Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals...
-
Upload
karly-billiter -
Category
Documents
-
view
246 -
download
0
Transcript of Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals...
![Page 1: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cosmogony: model of our place in the
Universe
Celestial Mechanics
![Page 2: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Celestial MechanicsDefinition:
is the branch of astronomy
that deals with the motions of
celestial objects.
![Page 3: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Most of the reading you will be receiving will come from this website.
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/index.html
Ancient to Modern Astronomy
![Page 4: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Wandering Stars
Website with Wandering Stars and Retrograde motion animation:• http://www.keplersdiscovery.com/Intro.html
![Page 5: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
1. Imaginary sphere around the Earth in which stars in space appear – It is not physical as the ancients believed!
2. Represents only the stars we can see with our eyes. And the are fixed (So no, planets, exoplanets, pulsars, other stars we can’t see, etc…)
3. Earth centered
Celestial Sphere – A model
![Page 6: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
• Earth centered• 55 concentric crystalline
spheres• Buffering spheres in between• Attached to one main sphere -
Controlled by the Prime Mover
• Each sphere rotated at a different rate
• Orbits were in
Uniform circular motion
Aristotle’s Universe
![Page 7: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Beliefs of Aristotle and Ptolemy
1. All motion in the heavens is uniform circular motion.
2. The objects in the heavens are made from perfect material, and cannot change their intrinsic properties (e.g., their brightness).
3. The Earth is at the center of the Universe.
![Page 8: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Apparent Motion of Planets on the Celestial Sphere
Reading and Applet:• http://
csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/retrograde/retrograde.html
![Page 9: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Observation Issues
Starry Night Pro Simulationhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cSU5VwIQTNI&feature=related
1. Retrograde Motion2. Varying brightness of the planets
![Page 10: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Retrograde Motion
http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/astronomy/applets/Retro/frame.html
Handout: Retrograde motion (this handout is not available as digital copy. Please see Mrs. Carter for this handout)
Another good retrograde motion simulator: http://astro.unl.edu/classaction/loader.html?filename=animations/renaissance/retrograde.swf&movieid=retrograde&width=700&height=600&version=6.0.0
![Page 11: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Geocentric Models: Aristotle and Ptolemy
Aristotle: Epicycle Ptolemy: Epicycle upon Epicycles
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/retrograde/aristotle.html
http://www.polaris.iastate.edu/EveningStar/Unit2/unit2_sub1.htm
![Page 12: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Ptolemy’s model of the orbit of Mars
http://astro.unl.edu/classaction/loader.html?filename=animations/renaissance/marsorbit.swf&movieid=marsorbit&width=825&height=550&version=6.0.0
![Page 13: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Motions of Mercury and Venus
Observations• Mercury and Venus were
always close to the SunConclusions• The Spheres of Mercury,
Venus and the Sun must be connected.
SUNRISE
![Page 14: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Development of Modern Astronomy
Copernicus Kepler Brahe Galileo Newton Einstein
![Page 15: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Ancient Astronomy
From Ancient to Modern (Up to Newton)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fMepqsms-bk Another video The Universe: Aristotle and Ptolemy Videohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wGZdaOsuodQ&feature=relmfu
![Page 16: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
The Copernican model: A Sun-Centered Universe (1543)
Copernican Heliocentric Universe
http://www.history.com/shows/the-universe/videos/playlists/beyond-the-big-bang#beyond-the-big-bang-copernicus
New views of the heavens• Sun Centered• Stars do NOT revolve around the Earth• Earth rotates in 24 hours
But…Planets still have perfectly circular orbits and EPICYCLES ARE STILL NEEDED
Retrograde motion and the varying brightness of planets in the Heliocentric Model:http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/retrograde/copernican.html
![Page 17: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Copernicus determines Mars is beyond our orbit
What time is it in this picture?Link to me:• Sun rise – 6:20 am• Sun set – 5:55 pmLength of Day ~ 11.5 hoursWhen is the middle of the night?
![Page 18: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Aristotle's Common Sense
Let’s see how much common sense you have:1. Why don’t objects fly off the Earth as the Earth
spins?2. Why don’t we leave behind the birds, airplanes
and satellites that are in the air as we orbit around the sun?
3. Why don’t we notice an apparent shift in position of the stars as we move around the sun?
![Page 19: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
TRY THIS1. Close one eye2. Line your index finger up with this
rectangle3. Now switch eyes4. Is your finger still lined up with the
rectangle.5. Switch back and forth between eyes.6. Observe the apparent change in position
of your finger.How does changing the distance your finger is from your eye affect the apparent shift in
your fingers position?
![Page 20: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Basic Concept Comparison of Large and Small Angles
Stellar Parallax simulation:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::800::600::/sites/dl/free/007299181x/78778/Parallax_Nav.swf::Stellar%20Parallax%20Interactive
Parallax
![Page 21: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Observed Parallax
![Page 22: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Aristarchus of Samos (310BC - 230BC)
Link to the image to learn more about Aristarchus of Samos
and his theory behind why the moon orbited the earth and the earth orbited the Sun.
