Correctional Case Study

8/22/2019 Correctional Case Study

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1 CS 100: A CORRECTIONAL FACILITY

CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY|College of Engineering & Information Technology

RACHEL ANNE T. CASTRO, uapsa-cvsu

IMPRISONMENT is no other thing than the restraint of a man's liberty, whether it be in

the open field, or in the stocks, or in the cage in the streets or in a man's own house, as

well as in the common goals; and in all the places the party so restrained is said to be a

prisoner so long as he hath not his liberty freely to go at all times to all places whither he

will without bail ormainprise or otherwise.

PRISON is a place in which people are physically confined and usually deprived of a

range of personal freedoms.Imprisonmentorincarcerationis a legal penalty that may

be imposed by the state for the commission of a crime. Other terms used are

penitentiary, correctional facility, remand centre, detention centre, and jail or gaol. In

some legal systems some of these terms have distinct meanings.

A criminal suspect who has been charged with or is likely to be charged with

criminal offense may be held on remandin prison if he or she is denied or unable to

meet conditions ofbail, or is unable or unwilling to post bail. A criminal defendant may

also be held in prison while awaiting trial or a trial verdict. If found guilty, a defendant will

be convicted and may receive a custodial sentence requiring imprisonment.

As well as convicted or suspected criminals, prisons may be used forinternment of

those not charged with a crime. Prisons may also be used as a tool of political

repression to detain political prisoners, prisoners of conscience, and "enemies of the

state", particularly by authoritarian regimes. In times ofwaror conflict, prisoners of

warmay also be detained in prisons. A prison system is the organizational arrangement

of the provision and operation of prisons.

BRIEF HISTORY

For most of history, imprisoning has not been a punishment in itself, but rather a

way to confine criminals until corporal orcapital punishment was administered. There

were prisons used for detention in Jerusalem in Old Testament times, and the Bible

details the imprisonment of Joseph in Egypt.[2] Dungeons were used to hold prisoners;

those who were not killed or left to die there often became galley slaves or faced penal

transportations. In other cases debtors were often thrown into debtor's prisons, until they

paid their jailers enough money in exchange for a limited degree of freedom. Only in the

19th century, beginning in Britain, did prisons as known today become commonplace.

The modern prison system was born in London, influenced by theutilitarianism ofJeremy

Bentham. Bentham's panopticon introduced the principle of observation and control that

underpins the design of the modern prison. The notion of prisoners being incarcerated

as part of their punishment and not simply as a holding state until trial or hanging, was at

the time revolutionary. This is when prisons had begun to be used as criminal

rehabilitation centers.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainprisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_(political)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprisonmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprisonmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprisonmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarcerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarcerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarcerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punishmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(polity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offense_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detention_of_suspectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detention_of_suspectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defendanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conviction_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_repressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_repressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisonerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_consciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemy_of_the_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemy_of_the_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporal_punishmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galley_slavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_transportationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_transportationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debtorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debtor%27s_prisonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Benthamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Benthamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Benthamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Benthamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debtor%27s_prisonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debtorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_transportationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_transportationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galley_slavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporal_punishmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemy_of_the_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemy_of_the_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_consciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisonerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_repressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_repressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conviction_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defendanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detention_of_suspectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offense_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(polity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punishmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarcerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprisonmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_(political)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainprisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bail


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DESIGN AND FACILITIES

Male and female prisoners are typically kept in separate locations or

separate prisons altogether. Prison accommodation, especially modern prisons

in the developed world, are often divided into wings. A building holding more than

one wing is known as a "hall". Many prisons are divided into two sections, one

containing prisoners before trial and the other containing convicted prisoners.

o FACILITIES

Amongst the facilities that prisons may have are:

A main entrance, which may be known as the 'sally port' or 'gatelodge'

A religious facility, which will often house chaplaincy offices and facilities

forcounselling of individuals or groups

An 'education facility', often including a library, providing adult

education orcontinuing education opportunities

Agymor an exercise yard, a fenced, usually open-air-area which prisoners may use

for recreational and exercise purposes

A healthcare facilityorhospital

A segregation unit(also called a 'block' or 'isolation cell'), used to separate unruly,

dangerous, or vulnerable prisoners from the general population, also sometimes

used as punishment (see solitary confinement)

A section ofvulnerable prisoners (VPs), orprotective custody(PC) units, used to

accommodate prisoners classified as vulnerable, such as sex offenders,

formerpolice officers, informants and those that have gotten into debt or trouble withother prisoners

A section ofsafe cells, used to keep prisoners underconstant visual observation, for

example when considered at risk ofsuicide

A visiting area, where prisoners may be allowed restricted contact with relatives,

friends, lawyers, or other people

A death rowin some prisons, a section for prisoners awaiting execution

A staff accommodation area, where staff and prison officers live in the prison, typical

of historical prisons

A service/facilities area housing support facilities like kitchens Industrial or agricultural plants operated with convict labour

A recreational area containing items such as a TV and pool table
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaplainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychotherapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libraryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuing_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yard_(land)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yard_(land)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solitary_confinementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_officerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_visual_observationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_visual_observationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_officerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solitary_confinementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yard_(land)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuing_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libraryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychotherapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaplainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_world


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PRISON DESIGN

Prisons are normally surrounded by fencing, walls, earthworks, geographical

features, or other barriers to prevent escape. Multiple barriers, concertina

wire, electrified fencing, secured and defensible main gates, armed guard towers,

lighting, motion sensors, dogs and roving patrols may all also be present depending on

the level of security. Remotely controlled doors, CCTV monitoring, alarms, cages,

restraints, nonlethal and lethal weapons, riot-control gear and physical segregation of

units and prisoners may all also be present within a prison to monitor and control the

movement and activity of prisoners within the facility.

Modern prison designs have sought to increasingly restrict and control the

movement of prisoners throughout the facility while permitting a maximal degree of direct

monitoring by a smaller prison staff. As compared to traditional large landing-cellblock

designs which were inherited from the 19th century and which permitted only intermittent

observation of prisoners, many newer prisons are designed in a decentralized "podular"

layout.

