Cottonseed and Gossypol: Effects on Lactation, Reproduction and Health J.E.P. Santos, 1 E.J....
-
date post
21-Dec-2015 -
Category
Documents
-
view
216 -
download
0
Transcript of Cottonseed and Gossypol: Effects on Lactation, Reproduction and Health J.E.P. Santos, 1 E.J....
Cottonseed and Gossypol: Effects on Lactation, Reproduction and
Health
J.E.P. Santos,1 E.J. DePeters,2 and P.H. Robinson2
1Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center2Department of Animal Science University of California - Davis
Cottonseed and Gossypol
• Cottonseed is generally fed at 10 to 15% of the diet
• Provides a unique blend of protein, fat and fiber for inclusion in diets of dairy cows
• Cottonseed contains gossypol (0.5 to 1.2%), which is a toxin present throughout the cotton plant that helps to control pests
• However, gossypol can be toxic to mammals and it disrupts reproduction in males
Gossypol
• Mixture of two stereoisomers: (+) and (-) gossypol
– The (-) isomer is thought to be more toxic and retained in the body longer
• Gossypol can be found in the free or bound forms
– Free gossypol is assumed to be available for absorption in the digestive tract
Gossypol
• Fact:
– Gossypol is extremely toxic to non-ruminant animals and to young ruminants at small quantities in the diet
– Ability to tolerate gossypol coincides with development of rumen functions
– Affects fertility in males
• Dogma:
– Any gossypol is bad for lactating dairy cows
– The upper safe level of plasma gossypol is 5 g/ml
Gossypol
• First discovered in China
• Until 1980’s little attention was given to gossypol as a toxin in cattle diets:
– Classic work by Holmberg and colleagues in 1988 at UC Davis characterizing the pathological effects of gossypol in calves fed cottonseed meal
Cottonseed & Gossypol
• Substantial amount of published literature on the effects of cottonseed and gossypol on lactation performance of dairy cows:
– Different types of cottonseed, different levels cottonseed in the diets, different concentrations of gossypol in the diet, different sources of gossypol in the diet, short-term and long-term studies, etc.
• Very limited data available on the effects of cottonseed and gossypol on reproductive functions in female cattle:
– Few studies with limited number of animals and some studies utilizing in vitro techniques to replicate reproductive processes in female bovine.
Cottonseed & Gossypol
• One method to study the effects of gossypol on cattle is to use cottonseeds with different gossypol concentrations or compare cottonseed with cottonseed meal:
– Whole Upland vs Pima cottonseed
• Slightly different in nutrient composition (lack of lint), but extremely different in gossypol content
– Cottonseed vs Cottonseed Meal
• Differ in availability of gossypol
Mena et al. (1997)
Effect of Type of Cottonseed on FG Intake and Plasma TG in Steers
Type of Cottonseed
Whole Cracked Extru Roast CrRoast SEM
DMI, kg/d 9.6 9.5 10.4 9.8 99.0 0.6
FG intake
g/d 10.3a 10.0a 1.7c 3.8b 1.4c 0.32
mg/kg BW 26.8a 25.6a 4.0c 10.3b 4.1c 0.80
Plasma TG 1.19a 1.43a 0.75b 0.81b 0.18c 0.10
Prieto et al. (2002)
Ratio of Whole Upland and Cracked Pima
100:0 67:33 33:67 0:100 SEM Linear
Mature
TG, g/d 24.7 26.2 32.6 34.8 2.73 0.01
DMI, lb/d 66.7 58.7 62.9 58.7 4.6 0.33
Milk, lb/d 92.2 91.3 91.3 84.5 4.0 0.13
Heifers
TG, g/d 20.9 24.9 27.4 32.7 2.86 0.01
