CORRUPTIONEnjoying Good School; Enduring Bad Governance

Moral Philosophy PhD Class

Cavite State University2nd Sem SY 2009-2010

ARMANDO D. ISON

Filipino’s have certain Filipino’s have certain characteristics that characteristics that make them Filipinosmake them Filipinos

How do How do you call a you call a Filipino Filipino abroad?abroad?

Filipinos cannot resist buying items on Filipinos cannot resist buying items on sale even if they don’t need them.sale even if they don’t need them.

Use outlines of feet drawn on paper for Use outlines of feet drawn on paper for buying shoes for friendsbuying shoes for friends

Like everything importedLike everything imported Take more time having wedding pictures Take more time having wedding pictures

taken than for the wedding itself.taken than for the wedding itself.

Yes that’s us. Yes that’s us.

Why?Why? Pinoy kasiPinoy kasi

You are a Filipino if your roads are like moon You are a Filipino if your roads are like moon holes.holes.

You are also a Filipino if there are more patients You are also a Filipino if there are more patients than beds in public hospitalsthan beds in public hospitals

If in a state run schools, students share one old If in a state run schools, students share one old textbooktextbook

Pinoy ka kapag nakakita ka ng mahabang pila Pinoy ka kapag nakakita ka ng mahabang pila ng tao para lang sa isang paracetamol…. atbpng tao para lang sa isang paracetamol…. atbp

If you’re being solicited for a bribe and If you’re being solicited for a bribe and you don’t relent, you’re toldyou don’t relent, you’re told

Pare, “Para ka namang hindi Pinoy.”Pare, “Para ka namang hindi Pinoy.”

Is this really the best type of being Is this really the best type of being human that we can be?human that we can be?

Are you sure this is the best way of Are you sure this is the best way of being a Filipino?being a Filipino?

““In all areas of national endeavor, In all areas of national endeavor, there is need for imagination, careful there is need for imagination, careful planning, thoroughness, hard work, sweat, planning, thoroughness, hard work, sweat, integrity, dedication, self-discipline and the integrity, dedication, self-discipline and the willingness to sacrifice all for the common willingness to sacrifice all for the common good….. good….. All the funds in the world will be to All the funds in the world will be to no avail if we suffer from lack of these no avail if we suffer from lack of these intangible forces that make a nation greatintangible forces that make a nation great.”.”

Sen. Jovito Salonga. Sen. Jovito Salonga. The Intangibles that make the Nation GreatThe Intangibles that make the Nation Great

What is corruption?What is corruption?

from a latin wordfrom a latin word

corrumcorrum – heart, inside – heart, inside rumpererumpere – split – split

“ “inner split within you”inner split within you”

believe/preachbelieve/preach

preach/practicepreach/practice

public/privatepublic/private

Why corruption is Why corruption is a moral issue?a moral issue?

Corruption is a moral Corruption is a moral issueissue

because it is consider as WRONG, because it is consider as WRONG, SINFUL, EVIL according to some code or SINFUL, EVIL according to some code or theory of ethics.theory of ethics.

““Thou shall not steal”Thou shall not steal”

““Corruption is the misuse/abuse of Corruption is the misuse/abuse of entrusted power for private gain.”entrusted power for private gain.”

It is clear betrayal of public trust. It It is clear betrayal of public trust. It breaks promises of impartiality made when breaks promises of impartiality made when they were invested with the authority to govern.they were invested with the authority to govern.

Corruption is a moral Corruption is a moral issueissue

- it involves a specific kind of experience, - it involves a specific kind of experience, a special kind of feelings. ( hiya, takot )a special kind of feelings. ( hiya, takot )

““Conscience”Conscience”

It generate a sense of shame, a sense of It generate a sense of shame, a sense of guilt.guilt.

Corruption is a moral Corruption is a moral issueissue

- because it creates a situation - because it creates a situation which affect other people.which affect other people.

