COUNSELING FOUNDATIONS
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COUNSELING FOUNDATIONS
INSTRUCTORDR. JOAN VERMILLIONNET Training Institute
Freedom Series
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE #1
Apply principles of sensation and perception, motivation theory, & learning theory to the development of emotions, thoughts, & behaviors.
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE #2
Describe the impact of emotions, thoughts, & behaviors on whole person development.
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE #3
Apply major theoretical aspects of human development to the understanding of the origins of addictive behavior and implications during recovery.
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE #4
Recognize the value of various counseling theories and their contribution to relieving psychological distress.
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Introduction to Psychology and Counseling
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Introduction to Psychology
Psychology can be defined as the scientific study of the behavior and thinking of organisms.
Established as a discipline in 1879.
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Psychology
How people grow, mature and change from birth to adulthood – Developmental Psychology
How people interact with one another and with their society as a whole –
Social Psychology
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Psychology
Diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems – Abnormal Psychology
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The Scientific Method
Proposal of an idea (an hypothesis) Test hypothesis Results evaluated against idea
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The Scientific Method
Observation Surveys/Interviews Case Study Experiment
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Issues in Modern Psychology
Human nature: good or evil? Nature vs. Nurture Does who you are depend on
where you are? Psychology and Society Body vs. Mind The brain and behavior
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Perception
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Perception
The process through which people receive, organize and interpret information from their environment.
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INFLUENCES OVER PERCEPTION
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PERCEPTION
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PERCEPTUAL DISTORTIONS
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Motivation
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What is Motivation?
Motivation =The level, direction and persistenceof EFFORT expended
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Categories of Theories of Motivation
Content TheoriesProcess Theories
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Content Theories
Motivation results from the individual’s attempts to satisfy needs.
Profile different needs that may motivate individual behavior.
Emphasize the “what” aspects of motivation.
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MASLOW’S THEORY
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McClelland’s Required Needs Theory
Need For Affiliation Need For Achievement Need For Power
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Process Theories
Focus on the thought processes. Seek to understand the thought
processes that determine behavior.
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Equity Theory
People gauge their outcomes relative to others, any perceived inequity impacts motivation.
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Expectancy Theory
Motivation is a result of a rational calculation.
People exert effort ►to achieve performance ►and realize outcomes.
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Motivational Stages
Pre-contemplation Contemplation Preparation Action Maintenance
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Social Psychology
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Social Psychology
Human behavior is effected by the behavior of other people.
Concerned with social influences upon the individual
The importance of attitudes
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VALUES
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Values and Attitudes
Attitudes are influenced by values Both are acquired from the same
sources: friends, teachers, parents and role models
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The importance of attitudes
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Attitudes and Behaviors
Cognitive component Affective component Behavioral component
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How do we change our behaviors? Events that alter the emotional
component of an attitude may create an inconsistency that calls for change.
Persuasive communications can impact us.
This can lead to a change in behavior. The mere act of making a decision
can change behavior.
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Conformity
Yielding by individuals to pressures from the group in which they find themselves.
Peer pressure to conform. Theory of social comparisons
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Learning Theory
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What is Learning?
Changes in behavior or to changes in the state of an individual’s knowledge that are due to experience
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LEARNING
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Operant vs. Classical Conditioning
Operant conditioning focuses on what occurs after the behavior (the consequences
Classical conditioning is more concerned with what occurs before the behavior (the antecedents)
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Reinforcement Theories
Emphasize the means through which the process of controlling an individual’s behavior by manipulating its consequences takes place.
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POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
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CONTINGENCIES
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When is Reinforcement Inappropriate? Behavioral concepts should not be
substitutes for good teaching Operant conditioning must not be
used to manipulate External rewards may actually
undermine intrinsic interests Rewards can communicate that the
behavior is inherently worth doing
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Observational Learning
Learning that occurs through exposure to the behavior of others (Modeling)
Involves three steps: exposure to the responses of others, acquisition of what one has seen and acceptance of the modeled acts as a guide for one’s own behavior.
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Modeling
A rapid form of learning May be responsible for the learning
of irrational or fearful responses
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Child Development
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Prenatal Period
Time from conception to birth A time of tremendous growth
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Infancy
Extends from birth to 18 or 24 months.
