifhay;aomfvnf; aiGaMu;

tjrwftpGef;udkOD;pm;ay;vkyfaqmifrdvQif bk&m;ocif\tvdkawmf

udkjznfhqnf;Edkifvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ vlom;taygif;udk xm0&

aojcif;rS u,fwifjcif;qdkif&mtrSefw&m;udkwifqufzdkYay:vm

onfhtcGifhta&;wdkif;udk uREfkyfwdkYtoHk;cs&ef xm0&bk&m;ocif

vdkvm;awmfrlonf/

xdkpm;aomufqdkifaMumifh trSefw&m;udkvufcH,HkMunf

vmolta&twGufudk uREfkyfêud;pm;qef;ppfcJhzl;ygonf/ wcsKdUrSm

u,fwifjcif;cH&EdkifonfhtajctaewGif½Sdygonf/ þvkyfief;

tm;jzifh qufvufNyD;êud;pm;um tvif;w&m;xGef;vif;rnf

qdkvQif rsm;pGmaomtjcm;yk*¾dKvfrsm;onfvnf; u,fwifjcif;

cHEdkifp&mtaMumif;½Sdygonf/

pm;aomufqdkifwGif trIawmfaqmifaeMuolrsm;onf

,ckvkyfudkifaeonfhyHkpHrsKd;udk qufNyD;rvkyfMuzdkY&ef uREfkyfajymvdk

ygonf/ xdkpm;aomufqdkifrsm;udk ,aeYtrSefw&m;tvif;tm;

tjcm;olrsm;xHrQa0&ef enf;vrf;wpfcktjzpf toHk;ûywwfatmif

êud;pm;Muyg/ þ&nf½G,fcsufwpfckwnf;tm;jzifhom uREfkyfwdkY\

pm;aomufqdkifrsm;udk wnfaxmifxm;&jcif;jzpfonf/

pm;aomufqdkifwGif trIawmfaqmifaeolrsm;ESif h

xdktoif;awmfwpfckrStoif;om;rsm;onf vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;


ajymif;vJolrsm;jzpfzdkYvdktyfaeygonf/ vltoD;oD;wdkYtm;

todOmPfpGrf;tm;rsm;ay;oem;xm;awmfrlNyD;jzpf&m bk&m;ocif

ESifhtwl atmifyGJqif&efwefcdk;udk oif&½Sdxm;NyDvm;/ ]udk,fawmf

udkvufcH,HkMunfolrsm;ESifh emrawmfudk,HkMunfolrsm;tm;

bk&m;ocif\om;orD;jzpf&aomtcGifhudk ay;oem;awmfrlrnf}

[k or®musrf;pmwGifrdefYawmfrlxm;ygonf/

9T, p. 161 (1909)

usef;rmjcif;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk

ynmay;a[majym&mwGif txl;êud;pm;tm;xkwfoifhygonf/

tcsuftûywfoifwef;ausmif;rsm;udk wnfaxmifoifhygonf/

tm[m&ESifhjynfh0aom oufowfvGwf[if;csufenf;rsm;udk

wpftdrfwufqif;oGm;a&mufoifMum;ay;oifhygonf/ ½dk;pif;

aomcsufûywfenf;rsm;udk vlBuD;? vli,ftm;vHk;avhvmoifhyg

onf/ {0Ha*vdw&m;udka[mMum;aomae&mwdkif;ü cHwGif;vdkuf

aprnfh½dk;½dk;tpmjyifqifcsufûywfenf;rsm;udk oifMum;ay;oifh

onf/ tom;rygbJ tm[m&½SdaomoufowfvGwf[if;rsm;udk

csufûywfvdkY&EdkifaMumif; azmfjyoifhygonf/

usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;jzpfzdkY avhusuf

aeMuonfhpm;aeustpmrsm;ae&mwGif tpm;xdk;rnfhtpmrsm;udk

jyifqif&mwGif yg;eyfrIESifh rSefuefaomqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk toHk;ûy

zdkYvdkygonf/ bk&m;ocifudk,HkMunfudk;pm;jcif;? &nf½G,fcsuf

tay:wGif pdwftm;xufoefjcif;½SdrIESifh olwpfyg;udkulnDvdk

onfhqE´rsm;vnf;vdktyfvSygonf/ vHkavmufaomtm[m&

"mwfrsm; rpHkvifaomtpm;tpmwpfckaMumifh usef;rmjcif;qdkif&m

ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;trIawmfBuD;udk uJh&Jhp&mjzpfapEdkifygonf/

uREfkyfwdkYonf aorsKd;rsm;jzpfMuojzifh cE¨mudk,fzGHUûzd;rIudk

ay;pGrf;Edkifrnfhtpmrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYoHk;aqmifMu&rnf/

CT, pp. 312-313 (1913)

tcsuftûywfoifwef;ay;Edkifolrsm; uREfkyfwdkY\ausmif;

rsm;ü½Sdoifhonf/ tcsuftûywfoifay;onfhtwef;rsm;vnf;

½Sdoifhygonf/ trIawmftwGuf oifwef;wpfckatmifjrifxm;

olrsm;onf tm[m&ESifh t&om½Sdonfh[if;rsm;rcsufwwfvQif

qHk;½IH;rIwpfckudkcHpm;&wwfonf/

tcsuftûywfynmonf ayghao;ao;t&mwpfckr[kwf

yg/ aumif;rGefpGmcsufûywfwwfjcif;onf ta&;tygqHk;aom

ynmwpfckjzpfonf/ xdkynmonf touf½Sifjcif;ESifh teD;pyf

qHk;qufpyfaeaomaMumifh ynm&yftaygif;wdkYwGif wefzdk;t½SdqHk;

ynmwpfcktjzpf rSwf,loifhygonf/ udk,fpdwfESpfyg;\cGeftm;

rsm;onf uREfkyfwdkYpm;aomtpmtay:wGif rsm;pGmtajcûyae&m

tpm;tpmpDrHay;olwpfOD;onf ta&;ygí tjrifhrm;qHk;aom

&mxl;wpfckudk&½Sdxm;jcif;jzpfonf/

tpm;tpmrsm;udk ukefusp&dwfoufompGmjzifhjyifqif

wwf&eftwGufaomfvnf;aumif;? tom;[if;rsm;udka½SmifMuOf

&eftwGufaomfvnf;aumif;? vli,farmifr,frsm;udkoifMum;

ay;oifhygonf/ tom;[if;rsm;onf usef;rmjcif;ESifhqdkifaom

ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udkOD;rwnfbJ tJ*kwåKjynf (tD*spfjynf) \

tarSmifxkESifh todOmPfuif;rJhrIrsm;udkOD;wnfaeaomaMumifh


tom;ygonfh rnfonfh[if;vsmtpm;tpmrsm;udkrSjyifqif&ef

tm;ray;MuygESifh/

txl;ojzifh trsKd;orD;rsm;onf tcsuftûywfwwf

xm;oifhygonf/ trsKd;orD;wpfOD;oif,l&rnfht&mrsm;wGif

þt&muJhodkY rnfonfht&mta&;ygygoenf;/ rnfonfhb0

tajctaewGiftouf½Sifaexdkif&onfjzpfap? þt&monfom

olrtaejzifh vufawGUtoHk;csEdkifaomt&mjzpfygonf/ þt&m

onf usef;rmjcif;ESifhaysmf½Tifjcif;tay: wdkuf½dkufMoZmoufa&muf

rIay;Edkifonfh ynma&;\u@wpfckjzpfygonf/ aygifrkefYaumif;

wpfvHk;zkwfwwfjcif;ü vufawGUc&pf,mefbmoma&;yg½Sdae

ygonf/

6T, p. 182 (1900)

vufrIynmqdkif&moifwef;wpfckckudkwuf&ef vli,f

rsm;onf ausmif;odkYa&mufvmMuvdrfhrnf/ vufrIynmxJwGif

pm&if;udkifjcif;? vuform;twwfESifh pdkufysKd;a&;ynmrsm;

yg0ifoifhonf/ yef;yJ? yef;csD? zdeyfcsKyf? xrif;csuf? aygifrkefY

zkwf? yif;rif;? pufcsKyf? vufESdyfpuf½dkufjcif;? yHkESdyfpufvkyfief;

rsm;twGufvnf; jyifqifrIrsm;vkyfoifhygonf/ ausmif;om;

rsm;onf vufawGUb0wm0efrsm;udkxrf;aqmifEdkif&eftvdkYiSm

uREfkyfwdkY\wefcdk;pGrf;tm;rsm;udk þoifwef;rsm;twGuf toHk;ûy

oifhygonf/

MS, p. 95 (1901)

uREfkyfwdkY\aq;½Hkrsm;? pmoifausmif;rsm;ESifha&mNyD;

aumif;rGefaomcsufûywfenf;rsm;udkoifay;onfh tcsuftûywf

oifwef;ausmif;rsm;½Sdoifhygonf/ uREfkyfwdkY\pmoifausmif;

rsm;wGif ausmif;om;rsm;udk tcsuftûywfynmay;Edkifonfh

yk*¾dKvfrsm;vnf;½Sdoifhygonf/ txl;ojzifh trsKd;orD;rsm;onf

tcsuftûywfwwfxm;oifhygonf/

7T, p. 113.

