Corrientes marinas UE.pdf

7/27/2019 Corrientes marinas UE.pdf

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ISSN 1018-5593U R O

S S S C I E N C ER E S E A R C HD E V E L O P M E N T

50m), either a totally submerged sea-bed mounted system, or afloatingsystem,are the principal alternatives. Totally submerged sea-bed mounted systems are likely to be ''SecondGeneration" systems since a number of technical problems will first have to be solved. Also, thehigh cost and difficulties of access will require a high mean time between failures (minimum of 10

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years) and simple methods of deployment and recovery' will need to be developed to minimisemaintenance and repair costs.

Engineering approach "Firs t generation" systems will be based on the use of conventional "off-the-shelf' engineeringcomponents and systems, in order to achieve reasonably low costs combined with an acceptable levelof reliability at an early stage.

Second Generation systems can follow on from this by introducing optimisations requiring thedevelopment of specialised components so as to obtain improved performance, for example hydraulictransmissions, maintenance-free generators filled with de-ionised water, etc. The need to achieve high reliability and low costs with minimal maintenance in a harsh operatingenvironment probably makes it essential (for First Generation systems) to use the simplestengineering approach even if this involves some sacrifice in efficiency. For example, this implies thatfixed geometry rotors should be preferred over variable pitch rotors, and constant speed operationmay be preferable over variable speed power generation.Rotor types There are two types of rotor deserving consideration for First Generation turbines: axial flow andcross-flow (Darrieus). The axial flow (propeller-type) is more straightforward in that it is easier toensure starting and stopping and the avoidance of cavitation. However the rotor has to be yawed tomeet changing tide direction and the drivetrain and generator have to be mounted below sea-level atthe same depth as the rotor. The alternative, the cross-flow rotor is omni-directional, has thepotential for locating the transmission and generator above sea-level, and has a geometrically simpleconstruction, though utilising more material for a given swept area. However, besides being lessefficient, cross-flow rotors are not self-starting and may be difficult to stop, and they have beenshown to be vulnerable to cavitation, minor surface degradation, and fatigue loadings.Support structure Technology from existing offshore industries is readily transferable to the design requirements forthe support structure of a marine current turbine. Thefixedstructure technology using mono or multi-piles is more mature, and carries feweruncertainties than using floating moored devices. However surface floating structures could beeconomical if barge costs can be minimised, mooring integrity can be assured and the reliability offlexible marine cables for power transmission can be established.Operation and Maintenance Any intervention operations at sea tend to be expensive and difficult, so a significant premium willbe worth paying so as eventually to achieve 5 to 10 years between servicing in order to minimiseO&M requirements. This demands considerable attention to detail in designing and developingsuitable systems.Costs A middle-range of turbine, of the order of 10 to 15m diameter and power rating 200-700kW,deployed in as shallow water as possible, (i.e. 20 to 30m depth) is likely to be the most economicoverall solution for First Generation machines. So that the overheads for site surveying, installation and grid connection can be minimised, it seemsessential that the technology is eventually applied as clusters or arrays of turbines rather thanisolated units in order to achieve minimum unit electricity costs for grid connection. However, singleunits or small clusters of units may prove to be economic for remote island communities with

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expensive diesel generated power at the present time, where a higher generating cost will still proveacceptable. Electricity costs of less than 0.10 ecu/kWh appear to be achievable with First Generation machinesin a good current regime with reasonable load factor. Experience with the development of othertechnologies such as wind energy conversion has shown that significant cost reductions can beexpected as a result of an effective R&D programme leading to the development of specialisedequipment tailored to the requirements and innovative concepts may reasonably be expected to leadto "quantum" changes in cost-effectiveness. The calculated costs are not excessive for a totally new technology of this nature and are within therange for a good likelihood that future implementation of large arrays of turbines will offer aneconomic and environmentally benign technique for large scale electricity generation.8.1.3 R&D NeedsFirst OrderFirst Order problems relate primarily to the research and evaluation of system concepts that can makeuse of standard engineering components and sub-systems.Key areas for more detailed engineering study will include:

rotor design and manufacture to achieve a good combination of durability and efficiency procedures and technologies for economic and safe installation, inspection and maintenance fail-safe automatic control systemsModel-testing would be beneficial for the analysis of certain dynamic problems, in particular:

