Corbett v. Corbett (Otherwise Ashley)

8/13/2019 Corbett v. Corbett (Otherwise Ashley)

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ICLR: Probate/Family/1971/CORBETT v. CORBETT (OTHER I!E "!HLE#$ % &1971' P. )

&1971] P. 83

[PROBATE, DIVORCE & ADMIRALTY DIVISION]

CORBETT v. CORBETT (OTHERWISE ASHLEY

19!9 N"v. 11, 1#, 13, 1$, 17, 18, 19, #%, #1, #$, #!, #7, #8 D' . 1, #, 8, 9

O)*)"+ .

197% -' . #

O)*)"+ .

Husband and Wife - Marriage - Capacity to marry - Woman - Definition of - Wife registered asmale at birth - Operation for amputation of male genitalia and provision of artificial vagina -Thereafter lived as female - Whether capable of being woman for purposes of marrying.

Husband and Wife - ullity - Consummation - Male wife - !iological male" registered as male atbirth - Operation for amputation of male genitalia and provision of artificial vagina - Thereafterlived as a female - Whether a woman for purposes of marriage - Whether capable ofconsummating marriage.

Husband and Wife - ullity - Decree - Declaration of nullity - Marriage void - Wife a biologicalmale - Whether discretion in court to ma#e declaratory order.

T*e +etitio,er a,- t*e re +o,-e,t e,t t*ro0 * a eremo,y o3 marria e i, !e+tember4 195). T*e+etitio,er 6,e t*at t*e re +o,-e,t *a- bee, re i tere- at birt* a a male a,- *a- i, 1950,-er o,e a, o+eratio, 3or t*e removal o3 t*e te ti le 4 mo t o3 t*e rot0m a,- t*e o, tr0 tio,o3 a, arti3i ial va i,a. !i, e t*at o+eratio, t*e re +o,-e,t *a- live- a a oma,. I, 8e ember4195)4 t*e +etitio,er 3ile- a +etitio, 3or a -e laratio, t*at t*e marria e a ,0ll a,- voi- be a0 et*e re +o,-e,t a a +er o, o3 t*e male e 4 or4 alter,atively4 3or a -e ree o3 ,0llity o, t*e

ro0,- o3 eit*er i, a+a ity or il30l re30 al to o, 0mmate. T*e re +o,-e,t i, t*e a, er +raye-3or a -e ree o3 ,0llity o, t*e ro0,- o3 eit*er t*e +etitio,er i, a+a ity or *i il30l re30 al to

o, 0mmate t*e marria e a,-4 by a, ame,-me,t ma-e -0ri, t*e trial4 +lea-e- t*at t*e+etitio,er a e to++e- 3rom alle i, t*at t*e marria e a voi- or4 alter,atively4 t*at4 i, t*ee er i e o3 it -i retio,ary ;0ri -i tio, to ma6e -e laratory or-er 0,-er R.!.C. Or-. 1


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-etermi,e e 3or t*e +0r+o e o3 marria e t*e la *o0l- a-o+t t*e *romo omal4 o,a-al a,-e,ital te t a,- i3 all t*ree ere o, r0e,t -etermi,e e a or-i, ly4 i ,ori, a,y o+erative

i,terve,tio,= t*at4 t*ere3ore4 t*e re +o,-e,t a ,ot a oma, 3or t*e +0r+o e o3 marria e b0ta 3rom birt* a,- *a- remai,e- at all time a biolo i al male. a,- t*at4 a or-i, ly4 t*e o%

alle- marria e a voi- (+o t4 +. 1%!B 4 D/E 4 - $.

(2$ T*at4 a 0mi, t*at t*e marria e a vali- a,- t*at t*e re +o,-e,t a to be -eeme- to be aoma,4 *e a +*y i ally i, a+able o3 o, 0mmati, a marria e a i,ter o0r e 0 i, t*eom+letely arti3i ial avity o, tr0 te- o0l- ,ever be or-i,ary a,- om+lete i,ter o0r e (+o t4 +.

1%7-/0 $.

8i ta o3 8r. L0 *i, to, i, D - e v. $ - g %falsely calling herself D - e& (1 >= &1952') .L.R. 5


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3lliott v. 4urr (1 12$ 2 P*illim. 15.

Hayes %falsely called Watts& v. Watts (1 19$ ) P*illim. >).

Hayward v. Hayward %orse. restwood& &1951' P. 125.

'. (. v. '. (. %orse. W.& &195)' P. )7= &1952' ) .L.R. = &19' ) .L.R. )>= &19' 2 "ll E.R. )7).