uREfkyfwdkY\pmoifausmif;rsm;rS ausmif;om;rsm;udk tcsuf

tûywfynmrsm;oifay;oifhonf/ yg;eyfuRrf;usifrIrsm;ESifh

þynm&yfudkaygif;pyfyg/ pmwefonf vSnfhjzm;rItrsKd;rsKd;udk

toHk;ûyum vli,frsm;tm; ysufpD;&mvrf;odkYydkYaqmifrnfh pHkprf;

aESmifh,Sufjcif;vrf;aMumif;xJodkYOD;vSnfhay;&ef êud;pm;aeygonf/

cHwGif;tvdkvdkufjcif;ESifhpyfvsOf;onfhpHkprf;jcif;rsm;udk wGef;vSef

EdkifzdkY ¤if;wdkYudktm;ay;ulnDMu&rnf/ ¤if;wdkYtm; usef;rmpGm

touf½Sifaexdkifa&;ynmudk oifMum;ay;jcif;onf bk&m;ocif

twGuf c&pf,mefomoemvkyfief;udk aqmif½Gufjcif;jzpfonf/

Ed., p. 218 (1903)

vufrIynmoifwef;rsm;udk ,ckxufydkítav;xm;

oifhygonf/ cE¨mudk,fzGHUûzd;rIESifh vufrIynmoifwef;rsm;udk

taumif;qHk;ay;pGrf;Edkifonfhpm;oifausmif;rsm;udk wnfaxmif

oifhygonf/ ukefoG,fa&;twGuf toHk;t0ifqHk;u@rsm;jzpf

onfh pdkufysKd;a&;ukefxkwfvkyfrIrsm;ESifhwuG tdrfwGif;pD;yGm;a&;?

usef;rmjcif;ESifhnDaomcsufûywfjcif;? pufcsKyfynm? tcsKyftvkyf

ynm? vlemukojcif;twwf ponfwdkYudk oifMum;ydkYcsoifh

ygonf/


yHkrSefwm0efrsm;tay:wGifopöm½Sdjcif;

Ed., p. 216 (1903)

ausmif;om;rsm;\tcsdefudk rsm;pGmukefvGefaponfh

avhvmrIu@rsm;pGmonf toHk;0ifrI (odkYr[kwf) aysmf½TifrI

rsm;twGuf r½Sdrjzpfr[kwfyg/ odkY&mwGif aeYpOfxrf;aqmif

&rnfhwm0efrsm;ESifh vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;tuRrf;w0if½Sdxm;&efrSm

vli,fwdkif;twGuf t"duusygonf/ tysKduav;rsm;twGuf

jyifopfbmompum;? tu©&mocsFmESifh pE´&m;twD;ynmrsm;udk

oif,ljcif;xuf aygifrkefYaumif;aumif;zkwfwwfjcif;? t0wf

txnfrsm;udk yHkpHwuscsKyfwwfjcif;? tdrfwGif;rItvkyfrsm;udk

aoaooyfoyfvkyfwwfjcif;rsm;u ydkíta&;BuD;ygonf/

rdom;pkusef;rmaysmf½Tifa&;twGuf uRrf;usifvdr®mpGm

csufûywfwwfjcif;xuf ydkíta&;ygaomt&mr½Sdyg/ tm[m&

½Sdaomtpm;tpmrsm;udk rjyifqifwwfjcif;aMumifh tdrf½Sduav;?

vlBuD;ESpfrsKd;pvHk;\wdk;wufzGHUûzd;toHk;0ifrIrsm;udk t[efYtwm;

jzpfapEdkifygonf/ cE¨mudk,f\vdktyfcsufESifhtnD jyifqifxm;

onfh tm[m&ESifh t&omrsm;jzifhjynfh0aomtpmrsm;udk csufûywf

auR;arG;jcif;jzifh tdrf½Sifrwpfa,mufonf rsm;jym;pGmaom

aumif;usKd;rsm;udk rdom;pktay:wGifjzpfapEdkifygonf/ xdkaMumifh

toufwm\aysmf½TifrIonf aeYpOfxrf;½Guf&aomomrefwm0ef

rsm;tay: opömapmifhodrIü&pfywfaeygonf/

trsK d;om;ESif htrsK d;orD;BuD;rsm;onf tdrfaxmif

wnfaqmufrIwGif u@wpfck½Sdaeovdk a,musfm;ysKdrsm;onf

vnf; rdef;rysKduav;rsm;uJhodkYyif tdrfaxmifxdef;odrf;rIwm0ef

rsm;udk wwfajrmufxm;oifhonf/ tdyf&mcif;jcif;? tcef;oefY½Sif;

jcif;? yef;uefaq;jcif;? xrif;csufjcif;? t0wfrsm;udkzGyfavsmf

rD;ylxdk;jcif; ponfhtvkyfrsm;onf a,musfm;ysKdrsm;tm;

a,musfm;wefzdk;usaponfhtwwfynmrsm;r[kwfbJ ¤if;wdkYtm;

ydkíaysmf½Tifapum ydkítoHk;0ifaomvlom;rsm;jzpfapaomt&m

rsm;jzpfygonf/

ÀÀÀ


aemufqufwGJ

aemufqufwGJ (1)

usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;wpfOD;taejzifh

rr0Iduf&½Sdxm;onfh yk*¾vdutawGUtêuHrsm;

tpm;tpmESifhpyfvsOf;NyD; rr0Idufa&;om;onfhpmrsm;wGif

atmufygpnf;rsOf;rsm;udkawGUMu&vdrfhrnf/

yxrpnf;rsOf;-yxrpnf;rsOf;-

yxrpnf;rsOf;-yxrpnf;rsOf;-yxrpnf;rsOf;- ]tpm;tpmûyjyifajymif;vJa&;trIawmf

onf wdk;wufzGHUûzd;oifhygonf/} (MH, p. 320.) a½S;OD;yxrwGif

tvif;w&m;udkt½Sdtwdkif; tjynfht0ay;awmfrrlcJhyg/ xdkowif;

pum;udkem;vnfvdkufavQmuf&ef vltrsm;tqifoifh½Sdvmonf

ESif htrQ tvif;w&m;udk &Hzef&Hcgwd k;íay;awmfrlcJ h&m

þñTefMum;csufudkay;aomtcsdefwGif tpm;tpmpm;oHk;jcif;

qdkif&m taxGaxGtusifhp½dkufrsm;ESifh tH0ifcGifusjzpfaeygonf/

' kw d,pn f ;r s O f ; -' kw d,pn f ;r s O f ; -

' kw d,pn f ;r s O f ; -' kw d,pn f ;r s O f ; -' kw d,pn f ;r s O f ; - ]tpm;tpmE Si f hywfoufí

vdkufavQmuf&rnfh wdusonfhzGifhqdkcsufrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYowfrSwf

rxm;Muyg/} (9T, p. 159.) odkYaomf usef;rma&;udkxdcdkufaprnfh

tpmrsm;udkrpm;&ef xyfcgwvJowday;um taxGaxGpnf;rsOf;

rsm;udkcsrSwfcJhygonf/ xdkpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk tao;pdwftoHk;cs

&eftwGuf vufawGUvkyfaqmifrItm;jzif hvnf;aumif;?

taumif;qHk;odyÜHynmqdkif&m &EdkiforQ zGifhqdkcsufrsm;tm;jzifh

vnf;aumif; wpfcgwpf&HwGif qHk;jzwfcsufcs&rnf/


wwd,pnf;rsOf;-wwd,pnf;rsOf;-

wwd,pnf;rsOf;-wwd,pnf;rsOf;-wwd,pnf;rsOf;- ]uREfkyfonf tjcm;olwpfOD;wpfa,muf

twGuf rdrdudk,fudk pHwpfckjzpfapzdkYrvkyfaqmifyg/} Letter, p. 45

(1903). rr0Idufonf vufawGUavhvmprf;oyfNyD;rS rdrdtwGuf

wcsKdUpnf;rsOf;rsm;udkcsrSwfum rdrd\tdrfaxmiftwGuf tpm;

taomufpnf;rsOf;rsm;udkazmfjywwfaomfvnf; xdkt&mrsm;onf

Oya'wpfcktaejzifh tjcm;olrsm;udk wif;usyfpGmpdk;rdk;xm;&ef

r[kwfacs/

usef;rma&;qdkif&myxrtvif;w&m;

R & H, Oct. 8, 1867.

1/ usef;rma&;qdkif&m yxrtvif;w&m;udk rufcsDuef

jynfe,f? atmhqD*dka'o½Sd A. Hilliard \tdrfwGif 1863 ckESpf?

ZGefv 6 &ufaeYrSm&½SdcJhygonf/

wdk;wufzGHUûzd;aomtrIawmftjzpfazmfjyjcif;

(General Conference Bulletin, Apr. 12, 1901) CH, p. 531.