wave-loadings the effects of high currents, different velocity profiles, turbulent flow, etc. starting and stopping the turbine in different current regimes comparison of axial-flow and cross-flow performance design to minimise or avoid cavitation so as to increase rotor tip-speed ratiosComputer simulations would assist in the study and development of the hardware, but there seems noalternative to undertaking practical pilot projects at sea in order to perfect the detailed engineeringaspects essential to ensure cost-effective and reliable operation under the severe environmentalconditions of the sea. Such pilot projects may follow the approach used with wind energy tcclinologyof starting with smaller machines and working towards the larger and more cost-effective ones after thesmall ones have been reasonably well developed and proven. Hence it is likely that the first pilotprojects will involve single units rated at around 50 to lOOkW (this being about the minimum practicalsize for grid-connection) which are large enough to model the practical problems of the commercialtechnology to follow but small enough to minimise costs and operational problems in handling themachinery while the learning curve is still quite steep and mistakes may happen due to inexperience.Second OrderWhen one or more system concepts have emerged, Second Order problems will relate to resolvingproblems of detail design, combined with engineering analysis aimed at optimisation and cost reduction.The solution of Second Order problems should lead to the preparation of detailed system designs,followed by the deployment and testing of pilot systems (probably in the power range 100-200kW) so asto develop practical installation and operational experience with near to "full-size" systems. Such

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systems, although non-optimal, may partially recover their costs by being grid-connected and usedoperationally to generate revenue from sale of electricity.If successful, the pilot plants could then be scalcd-up to form the First Generation of commercial full-size grid-connected systems, probably in the power range 200-500kW per unit.Third OrderThird Order research will involve the development and evaluation of novel concepts and specialisedcomponents, with the objective of finding more cost-effective solutions to form the basis for the SecondGeneration of comm ercially-manufactured and marketed machines.This Second Generation systems may be a development and refinement of the First Generation systems,or may utilise radical features such as low speed multi-pole electricity generators machine, hydraulictransmission systems, alternators filled with de-ionised water and hydro-static pressure equalisation,fast-running super cavitating rotors, improved rotor surface finishes to minimise corrosion and marinegrowth problems, dedicated deployment and maintenance vessels, etc. Other possibilities includeintegration of marine energy exploitation with other economically a ttractive processes than gridelectricity generation, such as desalination of sea water (drinking water production), mineral extraction,etc.8 .2 R e c o m m e n d a t i o n sA phased programme is proposed that will rapidly lead to the deployment of the first ever grid-connected marine current energy plants, addressing both the First and Second Order problems givenabove.The conclusions of this study have indicated that there are two differing requirements in thedevelopment of marine current technology for European waters: seabed-mounted surface-piercing systems for use in depths of 20 to 30m, typically off the UK, Irishand/or northern French coasts systems for use in deeper waters such as the Mediterranean (Straits of Messina, Straits of Gibraltarand certain Greek waters).This will involve the following sequential stages for the development of the current energy exploitationproject:-Phase 1 - Proof of Techn olog)': (approximately 18 months)

Feasibility study for two pilot systems to be applied at typical northern and southern Europeanmarine current sites to confirm optimum concepts and to provide costable outline designs.Development of site monitoring "package" combined with further development of 3Dflowmodellingtechnique on computersSelection of specific sites with detailed flow measurements, seabed topography and soil analysis.Detailed engineering design and analysis of pilot m achines to suit the chosen sites; production ofmanufacturing drawingsModel testing (if appropriate) of rotors and structural elements of the systems.Construction, installation and testing of pilot demonstration systems

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Phase 2 - P ilot Project:(approximately 24 months) Detailed design followed by manufacture of frill-scale First Generation demonstration systems Deployment of systems at selected sites and connection to the grid Performance monitoring, study of future grid integration and promotion of the technology, plusfuture planning.

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European CommissionEUR 16683 Non-nuclear energy JOULE II Wave energy Project resultsLuxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities1996 III, 66 p. 1 7.6 25.0 cmISBN 92-827-5658-0Price (excluding VAT) in Luxembourg: ECU 8.50


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Corrientes marinas UE.pdf

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