““Corruption retards economic and social Corruption retards economic and social development, lowers the quality of public development, lowers the quality of public services and infrastructure and raises the services and infrastructure and raises the prices of goods and services.”prices of goods and services.”

Corruption is a moral Corruption is a moral issueissue

- it is an action which has the - it is an action which has the potential to help or potential to help or HARMHARM other people other people including yourself.including yourself.

The poor people could not avail The poor people could not avail themselves of the basic government services themselves of the basic government services like health and education problems.like health and education problems.

In some cases corruption literally In some cases corruption literally KILLS.KILLS.

Corruption is an age old problem.Corruption is an age old problem.

It has been the problem of our It has been the problem of our country for so many years.country for so many years.

Filipinos in JapanFilipinos in Japan

You want us to be a Christian?You want us to be a Christian?

Do you think it could make us a Do you think it could make us a better person?better person?

Look at yourself?Look at yourself?

Look at your country?Look at your country?

Philippines as the only Christian Philippines as the only Christian Nation in AsiaNation in Asia

85% are Christian yet85% are Christian yet

85% ang nandaraya85% ang nandaraya

85% ang dinadaya85% ang dinadaya

If before we are ranked as no. 8 most corrupt country in Asia, If before we are ranked as no. 8 most corrupt country in Asia, last night I was surprised to know that we are no. 1 na pala, last night I was surprised to know that we are no. 1 na pala,

he,he,he, lumala pa)he,he,he, lumala pa)

Philippine Philippine 9.409.40

Indonesia Indonesia 8.08.03. 3.

Thailand Thailand 8.03 8.03

VietnamVietnam

IndiaIndia

KoreaKorea

ChinaChina

MalaysiaMalaysia

TaiwanTaiwan

MacauMacau

JapanJapan

HongkongHongkongSingapore Singapore 1.20 1.20

http://www.asianoffbeat.com/default.asp?Display=844http://www.asianoffbeat.com/default.asp?Display=844

Unresolved National Unresolved National ScandalsScandals

ZTE-NBN deals – $329 MZTE-NBN deals – $329 M 32 km North Railway - $503 M32 km North Railway - $503 M South Rail Anomaly-South Rail Anomaly- $70 M$70 M Fertilizer Fund Scam – P728 MFertilizer Fund Scam – P728 M PEA – AMARI – $6.5 MPEA – AMARI – $6.5 M Cebu Lampost P365 MCebu Lampost P365 M Diosdado Macapagal road – P1.1 BDiosdado Macapagal road – P1.1 B Walis sa Paranaque – P2.9 MWalis sa Paranaque – P2.9 M

LTO Car SmugglingLTO Car Smuggling BOC X-ray machinesBOC X-ray machines DND HelicoptersDND Helicopters PIATCO-NAIA 3 terminalPIATCO-NAIA 3 terminal DOH Medicine spoilageDOH Medicine spoilage Garci-Bedol Cover UpGarci-Bedol Cover Up Fertilizer Fund ScumFertilizer Fund Scum

Graft and Corruption flourishes because of the culture of Graft and Corruption flourishes because of the culture of impunity. Have you heard of any big fish being convicted of impunity. Have you heard of any big fish being convicted of corruption and plunder, except for deposed President Joseph corruption and plunder, except for deposed President Joseph Estrada?Estrada?

Yes, he was convicted of plunder, but he did not spend even Yes, he was convicted of plunder, but he did not spend even a day in a real prison. Only six weeks after his conviction, he a day in a real prison. Only six weeks after his conviction, he was pardoned by President Arroyo.was pardoned by President Arroyo.

Was that any way to set an example for other grafters in Was that any way to set an example for other grafters in government and the would be grafters and plunderers?government and the would be grafters and plunderers?