2/ csKyfwnf;jcif;uif;rJhrIonf xdwfvefYp&maumif;avmuf

atmif þurÇmBuD;wGif atmifyGJqifvdrfhrnfjzpfaMumif; bk&m;

ocif\om;orD;wdkif;onf tusifhp½dkufrsm;udk ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;

ESifhpyfvsOf;í jrifhjrwfaom&yfwnfrIwGif½SdMu&rnfjzpfaMumif;

1863 ckESpfwGif ay;cJhaomtvif;w&m;ü uREfkyftm;azmfjyawmfrl

cJhygonf/ taxGaxGpDrHudef;wpfckudkvnf; uREfkyftm; xm0&bk&m;

ocifjyawmfrlcJhygonf/ ynwfawmfudkapmifha½Smufaeolrsm;tm;

ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mttpm;tpmudk xm0&bk&m;ocifay;

awmfrlrnfudkvnf;aumif;? þt&mudk ¤if;wdkY&½SdonfESifh a&m*gb,

719

rsm;tBuD;tus,favsmhyg;oGm;rnfjzpfaMumif;udkvnf;aumif;

uREfkyftm;azmfjyawmfrlygonf/ þtrIawmfBuD;onf wdk;wuf

zGHUûzd;vdrfhrnfudkvnf; uREfkyftm;azmfjyawmfrlygonf/

þowif;pum;udk yk*¾vduvufcHrI

MS, p. 50 (1904)

3/ xdkusef;rma&;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJrIowif;pum;udk

uREfkyftm;azmfjyonfESifhwpfûydifeuf vufcH,HkMunfvdkufygonf/

uREfkyftwGuf xdkowif;pum;onf aumif;csD;r*Fvmwpfckjzpf

aeygonf/ i,f½G,fpOftcsdefuxuf ,ck 76 ESpft½G,fwGif

usef;rma&;ydkíaumif;vmygonf/ xdkusef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;

twGuf xm0&bk&m;ocifudk aus;Zl;wifygonf/

wpfESpfMumtprf;oyfcHNyD;aemuftusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;cHpm;&jcif;

Sp. Gifts IV, pp. 153-154 (1864)

4/ tm;½SdzdkY tom;[if;rsm;tay:wGiftm;xm;ae&onf[k

ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm uREfkyfxifjrifcJhonf/ vGefcJhonfhvtenf;i,f

txd wpfaeYvQif xrif;oHk;BudrfuREfkyfpm;cJhonf/ xrif;pm;csdef

wpfckESifhwpfcktMum;ü AdkufxJrSm[mwmwma0'emudkcHpm;&ovdk

acgif;xJrSmvnf; &Da0a0jzpfaewwfygonf/ pm;vdkufrS

xdka0'emrsm;aysmufoGm;wwfygonf/ Mum;csdefrsm;wGif tpm

pm;cJhNyD; naESmif;pmrpm;bJ tdyf&m0ifzdkYvnf; rMumcPtusifh

vkyfcJhygonf/ eHeufpmrSnpmtxd tpmpm;&efvdkaeonf[k

uREfkyfcHpm;&um rMumcP&ifxJrSm[mwmwma0'emudk cHpm;

zl;ygonf/ tom;[if;rsm;udkpm;vdkufrS xdka0'emrsm;aysmufuif;

oGm;wwf&m tom;onf rpm;vdkYrjzpfonfhtpmwpfckjzpfonf[k

uREfkyfqHk;jzwfcJhygonf/

odkYaomf 1863 ckESpf? ZGefvwGif bk&m;ocifu jrifjcif;

(vision) ay;awmfrlcJhuwnf;u uREfkyfonf tom;udka½SmifcJhyg

onf/ tcdkuftwefYtm;jzifh aygifrkefYpm;&onfudk t&omrawGU

awmhacs/ odkYaomf uREfkyfonf pdwfravsmhbJ vkyfaqmifcJh&m

wpfESpfeD;yg;tom;udka½SmifEdkifcJhygonf/ waq;rygonfh qm;

enf;enf;jzifhpD&ifxm;onfhudwfrkefYrsm;udk ajcmufvMumrQ

pm;cJhygonf/ toD;tESHESifhopfoD;0vHrsm;udk tvQHy,fpm;um

½SpfvMumrQ wpfaeYvQif xrif; 2 Budrfompm;cJhygonf/

uREfkyfonf wpfESpfywfvHk; pmudkomtm;ûyNyD;a&;cJhyg

onf/ (8) vvHk;vHk;tdrfjyifrxGufbJ pmudkoma&;cJh&m

udk,fvufvIyf½Sm;rIr½SdcJhyg/ uREfkyf\OD;aESmufrsm;onf tNrJwrf;

ylavmiftvkyfrsm;aecJhygonf/ odkYapumrl uREfkyf\usef;rma&;

rSm (6) vtwGif; taumif;qHk;taetxm;rsKd;wGif½Sdaeygonf/

,cifcHpm;cJh&aom[mwmwmjzpfjcif;? &Da0a0jzpfjcif;rsm;vnf;

,ckwGifr½SdawmhNyD/ aEGOD;umvwdkif;üjzpfwwfonfh cHwGif;ysuf

aoma0'emvnf; vGefcJhaomaEGOD;umvrSpí uREfkyfür½SdawmhNyD/

wpfaeYvQif 2 Budrfompm;onfh ½dk;pif;aomtpm

tm[m&rsm;onf t&omawGUvSygonf/ tom;? udwfrkefYESifh

tcsKdrsm;aomtpmrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYrpm;Muawmhyg/ 0ufqDtpm;

EGm;EdkY? rvdkifESifh axmywfudktoHk;ûyum qm;udktenf;i,fom

pm;ygawmhonf/ [if;cwftarT;têudiftm;vHk;udka½Smifvdkufum

722 tpmtm[m&qdkif&mtMuHay;csufaemufqufwGJ 721

DF- 46


eHeuf (7) em&DwGif eHeufpmudkpm;NyD; naewGif npmpm;yg

onf/ [mwmwma0'emudk rcHpm;&oavmufjzpfNyD; pm;&

orQESifh tmomajyygonf/ tvsifwkef;uxufydkí tpmpm;&

onfrSm cHwGif;awGUvSygonf/

atmifyGJcH&efwdkufyGJ0ifjcif;

2T, pp. 371-372 (1870)

5/ uREfkyfonf usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;

rsm;udk vufcHusifhoHk;onfhtcsdefrSpí ,cktcsdeftxd pdkufvdkuf

rwfwwfvdkufavQmufcJhygonf/ þtaMumif;t&mESifhywfouf

onfh tvif;w&m;udk&onfhtcsdefuwnf;u aemufudkwpfvSrf;rQ

rqkwfcJhzl;yg/ tom;ESifhaxmywfpm;jcif;udkvnf;aumif;? wpfaeY

(3) Budrfpm;jcif;udkvnf;aumif; csufcsif;pGefYvTwfum reuf

apmapmrS naeae0ifonftxd pma&;NyD; OD;aESmufudkjyif;xef

pGmtvkyfay;cJhygonf/ tvkyfudk ravsmhaomfvnf; wpfaeY

xrif; 2 Budrfompm;cJhygonf/

uREfkyfonf a&m*ga0'emrsm;udk jyif;xefpGmcHpm;cJh&yg

onf/ oGufcsmyg' (5) Budrfjzpfzl;NyD; vaygif;rsm;pGmb,fbuf

vufuyfonfha0'emudkcHpm;cJh&ygonf/ taMumif;rSm uREfkyf\

ESvHk;emusifrIonf jyif;xefaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ tpm;tpm

rsm;udkajymif;NyD;pm;onfhaemufydkif;wGif ,cifut&omawGUcJh

aomtpmrsm;udk jrnf;rMunfhawmhyg/

uREfkyfonf tvGefqmwwfol? tom;pm;MuL;olwpfOD;

jzpfcJhonf/ 0rf;xJrSm [mwmwmBuD;cHpm;&aomtcg uREfkyf\

Adkufay:wGif vufESpfacsmif;udk,SufNyD;wifum ]tom;wpfzwf

udkrQrpm;awmhbl;? ½dk;½dk;tpmawGudkyJpm;r,f? tom;udk vHk;vHk;

rpm;awmhbl;} [kajymcJhygonf/ aygifrkefYudkpm;&onfrSm t&om

rawGUyg/ tenf;i,fudkyifpm;cJvSygonf/ tpm;tpmûyjyif

ajymif;vJa&;rSm wcsKdUtpmrsm;udk uREfkyfpm;&ef tcuftcJr½SdvS

aomfvnf; aygifrkefYudkawmh pm;vdkYr&yg/ þodkYtpmajymif;pm;