W. %orse. 2.& v. W. &1957' 1 .L.R. 1< .

4arthwaite v. 4arthwaite &195>' P. )' 2 .L.R. 11 = &195>' 2 "ll E.R. 2))4 C.".

Hyde v. Hyde (1 55$ L.R. 1 P. 8. 1) .

6indo v. !elisario (179


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im+ole !treet4 .1.4 e ami,e- t*e e 0al or a, o3 "+ril Corbett (ot*er i e " *ley$4 t*ere +o,-e,t. e 3i,- t*at t*e brea t are ell -evelo+e-t*o0 * t*e ,i++le are o3 ma 0li,e ty+e. T*evoi e i rat*er lo +it *e-. T*ere are almo t ,o +e,ile remai, a,- t*ere i a ,ormally +la e- 0ret*ralori3i e. T*e va i,a i o3 am+le i e to a-mit a ,ormal a ,- ere t +e,i . T*e all are 6i, overe- a,-moi t. T*ere i ,o im+e-ime,t o, *er +art to e 0al i,ter o0r e. Re tal e ami,atio, -oe ,ot reveal a,y0ter0 or ovarie or te ti le . T*ere i ,o ar o, t*e t*i * i,-i ati, *ere a 6i, ra3t mi *t *ave bee,ta6e, e tro, ly 0 e t t*at a, attem+t bema-e to obtai, 3rom 8r. B0ro04 Cli,iA0e -0 Par 4 1) R0e

Le+bei4 Ca abla, a4 a re+ort o, *at e a tly a -o,e at t*e o+eratio,. e al o tro, ly 0 e t t*ata, i,ve ti atio, i,to *er *romo omal e be arrie- o0t by ome e +ert 0 * a Pro3. Pa0l Pola,i48e+t. o3 Pae-iatri Re ear *4 D0y Ho +ital4 Lo,-o,.

?ay 224 195 .@

@!0++leme,tary Re+ort

"+ril Corbett4 t*e re +o,-e,t4 a e ami,e- at >> im+ole !treet4 Lo,-o,4 .1.4 o, ?ay 224 195 4 by?i o e+*i,e Bar,e a,- ?r. Le lie illiam . "+ril Corbett *a- *a- a, o+eratio, 3or t*e o, tr0 tio,o3 a, arti3i ial va i,a a,- t*e 0r i al re 0lt a remar6ably oo-. It may be ,ote- t*at t*e ,ormalva i,a i li,e- by 6i, *i * i moi te,e- by m0 oi- e retio, 3rom t*e ervi 0teri. T*e arti3i ial va i,ai, t*i a e al o a++eare- to be li,e- it* 6i, a,- it a

)*+,* . /0 age +,

moi t +re 0mably o i, to t*e +re e, e o3 eat la,- i, t*e 6i, 0 e- to li,e t*e arti3i ial va i,a. T*e0 e tio, i, t*e 3ir t re+ort t*at a *romo ome te t *o0l- be -o,e a be a0 e t*e re 0lt o3 0 * a

te t o0l- be o,e mea, o3 ma6i, o0r 3a t0al i,3ormatio, abo0t t*e a e more om+lete.

0ly 54 195 .@

T*e 0 e te- i,ve ti atio, i,to t*e re +o,-e,t @ *romo omal e @ re3er to a met*o- o3e ami,i, t*e tr0 t0re o3 t*e i,-ivi-0al bo-y ell 3or evi-e, e o3 male or 3emale *ara teri ti 4

*i * I *all *ave to -i 0 i, more -etail later. T*e i,ve ti atio, a arrie- o0t by Pro3e or F.T. D. Hay*oe o3 Cambri- e *o re+orte- o, O tober )14 195 4 t*at all t*e ell *i * *ee ami,e- ere o3 t*e male ty+e.

T*e e +ert it,e e alle- by t*e +etitio,er ere Pro3e or C. . 8e *0r t4 F.R.C.!.E.4F.R.C.O.D.4 Pro3e or o3 Ob tetri a,- Dy,ae olo y at 0ee, C*arlotte Ho +ital= Pro3e or8e,t4 ?.8.4 F.R.!.4 F.R.C.P.4 Pro3e or o3 H0ma, ?etaboli m at ,iver ity Colle e Ho +ital a,-8r. . B. Ra,-ell4 ?.8.4 F.R.C.P.4 8.P.?.4 Co, 0lta,t P y *iatri t at C*ari, Cro Ho +ital.Pro3e or 8e *0r t i t*e o%a0t*or o3 a boo6 alle- @T*e I,ter e 0al 8i or-er @ a,- i+arti 0larly i,tere te- i, a e *i * e *ibit a,omalie i, t*e -evelo+me,t o3 t*e e or a, . 8r.