Noynoy—Hindi ako magnanakaw (I will not steal), Noynoy—Hindi ako magnanakaw (I will not steal),

Villar—Hindi na ako magnanakaw (I will not steal Villar—Hindi na ako magnanakaw (I will not steal anymore), anymore),

Gibo—Hindi ko kayang magnakaw (I cannot steal), Gibo—Hindi ko kayang magnakaw (I cannot steal),

Gloria—Wala na kayong nanakawin (There’s nothing left Gloria—Wala na kayong nanakawin (There’s nothing left to steal)….to steal)….

Joke time:Joke time:

What does it mean:What does it mean:

It means thatIt means that

all the EFFORTS (kung meron man)all the EFFORTS (kung meron man)

Is not ENOUGHIs not ENOUGH

It is not working….ANDIt is not working….AND

It is not working for the POOR.It is not working for the POOR.

Enjoying Good SchoolsEnjoying Good SchoolsEnduring Bad Enduring Bad GovernanceGovernance

A friend of mine approach me one day, crying; A friend of mine approach me one day, crying; Andoy, I just want to be a teacher, but I was Andoy, I just want to be a teacher, but I was

told that my application is pressed down told that my application is pressed down under the heap of other applications.under the heap of other applications.

Why? You have all the credentials necessary.Why? You have all the credentials necessary.Apparently the Superintendent, was asking for Apparently the Superintendent, was asking for

her 3 months salary. her 3 months salary. She refusedShe refused

My friend consulted her relatives and former My friend consulted her relatives and former teachers and even her mother who goes teachers and even her mother who goes

to church everyday.to church everyday.All of them as if in chorus , told her to be practicalAll of them as if in chorus , told her to be practical

Sign your checks for the first 3 months, drop in your Sign your checks for the first 3 months, drop in your superintendent’s drawer, wait for the 4superintendent’s drawer, wait for the 4 thth month, and get on month, and get on

with a real LIFE.with a real LIFE.

The institution that is The institution that is supposed to be the supposed to be the custodian and promoter custodian and promoter of good values suffers of good values suffers from distorted value from distorted value system.system.

A world Bank Study in 200 estimated that in 20 years, the A world Bank Study in 200 estimated that in 20 years, the Philippines lost $48 Billion because of corruption, and the Philippines lost $48 Billion because of corruption, and the amount surpassed the entire foreign debt of $ 40.6 Billionamount surpassed the entire foreign debt of $ 40.6 Billion

In addition to storiesIn addition to storieswe need some basic we need some basic statisticsstatistics

Corruption has also infected schools. The latest Corruption has also infected schools. The latest Global Corruption Barometer Survey (2005) Global Corruption Barometer Survey (2005)

of the Berlin Based Transparency of the Berlin Based Transparency International (TI) reveals an increasing International (TI) reveals an increasing

incidence of corruption in many schools and incidence of corruption in many schools and universities worldwide, including bribes to universities worldwide, including bribes to

secure a student’s admission to school or to secure a student’s admission to school or to pass university exams, or selling diplomas pass university exams, or selling diplomas

and other academic credentials.and other academic credentials.

The report importantly notes that such The report importantly notes that such anomalous “practices in schools and anomalous “practices in schools and

universities contradicted basic values of universities contradicted basic values of integrity, equity, and public good, and integrity, equity, and public good, and

risked perpetuating the problem by risked perpetuating the problem by fostering a negative perception of authority fostering a negative perception of authority

and institutions.”and institutions.”

When the students are exposed and When the students are exposed and formed to corruption and have lost formed to corruption and have lost respect to campus institutions, they respect to campus institutions, they

can easily lose respect to the can easily lose respect to the broader institutions of governance broader institutions of governance

when they are brought into the when they are brought into the mainstream society. mainstream society.

