CORRUPTION AND ROLE OF YOUTH IN INDIA.

7/27/2019 CORRUPTION AND ROLE OF YOUTH IN INDIA.

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NAGINDAS

KHANDWALA

COLLEGE


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SUBJECT:

EFFECTIVE

COMMUNICATION.

TOPIC:

CORRUPTION AND ROLE OF

YOUTH IN INDIA.

GUIDED BY:

KAVITA MAM.


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GROUP MEMBERS:

Roll No. Name

103 ASMITA BHAGWAT

105 PARAS CHOKSI

115 AJINKYA KAJWE

120 RACHNA PAREKH

128 TANVI SAWLA

136 BANSI TRIVEDI

139 KHYATI ZAVERI

143 VISHAL CHAUHAN

147 POOJA DESAI

148 URJA JOSHI


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INDEX

SR.NO. PARTICULARS

1 INTRODUCTION

2 THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON

ORGANISATION PERFORMANCE

3 CONCEPT OF CONCRETE ACTION

SYSTEM

4 THE PROCESS

5 THE IMPACT OF IT ON

ORGANISATION

6 IMPLICATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT

7 THE IMPACT OF NEW

TECHNOLOGIES ON PUBLIC

ORGANISATIONS


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8 NEGATIVE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY

9 CONCLUSION

10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

11 WEBLIOGRAPHY


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What is Corruption?

Corruption has become a major threat to India, our democracy and our future. The

problem of corruption is not new or uniquely Indian. It is the scale and its ferocity which makesthe life of the Indian citizen distasteful. The anger of the Indian citizen is palpable everywhere.

The root of corruption lies I the ability of the political and administrative authority to understand

and accept that under the Indian Constitution, the citizen is sovereign and that his or her rights

are the basis of the governance of the country. Corruption has many forms. In fact, the thesaurus

of corruption has been articulated by the humorous Hindi poet Kaka Hathrasi: Dhanya tu

Rishwat, agnigat tere naam: Haq pani, baksheesh, bhent, r ishwat, ghoosh, i nam, Nazar,

Nazarana, pagdi, Tere karan Khaumal ki income tagdi.

Politicians, Bureaucrats, Businessmen, NGOs, and criminals are the key players

involved in corrupt practices. Corruption arises because of scarcity of goods or services, red-tape

measures, lack of transparency in the system and the fact that corrupt people protect each other.

Corruption is hitting the country in terms of militancy.

The level of corruption is too high that to deal with it, we might to have actually hang

boards outside offices saying No Corruption The fight against corruption is not something

which can be done by anti-corruption agencies alone. Active participation of the people isequally essential.

Combating corruption is such a difficult and sensitive issue that many national political

leaders who support such efforts in principle are hesitant to undertake them in practice.

International cooperation can help build support for fighting corruption, both nationally and

globally.


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Nation has witnessed numerous scams/scandals from time to timeBofors scam, JMM

scam, Urea scam, Harshad Mehta securities scam, Foddar scam, Hawala scam, German HDW

scam and such others , are not only to quote a few.

Supreme court has shown its unhappiness that no efforts were being made to root out the

corruption whereas a lot was being said about it.

In a significant judgment the Supreme Court has directed all courts to deal with a heavy hand

and deterrent rod persons convicted under Prevention of Corruption Act and said no

sympathetic approach is needed in such cases.

Tackling the problem requires not only courage and determination but also an effective

handling. Such an effort yields long term results as there is quick-fix solution. However lasting

success necessitates commitment into a comprehensive anti-corruption strategy.

Infrastructure projects involve huge sum of money, much of it public. There is also more

of an interface of the public and private sectors. This creates many opportunities for corruption.

Private parties are often asked to pay or face delays ad cancellation of projects. Not every

investor is willing to collaborate. Corruption or perception of corruption is thus hurting

infrastructure development by keeping some investors at bay and slowing others. Unjust nations

invite their own Pain and Freedom cannot prevail in a CORRUPT Society.

As a behavioral virus causing decay in the moral fiber of political and public life,

corruption appears to be an eternal and universal phenomenon. Corruption as a socio-politico-

administrative phenomenon has been understood differently by different sets of viewers,

watchers and sufferers. As a deviant behavior it has legal, moral, social and religious dimensions

and overtones. It may also be understood as a violation of a social value or as an erosion of an

ethical norm. The complexities of corruption as a phenomenon have their ramifications in the

social process as a whole. In a wider connotation corruption includes improper or selfish exercise

of the contemporary cultural milieu and various pressures arising under exiting schemes of

economic, political, legal and social arrangements are vitally responsible for corruption.

Corruption, as an oft-discussed subject in India, never fails to evoke a gushing torrent of abuses

even from the most docile citizen. Everyone accepts that there has been an inordinate increase in

corrupt activities in all spheres of public, private and political life.


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Causes of Corruption

There is little doubt that corruption in present-day India pervades all levels and all

services, not even sparing the Indian Administrative Service and Judicial Service. The

bureaucracy of the British India was considered to be largely untainted with corruption.

Compulsions of electoral politics in independent India changed this image and the administrative

as well as the police and judicial services came to be charged with colluding with the political

leadership to indulge in systematic corruption, making a mockery of democratic governance. The

mid-1960s is considered to be the great divide in the history of in India. It marked the fading

away of the Gandhian and Nehruvianera of principled politics and the emergence of new politics

the keynote of which was amorality. The scams and scandals of the nineties revealed that among

the persons accused of corruption were former Prime Ministers, former Chief Ministers, and

even former Governors. Indias experience with corruption has shown that law s, rules,regulations, procedures and methods of transaction of government business, however sound and

excellent cannot by themselves ensure effective and transparent administration if the political

and administrative leadership entrusted with their enforcement fails to do so and abuses its

powers for personal gain.