![Page 23: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Tycho Brahe (1546 - 1601)
Danish AstronomerInstruments
These instruments were able to measure parallax
![Page 24: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Observations of Tycho Brahe
Reading:http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/history/brahe.html
Precise observations of Mars’s position
![Page 25: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
NO OBSERVED PARALLAX – MUST NOT BE CLOSE BY!
(This was something that changed!)
Could not measure parallax for the stars!
Supernova 1572
![Page 26: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Tychonic Geo-Heliocentric Model
Characteristics• The Moon and Sun
orbited the Earth
• The other planets orbited the Sun
Link to animationhttp://www.keplersdiscovery.com/Hypotheses.html
![Page 27: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Drama Time
It’s been said that maybe Kepler killed Brahe. Use the internet to research Johannes Kepler and Tycho Brahe to see what you can find about this rumor. Why hasn’t Hollywood made this movie yet!! Total Drama.
![Page 28: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
All orbits are slightly eccentric
![Page 30: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
All Planet Orbits
![Page 31: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
The Earth is not always the same distance from the Sun
![Page 32: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Kepler’s 3 Laws of Planetary Motion
LAW 1: ALL PLANETS ORBITS
ARE ELLIPSES
Reading: http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/history/kepler.htmlApplethttp://solarsystem.colorado.edu/home/highRes.html
![Page 33: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Ellipses
One focus is the sunAphelion – furthest point from the sunPerihelion – nearest point to the sunMajor axis – long axisMinor axis – short axis
http://www.keplersdiscovery.com/Elipse.html
![Page 34: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Eccentricities
![Page 36: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Eccentricities: Bound & Unbound Orbits
Describe how e changes as the focal distances axis increases.
Describe how e changes as the focal distance decreases.
Calculate the eccentricity of a• Line• Circle
![Page 37: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Planet Eccentricities
![Page 38: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Equal Areas in equal Times
Kepler’s Second Law of Planetary motion
![Page 39: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Kepler's Laws Animations
Link with excellent animations:http://
www.keplersdiscovery.com/AreaTime.html Handout: Kepler's 2nd and 3rd Laws
Review:http://schools.wikia.com/wiki/Newton's_Law_of_Universal_Gravitation#Kepler.27s_First_Law:_on_Orbits
![Page 40: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Kepler’s 3rd Law of Planetary Motion
![Page 41: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Distances in the Solar System
The Astronomical Unit
![Page 42: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Read this article about the AU• http://www.iau.org/public/measuring/
The IAU and astronomical units
![Page 43: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Using the AU
Calculating distances to the planets in Astronomical Units
![Page 44: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Galileo and the telescope
Reading
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/history/galileo.htmlhttp://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/history/aristotle_dynamics.html
Web link to Galileo Videos 1. http://
www.history.com/shows/the-universe/videos/playlists/beyond-the-big-bang#beyond-the-big-bang-galileo-galilei
![Page 45: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Galileo’s idea of Inertia
1. Inertia: tendency of an object to resist changes in its velocity
2. Velocity is the change in an objects motion (either speed or direction)
![Page 46: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Galileo’s idea on Falling Objects
Galileo’s Experiment Reenactment• replace
Galileo’s Experiment on the Moonhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L55jImEhNZ0
![Page 47: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Galileo's Observations
Galileo used a telescope to make observations of objects that were too far or dim to see with the unaided eye.
![Page 48: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
One of the Greatest Religious Debates in History
Galileo and the Church1. http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=NAra0BVjJp4&feature=related 2. http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=P3X_OZq7f70&feature=relmfu3. http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=RsqHCnLMz_A&feature=relmfu
4. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ebZxMjvAu8Y&feature=relmfu
![Page 49: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
These observations include:http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/space/solarsystem/scientists/galileo_galilei
An imperfect Moon
Moon through a Telescope like Galileo’s
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8bPUvsgCEnU
Moon Dance Videohttp://www.astro.washington.edu/IYA/lunar_librations.html
![Page 50: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Galileo's ObservationsPhases of Venus
![Page 51: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Phases of Venus
According to the Geocentric Modelhttp://astro.unl.edu/classaction/loader.html?filename=animations/renaissance/ptolemaic.swf&movieid=ptolemaic&width=900&height=660&version=6.0.0
According to the Heliocentric modelhttp://astro.unl.edu/classaction/loader.html?filename=animations/renaissance/venusphases.swf&movieid=venusphases&width=870&height=600&version=6.0.0
![Page 52: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Galileo's Observations
Moons around Jupiterhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SsWMaAF0kmU
![Page 53: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Galileo’s Observations
Ears on Saturn(it’s rings)
http://www.redorbit.com/news/video/space_2/2585749/are_saturns_rings_disappearing/
![Page 55: Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe. Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649cab5503460f9496ce94/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
FUN FRIDAY
Carl Sagan on the history of Astronomyhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IEhDkKfkWoI&feature=fvsr
Carl Sagan: COSMOS