aomtcsdefwGif jyif;xefaomwdkufyGJwpfckudk &ifqdkifcJh&ygonf/

yxrESpfeyf? oHk;eyfwGif uREfkyfpm;r0ifcJhyg/ xdkaMumifh ]aygifrkefY

udkpm;vdkY0ifonfhtcsdeftxd rif;apmifhaeOD;} [k uREfkyf\Adkufudk

uREfkyfajymcJhygonf/ rMumrD&ufydkif;tawmtwGif;rSmyif *a&[rf

aygifrkefYtygt0if aygifrkefYrsm;udkpm;vdkY0ifvmygonf/ ,cifu

pm;vdkYr0ifonfhþt&mrsm;udk ,ckpm;vdkY0if½Hkomru cHwGif;

vnf;awGUvmygonf/ cHwGif;vnf; uREfkyfwpfcgrQrysufzl;cJhyg/

pnf;rsOf;twdkif;vIyf½Sm;vkyfaqmifjcif;

uREfkyfonf "Spiritual Gifts" twGJ 3 ESifh 4 udk a&;om;

aepOf (1863-64) vGefuJpGmvkyfaqmifrIaMumifh tm;,kwfvm

cJhygonf/ vkyfyHkudkifyHkajymif;&awmhrnfudk uREfkyfodojzifh

&uftenf;i,ftem;,lvdkuf&m wpfzefjyefaumif;vmygonf/

pnf;urf;ESifhrudkufnDaomt&mrsm;udk uREfkyfrvkyfawmhyg/

txl;ojzifh usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;

twdkif; uREfkyf&yfwnfcJhygonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí usef;rmjcif;

qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;udpörsm;wGif tcsdefrwefbJ uREfkyf

vkyfaqmifjcif;rsm;udk oifwdkYrMum;Mu&awmhyg/ ,aeY&yfwnf


aeaomtaetxm;rSvGJí rnfonfhtydktvkyfrsm;udkrQrvkyf

awmhyg/ usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfNyD; tm[m&½Sdaomtpmrsm;udkom

pm;MuzdkY uREfkyfwdkufwGef;ygonf/

yg;pyfüt&omqdk;um tmykyfeHYxGufaponfhtpmrsm;udk

rpm;oHk;awmhjcif;udk r[mqHk;½IH;rIwpfcktjzpf uREfkyfrrSwf,lyg/

xdkt&mrsm;udka½SmifMuOfum cHwGif;rcsOf? 0rf;r[m? cyfodrf;

aomt&mwdkYonf ysm;&nftvm; csKdjraomtajctaeodkYOD;wnf

aejcif;onf udk,ftvdkudkjiif;y,fjcif;jzpfygovm;/ þt&m

rsm;udk tcsdeftMumBuD;pm;oHk;cJhzl;ygonf/ uav;csD&if; rl;vJ

cgeD;jzpfcJhonfhtBudrfaygif;vnf;renf;yg/ ,ckwGifrl xdkt&m

rsm;udk uREfkyfrpm;oHk;awmhyg/ ,ckuJhodkY oifwdkYa½SUrSm uREfkyf

&yfxaepOfrSm þt&mudk csKdUwJhrIwpfck[k uREfkyfac:Edkifygrnf

vm;/ ,ckuREfkyfvkyfaeaomtvkyfrsKd;udk trsKd;orD; (100)

a,mufrSm (1) a,mufyifrvkyfEdkifyg/ uREfkyfwdkYonf pnf;rsOf;

tay:wGif touf½Sifaexdkifygonf/ cHpm;csufudkOD;pm;ray;yg/

uREfkyfonf udk,fawmfay;oem;xm;onfh þudk,fþpdwfjzifh

bkef;wefcdk;emrawmfudkcsD;rGrf;axmremûyEdkifygrnfhtaMumif;

þodkYaomusef;rma&;tajctaersKd;udk ydkYaqmifay;rnfhvrf;pOfudk

vdkufjcif;onf xm0&bk&m;ocifESpfoufawmfrlrnf[k uREfkyf

,HkMunfygonf/

½Svum&nfpm;oifhtusifhESifhwdkufyGJ0ifjcif;

Letter, p. 70 (1911)

6/ oifhpmudk tckyJuREfkyfzwfNyD;ygonf/ oifonf u,fwif

jcif;&zdkY aMumuf½GHUwkefvIyfpGmjzifhvkyfaqmif&ef qE´½SdaeyHkay:yg

onf/ oifþodkYvkyfaqmifaeonfudk uREfkyftm;ay;ygonf/

ajzmifhrwfjcif;ESifh EdkifiHawmfudk½SmazG&mwGif oifhtm; vrf;wpf0uf

omydkYaqmifrnfht&mcyfodrf;wdkYudk a½SmifMuOfyg[k uREfkyftMuH

ay;vdkufygonf/ atmifyGJqifaprnfhtusifhrsm;udk t[efYtwm;

jzpfaprnfh taysmftyg;vdkufpm;rItoD;oD;udk rvkyfaqmifygESifh/

oif\vdktyfcsufrsm;udkodxm;olrsm;tm; oifhtwGuf qkawmif;

ay;&efawmif;cHyg/

uREfkyfvnf; oifhtajctaersKd;udk &ifqdkifcJhzl;ygonf/

½Svum&nfudk uREfkyftvGefêudufygonf/ odkYaomf bk&m;ocif

\trtpjzifh xdkt&mudk uREfkyfjzwfEdkifcJhygonf/ þtusifh

p½dkufu uREfkyftm;rpdk;rdk;oGm;ap&bl;[k oEéd|mefcsvsuf

xdkpHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;udk uREfkyfwdkufvSefcJhygonf/

&ufowåaygif;rsm;pGm uREfkyfzsm;emcJhygonf/ xdktaMumif;

udk xm0&bk&m;ociftvHk;pHkodawmfrlonf[k uREfkyfwzGzG

ajymcJhygonf/ uREfkyfaornfqdkvnf;aoygavap/ þqE´udk

awmh uREfkyfjznfhqnf;awmhrnfr[kwfyg/ &ufaygif;rsm;pGm

tBuD;tus,fqufízsm;emae&m touf½SifzdkYrvG,fawmh[k

vltrsm;uxifaeMuygonf/ xdktajctaersKd;wGif bk&m;ocifhxH

wGif uREfkyfwdkYqkawmif;Muawmhrnfudk oiftwwfodaevdrfh

rnf/ uREfkyfjyefvnfusef;rmvmap&ef tBuD;tus,fqkawmif;

cJhMuygonf/ ½Svum&nfudkaomufcsifonfhqE´udk qufvuf

wGef;vSefwdkufcdkufcJh&m tqHk;wGif uREfkyfatmifyGJqifcJhygonf/

,cktcsdefü xdkt&mrsKd;rsm;udk pm;csifpdwf uREfkyfür½Sdawmhacs/


þtawGUtêuHonf uREfkyftwGuftvGefwefzdk;½Sd&m uREfkyfonf

vGwfvGwfuRwfuRwfatmifyGJqifcJhygNyD/

oifhxHrS&cJhonfhtultnDESifh tm;ay;pum;rsm;twGuf

,ckuJhodkY uREfkyf\A[kokwrsm;udka&;ajymaejcif;jzpfonf/

oifvnf; þpHkprf;rIrsKd;udkatmifEdkifaMumif; uREfkyf,HkMunfyg

onf/ cufcJaomumvwGif xm0&bk&m;ocifonf rdrd

om;orD;rsm;udkulnDrpaMumif; xkwfazmfajymjyMuyg/ þtusifh

qdk;rsKd;tay: ZGJ½Sd½SdjzihfwdkufcdkufatmifyGJqifvQif wefzdk;t½SdqHk;

A[kokwwpfckudk oif&½Sdvdrfhrnf/ þavmuarGUavsmfjcif;

cHpm;rIrsKd;udk ûzdzsufypf&ef cdkifrmpGmoifqE´ûyvkyfaqmifvQif

oifvdktyfaomtrtprsm;udk xm0&bk&m;ocifxHrS oif&½Sdvdrfh

rnf/ êud;pm;MunhfygarmifESrwdkY/

þtusifhqdk;udkvdkufpm;jcif;tm;jzifh oiftodtrSwfûycJh

vQif pmwefonf oif\tvdkqErsm;udkcsKyfudkifum ol\pum;

udkemcHolwpfOD;jzpfvmatmif oifhudkxdef;csKyfvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif

xdkt&mudk atmifjrifausmfvTm;&ef oifoEéd|mefcscJhvQif xm0&

bk&m;ocifonf oifhtm; pHkprf;aESmihf,Sufjcif;toD;oD;udk

wGef;vSefEdkifzdkY cGeftm;ay;um rpulnDawmfrlvdrfhrnf/ c&pfawmf

onf oif\u,fwif½Sif? oifhtm;apmifha½Smufolwpfyg;jzpfonf

udk tNrJwrf;owd&atmufarhMuyg/

ûcd;jcHpGmpm;yg? odkYaomfvHkavmufatmifpm;yg

2T, pp. 373, 374 (1870)