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Ra,-ell *a ma-e a +e ial t0-y o3 i,-ivi-0al it* ab,ormal + y *olo i al attit0-e i, e 0almatter 4 +arti 0larly tra, ve tite a,- tra, e 0al . He a,- Pro3e or 8e *0r t are or6i,to et*er it* a +la ti 0r eo, i, a team *i * i t0-yi, t*e treatme,t o3 tra, e 0al byo+eratio, imilar i, *ara ter to t*at *i * a +er3orme- o, t*e re +o,-e,t by 8r. B0ro0. T*e

e +ert alle- by t*e re +o,-e,t ere 8r. "rm tro, 4 ?.8.4 F.R.C.P.4 Co, 0lta,t P*y i ia, ate a tle Royal I,3irmary4 Pro3e orIvor ?ill 4 F.R.C.P.4 Pro3e or o3 ?e-i i,e at Cambri- e4 a,-Pro3e or Rot* *o i Pro3e or o3 P y *iatry i, t*e ,iver ity o3 e a tle%o,%Ty,e. 8r.

"rm tro, *a ritte, a ,0mber o3 +a+er o, e a,- e,-er +roblem a,- i o%e-itor o3 a ell%6,o , boo6 @I,ter% e 0ality i, Kertebrate i, l0-i, ?a,.@ Pro3e or ?ill i +arti 0larlyi,tere te- i, e,-o ri,olo y a a++lie- to a e *o i, vario0 6i,- o3 e a,omalie 4 t*at i 4 i,t*e t0-y o3 t*e *emi al 0b ta, e +ro-0 e- by t*e e or a, a,- ot*er ti 0e i, t*e bo-ya,- o3 t*eir e33e t i, t*e i,-ivi-0al +atie,t. Pro3e or Rot* *a o, i-erable e +erie, e o3 t*e+ y *olo i al a +e t o3 0 * a e .

It a a ree- by o0, el o, bot* i-e t*at re+ort 4 arti le i, lear,e- ;o0r,al a,- boo6 ritte,by a,y o3 t*e it,e e o0l- be 0 e- i, evi-e, e it*o0t 3ormal +roo3. It a al o a ree- t*at+0bli atio, by ot*er riter 4 eit*er i, t*e 3orm o3 arti le or boo6 4 *o0l- be treate- a +art o3t*e evi-e, e i, t*e a e. T*i e, ible o0r e e,able- t*ereleva,t material to be +0t be3ore t*e

o0rt i, a o,ve,ie,t a,- e, ible ay. It i ea ier 3or ie,ti3i it,e e to ive t*eir evi-e, ei, *ie3 i, ,arrative 3orm rat*er t*a, o, a A0e tio, a,- a, er ba i . It e,able t*em to e +ret*em elve i, a 3orm to *i * t*ey are more a 0 tome-4 a,- avoi- ome o3 t*e +it3all o3 t*eA0e tio, a,- a, er te *,iA0e i, *i * t*e 3orm o3 a A0e tio, may i,a-verte,tly o,-itio, t*ea, er a,- lea- to mi 0,-er ta,-i, . It i ea ier al o 3or o0, el a,- t*e ;0- e.

T*ere a e,eral a reeme,t amo, t*e -o tor o, t*e ba i +ri, i+le)*+,* . /0 age +/

a,- t*e 30,-ame,tal ie,ti3i 3a t . ",omalie o3 e may be -ivi-e- i,to t o broa- -ivi io, 4t*o e a e *i * are +rimarily + y *olo i al i, *ara ter4 a,- t*o e i, *i * t*ere are-evelo+me,tal ab,ormalitie i, t*e a,atomy o3 t*e re+ro-0 tive y tem (i, l0-i, t*e e ter,al

e,italia$. T o 6i,- o3 + y *olo i al ab,ormality are re o ,i e-4 t*e tra, ve tite a,- t*etra, e 0al. T*e tra, ve tite i a, i,-ivi-0al (,early4 i3 ,ot al ay a ma,$4 *o *a a, i,te, e-e ire to -re 0+ i, t*e lot*e o3 t*e o++o ite e . T*i i i,termitte,t i, *ara ter a,- i ,ota om+a,ie- by a orre +o,-i, 0r e to live a or +a a a member o3 t*e o++o ite e at alltime . Tra, ve tite male are 0 0ally *etero e 0al4 o3te, marrie-4 a,- *ave ,o i * to ea e to+lay t*e male role i, e 0al a tivity. T*e tra, e 0al4 o, t*e ot*er *a,-4 *a a, e tremely+o er30l 0r e to be ome a member o3 t*e o++o ite e to t*e 30lle t e te,t *i * i +o ible.T*ey *ave a *i tory -ati, ba 6 to early *il-*oo- o3 eei, t*em elve a member o3 t*eo++o ite e *i * +er i t i, +ite o3 t*eir bei, bro0 *t 0+ ,ormally i, t*eir o , e . T*i oeo, 0,til t*ey ome to t*i,6 o3 t*em elve a 3emale im+ri o,e- i, male bo-ie 4 or vi e ver a4a,- lea- to i,te, e re e,tme,t o34 a,- -i li6e 3or4 t*eir o , e 0al or a, *i * o, ta,tlyremi,- t*em o3 t*eir biolo i al e . T*ey are ai- to be @ ele tive *i toria, @ te,-i, to tre