Main cause of corruption

Why do officials misuse public office for private gain and steal public money? Why does a

common man get involved in the corruption and unethical activity? Although there are manycauses of corruption but based upon several research, surveys and studies, the following are most

common causes in most of the governments and societies:

- Lack of rules, regulations, transparency and accountability in public sectors.

- Lack of control, supervision and auditing.- Lack of articulated Code of Conduct for public servants and politicians.

- Attitudes or circumstances that make average people disregard the law.

- The change in the value system and ethical qualities of people. The moral and ethics have

declined and most people give more importance to money than excellence.


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- Bribe may provide a convenient means of getting work done or avoid any punishment.

- Bad incentives, such as any employee not earning enough to live on; so he supplements his

income with bribes.- Tolerance of people towards corruption.

- Absence of strong public forum or civil society to oppose corruption.

- Etc.

Indian administration is tainted with scandals. India is among 55 of the 106 countries where

corruption is rampant, according to the Corruption Perception Index 2004 Report released by

Transparency International India. Corruption in India leads to promotion not prison. It is very

difficult to catch big sharks. Corruption in India has wings not wheels. As nation grows, the

corrupt also grow to invent new methods of cheating the government and public.
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Consequences of Corruption

Indian administration is tainted with scandals. India is among 55 of the 106 countries

where corruption is rampant, according to the Corruption Perception Index 2004 Report released

by Transparency International India. Corruption in India leads to promotion not prison. It is very

difficult to catch big sharks. Corruption in India has wings not wheels. As nation grows, the

corrupt also grow to invent new methods of cheating the government and public.

In the final analysis, corruption is as much a moral as a development issue. It can distort entire

decision- making processes on investment projects and other commercial transactions, and the

very social and political fabric of societies. The Supreme Court of India in a recent judgment

gave its comments on the far reaching effects of corruption and these comments deserve to be

mentioned in some detail. The apex court observed that, Corruption in civilized society is like

cancer, which if not detected in time is sure to malign the politics of the country leading to

disastrous consequences. It is termed as plague which is not only contagious but if not controlled

spreads like a fire in a jungle. Its virus is compared with HIV leading to AIDS, being incurable.

It has also been termed as royal thievery. The socio-political system exposed to such dreaded

communicable disease is likely to crumble under its own weight. Corruption is opposed to

democracy and social order, being not only anti-people, but also aimed and targeted at them. It

affects the economy and destroys the cultural heritage. Unless nipped in the bud at the earliest, it

is likely to cause turbulence shaking of the socio-economic political system in an otherwise

healthy, wealthy, effective and vibrating society"

The consequences of corruption are found in following sectors.

Economic Development

Some fairly robust statistical evidence has now been furnished showing that higher corruption is

associated with (i) higher (and more costly) public investment; (ii) lower government revenues;

(iii) lower expenditures on operations and maintenance; and (iv) ensuing lower quality of public

Infrastructure. The evidence also shows that corruption increases public investment, by making it

more expensive, while reducing its productivity. A recent study by the Peruvian economist Paolo

Mauro (1995 and 1998) found that a corrupt country is likely to face aggregate investment levels

of approximately 5 percentage points less, than a relatively uncorrupt country. The evidence

from India is particularly stark. If corruption levels in India were reduced to that in the

Scandinavian countries, investments rates could increase annually by some 12 percent and theGDP growth rate by almost 1.5 percent each year. Corruption also acts as an additional tax on

investment by lowering the potential return to an investor on both the initial investment and on

subsequent returns. In India, current corruption levels mean that the implicit corruption tax on

investment is almost 20 percentage points (Gandhi 1997).The impact of corruption on the quality

of public infrastructure is all too clearly visible in the towns and cities of India. The Public

Works Department and the State Electricity Boards which are largely responsible for the
http://www.articlesbase.com/national-state-local-articles/corruption-the-main-cause-of-my-undeveloped-india-510080.htmlhttp://www.articlesbase.com/national-state-local-articles/corruption-the-main-cause-of-my-undeveloped-india-510080.html


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maintenance of roads and management of power distribution respectively are among the most

corrupt government departments in India. In the capital city of Delhi itself the transmission and

distribution losses in the power sector are estimated to be over50% out of which almost 30% is

attributed to theft which is done with the connivance of the electricity board employees. A

former Chairman of the Delhi16Electricity Board (DVB) was very recently suspended and

charged with amassing assets worth over 14 crore rupees, which is almost a hundred times more

than his known sources of income. Such massive corruption is certainly one of the main reasons

for perennial power shortages and frequent breakdowns in the capital. Corruption also reduces

the governments resources and hence its Capacity for investment, since tax revenues are

depleted by tax evasion. This has two adverse effects: first, shifts away from investments in

development areas occur as bribe-takers are less likely to investing activities with significant

positive social benefits like education and health. Second, overall investment levels may fall,

since conspicuous consumption or flight of illegal earnings is probably higher than legal

earnings. The high potential for capital flight of illegal earnings makes corruption more likely to

be associated with a negative impact on the balance of payments. Indias Chief VigilanceCommissioner recently observed that, Indias economy today is a standing monument to the

corruption and inefficiency of four specific departments, namely, Customs, Central Excise,

Income Tax and Enforcement Directorate. It is the evasion of taxes and the failure of these

departments to check illegal activities that has crystallized into the large percentage of black

money in the economy. The quantum of black money has-been estimated from Rs.40,000 crores

to Rs.100,000 crores. Whole industries17today depend on black money. The film industry, a

substantial part of the construction industry and a large number of small industries are run on the

basis of black mone.

Social Welfare

The damaging effects of corruption on investment and economic growth are widely recognized.