Extreme dependence on adults Psychological activities are just
beginning: language, symbolic thought, sensorimotor coordination and social learning
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Early Childhood
Infancy to 5-6 years of age Learning self-sufficiency and caring
for self
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Middle and Late Childhood
Ages 6-11 Formal exposure to the larger
world and its culture Self-control increases
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Theories of Human Development
Freud’s Psychosexual Theory
Erikson’s Social-Emotional Theory
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development
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Freud’s Psychosexual Theory
Five Major Stages ORAL ANAL PHALLIC LATENCY GENITAL
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Erikson’s Social-Emotional Theory
Trust vs. Mistrust Autonomy vs. Shame Initiative vs. Guilt Industry vs. Inferiority
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Adolescent/Adult Development
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Adolescence
Period of transition from childhood to adulthood
Issues: Maturation and Experience, Continuity and Discontinuity
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Erikson’s Social-Emotional Theory
Identity vs. Identity Diffusion/Confusion
Intimacy vs. Isolation Generativity vs. Stagnation Integrity vs. Despair/Disgust
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Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development
STAGE 1: Punishment and Obedience Orientation
STAGE 2: Naïve Hedonism or Instrumental Orientation
STAGE 3: Good Girl or Good Boy Orientation
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Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development
STAGE 4: Authority and Social-Order Maintaining Morality
STAGE 5: Community Rights vs. Individual Rights
STAGE 6: Individual Conscience
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Adolescent Disturbances
Drugs and Alcohol Juvenile Delinquency Depression and Suicide
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Personality
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PERSONALITY
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Individual Differences
Demographic Differences Aptitude and Ability Personality Values and Attitudes
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Aptitude and Ability
Aptitude
A person’s capability to learn something
Ability
A person’s existing capacity to perform the various tasks needed for the job
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Personality
SOCIALTRAITS
PERSONALTRAITS
EMOTIONALTRAITS
Problem-Solving Style
Locus ofControlSelfMonitoring
Type A/BOrientation
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PROBLEM SOLVING STYLES
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PROBLEM SOLVING STYLES
Sensation - Feeling
Intuitive - Feeling
Sensation - Thinking
Intuitive - Feeling
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Abnormal Psychology
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Abnormal Psychology
The study of mental disorders –their problems, cause, and processes (Psychopathology)
Involves impairments, deviance and distress
Distinguishing psychopathology and normality
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Mental Disorders
DSM-IV classifies mental disorders Manifested as symptoms
(biological factors) and signs/issues (psychosocial factors)
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Assessment
History Mental Status Examination
(appearance, behavior, speech, emotion, thought processes, perception, attention, orientation, memory, judgment, intelligence and insight)
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Assessment
Diagnoses (DSM IV) Axis I: Mental Disorder Axis II: Personality Disorder/Trait Axis III: General Medical Conditions Axis IV: Psychosocial & Environmental Problems Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning
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Substance-Related Disorder
Intoxication Withdrawal Substance dependence Substance abuse
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Mental Disorders
Treatment Goals Treatment Plan Outcomes of Treatment
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Counseling Theories
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Psychotherapy and Personal Counseling
Definition of Terms Types of Professionals Treatment Settings Counseling Theories
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Psychotherapy and Personal Counseling: Definitions
Psychoanalysis to seek understanding of the role of the unconscious mind in current problems
Psychotherapy
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Psychotherapy and Personal Counseling: Professionals
Psychiatrist Psychologist Social Worker Counselor (LMHC, CAP) Therapists Physician Registered Nurse
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Psychotherapy and Personal Counseling: Treatment Settings
Outpatient Day Programs Residential Treatment Programs Inpatient - Psychiatric
Hospitalization Inpatient - Detox Unit
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Psychotherapy and Personal Counseling: Theories
Psychoanalytic Existentialism Gestalt Client Centered Rational Emotive Reality
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Psychoanalytic
Rational and cognitive talking out of repressed material
Use of dreams, projected drawings, free association and projectives
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Existentialism
No set technique Focus on “here and now” Deal with what is “real” to the
client Experiencing with the client Talk out repressed material
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Gestalt
Deal with here and now Use games, like “empty chair” Use “I” language
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Client Centered
No advice giving Reflection Clarification of feelings Empathy Helping to talk out repressed
material
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Rational Emotive
Active, directive teaching Persuading, logic, reasoning Challenging beliefs & assumptions Talk out repressed material ABC
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Reality
Process of teaching/involvement with client
Must follow 7 steps: be personal, deal with present, make a plan, make value judgments, get commitment, no excuses, never give up
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Behavioral
Applying scientific methods in a humanistic environment
Set up learning environment Goal expressed in behavioral terms Behavioral analysis Monitoring