eve,t *i * 3it i, it* t*eir i-ea a,- to 0++re t*o e *i * -o ,ot. !ome tra, e 0al me,live4 -re a,- or6 re 0larly a 3emale a,- +a more or le 0,,oti e-. T*ey be ome a-e+tat ma6e%0+ a,- 6,o le- eable abo0t 0 i, oe tro e,4 t*e 3emale e *ormo,e4 to +romote t*e-evelo+me,t o3 3emale%li6e brea t 4 a,- at -eali, it* 0 * ma 0li,e attrib0te a 3a ial a,-+0bi *air. " a re 0lt o3 t*e +0bli ity *i * *a bee, ive, 3rom time to time to o% alle- @ e %

*a, e o+eratio, @ ma,y o3 t*em o to e treme le, t* to im+ort0,e -o tor to+er3orm 0 *o+eratio, 0+o, t*em. T*e -i33i 0ltie 0,-er *i * t*e e +eo+le i,evitably live re 0lt i, vario0+ y *olo i al o,-itio, 0 * a e treme a, iety a,- ob e io,al tate . T*ey -o ,ot a++ear tore +o,- 3avo0rably to a,y 6,o , 3orm o3 + y *olo i al treatme,t a,-4 o, eA0e,tly4 ome


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erio0 mi,-e- a,- re +o, ible -o tor are i, li,i, to t*e vie t*at 0 * o+eratio, may+rovi-e t*e o,ly ay o3 relievi, t*e + y *olo i al -i tre . 8r. Ra,-ell *a re omme,-e-

0r i al treatme,t i, abo0t )< a e mo tly re tri te- to a tratio, a,- am+0tatio, o3 t*e +e,i 4b0t i, a 3e are30lly ele te- a e *e a,- Pro3e or 8e *0r t a,- t*e +la ti 0r eo, *o i

or6i, it* t*em4 *ave 0,-erta6e, va i,o%+la ty a ell= t*at i t*e o, tr0 tio, o3 a o% alle-@arti3i ial va i,a.@ T*e +0r+o e o3 t*e e o+eratio, i 4 o3 o0r e4 to *el+ to relieve t*e +atie,tym+tom a,- to a i t i, t*e ma,a eme,t o3 t*eir -i or-er= it i ,ot to *a, e t*eir e a,-4 i,

3a t4 t*ey reA0ire t*eir +atie,t be3ore o+eratio, to i , a 3orm o3 o, e,t *i * i i, t*e e term :

@I........ o3 ........ -o o, e,t to 0,-er o t*e removal o3 t*e male e,ital or a, a,- 3a *io,i, o3 a,arti3i ial va i,a a e +lai,e- to me by .... ( 0r eo,$. I 0,-er ta,- it ill ,ot alter my male e a,- t*at it ibei, -o,e to +reve,t -eterioratio, i, my me,tal *ealt*.

....................................

(!i ,at0re o3 +atie,t$@

)*+,* . /0 age ++

Pro3e or Rot* i -o0bt30l abo0t t*e t*era+e0ti e33i a y o3 t*e e +ro e-0re a,- *a o,lyre omme,-e- o,e o3 *i +atie,t 3or o+eratio,.

