Cost and Energy Efficient, Environmentally Friendly Micro ......Cost and energy efficient,...

Cost and energy efficient, environmentally friendly micro and small scale CHP

Walter Haslinger

Key questions

■ What is the state-of-the-art in micro and small scale

biomass CHP?

■ What can we learn from the failures of the past?

■ What are the challenges for micro and small scale CHP

in the future?

Brussels, May 13 2014

5th AEBIOM European Bioenergy Conference 2014

Folie 2

Definitions

■ Micro scale CHP are

■ residential scale heating systems with electricity production

– grid independent / grid parallel operation, typical Pel < 5 kW

– serial product

■ cogeneration systems for small industries, the service sector,

micro grids, …

– base heat for >>2.000 hours / year, typical Pel < 50 kW

– serial product

■ Small scale CHP are

■ cogeneration systems for industries, service sector, DHC

– base heat for >5.000 hours / year, typical Pel < 250 kW

– plant rather than product



Slide 3

Status / state-of-the-art

Brussels, May 13 2014 Slide 4

Technology Fuel Pel

kWel

Price

€/Wel Status

Internal

combustion

engine (IC)

natural gas 1 6 110.000 installed

natural gas, biodiesel, oil 5-5.5 4 >22.000 installed

Thermoelectrics fire wood & pellets < 1 8-15 R&D, incl. material research

Stirling

natural gas, biogas 1 15 commercially available

pellets 1 22-25 pilot to demo

pellets 2-3 10 R&D

pellets 5 5 concept

Steam or organic

rankine cycles

natural gas, pellets 0.2-2 >10 re-engineering, pilot

any heat source ~3-15 ~0.8-2.5 pilot, demo, field testing

(concentrated solar), natural

gas, oil, biomass 1-100

demo in automotive and

solar applications

any type of fuel 50-100 2.5-3 R&D

Gasification + IC

wood chips 30 5 -

solid fuels >30

125

5

7

pilot; demo

commercially available

wood chips, pellets, bio-

waste 50-500 -

wood chips <250 5 demo


Market potential



Characterization and assessment criteria

■ Nominal electric power (kWel)

■ Power to heat ratio at nominal load and/or electric

efficiency (Q= Pel/Qth, ηel)

■ (Additional) specific investment costs (€/kWel)

■ Specific electricity production costs (€/kWhel)

■ Technology specifics and fields of application

■ Thermodynamic requirements (high temperatures,…)

■ Specific emissions (tar / hydrocarbons from gasification,…)

■ Widely different markets with different market needs



Some lessons learnt from … failed developments

■ Avoid unrealistic performance expectations: (Solid) biomass ≠ natural gas

■ Efficiency (lower adiabatic flame temperature, deposit formation,

imperfect / uneven flame …)

■ Life time (fouling and corrosion)

■ Costs (more expensive materials, additional components / mechanisms

needed, …)

■ Avoid unrealistic expectations of operation time and operation

characteristics

■ Heat use is essentíal to make systems economic

■ Be prepared to overcome the valley of the death

■ Major share of funds required for the transformation of prototype / demo

units into serial product

■ Cooperation (reliable partners, complementary skills, sufficient capital)

■ Roadmapping



Folie 7

Thermoelectrics

■ Pel: 0.05-1 kW

■ Q = 0.005-0.02; ηel = 1.5-2% (↑ 4%)

■ Costs: 8-15 €/Wel; 0.4-0.7 €/kWhel

■ No moving parts (low maintenance

efforts, silent,…)

■ Stoves and small boilers with option

of grid independent operation

■ Challenges:

■ Development of thermoelectric materials for

up to 400-450 °C (today: 250 °C)

■ Optimum thermal integration / even and

reliable heat distribution

■ Re-design of electric components



Stirling engine (as part of a common central heating system)

■ Pel: 1-5 kW

■ Q = 0.05-0.2; ηel = 5-15 %

■ Costs: 5-20 €/Wel, 0.3-1 €/kWhel

■ Fire wood, pellets and wood chip boilers

■ Challenges

■ Gas tightness and life time of Stirling

■ Heat exchanger integration at high

temperature position

– Deposit formation

– Cleaning

– Fouling and corrosion

■ Finding the compromise between

high performance and safety margins

■ Finding suited market segments


www.okofen-e.com

patent of

Frauscher, Ing.

Josef 2010

www.hoval.com


Steam and ORC cycles

■ Pel: 0.2-5 kW (modulating)

■ Q = 0.125; ηel = 10%

■ Costs: 10-15 €/Wel; 0.5-0.7 €/kWhel

■ Small scale pellets boilers, other heat

sources

■ Challenges:

■ Optimum integration concepts

■ Proof of reliability in field tests

(Norwegian ORC)

■ Find balance between low risky

integration and economics

■ Optimum working machine (scroll

expanders, srew engines, pistons,…)

■ Market positioning, unclear policy

frameworks



Gasification + IC engine (Clean staged gasification system)

■ Pel: (125-) 250 kW

■ Q = 0.57; ηth = >47 %; ηel = >27 %

■ Costs: 4.9 €/Wel

■ Fixed bed, staged gasification split into

■ pyrolysis

■ partial oxidation

■ and reduction zone

■ End up at highest producer gas

qualities and low demand on gas

cleaning as well as operational costs

■ Challenges ■ Proof of reliability in field demonstration

■ Tar and hydrocarbon emissions

■ Unclear market framework(s)



Summary and conclusions

■ Failed developments are legion

■ Thermoelectrics (<1 kWel)

■ Thermal integration and re-design of electric components

■ Material research for TE materials up to 400/450°C

■ Stirling engines (1-5 kWel)

■ Transformation from natural gas proven technologies into pellets

boilers and burners on-going

■ Heat exchanger design, materials, cleaning essential for success

■ Steam cycles and ORC modules (1-5 kWel)

■ Fairly different status of different technology concepts

■ Differentiation in risk (integration temperature) and electric eff.



Summary and conclusions

■ Others (ORC, EF-MGT, gasification+IC,…) (50-250 kWel)

■ Concepts under development or demonstration

■ Mostly for wood chips

■ No micro and/or small scale solid biomass fired CHP has

reached serial production yet

■ Success of on-going efforts unpredictable

■ Establishment of clear framework conditions (incentives,

Lot 15, requirements) must accompany development

efforts, otherwise risks for industry too high



Thank you!

For further information:

Walter Haslinger, Area Manager

Bioenergy 2020+ GmbH, location Wieselburg

T: +43 7416 52238 20

E: [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

Cost and Energy Efficient, Environmentally Friendly Micro ......Cost and energy efficient,...

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