But corruption also has adverse effects on human development. First, corruption reduces the

availability and increases the cost of basic social services. Access to core social services can be

easily restricted with the intention to make corrupt gains. For instance, a government doctor may

deliberately store away free medicines until he is bribed, a police inspector may deny a First

Information Report to a victim until he is paid a kickback, and a principal may refuse to admit a

child in a school until he is paid under-the counter. Since obtaining access to basic public

services normally requires an illegal cash payment, corruption also raises the price of these

services. Second, in addition to a decrease in total government expenditure (due to tax evasion),corruption also shifts government expenditure from priority social sector spending to areas,

where the opportunities for rent-seeking are greater and the possibilities for detection are lower.

Allocating government funds to a few large defense contracts or mega-projects may seem more

attractive to corrupt bureaucrats and politicians than spending the same money to build numerous

rural health clinics (Bardhan 1997). Similarly, there may be a temptation to choose more


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complex technology (where detecting improper valuation or over invoicing is more difficult)

than simpler, and more appropriate technology.

Political System

Politically, corruption increases injustice and disregard for rule of law. Basic human rights andfreedoms come under threat, as key judicial decisions are based on the extent of corrupt bribes

given to court officials rather than on the innocence or guilt of the parties concerned. Police

investigations and arrests may be based on political victimization or personal vendettas rather

than on solid legal grounds. Commenting on the socio-political consequences of corruption the

Supreme Court of India observed in the judgment cited above that corruption in a civilized

society was a disease like cancer. If not detected in time it was sure to turn the polity malignant

leading to disastrous consequences. The apex court said a socio-political system exposed to

such a dreaded communicable disease was likely to crumble under its own weight.

SCAMS IN INDIA

Bofors scandal

The Bofors scandal was a majorcorruptionscandal inIndiain the 1980s; the

thenPrime MinisterRajiv Gandhiand several others were accused of

receivingkickbacksfromBofors ABfor winning a bid to supply India's 155 mm

fieldhowitzer. The scale of the corruption was far worse than any that India had seen

before, and directly led to the defeat of Gandhi's rulingIndian National Congresspartyin the November 1989 general elections. It has been speculated that the scale of the

scandal was to the tune of Rs. 400 million.[1]The case came to light duringVishwanath

Pratap Singh's tenure as defence minister, and was revealed through investigative

journalism byChitra SubramaniamandN. Ramof the newspapers theIndian

ExpressandThe Hindu.[2]
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Ottavio Quattrocchi was accused as the middleman in the scandal because of his

intimacy withRajivand his Italian-born wifeSonia Gandhi. Magazine cover fromIndia

Today

The name of the middleman associated with the scandal wasOttavio Quattrocchi, an

Italian businessman who represented the petrochemicals firmSnamprogetti.

Quattrocchi was reportedly close to the family of Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and

emerged as a powerful broker in the 1980s between big businesses and the Indian

government. Even while the case was being investigated,Rajiv Gandhi was

assassinatedon May 21, 1991 for an unrelated cause. In 1997, the Swiss banks

released some 500 documents after years of legal and the Central Bureau of

Investigation(CBI) filed a case against Quattrocchi,Win Chadha, also naming Rajiv

Gandhi, the defence secretaryS. K. Bhatnagarand a number of others.[3]In themeantime, Win Chadha also died.[4]

Meanwhile February 5, 2004 theDelhi High Courtquashed the charges of bribery

against Rajiv Gandhi and others,[5]but the case is still being tried on charges of

cheating, causing wrongful loss to the Government, etc. On May 31, 2005, the High

court of Delhi dismissed the Bofors case allegations against the British business

brothers, Shrichand, Gopichand and PrakashHinduja.[6]

In December 2005, the Mr B. Daat, the additional solicitor general of India, acting on

behalf of the Indian Government and the CBI, requested the British Government that

two British bank accounts of Ottavio Quattrocchi be de-frozen on the grounds of

insufficient evidence to link these accounts to the Bofors payoff. The two accounts,

containing 3 million and $1 million, had been frozen . On January 16, the Indian

Supreme Court directed the Indian government to ensure that Ottavio Quattrocchi did

not withdraw money from the two bank accounts in London. The CBI, the Indian federal
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law enforcement agency, on January 23, 2006 admitted that roughly Rs 21 crore, about

USD $4.6 million, in the two accounts have already been withdrawn. The British

Government released the funds based on a request by the Indian Government .[7]The

deals cost theGovernment of Indiaan extra 160 crorerupees.[8]

However, on January 16, 2006, CBI claimed in an affidavit filed before the Supreme

court that they were still pursuing extradition orders forOttavio Quattrocchi. TheInterpol,

at the request of the CBI, has a long standing red corner notice to arrest

Quattrocchi.[9]Quattrocchi was detained inArgentinaon 6 February 2007, but the news

of his detention was released by the CBI only on 23 February. Quattrocchi has been

released by Argentinian police. However, his passport has been impounded and he is

not allowed to leave the country.[10]

However, as there was no extradition treaty between India and Argentina, this case was

presented in the Argentine Supreme Court. The government of India lost the extradition

case as the government of India did not provide a key court order which was the basis

of Quattrochi's arrest. In the aftermath, the government did not appeal this decision

owing delays in securing an official English translation of the court's decision.[11]

The Italian businessman no longer figures in the CBI's list of wanted persons and the

12-year Interpol red corner notice against the lone surviving suspect in the Bofors payoff

case has been withdrawn from the agencys website after the CBIs appeal

2G spectrum scamhe 2G spectrum scam involved officials in the government of India illegally

underchargingmobile telephonycompanies forfrequency allocationlicenses, which

they would use to create2Gsubscriptions forcell phones. According to a report

submitted by theComptroller and Auditor Generalbased on money collected

from2Glicenses, the loss to the exchequer was 176,379crore(US$38.27 billion). The

issuing of the 2G licenses occurred in 2008, but the scam came to public notice when

theIndian Income Tax Departmentinvestigated political lobbyistNiira Radiaand

theSupreme Court of IndiatookSubramaniam Swamy's complaints on record [With

Case type:Writ Petition (Civil),Case No:10, Year:2011][1]. The case details of the

mainPILfiled with the supreme court is Type:Writ Petition (Civil),Case No:423,

Year:2010[2].
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In 2008, the Income Tax department, after orders from the ministry of Home and the

PMO, began tapping the phones of Niira Radia. This was done to help with an ongoing

investigation into a case where it was alleged that Niira Radia had acted as a spy [3].