7/ cEmudk,f\vdktyfcsufudkjznfhqnf;EdkifzdkY vHkavmufatmif

uREfkyfpm;ygonf/ odkYaomf uREfkyf\cHwGif;onf xrif;pm;yGJrS

xoGm;aomtcsdefü pxdkifonfhtcsdefuuJhodkYyif aumif;aeyg

onf/ aemufwpfeyfxrif;pm;aomtcsdefwGif ,cifwpfcg

pm;oavmufompm;ygonf/ ydkírpm;yg/ pm;aumif;oavmuf

uREfkyfpm;vdkufrnfqdkvQif tpm;MuL;jcif;aMumifh tawG;tac:

wpfckrSr&EdkifonfhtcsdefwGif uREfkyfa&;om;aeaompmrsm;udk

aumif;csD;ay;yg[k tb,fodkYbk&m;ocifxHwGif qkawmif;jcif;trI

ûyEdkifygrnfenf;/ AdkufxJwGif rcsdrqefYxnfhxm;aomtpmrsm;udk

apmifha½Smufrpyg[k uREfkyfqkawmif;&ygrnfvm;/ xdkodkYvkyfaqmif

jcif;onf udk,fawmftm; rav;pm;&ma&mufygonf/ xdkaMumifh

rSefonfxifonfhtwdkif;twmavmufompm;ojzifh cdkif;apxm;

awmfrlonfhtrIawmfudkaqmif½GufEdkif&ef cGeftm;ay;awmfrlyg[k

uREfkyfqkawmif;Edkifygawmhonf/ xdkodkY uREfkyfqkawmif;onfudk

xm0&bk&m;ocifem;anmif;um rpawmfrlaMumif; uREfkyfodcJh&

ygonf/

aumif;pGmjyifqifxm;onfhxrif;0dkif;

2T, p. 487 (1870)

8/ uREfkyfonf tcsdeftcgwdkif;wGif xrif;yGJudk aumif;rGef

pGmjyifqifavh½Sdonf/ {nfhonfudkauR;onfjzpfap? auR;rnfh

{nfhonfrSm ,HkMunfol[kwfonfjzpfap? r[kwfonfjzpfap

yHkrSeftwdkif;yif xrif;yGJudkjyifavh½Sdonf/ {nfhonf (6) a,muf

avmuf ½kwfw&ufa&mufvmaomfvnf; tHhtm;oifhzdkY rnfonfh

tcgrQpdwfrul;rdyg/ usef;rma&;ESifhnDnGwfNyD; tm[m&ESifh

jynfh0onfh½dk;½dk;tpm;tpmrsm; uREfkyfütvHktavmuf½Sdygonf/


odkY&mwGif axmywfESifhtom;rsm;uJhodkYaomtpmrsm;udk uREfkyf

rauR;onfhtwGuf xdkt&mrsKd;udkpm;csifvQifrl tjcm;rSm

vGwfvGwfvyfvyfoGm;pm;Edkifygonf/ udwfrkefYrsm;udkvnf;

auR;cJygonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh opfoD;rsm;? [if;oD;[if;½Guf

rsm;ESifh aygifrkefYaumif;aumif;awGudkpm;avh½Sdygonf/ uREfkyfwdkY

onf xrif;yGJudk yHkrSeftwdkif;cyf½dk;½dk;uav;jyifqifwwfaomf

vnf; xdktpmrsm;udkpm;oHk;olrsm;rSm usef;rma&;wdk;wufvm

Muygonf/ xl;qef;aomt&omrsm;udkawmifhwjcif;r½SdbJ

uREfkyfwdkY\xrif;yGJwGif xdkifpm;olrsm;onf zefqif;½Sifu

auR;onfhtpmrsm;udk tm;&yg;&pm;Muygvdrfhrnf/

um;rsm;ay:ü

Health Reformer, December, 1870.

9/ tjcm;rdbrsm;ESifh ¤if;wdkY\om;orD;rsm;onf pm;aumif;

aomufzG,frsm;udkpm;aomufaeMupOfwGif uREfkyfwdkYvifr,m;

ESpfa,mufrSm *a&[rfaygifrkefYudk axmywfrokwfbJ opfoD;0vH

rsm;ESifh pm;aeustcsdefjzpfaom aeYv,f 1 em&DwGifpm;Muygonf/

cHwGif;awmifhwrIudkjznfhqnf;&ef axG&mav;yg;tpm;tpmrsm;udk

o,fvmp&mrvdkbJ xdktpmrsm;ESifhcHwGif;awGUum tm;&yg;&

pm;EdkifonfhtwGuf xm0&bk&m;ocifudk txl;aus;Zl;wifrdyg

onf/ pm;vdkYaumif;ojzifh aemufwpfaeYeHeufpmpm;onftxd

rqmMuawmhyg/ vdar®mfoD;? tcGHrmoD;? ajymif;zl;? aygufaygufESifh

oMum;vHk;udko,faqmifvmonfha,musfm;uav;u uREfkyfwdkY

tm; qif;&Jonfhazgufonfrsm;tjzpf jrifawGUaevdrfhrnf/

tcuftcJrsm;ESifhawGUêuHjcif;aMumifhtavsmhay;vdkufjcif;

Letter, p. 83 (1901)

10/ vGefcJhaomESpfaygif; (30) avmufu uREfkyfonf rMum

cPcGeftm;enf;oGm;wwf&m vltrsm;u uREfkyftwGufqkawmif;

ay;Muygonf/ tom;pm;vQif tm;jyef½SdvmvdrfhrnftxifESifh

tom;udkt"duxm;NyD;pm;ygaomfvnf; tm;jyef½Sdrvmonfhjyif

ydkíyiftm;enf;oGm;cJhygonf/ tm;enf;vGef;ojzifh rMumcP

arhajrmoGm;wwfygonf/ trsKd;om;ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;wdkYonf

tom;pm;jcif;tm;jzifh rdrdwdkY\udk,fpdwfESvHk;oHk;yg;pvHk;\pGrf;tm;

rsm;udk zsufqD;aeMuonf[k uREfkyftm;tvif;ay;awmfrlygonf/

xdktpm;tpmaMumifh vl\cE¨mudk,ftaqmufttHkBuD;onf

xdcdkufae&½Hkomru wd&pämefpdwfwdrf;ñGwfrIudk tm;aumif;apum

t&ufaomufcsifpdwfrsm;udkvnf; jzpfay:apygonf/

odkYjzifh uREfkyfonf tom;udk,wdjywfjzwfypfvdkufyg

onf/ aemufydkif;wGif tjcm;tpm;tpmrsm;r&Edkifonfhae&m

rsm;odkYa&muf½SdoGm;aomtcgrsm;ü tom;udktenf;i,fpm;&rnfh

tajctaeESifh&ifqdkifcJh&ygonf/

(rSwfcsuf- rr0Idufonf i,f½G,fpOf rdef;rysKdb0rSpí

0dnmOfawmfpmapmifrsm;udka&;om;jcif;ESifh vlxka½SUwGif {0Ha*vd

w&m;a[mjcif;trIwdkYudkaqmif½Gufae&&m tdrfrIwm0efrsm;udk

tdrfaprsm;? xrif;csufrsm;ESifhvTJxm;&onfursm;ygonf/

xrif;csufaumif;rsm;udk tNrJwapiSm;vdkY&Edkifonfr[kwf&m

rdrdaetdrfrSmyif taumif;qHk;pHEIef;ESifh xrif;csuftopf\


tawGUtêuHA[kokw? ¤if;\tqifhwdkYtMum;n§d,l&aomtcg

rsm;vnf;½SdcJhygonf/ ¤if;jyif c&D;oGm;aomtcgrsm;wGifvnf;

wnf;cdkonfhtdrfrS tdrf½SifauR;arG;onfhtay:wGif tajcûyum

pm;cJh&aomtcgrsm;vnf;½SdcJhygonf/ oufowfvGwftpmrsm;

udkompm;oifhonfrSmrSefaomfvnf; taumif;qHk;tpmr[kwf

rSef;odvsufESifh rdrdudk,fwdkifa½G;cs,fonfhtpmr[kwfbJvsuf

tom;udkpm;zdkYvdktyfonfhtcgrsm;vnf;½SdcJhzl;ygonf/)

pm;zdkrª;wpfOD;tvdk½Sdaejcif;

Letter, p. 19c (1892)

11/ uREfkyfpm;Edkifonfhtpmrsm;udk jyifqifay;Edkifrnfhtcsuf

tûywftawGUtêuH&ifhusufolwpfOD;udk ,cktcsdefwGif ydkíyif

vdktyfaeygonf/ pm;aumif;½HktwGufomr[kwfbJ tmomajy

ap&eftwGufvnf; tpmudkjyifqif&ygonf/ tjcm;tdrfrIudpö

rsm;udkvkyfaomtvkyform;rsm;xuf pm;zdkrª;vcudk uREfkyfydkNyD;

ay;cJhygonf/

oufowfvGwfpm;&efaemufqHk;uwd0efcHcsuf

Letter, p. 76 (1895)