According to an earlier report of the According to an earlier report of the Philippine Center of Investigative journalism, Philippine Center of Investigative journalism, up to 65% of the textbook funds are reserved up to 65% of the textbook funds are reserved

as bribe money. The range of bribery runs as bribe money. The range of bribery runs from 20% to 65%. In the purchase of from 20% to 65%. In the purchase of

medicines, books, magazines, and other medicines, books, magazines, and other instructional materials, the kickbacks are instructional materials, the kickbacks are

distributed to supplier 40%, congressional distributed to supplier 40%, congressional aide 5%, head of implementing agency 10%, aide 5%, head of implementing agency 10%,

and legislators 45% (Parenno 1998)and legislators 45% (Parenno 1998)

Armando Ang documents a host of other Armando Ang documents a host of other anomalies especially in the department of anomalies especially in the department of

education, from kickbacks in the education, from kickbacks in the construction of buildings to the construction of buildings to the

procurement of textbooks and the procurement of textbooks and the exploitation of teachers through bribery exploitation of teachers through bribery and leaking examination questionnaires.and leaking examination questionnaires.

In the year 200, a whooping 21 Billion In the year 200, a whooping 21 Billion pesos of the government's procurement pesos of the government's procurement budget apparently went to the pockets of budget apparently went to the pockets of

legislators. legislators. 21 B of pesos has equivalents. It could mean 44,716 new 21 B of pesos has equivalents. It could mean 44,716 new

classrooms, 21 million new books, new desks, new classrooms, 21 million new books, new desks, new computers. Then the backlog for classrooms and computers computers. Then the backlog for classrooms and computers

could have been remedied.could have been remedied.

Philippines Daily Inquirer 15, April 2005 Philippines Daily Inquirer 15, April 2005 point out that fake diplomas and academic point out that fake diplomas and academic

credentials are being manufactures at credentials are being manufactures at Recto or Quiapo Area.Recto or Quiapo Area.

At University Belt, students are submitting copied papers in Rizal At University Belt, students are submitting copied papers in Rizal course. Some copied lyrics from song hits magazines, and course. Some copied lyrics from song hits magazines, and

they got a passing grades!they got a passing grades!

According to an earlier report of the According to an earlier report of the Philippine Center of Investigative journalism, Philippine Center of Investigative journalism, up to 65% of the textbook funds are reserved up to 65% of the textbook funds are reserved

as bribe money. The range of bribery runs as bribe money. The range of bribery runs from 20% to 65%. In the purchase of from 20% to 65%. In the purchase of

medicines, books, magazines, and other medicines, books, magazines, and other instructional materials, the kickbacks are instructional materials, the kickbacks are

distributed to spllier 40%, congressional aide distributed to spllier 40%, congressional aide 5%, head of implementing agency 10%, and 5%, head of implementing agency 10%, and

legislators 45% (Parenno 1998)legislators 45% (Parenno 1998)

This is true even in graduate schools. This is true even in graduate schools. Plagiarisms are being commited left and Plagiarisms are being commited left and

right.right.Some Government officials, who are trying to get their graduate Some Government officials, who are trying to get their graduate

degrees, ask their secretaries to do research papers for them.degrees, ask their secretaries to do research papers for them.

If that is possible in their academic life, I wonder how they do in If that is possible in their academic life, I wonder how they do in their public office?their public office?

Jesuits Cross Sectoral Studies of Corruption in the Jesuits Cross Sectoral Studies of Corruption in the Phil. 2002conducted a study from Baguio to Basilan and the Phil. 2002conducted a study from Baguio to Basilan and the results include rampant cheating in exams and take home results include rampant cheating in exams and take home assignments, plagiarism, selling of tickets and illegal assignments, plagiarism, selling of tickets and illegal collection of fees and illegal deductions from teacher’s collection of fees and illegal deductions from teacher’s salaries. salaries. Other anomalies that emerged from the research include Other anomalies that emerged from the research include illegal use of PTCA funds, illegal use of class funds, teachers illegal use of PTCA funds, illegal use of class funds, teachers and school administrators getting commissions from and school administrators getting commissions from suppliers of school supplies or printing press of yearbooks suppliers of school supplies or printing press of yearbooks and school papers, non-remittance of teacher’s benefits and school papers, non-remittance of teacher’s benefits premium (SSS). We should also include the recent scandal premium (SSS). We should also include the recent scandal on the leakage in the Nursing examinations and the 1 billion on the leakage in the Nursing examinations and the 1 billion worth of insurance that was collected from the lowly teachers. worth of insurance that was collected from the lowly teachers. Tampering of ballots during the time of MarcosTampering of ballots during the time of Marcos , ,

All these sad stories in All these sad stories in the world of Education in the world of Education in the Philippines are both a the Philippines are both a product of a society that product of a society that has very minimal respect has very minimal respect for truth and dignity.for truth and dignity.

