Corn Co-Products in Beef Cow Rations John D. Lawrence, Iowa State University Darrell Mark,...
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![Page 1: Corn Co-Products in Beef Cow Rations John D. Lawrence, Iowa State University Darrell Mark, University of Nebraska.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56649c8f5503460f94947fa4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Corn Co-Products in Beef Cow Rations
John D. Lawrence, Iowa State University
Darrell Mark, University of Nebraska
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Types of Corn Co-Products1. Corn gluten feed: wet mill
– Corn bran + steep
– Can be wet or dry
– Moderate crude protein, CP = 16-23%• 80% of CP is DIP (ruminally degradable)
– Low fat, moderate fiber, TDN = 80
– 101-115% of energy value of dry-rolled corn
– Product variation is significant within and across plants due to amount of steep added back to the corn bran
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Types of Corn Co-Products
2. Distillers Grains + Solubles: dry mill
– Distillers Grains (65%) & Solubles (35%) (DM basis)
– May be wet or dried
– Higher crude protein, CP = 30%• 65% UIP (undegraded, “bypass”, protein
– High fat (11%), TDN = 70-110
– Concentrates nutrients 3-fold from corn• 0.8% P, 0.35-1.0% Sulfur (variable)
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Types of Corn Co-Products
3. Condensed distillers soluables: dry mill
– Also known as “syrup”– 35% dry matter but in liquid form– Higher crude protein, CP = 26%– High fat, low fiber, TDN = 110-115
4. Modified DGS are available
– (35-65% DM)
5. Hybrid wet & dry plant combining corn bran and distillers solubles bran cake
– Example: Dakota Bran Cake
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Nutrient Composition of Selected Corn Milling Co-Products
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Research in Co-Product Supplementation For Cattle on Forage
• If properly balanced there appears to be benefit using CGF or DGS to supplement cattle on forage diets
– Little starch in CGF, so no negative effect on fiber digestion
– Protein in forage highly degraded in rumen, so may need UIP supplementation
• DGS is a good choice
– Cattle on forage may need additional energy• DGS can provide this energy, along with the protein and
phosphorous• One supplement reduces costs
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SBM & DDGS Supplement With Same Feeding Value
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Limited Research in Co-Product Supplementation For Cows on Forage
• Nebraska: DGS based supplement on winter range
• Illinois: CGF and DGS similar to each other when supplementing corn stalks
• Illinois: DGS had similar performance as corn-soybean meal for cows fed corn silage based diets
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Feeding Levels
• To meet protein and energy requirements for average cows in good condition fed as a supplement to corn stalks:
– Last 1/3 of gestation, 3-5 lb. of DDS or 8-15 lb. of WDG per day
– Early lactation, 6-8 lb. of DDG or 20-23 lb. of WDG per day
• Fine-tune for the specific cow size, stage of production, condition score and weight gain
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Dried Distillers Grains Fed with Corn Stalks to Meet Protein & Energy Needs of Beef Cows by Month
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Months After Calving
Po
un
ds
per
day
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Methods of Feeding
• CGF and DGS
– Wet or dry product– Total Mix Ration with forage– Limit feed to grazing animals daily or every other day
• CDS
– Free choice in open tanks or lick tanks like molasses on pasture and corn stalks
– Mixed with forage at feeding or at storage
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Developing Heifers
• Control
– Winter grazing & hay & protein supplement
• Treatment
– Winter grazing & WCGF supplement
Treatment saved $6.71 in costs
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Stalk Grazing
ADG
y = -0.03x2 + 0.43x + 0.26
R2 = 0.99 P < 0.01 SE = 0.08
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7DDGS (lb)
lb
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2.52
0.981.05
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Control 2X DDG
DDG Supplement to Steers On Drought Stressed Pasture
