Counseling and psychotherapy

Counseling and Psychotherapy

Cesar Chester O. Relleve, Ed D, RGCCesar Chester O. Relleve, Ed D, RGC

Course DescriptionThis course provides the idea and

knowledge of counseling and psychotherapy. It is concerned with the understanding of the individual and the principles, techniques, methods and strategies of counseling and psychotherapy. To assist the individuals in making intelligent choices and adjustment to his/her environment and society is also a major concern of the course

Course ObjectiveIt is expected at the end of the course, the

students should be able to have a clear concept of counseling and psychotherapy. Likewise students should have the understanding of the working principles, techniques, methods and strategies behind counseling and psychotherapy. It is also expected that students gain rich experience on psychological counseling and psychotherapy through actual actual application or simulation

Philosophical Foundation of Theories

Theoretical models for counseling have their origins in the values and beliefs of person who in turn, have converted these into a philosophy and a theoretical model for counseling. These values and beliefs form a rationale for what one does, how one does it, and under what circumstance. It predicts probable outcomes for different sets of conditions.

Philosophical…

Theory summarizes the information base on philosophy and draws conclusion.

…theories provide guidelines that have been tested by experienced counselors. They explain behaviors. They may predict desirable or undesirable outcomes in given circumstances(Gibson & Mitchell, 2003).

Philosophical…

Philosophy has asked significant questions that led to the understanding of what a human being is and how he/she must be handled. This is why Philosophy is a very important foundation of Guidance Counseling

…Materialism believed that humans were entirely physical.

Determinist asserted that all human choices were determined by the laws of nature.

Philosophical…

Rationalism emphazised that reasons, innate ideas, and deductions guide knowledge.

Empiricism underscored that experience was the source of knowledge.

Positivism concentrated on natural phenoma or facts that were objectively observable.

Existentialism focused on the uniqueness of human beings and highlighted this as the only reality.

Philosophical…

Every counseling practitioner should have a philosophy of human beings and how their problems evolve in order to establish a philosophy of helping. The goals that should be pursued, the role that the counselors should play, the techniques that could be employed, and the steps that must be taken must be based on such a philosophy and must then be a part of one’s Counseling Philosophy (Villar, 2009)

Counseling versus PsychotherapyCounseling versus PsychotherapyRA 9258, Article I Sec. 3 (a):

Guidance and Counseling

-is a profession that involves the use of an integrated approach to the development of a well-functioning individual primarily by helping him/her to utilize his/her potentials to the fullest and plan his/her future in accordance with his/her abilities, interests and needs.It includes functions such as counseling subjects, particularly subjects given in the licensure examinations, and other human development services.

Counseling versus PsychotherapyCounseling versus PsychotherapyREPUBLIC ACT No. 10029, Article III (b):

Practice of Psychology

- consists of the delivery of psychological services that involve application of psychological principles and procedures for the purpose of describing, understanding, predicting and influencing the behavior of individuals or groups, in order to assist in the attainment of optimal human growth and functioning. The delivery of psychological services includes, but is not limited to:

Counseling versus PsychotherapyCounseling versus PsychotherapyREPUBLIC ACT No. 10029, Article III (b):

Practice of Psychology

(1) psychological interventions: psychological counseling, psychotherapy, psychosocial support, coaching, psychological debriefing, group processes and all other psychological interventions that involve the application of psychological principles to improve psychological functioning of individuals, families, groups and organizations;

Counseling versus Counseling versus PsychotherapyPsychotherapy

Psychotherapy (American Psychological Association)

- is a collaborative treatment based on the relationship between an individual and a psychologist. Grounded in dialogue, it provides a supportive environment that allows you to talk openly with someone who’s objective, neutral and nonjudgmental.


Psychotherapy (Engler and Goleman, 1992)

- Is the general name for a variety of psychological interventions designed to help people resolve, emotional, behavioral, or interpersonal problems of various kinds and improve the quality of their lives.


Guidance, Counseling,and Psychotherapy: Variations on the same Theme? (Neukrug, 2012)

Counseling is a professional relationships that empowers diverse individuals, families, and group to accomplish

mental health, wellness, education, and career goals. (ACA, 2010)

…counseling vs psychotherapy

Over the years there have plethora of definitions of counseling that suggest it could be anything from a problem-solving, directive, and rational approach to helping normal people

– an approach that is distinguishable from psychotherapy (Williamson, 1950, 1958);

- to a process that is similar to but less intensive than psychotherapy (Nugent & Jones, 2005);

- to an approach that suggests that there is no essential difference between the two (Neukrug: Patterson, 1986).


The word Guidance appeared around 1600 and was defined as “the process of guiding an individual”. Early Guidance work involved individuals giving moralistic and direct advice. This definition continued until the twentieth century, when the vocational guidance counselors used the word to describe the act of “guiding” an individual into a profession and offering suggestion for life skills.

