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Honors Biology Final Review Packet

Chapter 11: How cells reproduceVocabularyAsexual reproduction

Cell cycle Interphase Mitosis Prophase

Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis Cleavage furrowCell plate Telomeres Tumor Cancer (Proto)oncogene

Review Questions/Concepts

1. Complete all parts of the cell cycle diagram. Indicate what occurs at each step before it proceeds the checkpoint.

2. Put the following steps in order. Describe what is happening in each step. Label x and y.

3. What are telomeres and what 4. How do normal cells become cancerous cells?

Chapter 12: Meiosis and Sexual ReproductionVocabularySexual reproduction

Gametes Meiosis Haploid Diploid

Crossing over

Review Questions/Concepts1. Compare and contrast mitosis vs. meiosis. 2. How does meiosis contribute to variety?

3. Label each stage of meiosis, put the stages in order, and describe what occurs in each step

4. Compare the formation of sperm to formation of egg.

Chapter 13: Observing Patterns in Inherited TraitsVocabularyDominant Genotype Heterozygous Homozygous HybridPhenotype Recessive Punnett Square Monohybrid cross Law of segregationLaw of dominance Law of independent

assortmentLinkage group Codominance Multiple allele

systemIncomplete dominance

Epistasis Pleiotropy Continuous variation

Review Questions/Concepts

1. Name and describe Mendel’s three principals of inheritance.2. Define the following: genotype, phenotype, alleles, homogenous, heterogeneous, dominant and

recessive.3. If being green is autosomal recessive and yellow is dominant:

a) Cross homozygous dominant with homozygous recessive and state genotypic and phenotypic ratio.b) Cross two hybrids and state their genotypic and phenotypic ratio.

4. What kind of inheritance is blood type? What would the parents’ genotype have to be if they had one child that was A and the other child was O?

Chapter 14: Human inheritance

VocabularyPedigree Autosomal

dominant inheritance

Autosomal recessive inheritance

Sex-linked dominant inheritance

Sex-linked recessive inheritance

Duplication Inversion Translocation Polyploid AneuploidNondisjunction Monosomy Trisomy

Review Questions/Concepts

1. What is a sex-linked disorder? How are they generally passed down? 2. What is nondisjunction? When could it occur? Where could it occur? Name some disorders caused

by nondisjunction. What test could you use to verify that you had a nondisjunction disorder? 3. Here is a cystic fibrosis pedigree. What kind of inheritance does this pedigree show? What are the

genotypes of A and B.

Chapter 15: BiotechnologyVocabularyRestriction enzyme Recombinant DNA DNA cloning Cloning vector Reverse

transcriptasePolymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Electrophoresis DNA profiling Genetic engineering

Transgenic

Genetically modified organism (GMO)

Gene therapy Eugenics

Review Questions/Concepts

1. Describe the process of genetic engineering. What is a transgenic species?2. Describe the process of gel electrophoresis, cloning, and polymerase chain reaction.3. What are restriction enzymes and what do they do?

Chapter 16: Evidence of evolutionVocabularyBiogeography Comparative

morphologyFossil Evolution Adaptation /

adaptive traitFitness Radiometric dating Natural selection Vestigial structures Homologous

structuresMorphological divergence (divergent evolution)

Morphological convergence (convergent evolution)

Analogous structures

Embryology Biochemical evidence

Review Questions/Concepts

B

A

1. What are analogous structures and give examples?2. What are homologous structures and give examples?3. What are vestigial structures and give examples?4. How can you tell if two species are related?5. What are Darwin’s 5 main points of Natural Selection?

Chapter 17: Process of evolutionVocabularyPopulation Gene pool Allele frequency Genotypic

frequencyMicroevolution

Genetic equilibrium Directional selection Stabilizing selection Disruptive selection Sexual selectionGenetic drift Bottleneck effect Founder effect Inbreeding Gene flowSpeciation Reproductive

isolationTemporal isolation Ecological isolation Mechanical

isolationGamete incompatibility

Hybrid inviability Hybrid sterility Allopatric speciation

Sympatric speciation

Parapatric speciation

Macroevolution Extinct Coevolution Cladogram

Derived trait Clade Primate

Review Questions/Concepts

1. What factors determine the frequency of an allele and what changes could occur to the frequency?2. What is required to reach genetic equilibrium?3. What is gene flow?4. Scale coloration of lizards has a complete dominance relationship where green scales are dominant

over blue scales. There are 1,024 individuals with the genotype GG, 512 individuals with the genotype Gg, and 64 individuals with the genotype gg.

a. Find: the frequency of the dominant and recessive alleles and the frequency of individuals with dominant, heterozygous, and recessive genotype.

5. What are directional, stabilization and disruptive selection? Draw a rough sketch graph of what these three situation would look like.

6. Compare and contrast humans and primates.7. What would be required for two organisms to reproduce and produce a viable offspring?8. Define all the reproductive isolations that can occur and give an example for each.9. What branch of biology would you use a cladogram for? What does this branch entail?10. Make a cladogram with the following data and make sure to include the derived characteristics:

Chapter 19: Viruses, Bacteria, and ArchaeaVocabularyBacteriophage Pathogen Photoheterotroph Methanogen Extreme

thermophileHIV Binary fission Cyanobacteria Photoautotroph VirusLysogenic pathway Chemoautotroph Gram-positive

bacteriaExtreme halophile Conjugation

Lytic pathway Chemoheterotroph Normal flora Retrovirus

Review Questions/Concepts

1. What characteristics are shared by the cyanobacteria?2. Describe the four different methods of obtaining nutrition that are found in Bacteria and Archaea.3. Bacteria can be classified as Gram-positive or Gram-negative. What are differences between these two

groupings?4. Discuss binary fission as a method of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes.5. Discuss the three forms of horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes. Be sure to include a sketch for each.6. What benefits do our normal flora provide?7. What are differences between Bacteria and Archaea?8. Label and describe the functions of the structures below

9. Compare and contrast the lytic and lysogenic viral pathways10. Label and identify the functions of the structures to the right11. What is the name of the type of virus in #10 to the right?12. What is the host organism for the virus in #11 to the right?13. What are the two components of a virus?14. Why aren’t viruses considered living?