Smaller, separate and self-contained housing units known as "pods" or

"modules" are designed to hold between sixteen and fifty prisoners each and are

arranged around exercise yards or support facilities in a decentralized "campus" pattern.

A small number of prison officers, sometimes a single officer, is assigned to supervise

each pod. The pods contain tiers of cells arranged around a central control station or

desk from which a single officer can monitor all of the cells and the entire pod, control

cell doors and communicate with the rest of the prison. Pods may be designed for high-

security "indirect-supervision", in which officers in segregated and sealed control booths

monitor smaller numbers of prisoners confined to their cells.

An alternative is "direct-supervision", in which officers work within the pod and

directly interact with and supervise prisoners, who may spend the day outside their cells

in a central "dayroom" on the floor of the pod. Movement in or out of the pod to and from

exercise yards, work assignments or medical appointments can be restricted to

individual pods at designated times and is generally centrally controlled. Goods and

services, such as meals, laundry, commissary, educational materials, religious services

and medical care can increasingly be brought to individual pods or cells as well.

Despite these design innovations, overcrowding at many prisons, particularly in

the U.S., has resulted in a contrary trend, as many prisons are forced to house large

numbers of prisoners, often hundreds at a time, in gymnasiums or other large buildings

that have been converted into massive open dormitories. Lower-security prisons are

often designed with less restrictive features, confining prisoners at night in smaller

locked dormitories or even cottage or cabin-like housing while permitting them freer

movement around the grounds to work or activities during the day.
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SECURITY LEVELS

The levels of security within a prison system are categorized differently around

the world, but tend to follow a distinct pattern. Most developed countries divide prisons

into separate security classes depending on the inmate population and the security

needed to keep them under control. Accordingly, most developed countries have classes

ranging from the most secure, which typically hold violent prisoners and those judged

most likely to escape, to the least, which are most often used to house non-violent

offenders or those for whom more stringent security is deemed unnecessary. Below are

some different examples of prison classifications from around the world.

The categories of prisoners in descending order are:

Category A: prisoners are those whose escape would be highly dangerous to the

public or national security.

Category B: prisoners are those who do not require maximum security, but for

whom escape needs to be made very difficult.

Category C: prisoners are those who cannot be trusted in open conditions but who

are unlikely to try to escape.

Category D: prisoners are those who can be reasonably trusted not to try to escape,

and are given the privilege of an open prison.

The exact classification systems differ between county, state, and federal systems.

Some common types of prisons include:

Supermax: As the name implies, the custody level goes beyond Maximum by

segregating "the worst of the worst" in a prison system, such as terrorists deemed a

threat to national security and inmates from other prisons who have a history of

violent or other disruptive behavior in prison or are suspected of gang affiliation. This

level is also used for non-terrorists who have been deemed too dangerous or too

high-profile to ever be in a normal prison. These inmates have individual cells and

are kept in lockdown for 23 hours per day. Meals are served through "chuck holes"

in the cell door, and each inmate is permitted out of their cell for one hour of exercise

per day, alone. They are normally permitted no contact with other inmates and are

under constant surveillance via closed-circuit television cameras.

Administrative: Administrative security is a classification of prisons or detention

centers that are for a specific purpose, such as housing mentally ill offenders. These

range in levels of security from Minimum to Administrative Maximum Security

(ADMAX).
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Maximum: A custody level in which both design and construction as well as inmate

classification reflect the need to provide maximum external and internal control and

supervision of inmates primarily through the use of high security perimeters and

extensive use of internal physical barriers and check points. Inmates accorded this

status present serious escape risks or pose serious threats to themselves, to other

inmates, to staff, or the orderly running of the institution. Supervision of inmates is

direct and constant.

High: The "Middle Ground" for violent crimes, High security institutions have highly-

secured perimeters multiple- and single-occupant cell housing, the highest staff-to-

inmate ratio, and close control of inmate movement.

Medium: A custody level in which design and construction as well as inmate

classification reflect the need to provide secure external and internal control and

supervision of inmates. Inmates accorded to this status may present a moderate

escape risk or may pose a threat to other inmates, staff, or the orderly running of theinstitution. Supervision remains constant and direct. Through an inmate's willingness

to comply with institutional rules and regulations, increased job and program

opportunities exist.

Close Security: Close Security prisons are institutions which house inmates too

dangerous for Low Security, but who did not commit a crime worthy of incarceration

in a Medium Security Facility. These prisons are rare, as most inmates fall into either

"Medium" or "Low" Security Classifications. These facilities are often located in

separate areas of a Low or Medium security Prison.

Low: A custody level in which both the design and construction as well as inmate

classification reflect the goal of returning to the inmate a greater sense of personal

responsibility and autonomy while still providing for supervision and monitoring of

behavior and activity. Inmates within this security level are not considered a serious

risk to the safety of staff, inmates or to the public. Program participation is mandated

and geared toward their potential reintegration into the community. Additional access

to the community is limited and under constant direct staff supervision

Minimum: The lowest level of security to which an inmate can be assigned directly.

This type of prison is typically a "prison farm", or other work-oriented facility, and

most often houses petty or"White-collar criminals."

Pre-release. A custody level in which both design and construction as well asinmate classification reflect the goal of restoring to the inmate maximum

responsibility and control of their own behavior and actions prior to their release.

Direct supervision of these inmates is not required, but intermittent observation may

be appropriate under certain conditions. Inmates within this level may be permitted

to access the community unescorted to participate in programming, including but not

limited to work release or educational release.
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SPECIAL TYPES OF PRISON

JUVENILE

Prisons forjuveniles (people under 17 or 18, depending on the jurisdiction) are known as

young offender facilities or similar designation and hold minors who have been

remanded into custody or serving sentence. Many countries have their own age of

criminal responsibility in which children are deemed legally responsible for their actions

for a crime. The concept of "minor" is not sharply defined in most jurisdictions. The ages

ofcriminal responsibility and consent, the age at which attendance at school ceases to

be obligatory, the age at which legally binding contracts can be entered into, and so on,

may all be different.