DMI, lb/d 56.3 56.1 52.8 55.2 5.4 0.84
Milk, lb/d 81.2 86.0 88.2 84.0 3.3 0.60
Effect of Type of Cottonseed and Iron Sulfate on Effect of Type of Cottonseed and Iron Sulfate on Plasma TG in Dairy CowsPlasma TG in Dairy Cows
((McCaughey et al., 2002) et al., 2002)
0123456789
1011
Primiparous Multiparous
Pla
sma
TG
, u
g/m
l
WUP CrP 0ppm CrP 250 ppm CrP 500 ppm
Cottonseed: P < 0.01Iron sulfate: P < 0.01
McCaughey et al. (2002)
Effect of Type of Cottonseed and Fe Sulfate on Performance of Lactating Dairy Cows
WUP CrP:WUP CrP:WUP CrP:WUP
Iron Sulfate 0 0 250 500 Linear
DMI, kg/d
Multiparous 31.8 32.8 32.5 29.7 0.01
Primiparous 26.4 27.6 27.0 25.4 0.01
Milk, kg/d
Multiparous 49.7 51.2 49.9 47.7 0.10
Primiparous 39.2 40.3 38.0 36.8 0.10
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
0 7 14 28 35 42
day
PG
, ug
/ml
Plasma gossypol (PG) concentrations in lactating dairy cows fed varying amounts of gossypol from whole cottonseed and cottonseed meal. Solid triangle () = control (0 mg/kg); Open square () = 1040 mg/kg total gossypol (TG) from whole cottonseed (WCS); Open circle () = 900 mg/kg TG from cottonseed meal (CSM); Solid circle () = 960 mg/kg TG, half from WCS and half from CSM; Solid square () = 1922 mg/kg TG, half from WCS and half from CSM (Mena et al., 2001)
Mena et al. (2001)
Effect of Source of Gossypol on Performance of Dairy Cows
Diet TG, ppm
0 1040 900 960 1922 SEM
DMI, kg/d 24.8 23.6 23.2 22.6 24.0 1.4
FG intake
g/d 0.0c 22.4a 1.5c 12.1b 25.2a 1.00
mg/kg BW 0.0c 33.8a 2.2c 18.1b 38.0a 1.66
PTG, ug/ml 0.22d 2.94b 0.77cd 1.63c 4.96a 0.37
Milk, kg/d 27.6b 29.7ab 27.9b 28.7b 32.6a 1.4
FCM, kg/d 25.4c 28.2ab 25.3c 27.4bc 30.2a 1.3
Relationship between free gossypol (FG) intake (g/d) and plasma gossypol (PG) concentration (g/ml) in lactating dairy cows after 42 days of feeding diets varying in gossypol content (Mena et al., 2001).
Plasma gossypol = 0.219815 + 0.117034 FG
r2 = 0.80
Filed Study in California
• Study:
– 813 lactating Holstein cows in 3 commercial dairies
– 10 pens (5/treatment)
– 406 cows/trt
– Low vs high gossypol diet (750 vs 990 mg/kg FG)
– Cows were fed for the first 183 DIM
– Production, reproduction and health were monitored
Experimental Protocol
Diets: 10% WUP vs 10% of a 1:2 blend of WUP & cracked Pima
813 cows day postpartum
D 3 - 24 PP 30 ± 3 44 ± 3 63 ± 3 93 ± 3 183
BCS PGF PGF Blood + BCS
Blood + BCS
BCS
Heat detection & AI
Pregnancy Diagnosis
Nutrient Composition of DietsNutrient Composition of Diets
Cottonseed
ItemItem WUP BWUPCP SEM P <
Samples, nSamples, n 15 15
OM, %OM, % 91.1 91.3 0.45 0.43
NENELL, Mcal/lb, Mcal/lb 0.77 0.78 0.02 0.36
CP, %CP, % 18.4 18.5 0.34 0.87
Fat, %Fat, % 7.0 6.9 0.13 0.48
ADF, %ADF, % 21.8 21.8 0.93 0.99
NDF, %NDF, % 33.1 32.3 0.32 0.05
TG, mg/kgTG, mg/kg 743 1,000
Santos et al. (2002)
Effect of Type of Cottonseed on Performance of Dairy CowsEffect of Type of Cottonseed on Performance of Dairy Cows
Cottonseed
ItemItem WUP BWUPCP SEM P <
Cows, nCows, n 402 401 -- --
DMI, lb/dDMI, lb/d 53.7 53.5 1.58 0.91
FG, g/dFG, g/d 17.8 23.4 0.70 0.01
Milk, lb/dMilk, lb/d 87.8 87.3 0.77 0.78
3.5% FCM, lb/d3.5% FCM, lb/d 88.0 88.4 0.79 0.61
Santos et al. (2002)
Association of plasma TG above or below the mean on yields of Association of plasma TG above or below the mean on yields of milk and milk componentsmilk and milk components
Plasma TG