Some of the many conversations recorded over 300 days were leaked to the media.

The intense controversy around the leaked tapes, became known in the media as

theRadia tapes controversy. The tapes featured some explosive conversations

between Politicians, Journalists and Corporate Houses. Politicians

fromKarunanidhitoArun Jaitley[citation needed], journalists likeBarkha DuttandVir

Sanghviand Industrial groups like the Tata's were either participants or mentioned in

these explosive tapes.

Politicians involved

A. Raja, the Ex-Minister of Communications and Information Technologywho was

the minister when the controversial second round of spectrum allocations took place.

Mr.Raja, an MP of theDravida Munnetra Kazhagamfrom theNilgirisconstituency,

was forced to resign following the public outcry.

Arun Shourie, the minister for Telecom during 2003 in the previous BJP regime. It

was Arun Shourie who introduced the controversial technology neutral "Unified

Access License", which allowed fixed line operators who had paid much lower

license fees to offer mobile phone services, at first in the limited WLL mode

(Wireless local loop) and later, following an out of court settlement between mobile

operators and the BJP govt, full mobility. This gave an advantage to players like

Reliance and Tata Teleservices who managed to get mobile spectrum without

paying the hefty fees that earlier operators likeBPL Mobilehad paid.

Pramod Mahajan, the minister for Telecom between 1999 and 2003. Mr.Mahajan

was the minister when the BJP Government took the controversial decision to shift

from a license fee based regime to a revenue sharing model which was roundly

condemned both by political parties and by economic experts.[4]TheComptroller and

Auditor Generalalso filed adverse reports citing a loss of over

64,000crore(US$13.89 billion) caused by this decision. The crux ofA. Raja'sdefence is that he was following a policy of 2G allocations put in place by the BJP

and it would be unfair to levy prices based on 3G spectrum to 2G licenses. Pramod

Mahajan, who was seen to be friendly with various corporate houses, had been

brought in to replaceJagmohanas Telecom minister just days before the decision

was announced. The biggest beneficiary of this abrupt shift in policy wasReliance
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Infocommwho gained thousands of crores of spectrum without paying a dime in

additional license fees. Pramod Mahajan and his cronies are reported to have

received benami shares of Reliance Industries as a "gift

Bureaucrats involved

Siddhartha Behura, former telecom secretary who served in the DOT at the time of

the 2G allocation.

Pradip Baijal, a bureaucrat who is alleged to have implemented policies that favored

certain Telecom companies when he was heading the TRAI. Post retirement, Baijal

joined Noesis, a consulting firm promoted by Niira Radia[6][7][8]. Raja has made

references to Baijal's decisions in 2003 as the basis for his decisions in 2008. The

houses and offices of the bureaucrat were recently raided by theCentral Bureau of

Investigationas part of their investigations.[9].

R K Chandolia, private secretary of Raja during UPA-I when the licences were

awarded. He was anIndian Economic Serviceofficer of the 1984 batch cadre.When

Raja became the Telecom Minister once again in UPA-II, Chandolia had been

promoted to the Joint Secretary rank. Raja re-designated him Economic Adviser,

that gave him the charge of all important policy-related work. Chandolia interacted

with all the licensees. It is said that it was Chandolia who, from DDG-access

services A K Srivastava's room, had handed out letters of intent to representatives of

various companies[10]

.

Corporations involved

Unitech Groupa real estate company entering the telecom industry with its 2G bid;

sold 60% of its company stake at huge profit toTelenorafter buying licensing

(Including land values properties for towers)[11]

Swan Telecomsold 45% of its company stake at huge profit toEmirates

Telecommunications Corporation(Etisalat) after buying licensing[11]

Loop Mobile

Videocon Telecommunications Limited

S Tel

Reliance Communications

Sistema Shyam Mobile (MTS) Sistema Mobile Russia

Tata Communications
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Vodafone Essar

Dishnet Wireless

Allianz Infra[12]

A. Rajaarranged the sale of the 2G spectrum licenses below their market value. Swan

Telecom, a new company with few assets, bought a license for

1,537crore(US$333.53 million).[15]Shortly thereafter, the board sold 45% of the

company to Etisalat for 4,200crore(US$911.4 million). Similarly, a company formerly

invested in real estate and not telecom, the Unitech Group, purchased a license for

1,661crore(US$360.44 million) and the company board soon after sold a 60% stake in

their wireless division for 6,200crore(US$1.35 billion) toTelenor.[15]The nature of the

selling of the licenses was that licenses were to be sold at market value, and the fact

that the licenses were quickly resold at a huge profit indicates that the selling agents

issued the licenses below market value.

Nine companies purchased licenses and collectively they paid theMinistry of

Communications and Information Technology's telecommunications division

10,772crore(US$2.34 billion).[15]The amount of money expected for this licensing by

theComptroller and Auditor General of Indiawas 176,700crore(US$38.34 billion)

Stock Market ScandalMehta gradually rose to become a stock broker on the Bombay Stock Exchange and

had an expensive lifestyle. He lived in a 15,000 square feet (1,400 m2) apartment, which

had a swimming pool as well as a golf patch. By 1990 Harshad Mehta had risen to

prominence in the stock market. He had been buying shares heavily. The shares which

attracted attention were those of Associated Cement Company (ACC). The price of

ACC was bid up to Rs 10,000. For those who asked, Mehta had the replacement cost

theory as an explanation. The theory basically argues that old companies should be

valued on the basis of the amount of money which would be required to create anothersuch company.