In many countries, including Australia, India, Philippines, Brazil, Croatia and Colombia, a

minor is defined as a person under the age of 18. In the United States, where the age of

majority is set by the individual states, minor usually refers to someone under the age of

18, but can in some states be used in certain areas (such as gambling, gun ownership

and the consuming ofalcohol) to define someone under the age of 21. In the justice

system in some places, "minor" is not entirely consistent, as a minor may be tried and

punished for a crime either as a "juvenile" or, usually only for "extremely serious crimes"

such as murder, as an "adult".

SERVICES PROVIDED TO YOUTH

o Mental Health

There is a long-standing connection found in research between youth who commit

crimes and mental health concerns. There has been found to be a surprisingly highpopulation of juveniles who present serious mental health illness within juvenile facilities.

Being that juvenile detention facilities operate on the foundation of rehabilitating the

youth, different mental health programs are provided by facilities to help the youth

rehabilitate. It is the expectation that juvenile detention centers and juvenile institutions

provide mental health services to their residents. The incarcerated youth population

requires careful and structured intervention, which must be provided by the facilities.

o Education

Education is seen by many as the cornerstone of youth rehabilitation..Green v.

Johnson (1981) ruled that incarcerated students do not have to give up their rights to aneducation while incarcerated. Despite research stating the need for strong educational

programs in juvenile detention facilities, there does not exist a uniform standard for

education in juvenile facilities as education settings in juvenile facilities greatly vary

across the country. The overseer of the school within the juvenile facility differs from

state to state. Some schools within juvenile detention facilities are decentralized, some
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_criminal_responsibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_criminal_responsibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_criminal_responsibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamblinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_beveragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_beveragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamblinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_criminal_responsibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_criminal_responsibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_criminal_responsibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_(law)


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are centralized and run by school districts, and others are overseen by a State education

agency.

MILITARY PRISON

Prisons form part of military systems, and are used variously to house prisoners of

war,unlawful combatants, those whose freedom is deemed a national security risk by

military or civilian authorities, and members of the military found guilty of a serious crime.

A military prison is a prison operated by the military. Military prisons are used variously to

house prisoners of war, enemy combatants, those whose freedom is deemed a national

security risk by the military or national authorities, and members of the military found guilty of a

serious crime. Thus military prisons are of two types: penal, for punishing and attempting to

reform criminals within the military, and confinement-oriented, where captured enemies are

confined for military reasons until hostilities cease.

POLITICAL PRISON

A political prisoneris someone who is in prison because they have opposed or

criticized the government of their own country.

The term is used by persons or groups challenging the legitimacy of the detention of a

prisoner. Supporters of the term define a political prisoner as someone who is

imprisoned for his or her participation in political activity. If a political offense was not the

official reason for detention, the term would imply that the detention was motivated bythe prisoner's politics.

PSYCHIATRIC

Some psychiatric facilities have characteristics of prisons, particularly when confining

patients who have committed a crime and are considered dangerous. In addition, many

prisons have psychiatric units dedicated to housing offenders diagnosed with a wide

variety ofmental.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unlawful_combatanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoners_of_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemy_combatantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_offensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_offensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemy_combatantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoners_of_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unlawful_combatant


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An Update on the Study on the Condition of Jails

and Correctional Institutions in the Country

Commission on Human Rights

Universal standards applicable to everyone have been established with respect to

prohibitions that exist in national and international laws against any form of treatment or

punishment which violates human rights or fundamental freedoms. Article 5 of the

Universal Declaration of Human Rights provides that no one shall be subjected to

torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. The same principle

embodied in the declaration was enforced and sustained with the adoption of the

International Convention on the subject, entered into forced in 1987 by the UN

Assembly. Article II of the 1987 Philippine Constitution specifically provides that the

State values human dignity and guarantees full respect for human rights. This

underscores that all persons are born with human dignity and inherent rights and that no

one loses his dignity and these rights regardless of what he or she may have done. This

policy of the state applies particularly to the treatment of prisoners and detainees under

the correctional system they are in. Thus to ensure enforcement of this basic human

rights policy, the Commission on Human Rights is mandated to exercise visitorial

powers over jails, prisons and detention facilities as stipulated in the Philippine

Constitution. Hence, the Commission using both national and international standards on

the treatment of prisoners and detainees and in investigating and monitoring the

conditions they are in conducts on regular basis the spot checking of conditions

obtaining in the various correctional institutions/ facilities in the country.

This report is a consolidation of the study on the conditions of jails and correctional

institutions in the country undertaken in 1992, the reports on the regular visits

undertaken by the regions over the years and the special visits in national penitentiaries

conducted by the national office.

I. THE GENERAL STATE OF PHILIPPINE JAILS

Consistent with universal standards, the Philippine Government established its own

national standards in reviewing its correctional system for prisoners/ detainees

administered by the Department of Justice, the Bureau of Corrections and Bureau ofJails Management and Penology (BJMP) of the Department of Interior and Local

Government. This correctional system consists of rehabilitation, and organized care and

treatment program aimed at the promotion of the dignity of the confined persons in

particular and the correctional community in general. Foremost, the provision of basic

needs of prisoners is the prime factor to be fulfilled before any effective rehabilitation

program can be committed and tackled. Though prisoners, they are still endowed with


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the same basic rights for human rights in common parlance are rights inherent in the

nature of every individual without which he cannot live as a human being. By human

standards, all accommodations provided for the use of inmates, particularly sleeping

accommodations shall meet all requirements of health, with due regard to climactic

conditions, particularly to cubic content of air, minimum floor space, lighting and

ventilation. Further into the system is a comprehensive multi-disciplinary rehabilitation

program aimed at the total human development of the inmates which cover education

services, spiritual development, livelihood opportunity, enhancement and other welfare

services inclusive of health and medical provisions.