ItemItem Above Mean Below Mean TG TRT x TG
Cows, nCows, n 335 474 -- --
Milk, lb/dMilk, lb/d 93.1 84.3 0.01 0.90
3.5% FCM, lb/d3.5% FCM, lb/d 95.7 84.7 0.001 0.54
Milk fat, lb/dMilk fat, lb/d 3.41 2.97 0.001 0.40
Milk protein, lb/dMilk protein, lb/d 2.70 2.46 0.007 0.94
Santos et al. (2002)
Plasma Total Gossypol in Primiparous and Multiparous Cows Fed WUP or a Blend of WUP and Cracked Pima
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
10 33 61 91 120 152
DIM
Pla
sma
go
ssyp
ol,
ug
/ml
WUP-P WUP-M BUPCP-P BUPCP-M
Santos et al. (2002)
Effect of Type of Cottonseed and Gossypol Intake on Conception and Pregnancy Rates of Lactatin Dairy Cows
10
13
16
19
22
25
28
31
34
%
First AI, CR
WUP BWUPCP
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
%
PR, 170 DIM
WUP BWUPCP
P < 0.72 P < 0.01
Santos et al. (2002)
180160140120100806040200
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
Days Open
Pro
port
ion
of n
on-p
regn
ancy
Effect of Type of Cottonseed and Gossypol Intake on Days Open in Lactating Dairy Cows
Whole Upland:
Blend of cracked Pima and WUP:
Cottonseed: P < 0.01
Plasma Gossypol Concentration in Lactating Dairy Cows
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
ug
/ml
Total Gossypol
Pregnant Open
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
ug
/ml
Total Gossypol
No Abortion Abortion
P < 0.01 P < 0.04
Santos et al. (2002)
180160140120100806040200
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
Days Open
Pro
port
ion o
f non
-pre
gnan
cyEffect of Plasma Total Gossypol Above or Below the Mean
on Days Open in Lactating Dairy Cows
TG: P < 0.04
Above Mean:
Below Mean:
Q1Q2
Q3Q4
180160140120100806040200
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
Time to Failure
Pro
babi
lity
P < 0.05
Effect of Plasma Gossypol Concentrations on Days Open in Dairy Cows
Effect of Type of Cottonseed and Gossypol Intake Effect of Type of Cottonseed and Gossypol Intake on Conception Rate of Dairy Cows (1,863 AI)on Conception Rate of Dairy Cows (1,863 AI)
(Santos et al. 2002)(Santos et al. 2002)
20
25
30
35
40
45
Primiparous Multiparous
Co
nc
ep
tio
n r
ate
, %
WUP BWUPCP
Cottonseed: P < 0.03Plasma Gossypol: P < 0.01
Effect of Type of Cottonseed and Gossypol Intake on Incidence of Effect of Type of Cottonseed and Gossypol Intake on Incidence of Health Disorders in Lactating Dairy CowsHealth Disorders in Lactating Dairy Cows
Treatment
ItemItem WUP Blend WUP and CrP
P <
Mastitis, %Mastitis, % 16.3 10.5 0.21
DIM at first mastitisDIM at first mastitis 73.4 85.5 0.28
Lameness, %Lameness, % 11.1 16.2 0.57
DIM at first lamenessDIM at first lameness 94.9 109.4 0.27
Any health disorder, %Any health disorder, % 30.9 31.6 0.89
Death and culling, %Death and culling, % 9.1 7.8 0.51
Santos et al. (2002)
Take Home Message
• Cottonseed can be safely fed to lactating dairy cows at 10 to 15% of the diet DM with minimum effects on lactation performance
• Small amounts of gossypol can disrupt fertility in bulls– Consider AI vs bull breeding
• There is no clear evidence that dietary gossypol up to 1,000 mg/kg of diet affects lactation or health of lactating dairy cows
• High gossypol diets for extended periods increases plasma TG and can affect conception and pregnancy maintenance in dairy cows
Acknowledgements
• SUPIMA Association of America
• Cotton Incorporated
• Dairy owners and their staff