Through the second half of 1991 Mehta had earned the sobriquet of the Big Bull, who

was said to have started the bull run.
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wiki/United_States_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2G_spectrum_scam#cite_note-NDTVsummary-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Rajahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2G_spectrum_scam#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone_Essar


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On April 23, 1992, journalistSucheta Dalalin a column inThe Times of India, exposed

the dubious ways of Harshad Metha. The broker was dipping illegally into the banking

system to finance his buying.

The authors explain: The crucial mechanism through which the scam was effected was

the ready forward (RF) deal. The RF is in essence a secured short-term (typically 15-

day) loan from one bank to another. Crudely put, the bank lends against government

securities just as a pawnbroker lends against jeweller. The borrowing bank actually sells

the securities to the lending bank and buys them back at the end of the period of the

loan, typically at a slightly higher price.

It was this ready forward deal that Harshad Mehta and his cronies used with great

success to channel money from the banking system.

A typical ready forward deal involved two banks brought together by a broker in lieu of acommission. The broker handles neither the cash nor the securities, though that wasnt

the case in the lead-up to the scam.

In this settlement process, deliveries of securities and payments were made through

the broker. That is, the seller handed over the securities to the broker, who passed them

to the buyer, while the buyer gave the cheque to the broker, who then made the

payment to the seller.

In this settlement process, the buyer and the seller might not even know whom they had

traded with, either being known only to the broker.

This the brokers could manage primarily because by now they had becomemarket

makersand had started trading on their account. To keep up a semblance of legality,

they pretended to be undertaking the transactions on behalf of a bank.

Another instrument used in a big way was the bank receipt (BR). In a ready forward

deal, securities were not moved back and forth in actuality. Instead, the borrower, i.e.

the seller of securities, gave the buyer of the securities a BR.

As the authors write, a BR confirms the sale of securities. It acts as a receipt for the

money received by the selling bank. Hence the name - bank receipt. It promises to

deliver the securities to the buyer. It also states that in the mean time, the seller holds

the securities in trust of the buyer.

Having figured this out, Mehta needed banks, which issue fake BRs, or BRs not backed

by any government securities. Two small and little known banks - the Bank of Karad

(BOK) and the Metropolitan Co-operative Bank (MCB) - came in handy for this purpose.
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These banks were willing to issue BRs as and when required, for a fee, the authors

point out.

Once these fake BRs were issued, they were passed on to other banks and the banks

in turn gave money to Mehta, obviously assuming that they were lending against

government securities when this was not really the case. This money was used to drive

up the prices of stocks in the stock market. When time came to return the money, the

shares were sold for a profit and the BR was retired. The money due to the bank was

returned.

The game went on as long as the stock prices kept going up, and no one had a clue

about Mehtas modus operandi. Once the scam was exposed though, a lot of banks

were left holding BRs which did not have any value - the banking system had been

swindled of a whopping Rs 4,000 crore. When the scam was finally revealed, the

Chairman of the Vijaya Bank committed suicide by jumping from the office roof because

he knew that if people come to know about his involvement in issuing cheques to

Harshad Mehta, people would accuse him.

Mehta made a brief comeback as a stock market guru, giving tips on his own website as

well as a weekly newspaper column. This time around, he was in cahoots with owners

of a few companies and recommended only those shares. This game, too, did not last

long.[1]

Interestingly, by the time he died, Mehta had been convicted in only one of the many

cases filed against him.

Till now, the real story behind the entire scam is unknown. The recent Hindi movie

'Gafla' showed this scam in a different perspective
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Right To Information [RTI]

Introduction

The Government of India always lays emphasis on making the lives of its citizens easy, smooth

and making India truly democratic and keeping this in mind the RTI Act has been established.

RTI stands for Right To Information and has been given the status of a fundamental right under

Article 19(1) of the Constitution. Article 19 (1) under which every citizen has freedom of speech

and expression and have the right to know how the government works, what role does it play,what are its functions and so on.

The Act confers right to the citizens to know as to how the taxpayers money is being spent by theGovernment.

Right to Information Act empowers every citizen to seek any information, take notes, extracts or

certified copies of documents or records, take certified samples of material.

The RTI Act extends to the whole of India (except the State of Jammu and Kashmir), all bodies,

which come under Government notification including NGOs, which are owned, controlled or are

substantially financed by the Government.

RTI Act confers right to access to information held by a Public Authority. In case,you have been

denied the access to information you may file Appeal / Complaint before the Central InformationCommission (CIC) using the CIC Online.


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What is RTI?

RTI stands for "Right to Information". Right to Information is a fundamental right that everycitizen has! Basically, the RTI gives you all the information that you want about the Govt. and

what they are doing with your tax money!

You have the right to ask the Govt. why the roads outside your house are not fixed, why have

you not received your rashan card as yet, why is there so much garbage in your area that is notpicked up etc.

If RTI is a fundamental right, then why do we need an Act?

Simply because if you go into a Government office and demand that they tell you why your work

has not been done, they will not entertain you or might even throw you out. If its a law, then itbecomes harder to do this. If they do not give you the information you want, they will have

broken a law and can be punished for it!

Who will give me information ?

One or more officers in every Government Department have been made "Public Information

Officers" (PIO). If you want some information, you need to file an application with the PIO. The

PIOs are responsible for collecting information wanted by you and providing that information toyou.

Also, several officers have been appointed as Assistant Public Information Officers (APIOs).Their job is only to accept applications from the public and forward it to the right PIO.

Can the PIO refuse to give information?

A PIO can refuse information on certain subjects. These include information received in

confidence from foreign governments, information prejudicial to security, strategic, scientific oreconomic interests of the country, breach of privilege of legislatures, etc.

Where to submit the application for information?

You can do that with the PIO or with APIO of the Government department you are questioning.

In the case of all Central Government Departments, certain "post offices" have been designatedas APIOs. This means that you can go to any of these post offices and submit your fee and

application at the RTI counter in these post offices.