During the past years that the CHR was monitoring conditions in jails and detention

centers, majority of the facilities covered by the visits were found not fit for human

confinement. It was observed and described as unlikely to rehabilitate, but certain to

punish. Although this situation may solicit both approval and criticism. The inspections

made by CHR regional offices revealed that more than 50% of the jails covered by the

visits needed a gargantuan amount of reconditioning and restoration. The most common

problem of prisoners/detainees was the insufficiency or lack of food provision due to the

delay in release of food allotment and inadequate or unsanitary food preparation. In

certain jails, food expenses were shouldered by police personnel and even relatives of

inmates/detainees. It should be noted that the timeliness in the release of funds for the

purposes of the essence to meet this basic need for survival. Another major problem is

the prisoners/detainees shelter/living space. This refers to basic confinement areas

where the prisoners live to complete their term. Their place of confinement has been a

perennial problem for the prisoners/detainees. Inspectors encountered old, dilapidated,

and congested buildings, no longer suited for human existence, defective comfort rooms

resulting to unsanitary conditions, lack of sleeping paraphernalia and, undersized cells

with poor ventilation and defective water system and even lack of potable water which is

a basic source of life. A high percentage of jails also had poor lighting or no lighting

facilities at all.

Due to these old prevailing problems, inmates have easily acquire different kinds of

diseases. Based on reports recently, there was a rampant spread of boils (pigsa) and

diarrhea among the prisoners/detainees. The absence of sufficient medical supplies and

laboratory facilities noted in the various prison further compound this sorry plight ofprisoners/ detainees.

Needing stricter observance and compliance are the constitutional guarantees for a

persons rights and the national standards set by the BOC sets out premises for the

prisoners/detainees rights. These rights are more often said to be illusory for the

inmates. A number of inmates complained of various violations against their person.

These include denial of the right to counsel and to speedy trial, illegal/arbitrary


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arrest/detention, torture, maltreatment/ physical injuries, sexual harassment/abuse

against chastity as deprivations of right to basic services. Moreover, reports on inmates

complaining that they are deprived of their right to a speedy trial is still much attendant to

the present scenario. Other instances aredespite their long confinement, the court has

not yet passed any final verdict yet due to slow disposition of cases by the courts and

judges absenteeism among other reasons identified. There were also reports gathered

that a number of inmates were stripped of their rights to a counsel due to the lack of it.

More than a handful of detentions largely acknowledge the prisoners right to be free

from physical abuse and solitary confinement but the physical abuse the inmates

encounter and endure is through the system of mayores or gang-lordships which is

tolerated and condoned by prison guards and officials. As a result, interminable physical

violence and deaths are deemed to be accepted in jails for they are condoned by the

very officials who are expected to uphold and preserve their basic rights. This

consequently makes the inmates lives in constant danger rather than a safe place for

rehabilitation.

At the Death Row of the NBP and CIW, the Commission has monitored the dormitory to

be overcrowded and poorly ventilated that cause the convicts to suffer from illnesses. It

also found out that Leo Echegaray, the first person sentenced to death since the re-

imposition of the death penalty was in solitary confinement, although this restriction was

lifted upon legal representation.

Conspicuously, the primordial factors obstructing the efficiency and effectiveness in the

penal and rehabilitation administration are the sub-standard equipment and facilities, the

shortage of manpower who have the expertise in dealing with inmates as men in uniform

who crave for power capitalize on the vulnerable conditions of prisoners/detainees and

the deficiency in budgetary allocations which are needed for the renovations and

improvements of the physical structures.

More or less, observations on conditions obtaining in jails were the aspect of education

and opportunities. Educational services to inmates are to some extent, provided under

the rehabilitation system. The BOC particularly, oversees three stages of learning:

elementary, high school and college that also includes vocational courses. This enables

inmates to obtain a college degree in courses offered by the prison school system in

collaboration with accredited colleges and universities. Learning other work activities isanother form of rehabilitation, thus, livelihood training programs are provided to equip

them with certain skills. Inmates are very much encouraged to engage in livelihood

projects to practice their skills and earn for themselves or even their families. Their right

to exercise religious belief or practices is the most enjoyed right of the inmates.


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II. NATIONAL PENITENTIARIES: A CLOSER VIEW

Iwahig Penal Colony

The Iwahig Penal Colony (IPC) located at Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, has 2,897 total

population of prisoners. They are classified and distributed in the Central Colony and

three (3) sub-colonies namely : the Inagawan, Montible, and Santa Lucia Sub- Colonies.

Like the other colonies, IPC is classified into maximum, medium, and minimum

securities. The most prevalent crimes committed by the prisoners are illegal fishing,

illegal possession of firearms, rape, homicide and murder.

Most inmates particularly those in the medium and minimum security prison render their

services to the colony and its employees. Some serve as household and medical care

helpers without any compensation. Other prisoners work with compensation and divide

themselves into ICAG or Inmates Community Assistance Group: they serve as the police

of the colony or as a security within the colony; some work at the Industrial Section

they are makers of handicrafts and also involved in carpentry; and we have the General

Services Section which are divided into maintenance section they are those who are

assigned in the maintenance of electricity and water supply; horticulture I those who

are in-charged of gardening; horticulture II those who are in-charged with the

production of fruit bearing trees; agronomy section I-II-III those who are in-charged of

the production of rice and the rice mill; salt-making section those who are in-charged of

the production of salt; soliman section those who are in-charged in the fishponds;

animal husbandry section those who are in-charged of poultry, piggery, carabaos,

cows and horses; transportation section those who are in-charged of welding and

repair of the vehicles of the Bureau; tractor post section those who are in-charged of

the maintenance of hand tractors for the use in the farm; and the balsahan section

those who are in-charged in the natural pools of the bureau and other tourist spots inside

the colony.