This does not of course, mean that This does not of course, mean that each individual education each individual education

personnel is corrupt. As a matter personnel is corrupt. As a matter of fact I see so many ordinary of fact I see so many ordinary

teachers and educators who like teachers and educators who like us try to live a life of integrity us try to live a life of integrity

despite the odds.despite the odds.

What do I mean by Good Schools, What do I mean by Good Schools, Bad GovernanceBad Governance

The answer lies on the speech The answer lies on the speech delivered by Dr. Jose M. Tiongco, delivered by Dr. Jose M. Tiongco, the guest speaker during the 9the guest speaker during the 9thth commencement exercises at the commencement exercises at the

UP Mindanao UP Mindanao April 22 2006.April 22 2006.

He praises the high standard of He praises the high standard of education the peoples’ scholar education the peoples’ scholar

receive from the prestigious receive from the prestigious school and yet questions the school and yet questions the

fruit of his investment, in terms fruit of his investment, in terms of “of “dedication and integrity” dedication and integrity” of of

the graduatesthe graduates

What is the point here:What is the point here:

1.1. Reflect on the connections.Reflect on the connections.

Masakit ang likod bakit paa ang Masakit ang likod bakit paa ang pinipisil?pinipisil?

2. See the Connections.2. See the Connections.

Buhay-Pamilya-Eskwelahan-Bansa-Buhay-Pamilya-Eskwelahan-Bansa-Daigdig.Daigdig.

3. Do a lot of self reflections3. Do a lot of self reflections

Who we are?Who we are?

What we value?What we value?Are we aware of our unhealthy Are we aware of our unhealthy

blind spots? blind spots? (Merry Go round)(Merry Go round)

4. Clarify our Social Mission 4. Clarify our Social Mission

A. Human FormationA. Human Formation

Train the young who will someday Train the young who will someday become social agents in the future.become social agents in the future.

B. Social TransformationB. Social Transformation

Direct institutional involvement in Direct institutional involvement in changing present social structure.changing present social structure.

What can we do in schools?What can we do in schools?

Hanapin at harapin ang corruption sa Hanapin at harapin ang corruption sa school.school.

CheatingCheatingPlagiarismPlagiarismCutting ClassesCutting ClassesBullyingBullyingElection of Student CouncilElection of Student CouncilSchool Fund mismanagementSchool Fund mismanagement

(annual, book, school paper, club funds atbp)(annual, book, school paper, club funds atbp)

Chronic cheaters in exam will most Chronic cheaters in exam will most probably end up cheating in probably end up cheating in

government. Plagiarists in schools will government. Plagiarists in schools will most probably end up as falsifiers of most probably end up as falsifiers of official documents. Bullies will most official documents. Bullies will most

probably end up as extortionists. probably end up as extortionists. Malpractices in campus elections will Malpractices in campus elections will

most probably find their way in electoral most probably find their way in electoral frauds during the local and national frauds during the local and national elections of government officials.elections of government officials.

This calls for a serious training in good This calls for a serious training in good citizenship values such as a strong citizenship values such as a strong

sense of personal integrity, honesty, sense of personal integrity, honesty, credibility, transparency, equity, credibility, transparency, equity,

sense of justice, consciousness of the sense of justice, consciousness of the common good, ascendancy and common good, ascendancy and

simplity, things which Senator Jovito simplity, things which Senator Jovito Salonga calls “the intangible forces Salonga calls “the intangible forces

that makes a nation great.”that makes a nation great.”