12/ 1894 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv? b½dkufwefrSmusif;yonfh

awmpcef;tpnf;ta0;tcsdefuwnf;u uREfkyfonf tom;udk

vHk;vHk;jzwfcJhygonf/ tdrfrSmjzpfap? EdkifiHjcm;üa&mufaeonf

jzpfap rdom;pktwGif;ü tom;udkvHk;0rpm;&ef em;vnfrI&cJh

ygonf/ þtaMumif;t&mESifhpyfvsOf;onfhazmfjycsufrsm;udkvnf;

ntcsdefrsm;wGif uREfkyf&cJhzl;ygonf/

MS, p. 25 (1894)

13/ uREfkyfwdkYonf EGm;EdkY? opfoD;ESifh aygifrkefYrsm;udk tvQHy,f

pm;cJhMuygonf/ tom;udkt½Sif;rpm;awmhyg/ tom;rpm;jcif;

aMumifh udk,fpdwfESpfyg;pvHk;rSm ydkíusef;rmMuHhcdkifvmygonf/

bk&m;ocifauR;awmfrlonfh e*dkrl&if;tpmudk wwfEdkiforQ

jyefípm;um tom;ESifhwuG tcsdefukefvlyef;jyifqif&onfh

tcsKdyGJrsm;udk xdktcsdefrSpíjzwfvdkufygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf

opfoD;0vHrsm;udk êudufoavmufpm;EdkifMuonfjzpf&m a&m*g

½Sdaeaomwd&pämeftom;rsm;udkpm;aomaMumifh &½SdEdkifonfha&m*g

rsm;twGufvnf; rpdk;&drf&awmhacs/ tmomajyapNyD; tm[m&

½Sdaom½dk;½dk;tpmrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYêudufvmatmif uREfkyfwdkY\

cHwGif;udk uREfkyfwdkYxdef;csKyfMu&rnf/

a½SUodkYwpfvSrf;wufNyD;aemufyxrESpf

Letter, p. 76 (1895)

14/ uREfkyfwdkY\tdrfaxmifrSm vlOD;a&rsm;½Hkomru {nfhonf

uvnf;renf;aomfvnf; tom;ESifhaxmywfudk uREfkyfrauR;

yg/ udk,fwdkifarG;xm;onfhEGm;rrS&aom EGm;EdkYrSrvdkifrsm;udkom

pm;oHk;ygonf/ usef;rma&;aumif;onfhEGm;jcHrsm;rSa&mif;aom

axmywfrsm;udkrl csufûywf&eftwGuf uREfkyfwdkY0,favh0,fx

½Sdygonf/

a½SUodkYwpfvSrf;wufNyD;aemuf'kwd,ESpf

Letter, p. 73a (1896)

15/ uREfkyfwdkY\tdrfaxmifrSm vlOD;a& 16 a,muftxd½Sd

wwfaomrdom;pkBuD;wpfckjzpfonf/ ¤if;wdkYwGif v,fvkyfolrsm;


ESifh opfyifvSJolrsm;yg0ifygonf/ xdktvkyfrsm;onf cGeftm;

oHk;ívkyf&aomtvkyfrsm;jzpfvifhupm; ¤if;wdkYudk uREfkyftom;

rauR;yg/ b½dkufweftpnf;ta0;uwnf;u tom;udkuREfkyfwdkY

rpm;Muawmhyg/ tom;udkauR;&ef uREfkyfüqE´r½SdcJhaomfvnf;

wpfpHkwpfa,mufu [dk[mrpm;Edkif? 'D[mrpm;Edkifjzpfaeaom

tcgrsm;wGifvnf;aumif;? tjcm;tpmrsm;xuf tom;udk

olYtpmtdrfuydkNyD;aMucsufay;EdkifaMumif; ajymvmaomtcg

rsm;wGifvnf;aumif; tom;udkjyifqifcsufûywfay;&onfhtcsdef

rsm;awmh½SdcJhygonf/

uREfkyfxHodkYvmí xrif;pm;Muolrsm;udkêudqdkygonf/

odkYaomf tom;[if;udkrl auR;rnfr[kwfbJ toD;tESH? [if;oD;

[if;½GufESif hopfoD;0vHrsm;ESif hwnfcif;auR;ygrnf/ ,ck

avmavmq,fwGif taumif;qHk;aomvdar®mfoD;ESifha½SmufoD;rsm;

tvQHy,faygaeygonf/ þ&moDrSm þESpfrsKd;udk uREfkyfwdkY

vwfvwfqwfqwf&,lpm;oHk;EdkifMuygonf/

uREfkyfwdkYaexdkiftouf½SifyHkESifhywfoufonfhoabm

w&m;tenf;i,fay;vdkaomaMumifh þpmudk oifhxHodkYa&;&jcif;

jzpfonf/ ,ckavmavmq,ftcsdefrSmavmuf rnfonfhtcsdef

urQ uREfkyf\usef;rma&;raumif;cJhzl;acs/ ,cktcsdefrSmavmuf

pmvnf;ra&;EdkifcJhacs/ eHeuf (3) em&DwGif tdyf&mxNyD;

aeYv,faeYcif;wGif wpfcgrQtdyfavhr½Sdyg/ uREfkyftm; a&;om;zdkY

wdkufwGef;rIrsm;twGuf pdwfxJwGif0efav;rdonfhtcgrsm;wGif

wpfcgwpf&Hü oef;acgifausmf (1) em&DrSmtdyf&mxNyD; wpfcg

wpf&Hüvnf; noef;acgif 12 em&DavmufrSmtdyf&mxum

pma&;avh½Sdygonf/ uREfkyfudkay;oem;awmfrlonfh u½kPmawmf

twGuf pdwfa&mudk,fyg xm0&bk&m;ociftm; csD;rGrf;rdygonf/

tcGHrmtoD;rsm;udktoifhtwifhpm;oHk;jcif;

Letter, p. 73 (1899)

16/ tom;ESifhaxmywfudk uREfkyfwdkYvHk;vHk;rpm;awmhyg/

EGm;EdkYudkrlcsufûywf&mwGif tenf;i,ftoHk;ûyonf/ þ&moDwGif

opfoD;0vHrsm;udk vwfvwfqwfqwfr&Edkifyg/ odkYaomf

c&rf;csOfoD;rsm;pGmpkaqmif;xm;EdkifcJhonf/ tcGHrmtoD;rsm;udk

yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;jzifhpm;oHk;&efvnf; pOf;pm;xm;onf/ pm;oHk;aeus

xuf ig;yHkav;yHkavsmhípm;ygonf/

vHkavmufaomtm[m&wpfck-tom;awmhr[kwfyg

MS, p. 82 (1901)

17/ uREfkyfonf Cooranbong a'owGifa&muf½SdaepOf tom;

tvGefêudufaomvlrsm;onf uREfkyfwdkYrdom;pkxHa&mufvmNyD;

oufowfvGwf[if;rsm;jzif h xrif;twlpm;Muygonf/

]aumif;w,f? 'Dvdk[if;rsKd;eJYqdk&if tom;rygbJpm;vdkY&wm

aygh} [k olwdkYuajymMuonf/ uREfkyfwdkYjyifqifxm;aom

xrif;[if;rsm;onf uREfkyfwdkYtm;vHk;\cHwGif;awmifhwrIudk

tmomajyapcJhonf[k uREfkyfxifygonf/ ]]b,ftpmudkyJjyifjyif

vHkavmufwJhtm[m&&Edkifr,fhtpm;tpmrsm;udk jyifqifauR;arG;

yg/ wpfcsdefvHk;avhvmzefwD;NyD; tm[m&jznfhqnf;&mwGif

taumif;qHk;[if;vsmudk oif&½SdEdkifvmvdrfhrnfjzpfonf}} [k

vnf; rdom;pkrsm;udkajymcJhygonf/


vufzuf&nfESifhaumfzD

Letter, p. 12 (1888)

18/ vufzuf&nf? aumfzDtwGuf wpfESpfvQif wpfjym;

awmifrSuREfkyfroHk;pGJzl;yg/ raumif;rSef;odojzifh aomufoHk;

&rnfudkr&Jaomfvnf; tBuD;tus,fatmhtefaomtcgrsm;wGif

aq;jzpf0g;jzpftoHk;ûywwfygonf/

uREfkyfonf vufzuf&nfaomufonfhtjypfudk rusL;vGef

yg/ tu,fí vufzuf&nf? aumfzDESifh 0dkifrsm;udk uREfkyfêuduf

vQifvnf; usef;rma&;udkvnf;aumif;? usef;rmaomtoufwm

yHkpHudkvnf;aumif; wefzdk;xm;aomaMumifh usef;rma&;udkxdcdkuf

aprnfhxdktpmrsm;udk uREfkyfpm;oHk;rnfr[kwfyg/ uREfkyfonf

csKyfwnf;jcif;ESifhwuG aumif;aomtusifhoDvrsm;twGuf

pHerlemwpfcktjzpf olwpfyg;a½SUwGif touf½Sifaexdkifvdkygonf/

½dk;½dk;tpm

Letter, p. 150 (1903)

19/ uREfkyf\usef;rma&;rSm aumif;rGefygonf/ cHwGif;

vnf; aumif;ygonf/ tpmu½dk;avav? trnfenf;avav?