Problems identified by the prisoners were as follows: congestion or overcrowding, food

provisions are inadequate for normal human daily requirements, absence of adequate

conjugal visitation rooms especially for out of town conjugal visitors, opening of personal

letters, not allowing them to sell handicrafts to visitors, sanitation especially on toilet

facilities/water supply, absence of sanitary inspectors, inadequatebeds/beddings/mosquito nets, medical facility is inadequately supplied and poorly

equipped, inadequacy of funds especially for malarial control projects, absence of

continuous health education training program for health attendants/nurses, absence of

adequate isolation rooms for communicable diseases, inadequate fumigation for

mosquitoes and its breeding grounds, absence of ambulance, violent cause of death is

still prevalent and lack of communication equipments. With regard to human rights


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abuses committed against them, they have varied answers. Some are often beaten-up

by some guards and fellow prisoners who are in-charge of the discipline whenever they

violated prison rules and regulations. They are usually abused by giving them household

workloads and ordered them that these workloads should be immediately done. And if

they are not accomplished on time, theres a corresponding punishment for them. And

the major problem and concern of the living out prisoners is their chance of being

released through pardon or parole.

With all the problems raised, there were suggestions and recommendations given.

These are regionalization of Penal Institutions or improvement of rehabilitatory process;

to adequately improve budgetary allocations to effect: employment of more

staff/personnel, improvement of drug/ supplies situation, and improvement of penal

facilities, buildings, accommodation, communication facilities etc.; the CHR shall

evaluate the synopsis of prison record of the inmates and recommends the same to the

board of Pardons and Parole for possible grant of any form of Executive Clemency; the

CHR shall also follow-up the status of the application for amnesty of the political

prisoners concern and conveyed the result therein to the concern inmates; and lastly

there should be a concrete government program on the newly released prisoners to help

them cope on their life after their term.

San Ramon Prison And Penal Farm

The San Ramon Prison And Penal Farm is at Zamboanga City. It was built around the

year 1912. Its security compound is 1 hectare and its penal farm is about 600 hectares.

as of May 20, 1997, there were 851 prisoners/ inmates housed in the penal colony in

different security status maximum, medium and minimum security.

There were complete facilities and amenities that were being enjoyed by the inmates

from administrative building to worship areas to entertainment building to medical

infirmary and others. Their food are prepared by a private caterer at P22 a day per

inmate. It is distributed by the form of rationing. Their major occupation is handicrafts

making. Most of them were also working at the Agro-Industrial Section of the colony.

They also have this Reception and Diagnostic Center and Disciplinary Cells. Those

inmates who are placed under this center are those who are recently admitted in thecolony and they undergone a 60 days orientation program to prepare them in facing the

long period of incarceration. Then after that, they were distributed in their corresponding

cells. While the Disciplinary Cell are for those who violated the prison rules and

regulations.


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With regards to the problems they encountered, theyre experiencing over-crowding

living quarters; inadequate food for normal daily requirements; no designated place for

conjugal visits; letters being opened; slow processing of amnesty application and others.

Another problem that worry them most is the place to go after theyre released. Some

were already old, some have fear for the reprisals of their families and relatives, and no

work to support themselves or nobody would accept them for employment because

theyre ex-convict.

Recommendations such as evaluation of the synopsis of prison record and

recommending the same to the Board of Pardons and Parole for possible grant of any

form of Executive Clemency such as commutation of sentence, pardon (conditional) and

parole; following-up of the status of the application for amnesty and conveyed the result

to the concern inmates; and a concrete government program on the newly released

prisoners should be given attention.

Sablayan Prison And Penal Farm

The Sablayan Prison And Penal Farm (SPPF) is situated at Sablayan, Occidental

Mindoro. It was established by President Ramon Magsaysay through Executive Order

No.547 on January 14, 1954. And it was opened on the 26th of June 1954.

At present, the SPPF have 909 colonists which were distributed/ divided into their

different securities and sub-prisons, in a receiving station and in a special project. The

following are the list of sub-prisons with its corresponding distributions of colonists:

a. Central Sub-Prison 570 colonists

b. Pasugui Sub-Prison 129 colonists

c. Siburan Sub-Prison 120 colonists

d. San Vicente De Prospero Sub-Prison 80 colonists

e. Pusog Special Project 8 colonists

f. San Jose Receiving Station 2 colonists

Most colonists complained of rigorous working condition in the penal colony. They

undergone massive farming and cultivation/ transformation of lands, breaking of stones,clearing of the area and cutting of forested lands. But proper discipline towards the

colonists are just being enforced thats why they undergone these kind of work.

They also complained of other problems such as lack of facilities for conjugal visits, very

slow processing of their documents for executive clemency, and the distance from their

family or love ones is a major source of anxiety and concern because they cant be

visited easily. Scarcity of writing materials and the cost of mails in which the postage is


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almost a luxury for them are another aired problems. There were also lack of basic

laboratories, facilities, x-ray facilities, both medical and dental, and lack of standard

wards.

On the other hand, at the SPPF, over crowding is not present. Theres a very good over

all sanitation and prospects for a more self-supporting colony as far as food and

nutritional supplies are concerned. And theres a primary health care unit manned by

two (2) doctors, a nurse, a pharmacist and a dentist. And theres also an on-site case

hearing activity provided by a visiting judge with his full-court staff and the Public

Attorneys Office provides them with lawyers.

Thus, SPPF is a well supervised colony. But still, the Assistance and Visitorial Office

shall continue in reviewing the synopsis submitted by the inmates and get their records

directly from the officers in-charge. The Commission on Human Rights shall work

together with the Bureau of Pardons and Parole and act together to follow-up the

records of those inmates ready for signatures and approval of the President. And lastly,

the commission shall continue with its Philippine Human Rights Plan for

Prisoners/Inmates Sector to prevent abuse or maltreatment.

New Bilibid Prison

The New Bilibid Prison is located at BuCor, Muntinlupa City.

Basic necessities of the prisoners such as electricity, fire radiation safety were generally

satisfactory in condition, life saving medicines were available at the emergency room

and water supply comes from several deep wells run by pumps. The buildings and

wards were generally clean but it needs to be repainted for a better protection against

inclement weathers. Inmates food allocation per day is P20.00. Theres also a non-

formal, non-degree system of education for maximum prison inmates that includes

functional literacy for 6 months; a vocational livelihood for 1-2 years for electronics,

paper making, silk and commercial screening, etc.; and the CARPETA or Correctional

Artist Reformed Prisoners Educational Theater Association, where painters, singers and

the like improve on their talents, while for those in the medium security, theres a formal

system of education that has a tie-up with the Perpetual Help College of Las Pi??from

Elementary Level up to College. Recreational and spiritual provisions for inmates alsoexists with in the penitentiary.