They will issue you a receipt and acknowledgement and it is then the responsibility of that post

office to deliver it to the right PIO. The list of these post offices is given here.

Fess for RTI

There is an application fee. For Central Government Departments, it is Rs.10. However,

different states have different fees.
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For getting information, you have to pay Rs.2 per page of information provided for Central

Government Departments. It is different for different states. Similarly, there is a fee for

inspection of documents. There is no fee for first hour of inspection, but after that, you have topay Rs.5 for every hour or inspection. This is according to Central Rules. For each state, you

need to see respective state rules.

You can deposit fee in cash or through a DD orbankers cheque or postal order. You can thendeposit your application either by post or by hand.

What should I do if the PIO does not accept my application?

You can send it by post. Once you send it along with the fee, your job is done.

You should also make a formal complaint to the respective Information Commission. The

Information Commissioner has the power to impose a penalty of Rs.25,000 on the concernedPIO officer who refused to accept your application.

But it is most likely that the PIO will accept your application.

Is there an "application form" to be filled?

For Central Government Departments, there is no form. You should apply on a plain sheet of

paper like an ordinary application. However, many states and some ministries and departmentshave prescribed formats. You should apply in these formats. Please read rules of your respective

state.

How can I apply for information?

Draft your application on a normal sheet of paper and submit it by post or in person to the PublicInformation Officer (PIO). [Remember to keep a copy of the application for your personal

reference.]

How can I send my application fee?

Every state has a different mode of payment for application fee. Generally, you can deposit your

application fee via:

In person by paying cash [remember to take your receipt]

Demand Draft

Indian Postal Order

Money orders (only in some states)

Affixing Court fee Stamp (only in some states)

Bankers cheque


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Some state governments have some "head of account". You are required to deposit fee in that

account. For that, you can either go to any branch of SBI and deposit cash in that account and

attach deposit receipt with your RTI application. Or you can also send a postal order or a DDdrawn in favor of that account along with your RTI application. Please see respective state rules.

What if the PIO is not available?

In case the PIO is not available you can submit your application with the Assistant PIO or anyother officer designated to accept the RTI applications.

Where can I find the concerned PIO?

A list of PIOs/APIOs for all Central and State departments/Ministries is available online at

www.rti.gov.in

What if I can not locate my PIO or APIO?

In case you have problems locating your PIO/APIO you can address your RTI application to thePIO C/o Head of Department and send it to the concerned department with the requisiteapplication fee. The Head of Department will have to forward your application to the concerned

PIO.

Is there a time limit to receiving information?

Yes. If you file your application with the PIO, you must receive information within 30 days.

In case you have filed your application with Assistant PIO then information has to be made

available within 35 days.

Do I have to give reasons why I want a particular information?

Absolutely not! You are not required to give any reasons or additional information other than

your contact details (i.e., Name, Address, and Phone No.)

Can the PIO refuse to accept my RTI application?

No. The PIO can not refuse to accept your application for information under "any

circumstances". Even if the information does not pertain to his/her department/jurisdiction,

she/he has to accept it. If the application does not pertain to that PIO, he would have to transfer it

to the right PIO within 5 days.

How does this law help me in getting my work done?

Let us take the case of Ram. He was not being given his ration card. But when he applied under

RTI, he was given a card within a week. What did Ram ask? He asked the following questions:

I filed an application for a duplicate ration card on 27th January 2004. Please tell me the dailyprogress made on my application so far. i.e. when did my application reach which officer, for

how long did it stay with that officer and what did he/she do during that period?
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According to the rules, my card should have been made in 10 days. However, it is more than

three months now. Please give the names and designations of the officials who were supposed to

take action on my application and who have not done so?

What action would be taken against these officials for not doing their work and for causing

harassment to the public? By when would that action be taken?

By when would I get my card now?

In normal circumstances, such an application would be thrown in a dustbin. But this law says

that the PIO has to reply in 30 days. If they dont do that, their salary could be deducted. Theproblem is that it is not easy to answer these questions.

The first question is: Please provide the daily progress made on my application

There is no progress made. But the government officials cannot write in that they have not actedfor so many months. Else that would be admission of guilt onpaper. Which in a legal term for

saying that they are going to be booted

The next question is: Please provide the names and designations of the officers who were

supposed to take action on my application and who had not done.

If the government provides names and designations of the officials, their responsibility gets

fixed. Any officer is most scared of fixing of responsibility against him in this manner.

So, the moment one files such an application, his/her pending work is done.

What should I do after getting information?

It depends on why you asked for that information and what type of information is it. Often a lotof things start falling in place just by asking for information. For instance, you would get your

passport or a ration card just by asking for the status of your application. In many cases, roadsgot repaired as soon as the "money spent" on repairs was asked. So, seeking information and

questioning the government is an important step, which in itself is complete in many cases.

But suppose you expose some corruption or wrongdoing using RTI. Then, you can complain to

vigilance agencies, CBI or even file an FIR.

But one thing is certain. Seeking information like this and exposing the corruption does improve

the future. The officials get a clear message that the people of that area have become alert and

any wrongdoings in future would not remain hidden as they were in the past. So, their risks ofgetting caught increase.


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How to save INDIA from corruption by using RTI Act?

In this article we have talked about the RTI (Right to Information) act. This act, has given the

people, the power to CHANGE the country. The RTI act has made the inner working of the

Govt. transparent! If YOU, the average citizen learns to use this act, YOU can change the

country.

In this article, we have told you everything that you need to know about the RTI Act, how youcan use it, how it affects you etc! Even if you know nothing about politics or laws do not

worry. This article is written in a very simple and easy to understand way keeping the lay man in

mind.

If you think that the RTI Act does not affect you, "YOU ARE WRONG!"

If you are a citizen of Indian, the RTI Act has given you a lot of power that you can and must

use.