EDUCATION FOR INTEGRITYEDUCATION FOR INTEGRITY

Directing our attention to some Directing our attention to some curricular and co-curricular programs curricular and co-curricular programs that, if we are not alert, may actually that, if we are not alert, may actually reinforce corrupt behavior instead of reinforce corrupt behavior instead of

promoting citizenship values.promoting citizenship values.

Aggressive Anti-Aggressive Anti-Cheating Policy Cheating Policy

Cheating in a major examination will be punished with Cheating in a major examination will be punished with a failing grade in the course.a failing grade in the course.

In addition the student will not be allowed to enroll in In addition the student will not be allowed to enroll in the following semester.the following semester.

““to remind all of the importance of honesty and to remind all of the importance of honesty and personal integrity in our lives”personal integrity in our lives”

““and to encourage and protect those who do not and to encourage and protect those who do not cheat.”cheat.”

Fr. Antonio Samson, SJFr. Antonio Samson, SJ

Sportsmanship and Sportsmanship and CitizenshipCitizenship

Schools do not have programs that are Schools do not have programs that are intentionally designed to hone corruption. intentionally designed to hone corruption. Yet, some of our identity-marking and Yet, some of our identity-marking and energy generating activities in schools are energy generating activities in schools are vulnerable to distortion of values and vulnerable to distortion of values and disproportionate allocation of funds.disproportionate allocation of funds.

““To what extent is our sports development promoting To what extent is our sports development promoting good citizenship and integrity?”good citizenship and integrity?”

Highlighting integrity as Highlighting integrity as personal as well as personal as well as corporate spiritualitycorporate spirituality

One popular preaching about God’s love is One popular preaching about God’s love is to tell these students that God loves them to tell these students that God loves them “unconditionally.” Even if you don’t change, “unconditionally.” Even if you don’t change, God’s love for you will never change.God’s love for you will never change.

This teaching is from a false This teaching is from a false religion because it does not draw out the religion because it does not draw out the noble in the person.noble in the person.

Problems in the exposure program of the Problems in the exposure program of the school. (it should not be dipping into the mud, school. (it should not be dipping into the mud, every weekend, playing with the kids, cleaning every weekend, playing with the kids, cleaning the roads, etc.)the roads, etc.)

Exposure program must have a relevance on Exposure program must have a relevance on their chosen careers. (engineering students their chosen careers. (engineering students could be tapped in double-checking quality could be tapped in double-checking quality materials in some government construction.materials in some government construction.

Challenged some accountancy students to Challenged some accountancy students to avoid having two financial statements.avoid having two financial statements.

A code of professional ethics must serve as A code of professional ethics must serve as a bridge to the theoretical textbooks on a bridge to the theoretical textbooks on morality and the dilemmas of actual practice morality and the dilemmas of actual practice on their profession. on their profession.

Teaching reverence for Teaching reverence for the value of wordsthe value of words

Mapanganib itong kawalan ng paggalang Mapanganib itong kawalan ng paggalang sa tamang salita. Ang lipunang walang sa tamang salita. Ang lipunang walang paggalang sa salita, malamang ay wala ring paggalang sa salita, malamang ay wala ring paggalang sa panunumpa! Kung walang paggalang sa panunumpa! Kung walang paggalang sa panunumpa malamang wala ring paggalang sa panunumpa malamang wala ring galang sa lagda. (Vox populi Vox Dei)galang sa lagda. (Vox populi Vox Dei)

Ang layo-layo na natin sa karunungan at Ang layo-layo na natin sa karunungan at kadakilaan ng Kartilla ng Katipunan noong 1896. kadakilaan ng Kartilla ng Katipunan noong 1896. “Sa taong may hiya ang salita’y panunumpa.”“Sa taong may hiya ang salita’y panunumpa.”