But nevertheless, common problems were still present at this security compound.

Problems such as decongested prison cells e.g. 75 inmates per cell considering that its

good for only 35 inmates; very slow processing of papers with regards to the status of

their request for executive clemency; and deficient water supply.


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Recommendation with regards to the fast processing of the prisoners request for

executive clemency; all factors affecting healing and/or recovery should be improved,

harmonized and focused for them; increased allocation per inmate per day; and

providing them with proper ambulance shall be given enough attention.

Leyte Regional Prison

The Leyte Regional Prison (LRP) was created by virtue of P.D. No. 28 and was

established on January 16, 1973 under Presidential Decree No. 1101. It is located in

Brgy. Mahagna, Abuyog, Leyte some sixty-six (66) kilometers from Abuyog town proper.

It is situated on a 861.66 hectares forested area on top of a mountain surrounded by

mountain ranges. It is also composed of two communities: the enclosed community and

the open community. Prisoners who are in the enclosed community are those who

belong to the medium and maximum security while prisoners who are in the minimum

security belong to the open community.

It was built to receive, confine, secure and rehabilitate convicted criminals classified as

national prisoners whose sentences range from three (3) years and one (1) day

imprisonment or above. Most prisoners came from Region VIII comprising the provinces

in the islands of Samar, Leyte and Biliran.

As of March 19, 1997 there are about nine hundred eighty (980) prisoners housed in this

regional prison with 204 at the maximum security, 550 at the medium security and 226 at

the minimum security prison.

Prisoners within the prison compound are usually engaged in handicrafts while those

who are living-out prisoners are engaged in farming and also in handicrafts making.

Others are household helpers who received some simple tokens and small

compensation.

Problems identified at the LRP are as follows: living conditions in the medium and

maximum barracks are below human standards with regards to shelter and facilities;

food provisions are distributed by ration system at a budget of P20.00 per day per

inmate; hospital facility is a dilapidated improvised building with make shift wooden beds

and inadequately supplied with medicines and equipments; lacks nutritional facility andthe services of a qualified nutritionist or dietitian; inadequate hygiene and sanitation

installations; lacking of jail guards ideally 1 guard is to 6 prisoners; but presently its

1:28) and sudden increase in 1996 mortality rate.

More so, there were two kinds of abuses present at LRP. One is the maltreatment

committed against the prisoners by the mayores of the pangkat. It is committed usually

against those who violated the prison rules and regulations. It is inflicted through fist


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blows, use of batuta, withholding of food ration and suspension of privilege visits from

inmates families, relatives and friends. Inmate violators are usually placed at the

disciplinary cell for a certain period upon the discretion of the prison authorities through

the mayores recommendation. Another is the maltreatment inflicted by the prison

authorities/employees against those living-out prisoners especially those who worked as

household helpers. Small mistakes might even caused their life because of beatings or

pambubugbog.

The primary objectives and concerns of the visit are to evaluate the physical conditions

of the penitentiary and the prisoners itself, the food and water provisions, the health and

medical facilities and the system of access to available resources and facilities. So, with

the problems that were identified necessary recommendations shall be provided to solve

and lighten the burden.

B. EXECUTIVE LEVEL

1. Development of a concrete government program for the newly released prisoners to

help them cope with their new life after their term.

2. Complete staffing of Bureau of Corrections personnel, particularly prison guards; and

also the BJMP personnel in city and municipal jails to enable the Bureau to completely

take over the management, supervision and control of all jails still manned by the PNP.

3. Prompt and systematic release and disbursement of operational funds to city and

municipal jails, particularly allotment for prisoners sustenance.

4. Regular reporting and systematic monitoring of jail activities/ conditions to higher

authorities to expedite speedy administrative, preventive, protective and other remedial

measures.

5. Construction of additional jails and immediate renovation of old/ dilapidated/ destroyed

jails to solve congestion problems and lessen security risk.

6. Acquisition of high technology equipment such as firearms, communication system,

etc. for effective security control and monitoring of jail activities.

7. Expansion and implementation of the education/ training/ work programs for all types

of prisoners.

8. Putting up of library facilities in all jails/ rehabilitation institution for use of prisoners arealso recommended.

C. LEGISLATIVE LEVEL

1. Consolidation/ codification of all laws, guidelines, rules and regulations pertaining to

penology and correction for purposes of establishing an integrated system of


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punishment and rehabilitation covering all levels, types or classification of prisoners/

detainees, as well as effective monitoring of all penal/ correctional institutes in the

country.

2. Establishment of Regional Prisons in Regions I, II, III, V, VIII, IX and X to decongest

the New Bilibid Prison (NBP) other Penal Farms and provincial jails which are

overcrowded as they also temporarily house national prisoners.

3. Local policy measures for observance of international standards on the care, custody

and treatment of prisoners, particularly in the area of prevention of torture and cruel and

degrading punishment; food sustenance; living accommodations; and compulsory

education for illiterate and youth prisoners.

4. Increase in budgetary allocations/ appropriations to effect employment of more

staff/personnel; improvement of drug/ supplies situation; and improvement of penal

facilities, buildings, accommodation, communication facilities etc..

5. All factors affecting healing and/or recovery should be improved, harmonized and

focused for the prisoners,

6. Providing them with proper ambulance should be given enough attention.

7. Fiscal provisions for higher compensation and other benefits of jail personnel that are

just and commensurate to the kind of service and risk of exposure.

8. Exemption from the Attrition Law (RA 7430) to enable the filling-up of vacancies for

prison guards.

D. JUDICIARY LEVEL

1. Establishment of mobile or circuit courts in detention centers to facilitate the speedy

disposition of cases.

BUREAU OF CORRECTIONS (PHILIPPINES)

The Bureau of Corrections or Kawanihan ng Koreksiyon) is an agency of

the Department of Justice which is charged with the custody and rehabilitation of
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national offenders, who have been sentenced to three years ofimprisonment or more.