ydkNyD;uREfkyfoefrmavavjzpfonfudk awGUjrifae&ygonf/

1903 ckESpfwGif&½Sdonfhtvif;w&m;udkvdkufavQmufjcif;

Letter, p. 45 (1903)

20/ uREfkyfwdkYrdom;pkrsm;onf reufpmudk eHeuf 6;30

em&DwGifpm;NyD; naepmudk rGef;vGJ 1;30 em&DwGifpm;ygonf/

npmrpm;yg/ wcsKdUrdom;pk0ifrsm;twGuf þpm;csdefrsm;onf

tqifrajyvQif pm;csdefrsm;udk tenf;i,fajymif;ygonf/

vGefcJhaomtESpf (35) u&½SdcJhaomtvif;w&m;twdkif;

wpfaeYvQif xrif; (2) eyfompm;ygonf/ tom;rpm;yg/

axmywfudkrpm;yg/ uREfkyfwdkYü *smpDEGm;rwpfaumifESifh [dkpwdef;

EGm;rwpfaumif½Sd&m rvdkifrsm;vkyfípm;Muygonf/

Letter, p. 62 (1903)

21/ uREfkyfonf touf 75 ESpf½SdNyDjzpfaomfvnf; ,cif

wkef;uuJhodkYyif pma&;Ekdifygao;onf/ tpmaMucsufrIaumif;

aeqJjzpfovdk OD;aESmufvnf;Munfvifaeygao;onf/

uREfkyfwdkYpm;onfhtpm;tpmrsm;rSm ½dk;½Sif;NyD; tm[m&

½SdvSygonf/ uREfkyfwdkY\pm;yGJay:ü axmywf? tom;? 'defcJESifh

wuG tqDygaomtpmrsm;udkrawGUEdkifyg/ vGefcJhaomv

tenf;i,fu wpfoufvHk;tom;pm;vmNyD; ,HkMunfolr[kwf

onfhvli,fwpfa,mufonf uREfkyfwdkYtdrfudka&mufvmygonf/

ol½SdaeonfhtwGufaMumifh tpmtajymif;tvJrvkyfawmhbJ

pm;aeustpmrsm;ESifhyif olYudkauR;arG;{nfhcHcJh&m uREfkyfwdkYESifh

aexdkifpOftwGif; udk,ftav;csdef aygif 20 wdk;vmygonf/

olYtm; uREfkyfwdkYauR;cJhaomtpmrsm;onf ¤if;pm;aeustpm

rsm;xuf trsm;BuD;aumif;ygonf/ uREkfyfwdkYESifhtwlwlpm;zl;

onfhvlwdkif;u pm;&onfhtpm;tpmrsm;twGuf pdwfauseyfrI

½SdaMumif;ajymMuygonf/

Letter, p. 127 (1904).

22/ uREfkyfonf t½dk;qHk;tpmudk t½dk;qHk;enf;jzifhcsufxm;

onfhxrif;[if;rsm;udk pm;avh½Sdygonf/ vaygif;rsm;pGm t"du


DF- 47

xm;NyD;pm;cJhonfhtpmrSm rkefY[if;cg;ESifh bl;rsm;jzifhxnfha&mif;

onfhc&rf;csOfoD;rsm;yifjzpfonf/ xdkESpfrsKd;udka&mNyD;csufpm;yg

onf/ ZGDbufqdkonfhtpmESifhvnf; a&mNyD;pm;ygonf/ ¤if;jyif

uREfkyfwdkYonf aygif;xm;onfhopfoD;rsm;ESifh a½SmufoD;aygif;rkefY

rsm;udkvnf;pm;Muygonf/ ajymif;zl;aphajcmufudk EGm;Edk Y

(odkYr[kwf) rvdkifESifha&mNyD;csufxm;onfh[if;udkvnf; wpfcg

wpf&HrSmpm;ygonf/

odkYaomf rdom;pkxJrS wcsKdUyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf uREfkyfpm;

onfhtpmrsm;udkrêudufMuyg/ uREfkyfpm;ovdk tjcm;olrsm;

vdkufpm;zdkY uREfkyfrawmif;qdkyg/ udk,fhtwGuftaumif;qHk;jzpf

rnfhtpmudk udk,fwdkifa½G;cs,fNyD;pm;oHk;cGifhûyxm;ygonf/

olwpfyg;udk uREfkyfcsKyfcs,favhr½Sdyg/ wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; têudufcsif;

rwlMuojzifh trsm;vdkufavQmuf&ef pnf;rsOf;wpfckwnf;csrSwfzdkY

rjzpfEdkifyg/ uREfkyf\rdom;pkxJrS wcsKdUonf yJoD;udkodyfêuduf

Muaomfvnf; xdkyJoD;rsm;rSm uREfkyfESifhrwnfhyg/ axmywfudk

uREfkyfrpm;aomfvnf; wcsKdUrdom;pk0ifrsm;onf axmywf

tenf;i,fudkpm;wwfMu&m olwdkYü vGwfvyfpGmpm;aomufcGifh

½Sdygonf/ uREfkyfonf wpfaeYxrif; (2) cgompm;aomfvnf;

rdom;pkxJrS wcsKdUwdkYrSm npmpm;csifMuao;&m rpm;ygESifh[k

uREfkyfOya'xkwfum wm;jrpfjcif;rûyyg/ uREfkyfwdkYESifhtwl xrif;

pm;olrsm;onf pdwfrausreyfjzpfcg xoGm;&aomolr½Sdovdk

tmomrajybJESifh xoGm;aomolvnf;r½SdcJhzl;yg/ ½dk;pif;aomf

vnf; tm[m&ESifht&omjynfhpHkaom pm;aomufzG,f&mrsKd;pHkudk

tNrJwrf;jyifqifpm;oHk;avh½Sdygonf/

rr0Iduf\pm;aomufyHktay:ar;cGef;xkwfolrsm;twGuf

zGifhqdkcsufwpfck

Letter, p. 50 (1908).

23/ usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;taMumif;rsm;udk

uREfkyfa&;om;ovdk aexdkifûyrljcif;r½Sd[k wcsKdUuajymvmyg

onf/ odkYaomf uREfkyfod½SdorQusef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk uREfkyf

rcsKd;azgufcJhzl;yg[kajym&Jygonf/ uREfkyftom;rpm;bl;qdkonfudk

uREfkyfESifhxrif;twlpm;zl;olrsm;odMuygonf/

uREfkyfwdkYtom;rpm;MuonfrSm ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmMumcJh

ygNyD/ aumfzDESifhvufzuf&nfudkvnf; uREfkyfwdkYraomufyg/

uvdkbm½Gufajcmuf[kac:onfh tavhusaygufNyD; EGm;pm;aom

oHk;½GufqHktajcmufrsm;udk a&aEG;wGifxnfhí taEG;"mwf&&ef

wpfcgwpf&Haomufwwfygonf/ odkYaomf rdom;pkrsm;onf

xrif;pm;wkef; a&aEG;raomufwwfMuyg/ axmywfudkrpm;cJh

onfrSmvnf; ESpftawmfMumNyDjzpfojzifh {nfhonfrsm;½Sdvihf

upm; axmywftpm; rvdkifudkomtoHk;ûycJhygonf/

odkYapumrl uREfkyfwdkYpm;aomtpmrsm;onf tm[m&

rcsKdUwJhyg/ odkxm;onfhopfoD;rsm;ESifh oHjzLbl;oGwfopfoD;

rsm;vnf; uREfkyfwdkYü½Sdxm;ygonf/ xdkt&mrsm;ESifhravmufi

vQifvnf; wcsKdUudkaps;rSm0,fygonf/ a':*a&;u taphryg

onfhpyspfoD;rsm;udkydkYay;ygonf/ tvGeft&om½Sdygonf/

pawmfb,f&Dudk uREfkyfwdkYa'owGif aumif;pGmpdkufysKd;r&ojzifh

vdk*ifb,f&Drsm;udkpdkufMuygonf/ bvufbm&DESifh &ufpfbm&D


oD;rsm;udkvnf; tdrfeD;csif;rsm;xHrS0,fygonf/ yef;oD;ESifh

opfawmfoD;rsm;udkvnf;0,fpm;ygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYü c&rf;csOfoD;

trsm;BuD;½Sdxm;NyD; tcsKdpm;ajymif;zl;wpfrsKd;udkpdkufum aqmif;

wGif;pmtwGuf trsm;BuD;odkxm;ygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYtdrfem;rSm

tpmpuf½Hkwpf½Hk½Sdxm;ojzifh toD;tESHrsm;jzifhûyvkyfxm;onfh

tpmrsm;udk 0,f,lpm;oHk;EdkifMuygonf/

uREfkyfwdkYtwGuf taumif;qHk;jzpfrnfhtpmrsm;udk a&mpyf

pm;oHk;zdkY OD;aESmufudk trsm;BuD;toHk;ûyMu&ygonf/ pm;aomuf

jcif;tusifhESif hywfoufívnf;aumif;? csKyfwnf;jcif;ESifh

ywfoufívnf;aumif;? usKd;aMumif;qifjcifwwf&ef avhusuf

jcif;ESifhywfoufívnf;aumif; owdynm½Sd½Sdvkyfaqmif&efrSm

uREfkyfwdkY\wm0efomjzpfygonf/ usefaomtydkif;u@rsm;udk

xm0&bk&m;ocifrpawmfrlygvdrfhrnf/

uREfkyf wpfaeYxrif; 2 Budrfpm;vmcJhonfrSm ESpfaygif;