For example, next time you ask for a phone line or a water connection, if you use the RTIAct, you can get your work done quickly. You will not have to make 15 trips to the Government

offices and bribe and beg the officials to get your work done. RTI has changed all that. Throughthis article we will show you how to use RTI, to get your work done!

Are the roads outside your house terrible, RTI will help you solve the problem. Is there aproblem of un-hygiene in your area, RTI will help you solve your problem.

If you are young and cannot appreciate all the above points, then believe us that sooner or later

you will have to go and get some of your work done through Government offices. When you do,you will appreciate the power RTI. But, by then it will be too late.

Why? Because there is talk about RTI being changed so that the power is taken away from thepeople. In this article we have showed you how you can fight this and support RTI.

Basically, if you are an Indian, YOU MUST read this! Not only that, do tell as many people asyou can to also read this. Do this for your country!

Now, in the next section we shall try to understand what the RTI Act is all about...


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Don't pay bribes - Get your Government related work done!Generally, when you go to a Government office to get some work done, the situation is quite

pathetic. The Government employees will either not listen to you or they will give you a vague

response or they will raise some irrelevant objection.

This is generally done because the employees are fishing for a bribe! They are hoping that youwill get frustrated and give them a bribe to move things faster! Do not give the bribe to them.

Use the RTI Act and get your work done. Here we will show you how you can do this!

Just as an example, let us assume that you applied for a new water connection about a year back,

but still nothing has happened about it. What you should do is, write an application according tothe rules of your state and send it to the PIO of the Govt. department you are dealing with.

The application you write can be on these lines:

I had applied for a new water connection about a year back, but have not received the same.

Copy of the receipt of the same is enclosed for your reference. Please provide the followinginformation with respect to the same:

Please provide the daily progress report made on my application. Please give the names and designations of the officials with whom my application was

lying during this period. Please intimate the periods when it was lying with which officer

and what was the action taken by that official during that period.

Please give the proof of receipt and dispatch of my application in the office of each ofthese officials.

According to your rules, in how many days should a new water connection be granted.Please provide a copy of these rules.

The above officials have not adhered to the time limit mentioned in these rules. Are theseofficials guilty of violating these rules and hence guilty of misconduct under their conductrules. Please give a copy of their conduct rule, which they have violated by violating the

above mentioned rule.

These officials have caused serious mental injury to me by making me run around all thiswhile. Are these officials guilty of causing mental harassment to the public?

What action can be taken against these officials for violating all the above rules and theconduct rules? By when this action would be taken?

By when would I be granted my water connection?

Normally, it becomes difficult for the officials to reply to these questions. If they do reply to allthe above questions, this will lead to them taking action against the officers who have not been

performing their duties. The general experience is that the moment you file such an

application, the work is done.


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How to get your neighbourhood cleaned up?Does your area remain very dirty? The municipal sweepers rarely show up?

Submit an application to the appropriate PIO on the following lines:

I live at (give your address). Please provide the following information with respect to thesanitary conditions of the beat in which my house falls:

1. Please provide the list of all the sweepers and sanitation officials with their addressesand contact nos. working in this beat.

2. Please provide copy of attendance register for this beat for the month of (mention the lastmonth).

3. Please provide copy of muster roll for this beat for the month of (mention the last month).4. Please mention against each sweeper, his geographical and functional job

responsibilities, for instance, which streets is a particular sweeper supposed to beworking everyday and what is he supposed to be doing in those streets.

5. I am told that after lunch the sweepers are supposed to go on fateek duty every day inwhich all the sweepers intensively clean one area each day. Please give the fateek duty

schedule for the entire month for the above month.6. Does the fateek schedule remain the same every month or does it change? If it is different

for each month, please give me the fateek duty schedule for the next three months.

7. Please give a list of all the sanitation officials in this beat who were absent anytimeduring the last six months. Please mention durations of absence in each case.

8. In how many of these cases, applications for leave were received. Please give copies ofthese leave applications.

After you receive the list of sweepers, you can inform the people in your area about the names of

the sweepers employed in respective streets. The people may like to keep a watch on whether thesweeper is coming or not. Specific complaints could then be made to the authorities about whichsweeper was absent and when. If no action is taken, file a RTI once more and ask about why

action has not been taken and who is accountable. Action will be taken!

Do you have a garbage bin in your area which is not being cleaned regularly? File an application

and seek information on the following lines:

There is a garbage bin at (give address of the garbage bin). Please provide the followinginformation with respect to this garbage bin:

Please give the address of the Depot from where the loader and truck for this garbage

bin are sent? Please give the vehicle nos of the truck and the loader assigned for picking up garbage

from this garbage bin.

As per the vehicle beat register maintained at the Depot, please give the time when thesevehicles left the Depot and at what time did they return to the Depot on each day from

________ to _________ (mention the period for which you want this detail).

On each of the days during the above period, please mention the addresses of thegarbage bins, which were serviced by these vehicles.


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Please give the numbers of trips made by this truck on each of these days. On each of these trips, please mention the weight of the garbage picked up by this truck,

as per the weighment receipts at landfill sites.

This garbage bin has not been cleaned for the last _____ days. The area SI is supposed tosend balance report to the workshop SI everyday giving details of the garbage left

unattended. On the basis of this report, the workshop SI is supposed to get such garbagepicked up. Please give copies of balance reports sent by the area SI for each day during

this period.

Does the balance report for each of these days mention that the garbage at this bin is notbeing picked up? If no, why has the area SI not been mentioning the same?

Normally, it becomes difficult for the officials to reply to these questions because the records

about these things are probably not maintained. If they do reply to all the above questions, thiswill lead to them taking action against the officers who have not been performing their duties.

Generally, so that no further inquires are made, the work is done immediately.

How to fight against corruption?

Generally, cases of corruption are eitherdropped on some technicality or the progress in these

cases is very slow due to some influence. Because of this, corrupt officials go free! You can putan end to this. Use RTI!