The agency has its headquarters in the New Bilibid PrisonReservation in Muntinlupa

City.

It is headed by Director Gaudencio S. Pangilinan and the bureau has 2,362 employees,

61% of whom are custodial officers, 33% are administrative personnel and 6% are

members of themedical staff.

Its mission is to maximize the assets' value of the BuCor to effectively pursue its

responsibility in safely securing transforming national prisoners through responsive

rehabilitation programs managed by professional Correctional Officers.

UNITS

The Bureau of Corrections currently have 7 operating units located nationwide:

The New Bilibid Prison in Muntinlupa City

The Correctional Institution for Women (CIW) in Mandaluyong City / and the

The CIW Mindanao, Panabo, Davao

Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm in Puerto Princesa City, Palawan

Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm in Occidental Mindoro

San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm in Zamboanga City

Leyte Regional Prison in Abuyog, Leyte

Davao Prison and Penal Farm in Panabo, Davao

The Principal task of the Bureau of Corrections is the rehabilitation of National Prisoners.

The Bureau carries out the following task to carry out its mandate:

Confine persons convicted by the courts to serve a sentence in national

prisons.

Keep prisoners from committing crimes while in custody.

Provide humane treatment by supplying the inmates' basic needs and

implementing a variety of rehabilitation programs designed to change their

pattern of criminal or anti-social behavior.

Engage in agro-industrial projects for the purpose of developing prison lands

and resources into productive bases or profit centers, developing and
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employing inmate manpower skills and labor, providing prisoners with a

source of income and augmenting the Bureau's yearly appropriations.

HISTORY

The Old Bilibid Prison which was located on Oroquieta Street in Manila was established

in 1847 and by aRoyal Decree formally opened on April 10, 1866. On August 21, 1870

the San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm was established in Zamboanga City for Muslim

and political prisoners opposed to the rule ofSpain.

AMERICAN COLONY

The Bureau of Prisons was created under the Reorganization Act of 1905 as an agency

under the Department of Commerce and Police. The Reorganization Act also re-

established the San Ramon Prison in 1907 which was destroyed during the Spanish-American Warin 1888. The prison was placed under the Bureau of Prisons and receive

prisoners in Mindanao. The Correctional Institution for Women was founded on

November 27, 1929 and it is the one and only prison for women in thePhilippines.It was

established to the Act No. 3579.On January 21, 1932, the bureau opened the Davao

Penal Colony in Southern Mindanao. The New Bilibid Prison was established in 1935

in Mutinlupa due to the increased rate of prisoners. Proclamation No. 72 issued on

September 26, 1954, established the Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm in Occidental

Mindoro. and the Leyte Regional Prison was established on January 16, 1973, under

Proclamation No. 1101.

Philippines-The Correctional SystemPhilippines Index

In the late 1980s, institutions for the confinement of convicts and the detention of thoseawaiting trial included a variety of national prisons and penal farms as well as numeroussmall local jails and lockups. In general, the national prisons housed more seriousoffenders, and those serving short-term sentences were held in local facilities. The

prison system at the national level was supervised by the Bureau of Prisons of theDepartment of Justice. The bureau was responsible for the safekeeping of prisoners andtheir rehabilitation through general and moral education and technical training in industryand agriculture. The bureau also oversaw the operation of prison agro-industries and theproduction of food commodities. In 1991 the newly formed Philippine National Policetook over administration of local jails.
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The government maintained six correctional institutions and penal farms. The nation'slargest prison was the National Penitentiary at Muntinlupa, Rizal Province, near Manila,which also operated the Manila City Jail. The penitentiary served as the central facilityfor those sentenced to life imprisonment or long-term incarceration. It was divided intotwo camps to separate those serving maximum and minimum penalties. The

Correctional Institution for Women was located in Metropolitan Manila. Combinationprison and penal farms also were located in Zamboanga City, and in Palawan, MindoroOccidental, and in several Mindanao provinces. Prison conditions in the Philippines weregenerally poor, and prison life was harsh.

Some prison inmates were eligible for parole and probation. Before serving theirsentence, felons, who were not charged with subversion or insurgency, or had not beenon probation before, could apply for probation. Probationers were required to meet withtheir parole officers monthly, to avoid any further offense, and to comply with all othercourt-imposed conditions. After serving an established minimum sentence, certainprisoners could apply to their parole board for release. The board could also recommendpardon to the president for prisoners it believed to have reformed and who presented no

menace to society.

IWAHIG PRISON AND PENAL FARM

Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm in Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines is one of

seven operating units of the Bureau of Corrections under the Department of Justice.
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The Spanish regime had earlier designated Puerto Princesa, Palawan as a place where

offenders sentencedto banishment were exiled, but the facility was established only

during the American occupation. GovernorLuke Wright authorized the establishment of a

penal colony in the province ofPalawan on November 16, 1904. This penal settlement,

which originally comprised an area of 22 acres, served as a depository for prisoners who

could not be accommodated at the Bilibid Prison in Manila. A prison facility was created

by the Americanmilitary in the rain forest of Puerto Princesa. Lieutenant George Wolfe, a

member of the U.S. expeditionary force was the prison's first Director.

The Department of Commerce and Police moved the institution to the center of the

colony.The Philippine Commission of the United States government passed Act No.

1723 in 1907, classifying the settlement as a penal institution.

Escape attempts was the first problem that the colony experienced but because of theefforts of Col. John R. White of the Philippine Constabulary, the settlement became a

successful colony. White became the superintendent of Iwahig in 1906. Vocational

activities were available which includes farming, fishing, forestry, and carpentry.

Prisoners were free to choose the vocational activities they wanted.

The Church inside Iwahig Prison & Penal Farm
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LAND DISTRIBUTION

In 1955, President Ramon Magsaysay promulgated Administrative Order No. 20 which

allowed the distribution of colony lands for cultivation by deserving colonists. This was

implemented by the Secretary of Justice Pedro T. Tuazon.[1]

and Agriculture and NaturalResources Secretary Juan G. Rodriguez[3], who granted qualified colonist six hectares of

land.