Chapter 34: ImmunityVocabularyImmunity T cell Inflammation Antibodies B cell receptorAntigen T cell receptor Memory cell Allergy Histamines

Autoimmune disease

Antibiotics Vaccine

Review Questions/Concepts1. What are the roles of T cells and B cells in our immune response? How do antigen-presenting cells

such as dendritic cells play a role in our immune response?2. What is an allergy? What causes the symptoms associated with an allergic response?3. What artificial substance do we use to prevent a bacterial or viral infection?4. Why don’t antibiotics work against viruses?

Chapter 20: The ProtistsVocabularyContractile vacuole Euglenoid Flagellated

protozoanPellicle Ciliate

Green algae Amoebas

Review Questions/Concepts1. Label the diagram of Amoeba, Volvox, Paramecium, and Euglena we saw in the protist lab.

2. Describe how each moves and gets energya. Amoebab. Volvoxc. Parameciumd. Euglena

Chapter 23: Major Invertebrate GroupsVocabularyAnimal Bilateral symmetry Cephalization Coelom DeuterstomesEctoderm Endoderm Invertebrate Mesoderm Protostomes

Pseudocoelom Radial symmetry Segmentation Sponge CnidarianGastrovascular cavity

Flatworms Annelid Closed circulatory system

Mollusk

Open circulatory system

Roundworms Athropod Exoskeleton Metamorphosis

Insects Echinoderms Water vascular system

Review Questions/Concepts1. Despite their diversity, what are some shared characteristics of invertebrates?2. Describe each of the following trends in development

a. Bilateral symmetryi. Which invertebrate groups display

1. Asymmetry?2. Radial symmetry?3. Bilateral symmetry?

b. Cephalizationc. Body cavitiesd. Closed and open circulatory systems

i. Which is the only invertebrate phylum to have a closed circulatory system?ii. Which invertebrate phyla have open circulatory systems?

e. Segmentationf. Protostome/Deuterostome

3. Describe the two different types of metamorphosis seen in the arthropods. What is the benefit of complete metamorphosis?

4. Label the diagrams of the planaria, hydra, and daphnia we saw in the invertebrate lab

5. Label the major structures of the earthworm from our dissection below. For each, be sure to describe their function

a. Mouthb. Pharynxc. Crop d. Gizzarde. Intestinesf. Anus (not on diagram)g. Dorsal blood vesselh. Ventral blood vesseli. Aortic archesj. Nephridiak. Clitellum (not on diagram)

6. What are the three tissue layers?7. What organ systems are

a. Endoderm derived?b. Mesoderm derived?c. Ectoderm derived?

Chapter 24: The ChordatesVocabularyChordate Vertebrate Fish Amphibians EndothermEctotherm Birds Mammals

Review Questions/Concepts

1. Compare the number of heart chambers in fish, amphibians, and mammals. Describe why each additional chamber makes the heart more efficient.

2. Label the structures of the frog from our dissection below. Be sure to describe the function of eacha. Esophagus

b. Stomachc. Liverd. Gallbladdere. Intestinesf. Cloacag. Hearth. Lungs

3. Label the structures of the pig from our dissection below. Be sure to describe the function of each area

a. Esophagus (not in diagram)b. Stomachc. Pancreasd. Spleene. Liverf. Intestines

4. On the pig, how do you externally tell the difference between a male and a female?5. Where does fertilization take place in the reproductive system of a pig (or other mammals?)

HUMAN SYSTEM PROJECTS: Chapters 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, and 37VocabularyMuscle tissue Nervous tissue Neurons Nerve Endocrine glandsGrowth hormone Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Sex hormones PancreasInsulin Glucagon Skeleton Vertebrae Bone marrowHearts Pulmonary circuit Systemic circuit Aorta Superior and

Inferior vena cavaePulmonary arteries and veins

AV valves Pulmonary valve Aortic valve Lung

Tracheal system Bronchioles Alveoli Diaphragm Salivary glandsSmall intestine Large intestine Esophagus Peristalsis BileGallbaldder Liver Nephridium Kidneys UretersBladder Fertilization

Review Questions/Concepts

1. Compare the roles of the stomach, small intestines, and large intestines in the digestive system.2. Identify the different portions of the small intestine.3. What is peristalsis? What structures in the digestive system prevent food from moving in the wrong

direction?4. Compare the roles of the liver and gallbladder in their relation to bile. Discuss the role of bile in

digestion.

5. Where is blood produced?6. Be able to trace the flow of blood through the human (4-chambered heart). Name each structure and

describe its function. Be sure to know which structures carry oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood.

7. What is the function of the endocrine system?

8. Identify the structures of the endocrine system to the right, the hormones that they produce, and the functions of the hormones.

9. What is the function of the respiratory system?10. What is the role of the diaphragm in the respiratory system?

11. What is the purpose of the branching of the lungs? What are the different structures in the lungs called?12. What is the purpose of the skeletal system?