Whole systems analysis finds better performance through grazing
and feedyard
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DDGS on Brome Pasture
Control Fert DDGS
Grass ADG 1.37 1.37 1.95
Weight a 977 977 1065
Feedlot ADG 3.40 3.40 3.70
Weight 1368 1368 1491aInitial wt = 767
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
$/ton, DM
Corn
Pasture
Price of Corn and Pasture
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Price of DDG and Pasture
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
$/ton, DM
DDG
Pasture
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Challenges
• Dry product is more costly, but stores well
• Storing wet DGS product
– Material exposed to air spoils in 7-14 days depending on temperature
– Cowherds do not use fast enough for large loads
– Has low pH and does not ensile but will keep in air-tight storage for long periods
– Spoilage loss stored in silage bags (Walker et al)• 20% loss opened and fed day 78-112 post-sealing• 28% loss opened and fed day 190-257 post sealing
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Challenges
• Storing wet DGS product
– Often delivered in truck load lots– Can store wet DGS in bunker, silage bag or in pile
covered with plastic to protect from air– Mix with tub-ground forage and stored in bunker or bag
• Storing CDS
– 70% water, protect from freezing– Can mix with tub-ground forage and stored in bunker or
bag
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Storage Could Allow Cattle Producers To Buy Seasonal Price Lows
Seasonal Index of Dried Distillers Grains, Nebraska, 2003-2005
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
160.00
Jan
Feb Mar Apr
May Ju
nJu
lyAug
Sep OctNov
Dec
Pri
ce In
dex
(%
of
An
nu
al A
vera
ge) Seasonal Price Index
Seasonal Price Index + 1 Std Dev
Seasonal Price Index - 1 Std Dev
Source: AMS & University of Nebraska-Lincoln
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Minimum Levels of Roughage To Mix in WDGS For Storage
Bagginga
Bunker
Grass hay 15% 30-40Wheat straw 12.5 25-32Alfalfa hay 22.5 45-55?DDGS 50 ---ADMCGF 60 ---a300 PSI. Source: Erickson & Klopfenstein
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Opportunities
• Often low-cost high protein and energy feed– Particularly wet product near plant
• Complements low quality forage
– Winter feeding programs grazing crop residue– Feeding mature, poor quality grass hay– Drought stressed pastures
• Extend summer pastures to carry more cattle on the same acres
• Adding fat (DGS) to diets is shown to increase pregnancy rate in herds with low pregnancy rates
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Economics
• Reduced heifer wintering cost $10.47/head feeding DGS supplement on winter range in Nebraska compared to conventional hay based system
– Savings from reduced hay and labor– Same pregnancy rates (97%)– http://beef.unl.edu/beefreports/200605.shtml
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Economics
• Iowa Beef Cow Business Records report average winter feed cost per cow of $1.01 per day
• Corn stalks and DGS can be much less
– Baled corn stalks, $17-25 per ton– Dried distillers grains, $70 per ton– Before for processing, feeding loss, or vit & min
• Late gestation cost would be $.38-.51 per day • Early lactation cost would be $.57-.72 per day
– Wet distillers grains is lower cost than DDGS– Supplement grazed corn stalks will also lower cost
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Resources
• Distillers Grains for Beef Cows– http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Publications/IBC26.pdf
• A low cost vacuum storage method can preserve high moisture, distiller’s grains. Walker, Earing, and Mathews– http://www.ddgs.umn.edu/abstracts-beef/2005-Walker%20(235) %20A%20l
ow%20cost%20vacuum%20storage--.pdf
• The effect of vacuum stored high moisture distiller’s grains as a protein and energy supplement for beef cows Walker, Earing, and Mathews– http://www.ddgs.umn.edu/abstracts-beef/2005-Walker%20(239) – %20The%20effect%20of%20vacuum--.pdf
• Review of Recent Beef Cow Trials Feeding Distillers Grains– http://www.ddgs.umn.edu/articles-beef/2005-Doering-Resch-%20Review%2
0of%20recent%20beef%20cow%20trials--.pdf– Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports: http://beef.unl.edu/reports.shtml