40 ausmfcJhygNyD/ ta&;BuD;aomvkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfaqmifp&m

½Sdaomtcsdefrsm;wGif tpmudktenf;i,favsmhpm;vdkufygonf/

tpmtdrfxJwGif 'ku©ay;rnf[kxifaomtpmrsm;udk uREfkyfpm;avh

r½Sdyg/ bk&m;ocifha½SUarSmufwGif pdwfMunfvifpGm trIawmf

aqmif&ef vdktyfonfjzpfojzifh uREfkyf\todOmPfpGrf;tm;

rsm;udkavsmhyg;aprnfht&mrSeforQudk *½kwpdkufumuG,f&ygrnf/

,aeYqdkvQif uREfkyftouf 81 ESpf½SdygNyD/ tD*spfjynf

rSmpm;cJh&aomtom;[if;udk uREfkyfwdkYrvGrf;Muyg[k oufaocH&J

ygonf/ usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;twkdif; touf½Sifaexdkifjcif;

aMumifh &½SdcHpm;&onfhtusKd;aus;Zl;wcsKdUudk uREfkyfodxm;yg

onf/ usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;jzpfvm&ef xdkt&m

rsm;udk vkyfaqmif&rnfhwm0efjzpfouJhodkY tcGifhta&;vnf;jzpf

onf[k uREfkyfrSwf,lxm;ygonf/

odkYapumrl uREfkyfwdkYtxJrSvlrsm;pGmwdkYonf usef;rmjcif;

qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;tvif;w&m;udk&½Sdxm;ygvsuf wif;usyf

pGmrvdkufavQmufonfudkawGU&ojzifh uREfkyf0rf;enf;rdygonf/

ay;oem;awmfrlonfhtvif;w&m;twkdif; vdkufavQmufjcif;rûybJ

usef;rma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkcsKd;azgufolrsm;onf tusKd;qufudk

aocsmaygufcHpm;Mu&vdrfhrnf/

uREfkyf\pm;aomufyHkrsm;tay: ar;cGef;xkwfvmolrsm;

tm; jyefvnfajzMum;Edkif&eftvdkYiSm ,ckuJhodkY oifhxHodkY

tao;pdwfa&;om;ay;&jcif;jzpfygonf/

uREfkyfonf a[mMum;&mwGifvnf;aumif;? a&;om;&m

wGifvnf;aumif; rsm;pGmvkyfaqmifEdkif&jcif;\t"dutaMumif;

&if;rSm tpm;taomufwGif wif;usyfpGmûcd;jcHjcif;aMumifhjzpfyg

onf/ trnftrsKd;rsKd;udkwnfcif;auR;arG;Muapumrl uREfkyfonf

rdrdESifhwnfhonfhtpmwcsKdUudkom pm;oHk;avh½Sdygonf/ xdkaMumifh

pdwfydkif;qdkif&mpGrf;tm;rsm;udk MunfMunfvifvifjzpfatmif

uREfkyfxdef;odrf;apmifha½SmufEdkifcJhygonf/ tpmtdrfudk tcsOfayguf

aprnfhtpmrsm;udk odvsufESifh rnfonfhtcgrQpm;avhr½Sdyg/

usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;wdkif; þwm0efudk

xrf;aqmifMu&ygrnf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf tusKd;ESifhtaMumif;

qifjcifoHk;oyfum cyfodrf;aomtrIwdkYwGifcsKyfwnf;&ef wm0ef

½SdMuygonf/

aemufqufwGJ 741

ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuftaxGaxGpnf;rsOf;rsm;

MS, p. 29 (1897).

24/ usef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;qdkif&mtvif;w&m;udk

xm0&bk&m;ocifxHrS uREfkyfrsm;pGm&½Sdxm;ygonf/ tvif;&zdkY

rêud;pm;cJhovdk xdktvif;udk&zdkY avhvmrIrsm;udkvnf;rûyvkyf

cJhyg/ xm0&bk&m;ocifonf olwpfyg;tm;rQa0&ef xdktvif;

w&m;udk uREfkyftm;ay;awmfrlcJhygonf/ taxGaxGpnf;rsOf;rsm;

tay:tajccHvsuf vlrsm;wdkYtm; þowif;pum;udk uREfkyf

wifjycJhygonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif ar;cGef;rsm;ar;vmaomtcg

trSefw&m;ESifhtnD uREfkyfajzqdkcJhygonf/ odkY&mwGif olwpfyg;\

tpm;taomufrsm;udk rnfonfhtcgrQ uREfkyftjypf½Smwdkufcdkuf

jcif;rvkyfcJ hzl;yg/ þvkyfaqmifrIrsK d;udk ,Ofaus;aom?

avsmufywfaomtûytrljzpfonf[k uREfkyfowfrSwfrxm;yg/

olwpfyg;udkonf;cHjcif;

Letter, p. 45 (1903).

25/ uREfkyfonf rdrdudk,fudk tjcm;olrsm;twGuf pHerlemwpfck

jzpfzdkYêud;pm;avhr½Sdyg/ þtpm;tpmrsm;onf BuD;rm;aoma&m*g

a0'emrcHpm;&bJ pm;oHk;Edkifonfhtpmrsm;r[kwfyg/ uREfkyftwGuf

taumif;qHk;jzpfrnfhtpmudk uREfkyfêud;pm;a½G;cs,fNyD; olwpfyg;

tm; pum;wpfvHk;rSrajymbJ uREfkyf\tpmtdrfudk 'ku©ray;rnfh

xdktpm 2 rsKd; (odkYr[kwf) 3 rsKd;udk uREfkyfpm;jyvdkufygonf/

Letter, p. 199 (1891).

26/ cE¨mudk,fMuHhcdkifjcif;? pdwfoabmxm;ESifh cE¨mudk,f\

vdktyfcsufrsm;wGif yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;rwlnDMuyg/ vlyk*¾dKvf

wpfOD;twGuf aumif;aomtpmonf tjcm;olwpfOD;twGuf

tqdyfjzpfaumif;jzpfaernf/ xdkaMumifh vltm;vHk;twGuf wdus

aompnf;rsOf;wpfckcsrSwfzdkY&efrSmrjzpfEdkifyg/ yJoD;rsm;udk uREfkyf

rpm;yg/ taMumif;rSm xdktoD;onf uREfkyftwGuf tqdyfjzpf

aeygonf/ xdktaMumif;aMumifh yJoD;udkrpm;&[k Oya'ûy

vdkufrnfqdkvQif &,fp&mjzpfaeacsawmhrnf/ uREfkyfonf EGm;EdkY

qefûywftenf;i,fpm;rdvQifyif a0'emwpfckudkrcHpm;bJrae&

yg/ odkYaomf uREfkyf\tdrfaxmif½Sd tjcm;vlrsm;rSm EGm;EdkY?

qefûywfudkaomufvQif tqifajyMuygonf/ xdkaMumifh uREfkyfESifh

wnfhaomtpmudk uREfkyfpm;NyD; olwdkYESifhtqifajyaomtpmudk

olwdkYpm;Muygonf/ b,foludk b,folurSapmif;csdwftjypfwif

pum;rajymMuyg/ [dk[mrpm;eJY? [dk[mudkpm;ygqdkNyD; trdefY

vnf;ray;wwfMu&m rdom;pkBuD;wpfckjzpfaomfvnf; tm;vHk;

tqifajypGmaexdkiftouf½SifEdkifcJhMuygonf/

]]uREfkyfonf opöm½Sdaomusef;rma&;ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;

orm;wpfOD;jzpfonf}}

9T, pp. 158-159 (1909).

27/ usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;owif;pum;udk

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ocifu uREfkyftm; cGeftm;ay;awmfrlrnfudkodaeaomaMumifh

ûyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;wpfOD;tjzpf uREfkyf&yfwnfcJhygonf/

touf&vmNyDjzpfaomfvnf; i,f½G,fpOftcsdefuxuf ,ck

tcsdefwGif uREfkyfydkíusef;rmaeygonf/

usef;rmjcif;qdkif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;taMumif;rsm;udk

uREfkyfa&;om;ovdk aexdkifûyrljcif;r½Sd[k wcsKdUuajymvmyg

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aemufqufwGJ (2)

usef;rmjcif;qkdif&mûyjyifajymif;vJa&;oGefoifcsufrsm;tay:

*sdrf;0Iduf\zGifhqdkcsuf

R & H, Nov. 8, 1870.

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rdzdkYyifjzpfygonf/

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Counsels on Diet and Food - adventistmm.org

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