Integrity in Public Life: Integrity in Public Life: Reorientation of our Alumni Reorientation of our Alumni ProgramProgram

We teach our students excellence, then We teach our students excellence, then excellence is equated with success, which is excellence is equated with success, which is then reduced to financial success, and financial then reduced to financial success, and financial success is measured by how much our alumni success is measured by how much our alumni are capable of donating back to schoolare capable of donating back to school

PTCA and Alumni PTCA and Alumni ChampionsChampions

During alumni homecoming, we announced During alumni homecoming, we announced who donated how much, regardless of where who donated how much, regardless of where the alumnus got it. The way we glorify alumni the alumnus got it. The way we glorify alumni who sponsored one truck of beer during who sponsored one truck of beer during alumni programs, the way we introduce some alumni programs, the way we introduce some big shot alumni even though they come late - big shot alumni even though they come late - --- all this sends signal which ultimately reveal --- all this sends signal which ultimately reveal how schools actually appraise their products.how schools actually appraise their products.

Sometimes alumni feel the school is only after Sometimes alumni feel the school is only after their money. If I am an ordinary public servant, their money. If I am an ordinary public servant, one who, because I take seriously the school’s one who, because I take seriously the school’s call for integrity, cannot even buy half a page of call for integrity, cannot even buy half a page of the yearbook, then for all practical purposes, I the yearbook, then for all practical purposes, I do not exist in the horizon of the alumni do not exist in the horizon of the alumni program. But for all we know, these alumni who program. But for all we know, these alumni who work in public service could very well be the work in public service could very well be the school’s authentic contribution to society.school’s authentic contribution to society.

We are now being challenged to find a way We are now being challenged to find a way to value our alumni, not by the amount they to value our alumni, not by the amount they donate back to school, but by the way they donate back to school, but by the way they bring their alma mater’s principles into a bring their alma mater’s principles into a wider society.wider society.

Makes A Difference. Be like a Chicken.Makes A Difference. Be like a Chicken. Sa lahat ng paraan, maging halimbawa ka Sa lahat ng paraan, maging halimbawa ka

ng mabuting ugali at maging tapat ka at ng mabuting ugali at maging tapat ka at kagalang-galang sa iyong pagtuturo. kagalang-galang sa iyong pagtuturo. Nararapat na pananalita ang lagi mong Nararapat na pananalita ang lagi mong gagamitin, upang hindi mapintasan ninuman gagamitin, upang hindi mapintasan ninuman ang sinasabi mo. Kayat mapapahiya ang ang sinasabi mo. Kayat mapapahiya ang ating mga kalaban sapagkat wala silang ating mga kalaban sapagkat wala silang masasabing masama laban sa atin.masasabing masama laban sa atin.

Titus 2:7Titus 2:7

ReferencesReferences Alejo, Albert E, 2005. “Enjoying Good Schools, Enduring Bad Alejo, Albert E, 2005. “Enjoying Good Schools, Enduring Bad

Governance: Realigning Values Formation with Good Governance and Governance: Realigning Values Formation with Good Governance and Conscientious Citizenship.” A Lecture WorkshopConscientious Citizenship.” A Lecture Workshop

Chua, Yvonne T., 1999. Robbed: An Investigation of Corruption in the Chua, Yvonne T., 1999. Robbed: An Investigation of Corruption in the Philippine Education. Manila: Philippine Center for Investigative Philippine Education. Manila: Philippine Center for Investigative JournalismJournalism

Ang, Armando. 2005. Greed and Scams, Inc. (Corruption, Deception, Ang, Armando. 2005. Greed and Scams, Inc. (Corruption, Deception, Forgery, Fraud, Hoax, Kickback, Quakery, Swindle, Rip-off, etc.Forgery, Fraud, Hoax, Kickback, Quakery, Swindle, Rip-off, etc.

www.be.edu/bc_org/avp/soe/cihe/newsletter/News34/textoo4.htn Educating teachers for diversity at Educating teachers for diversity at www.nerel.org

http://www.asianoffbeat.com/default.asp?Display=844http://www.asianoffbeat.com/default.asp?Display=844