With the development of psychoanalysis near the end of the nineteenth century came the word psychotherapy. Meaning “caring for the soul”, the world derived from the Greek words psyche


meaning spirit or soul, and therapeutikos, meaning caring for another (Kleinke, 1994)

During the early part of 20th century, vocational guidance counselors became increasingly dissatisfied with the word guidance and its heavy emphasis on advice giving and morality. Consequently, the word counseling was adopted to indicate that vocational counselors, like the psychoanalysts who practiced psychotherapy, dealt with social and emotional issues.


As mental health workers became more prevalent during the mid-1900, they too adopted the word counseling, rather used the word guidance with its moralistic implications, or psychotherapy, which was associated with psychoanalysis.

In the training of counselors today, the word guidance has tended to take a back seat to the word counseling, while the worlds counseling and psychotherapy are generally used interchangeably in textbooks (e.i. Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherpy, Corey)


Despite the lack of distinction made in most texts, a differentiation between counseling and psychotherapy is likely to be made by the average person, perhaps by many counseling students, and even by professors of counseling.

Acknowledging this common usage, one model of understanding these terms would place guidance and psychotherapy on opposite extremes, with counseling falling somewhere midway on the continuum.


Short-term

Modifying behavior

Surface issues

Here and now

Preventive

Conscious

Helper-centered

Long-term

Personality reconstruction

Deep-seated issues

There and then

Restorative

Unconscious

Helpee-centered

GUIDANCEGUIDANCE PSYCHOTHERAPYPSYCHOTHERAPYCOUNSELINGCOUNSELING


Comparison of Mental Health Professionals (Neukrug, 2012)

Whether we call it guidance, counseling, or psychoterapy, in todays world we find a number of professionals practicing it. In fact, although difference in the training of mental health professionals exist, over the years their professional duties have begun to overlap (Todd & Bohart, 2006).

Six Stages

Stage One: Relationship buildingStage Two: Assessment and diagnosisStage Three: Formulation of counseling

goalsStage Four: Intervention and problem

solvingStage Five: Termination and Follow UpStage Six: Research and evaluation

5 General Categories of Counseling and Psychotherapy Approaches

(Corey, 2009)

1. Psychodynamic Approaches

2. Experiential and Relationship-Oriented Approaches

3. Action-Oriented Therapies

4. Systems-Oriented Approaches

5. Postmodern Approaches

Psychodynamic Approaches

a. Psychoanalytic therapy – is based largely on insight, unconscious motivation, and reconstruction of personality

b. Adlerian therapy – differs from psychoanalytic theory in many respects but it can broadly be considered an analytic perspective. It focus on meaning, goals, purposeful behavior, conscious action, belonging and social interest.

Experiential and Relationship Oriented-Approachesa. Existential approach – stress the concern for what it

means to be fully human. It suggests certain themes that are part of the human condition such as freedom and responsibility, anxiety, guilt, awareness of being finite, creating meaning in the world and shaping one’s future by making active choices.

b. Person-centered approach – which is rooted in humanistic philosophy, places emphasis on the basic attitudes of the therapist. It maintains the quality of the client-therapist relationship.

c. Gestalt therapy – which offers range of experiment to help clients gain awareness of what they are experiencing in the here and now – that, is the present.

Action-Oriented Therapies

a. Reality Therapy – focuses on clients’ current behavior and stresses developing clear plans for new behavior.

b. Behavior Therapy – puts a premium on doing and taking steps to make concrete changes

c. Rational Emotive Behavior therapy and Cognitive therapy – highlight the necessity of learning how to challenge dysfunctional beliefs and automatic thoughts that lead to behavioral problems.

Systems Perspective

The system orientation stresses the importance of understanding individuals in the context of the surroundings that influence their development.

a. Feminist Therapy

b. Family Therapy

Post Modern Approaches

Challenges the basic assumptions of most of the traditional approaches by assuming that there is no single truth and reality is socially constructed through human interaction.

a. social constructionism

b. solution-focused brief therapy

c. narrative therapy

Note: Discussant of Counseling Theories/Therapy/Psychotherapy

Framework of discussions:• Proponent/s• View of Human/Theory of Personality• Sources/Nature of Difficulty/Maladjustment• Goal of Counseling• Role of Counselor• Counseling Strategies• Steps in Counseling• Contributions/Limitations

References:Corey, Gerald (2009). Theory and Practice of

Counseling and Psychotheraphy. Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning

De Jesus, Evangeline M. (2006) Counseling Psychology. Educational Publishing House

Engler, Jack and Goleman, Daniel (1992). The Consumer’s Guide to Psychotherapy. Simon & Schuster/Fireside

Gibson, Robert L and Mitchell, Mariannne H. (2003). Introduction to Counseling and Guidance. Pearson Education Inc.

References:Neukrug, Ed (2012) An Introduction to Counseling

Profession. The World of the Counselor. Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning

Nytsul, Michael S. (2010) Introduction to Counseling An Art and Science Perspective. Pearson Higher Ed USA

Villar, Imelda Virginia G. (2007) Implementing Comprehensive Guidance Counseling Program in the Philippines. Aligned Transformatioon Publication.

References:http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/understanding-

psychotherapy.aspx

http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2010/ra_10029_2010.html

Counseling and psychotherapy

Education

Transcript of Counseling and psychotherapy