You can seek details from the vigilance wing of any government department.Incase you dontknow, the vigilance wing is supposed to keep an eye out and investigate into all malpractices,

frauds etc.

You can send an application to the PIO and ask for the following details:

1. Please give a list of all the officials against whom any complaint of corruption wasreceived from any quarter during the period ________ to _______.

2. Please give copies of all these complaints.3. Out of the above, which of the cases have been dropped and why? I would like to inspect

all these files. Please intimate the date and time when I can come to inspect these files.

4. Please indicate the progress being made in the rest of the cases.


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Get your Govt. grievances sloved!If you have a grievance or problem against any Govt. detpartment, you can use the departments

Grievance Redressal Machinery to voice your problem so that it may be solved.

Unfortunately, the officers in charge do little about the grievances that they receive. You can

change this. Now, you can keep a check on the working of the grievance redressal machineryof any department.

Use RTI and ask for the following details:

Please give a list of all the grievances received by all the officers in your department during the

period ________ to _______. The list should contain the following details:

1. Name and address of the complainant2. The circle/district etc to which it pertains3. Brief description of the grievance4. Date of receipt of grievance5. Date of redressal of grievance6. Nature of redressal7. If not redressed, reasons for the same8. As per law, in how many days such a grievance should be redressed9. Name of the official responsible for the delay10. Action proposed to be taken against this official for delay11. Is grievance against an official? If yes, name of the person12. What action has been taken against that employee?13. If any enquiry carried out, results of the same14. If no enquiry carried out, why?15.

Please give copies of all the complaints and enquiry reports made against the officials alleged to

be guilty.

Once investigation into these matters begin, the Govt. department will have to start correcting

itself.


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Know what the Govt. is doing with your tax money!

Right to Information Act allows any citizen to inspect any government work. You can inspect anold project (which has already been completed) or a current ongoing project. If you

inspect ongoing work, you will be able to prevent corruption from taking place in that work.

Most of the corruption takes place in records! For example, only 100 metres of road would bemade but the officials would fill up 200 metres and would make payment for 200 metres.

Even if there is a inspection, the officials think that they will be able to bribe their way through

it. But if, you file an application under the Right to Information Act before the start of any work,saying that, you want to inspect that work once it is completed, the officials would now know

that someone from the public is going to inspect their work!

Now, they will not enter wrong measurements in the records. They will also be careful in using

inferior material if you have asked for sample of material.

File an RTI application that asks for the following information:

I would like to inspect the following documents related to the works. These records should bemade available to me for inspection when I come for inspection of these works:

a. Measurement Book

b. Details of Estimates

c. Sketches

When you file such an application, you will be given a date, time and venue where you should go

for inspection. When you go for inspection, please keep the following in mind:

It would be good if you take a technically qualified person along with you. Get him to verifyeach and every aspect. Make sure that they are using quality material. If you find corruption,

report it and file an RTI to check the status of your report.

The Govt. have given to us this great tool that makes us in control of everything that is donearound us. Use this tool. Do not let corruption prevail. But, what is more important, let us make

sure that the RTI Act remains. Wheter you use the act or not, we need your support so that others

may use the act and keep a watch over the Govt...

Save RTI! Act

Unfortunately,since the law exposes all the corruption taking place within the Govt. departments,

the officials in the Government departments are opposing this law. All the politicians that sit on

the tax payers money are feeling the crunch. They too are opposing he law.

There are now talks going on about the diluting the law. The law in its diluted form will beuseless. People will loose the power that they had to expose the truth about the Govt.

organizations.

You must help save this law. Whether or not you use the law is another thing. Help save the RTI

Act so that other may make use of it and help improve our nation. There are many RTI activistswho everyday exposing Govt. frauds and forcing the Government to improve. Support them!

Support RTI!


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Whistleblowers

Whistleblowersplay a major role in the fight against corruption. India currently does not have a

law to protect whistleblowers, which was highlighted by the assassination ofSatyendra Dubey.

1.Satyendra Dubey

Satyendra Kumar Dubey was a project director at theNational Highways Authority of

India(NHAI). He was murdered inGaya,Biharafter fighting corruption in theGolden

Quadrilateralhighway construction project.

The GQ project had strict controls to ensure that the construction work would be carried on by

experienced firms with proper systems. A second independent contract was given for supervision

of the project. However, Dubey discovered that the contracted firm,Larsen and Toubro, had

been subcontracting the actual work to smaller low-technology groups, controlled by the local

mafia. When he wrote to his boss, NHAI Project Director SK Soni, and to Brig Satish Kapoor,engineer overlooking the supervision, there was no action. According to the police'sFirst

Information Report(FIR) after his murder, Dubey had been facing several threats following his

action against corruption at Koderma. A subsequent FIR filed by theCentral Bureau of

Investigation(CBI) named both Soni and Kapoor. In August 2003 when he was transferred

toGaya, a transfer which he opposed since he felt that it did not serve the interests of NHAI. At

Gaya, he exposed large-scale flouting of NHAI rules regarding sub-contracting and quality

control. At this time he took a departmental test and was promoted as deputy general manager,

which made him eligible to take charge as project director. Since there was no project director's

post in Gaya, he was likely to be posted to Koderma soon. There was widespread sentiment

(based on their pattern of operation), that the criminal nexus, opposed to having him as director,

may have been behind his murder.

Meanwhile, faced with the possibility of high-level corruption within the NHAI, Dubey wrote

directly to thePrime Minister,Atal Bihari Vajpayee, detailing the financial and contractual

irregularities in the project. While the letter was not signed, he attached a separate bio-data so

that the matter would be taken more seriously. Despite a direct request that his identity be kept

secret and despite the letter's sensitive content, accusing some of Dubey's superiors, the letter

along with bio-data was forwarded immediately to theMinistry of Road Transport

CORRUPTION AND ROLE OF YOUTH IN INDIA.

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