President Carlos P. Romulo created a committee on August 16, 1959 to study the state

of national prisons. The prisoners in Iwahig were divided into two groups, settlers and

colonists. The settlers are prisoners whose applications for land to cultivate have been

approved. Tools, dwellings and beasts of burden were furnished by the government.

Expenditures incurred for their maintenance and for their families were reimbursed from

the products of their farms. Settlers receive any amount of money they have loaned afterthe government deducts their obligations.

During that time, Iwahig was subdivided into four zones or districts: Central sub-colony

with an area of 14,700 hectares; Sta. Lucia with 9,685 hectares; Montible with 8,000

hectares and Inagawan with 13,000 hectares.

SABLAYAN PRISON AND PENAL FARM

The Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm is situated in Occidental Mindoro, Philippines.

By the virtue of Presidential Proclamation no. 72, it was established on September 26,

1954.
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Sprawled on a 16, 190-hectare land area, the Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm is one of

the prisons nearer to Metro Manila.

According to records and file, the Sablayan prison first housed colonists, employees and

prisoners on January 15, 1955. Since its establishment, the prison is continuously

improved through construction of several buildings, including dormitories, employee's

quarter, guardhouse, schoolhouse, chapel, recreation hall and post exchange.

The Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm is also where prisoners from New Bilibid Prison

are brought for decongestion purposes. It follows the same colony standards as otherpenal farms.

San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm
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SAN RAMON PRISON AND PENAL FARM

The San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm is situated in Zamboanga City, Philippines. It

was established to house the Muslim rebels and prisoners opposing the Spanish

leadership. The prison is right in front of the Jolo sea and is sprawled within a 1, 414-

hectare property.

It was on August 21, 1869 when the San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm was built.

Decades later, when the Americans took over the country, the Bureau of Prisons was

created under the supervision of the Department of Commerce and Police.

Due to the havoc wreaked by the Spanish-American war, the penal farm was destroyed.

In 1907, it was then re-established and started to house prisoners from Mindanao. By

1915, it was placed under the protection of the Bureau of Prisons.

Because of the establishment of the San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm, a barangay

named after it, was also formed. At the present, the prison also attract many visitors and

foreigners because of its beauty and breath-taking view.
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DAVAO PRISON AND PENAL FARM

The Davao Prison and Penal Farm is the first and one of the oldest and most

recognized penal colonies in the Philippines. Located in Santo Tomas, Davao del Norte,

the penal colony is sprawled at the vast Tadeco Banana Plantation.

Formerly known as the Davao Penal Colony,the Davao Prison and Penal Farm was built

on January 21, 1932. It was established within a 5, 212-hectare of land and was

supervised by Bureau of Corrections and the Department of Justice.

The Bureau of Corrections, alongside with the Department of Justice is geared towards

the training and reformation of the prisoners. These two departments also aims to teach

the prisoners how to read, write, do jobs like carpentry, wood carving, barbering, basic


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appliance repairing, plumbing, shoe making. By uplifting their literacy and awareness,

the prisoners will learn how to be responsible citizens especially when out of the prison.

To date, there are approximately 2,863 prisoners detained at the Davao Prison and

Penal. With them are around 187 jail guards and the colony's personnels.

JUVENILE DELIQUENCY

Juvenile delinquency, also known asjuvenile offending, oryouth crime, is

participation in illegal behavior by minors (juveniles) (individuals younger than

the statutory age of majority). Most legal systems prescribe specific procedures for

dealing with juveniles, such as juvenile detention centers, and courts. Ajuvenile

delinquent is a person who is typically under the age of 18 and commits an act that

otherwise would have been charged as a crime if they were an adult. Depending on thetype and severity of the offense committed, it is possible for persons under 18 to be

charged and tried as adults.

In recent years, the average age for first arrest has dropped significantly, and younger

boys and girls are committing crimes. Between 60-80% percent ofadolescents, and pre-

adolescents engage in some form of juvenile offense. These can range from status

offenses (such as underage smoking), to property crimes and violent crimes. The

percent of teens who offend is so high that it would seem to be a cause for worry.

However, juvenile offending can be considered normative adolescent behavior.[2]This is

because most teens tend to offend by committing non-violent crimes, only once or a fewtimes, and only during adolescence. It is when adolescents offend repeatedly or violently

that their offending is likely to continue beyond adolescence, and become increasingly

violent. It is also likely that if this is the case, they began offending and displaying

antisocial behavior even before reaching adolescence.

DEVELOPMENT OF JUVENILE DELIQUENCY

Nearly all cultures possess a transition phase from childhood into adulthood. As the

world changed, so did the transition into adulthood. Whereas before, in most now

industrialized countries, this transition ranged from brief to almost non-existent, it is now

a significant part of a person's development. It is known now as adolescence. In fact the

popular term "teenager" wasnt coined until the '50s to describe this new group of people

living through adolescence. It is believed that this new, drawn-out transition from

childhood into adulthood that is common in the western world has left many adolescents

in a sort-oflimbo where they must seek to define theiridentity and place in the world,
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and delinquency may provide a way to do that.This is supported by the fact that crime is

committed disproportionately by those aged between fifteen and twenty-five.However,

contrary to popular belief it is highly rare for teenagers to become spontaneously

aggressive, antisocial or violent simply with the onset of adolescence. Also, although

there is a high percentage of offending among all teenagers, the majority of offenses

which violate the law are one-time occurrences and most often non-violent. Only about

5-10% of adolescents commit violent crimes. In the United States, one-third of all of

suspects arrested for violent crimes are under eighteen.

The high rates of juvenile delinquency often receive great attention from the news

media and politicians. The level, amounts, and types of delinquency are used by

commentators as an indicator of the general state ofmorality and law and orderin a

country, and consequently juvenile delinquency can be a source ofmoral panics.

TYPES OF JUVENILE DELIQUENCY

Juvenile delinquency, or offending, can be separated into three categories: delinquency,

crimes committed by minors which are dealt with by the juvenile courts and justice

system; criminal behavior, crimes dealt with by the c

Correctional Case Study

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