T*ere i obvio0 ly room 3or -i33ere, e o3 o+i,io, o, t*e et*i al a +e t o3 0 * o+eratio, b0t4 i3t*ey are 0,-erta6e, 3or e,0i,e t*era+e0ti +0r+o e 4 it i a matter 3or t*e -e i io, o3 t*e +atie,ta,- t*e -o tor o, er,e- i, *i a e. T*e +a i, o3 e tio, 1 o3 t*e !e 0al O33e, e " t 1957

eem to *ave remove- a,y le al ob;e tio, *i * t*ere mi *t *ave bee, to 0 * +ro e-0re .T*i +*e,ome,o, o3 tra, e 0ali m m0 t4 *o ever4 be ee, i, it tr0e +er +e tive. It o 0r i,me, a,- ome, o3 all a e 4 ome o3 *om are marrie- i, t*eir tr0e e a,- are 3at*er ormot*er o3 *il-re,. I, a +a+er +0bli *e- i, t*e !ritish Medical @ournal i, 8e ember4 192 year . "ll *i male tra, e 0al +atie,t 4 *i * ,o ,0mber 19 4 *ave bee,biolo i ally4 t*at i a,atomi ally a,- +*y iolo i ally4 ,ormal male . Female tra, e 0al +re e,t

orre +o,-i, +roblem b0t t*ey are ,ot releva,t to t*e +re e,t a e.

It i lear 3rom t*e a o0,t *i * I *ave ive, o3 t*e re +o,-e,t *i tory t*at it a or- verylo ely it* t*i -e ri+tio, o3 a male tra, e 0al. 8r. Ra,-ell o, i-ere- t*at t*e re +o,-e,t i

+ro+erly la i3ie- a @a male *omo e 0al tra, e 0ali t.@ Pro3e or 8e *0r t a ree- it* t*i-ia ,o i a,- ai- t*at t*e -e ri+tio, @ a trate- male@ o0l- be orre t. 8r. "rm tro, a ree-t*at t*e evi-e, e o,tai,e- i, t*e alto, Ho +ital re or- a ty+i al o3 a male tra, e 0al b0t*e o, i-ere- t*at t*ere a al o evi-e, e t*at t*e re +o,-e,t a ,ot a +*y i ally ,ormalmale. He ai- t*at t*e re +o,-e,t a a, e am+le o3 t*e o,-itio, alle- @i,ter% e 4@ ame-i al

o, e+t mea,i, omet*i, bet ee, i,terme-iate a,- i,-etermi,ate e 4 a,- *o0l- be@a i ,e-@ to t*e 3emale e 4 mai,ly o, a o0,t o3 t*e + y *olo i al ab,ormality o3tra, e 0ali m. Pro3e or Rot* t*o0 *t t*at t*e re +o,-e,t a a a e o3 tra, e 0ali m it*

ome +*y i al o,trib0tory 3a tor. He a +re+are- to re ar- t*e a e a o,e o3 @i,ter% e @ a,-t*o0 *t t*at t*e re +o,-e,t mi *t be la i3ie- a a oma, o ially. He o0l- ,ot re omme,-t*at t*e re +o,-e,t *o0l- attem+t to live i, o iety a a male. Bot* *e a,- 8r. Ra,-ell *a- bee,

0 e 30l i, a 6i, t*e ?i,i try o3 Labo0r to re i ter ome o3 t*eir male tra, e 0al +atie,t a3emale 3or ,atio,al i, 0ra, e +0r+o e . I, o 3ar a t*ere are a,y material -i33ere, e i, t*eevi-e, e o3 8r. Ra,-ell4 8r. "rm tro, a,- Pro3e or Rot*4 I a le im+re e- by 8r.


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"rm tro, evi-e, e t*a, by t*at o3 t*e ot*er t o -o tor bot* o3 *om ere e e+tio,ally oo-it,e e . O3 t*o e t o4 I am i, li,e- to +re3er t*e evi-e, e o3 8r. Ra,-ell be a0 e I -o ,ot t*i,6

t*at t*e 3a t o3 t*i a e4 *e, riti ally e ami,e-4 0++ort t*e a 0m+tio, *i * Pro3e orRot* *a- bee, a 6e- to ma6e a t*e ba i o3 *i evi-e, e.

T*ere a a o, i-erable amo0,t o3 -i 0 io, i, t*e o0r e o3 t*e e +ert evi-e, e abo0t t*ea tiolo y or a0 atio, o3 tra, e 0ali m. 8r. Ra,-ell a,- Pro3e or Rot* re ar- it at +re e,t a a+ y *olo i al -i or-er a3ter birt*4 +robably a a re 0lt o3 ome a yet 0, +e i3ie- e +erie, e i,early *il-*oo-. T*e alter,ative vie i t*at t*ere may

)*+,* . /0 age *>>

be a, or a,i ba i 3or t*e o,-itio,. T*i *y+ot*e i i ba e- o, e +erime,tal or6 byPro3e or Harri a,- ot*er o, immat0re rat a,- ot*er a,imal 4 i, l0-i, r*e 0 mo,6ey 4

*i * 0 e t t*at t*e o+0latory be*avio0r o3 t*e a-0lt a,imal may be a33e te- by t*ei,3l0e, e o3 ertai, e *ormo,e o, +arti 0lar ell i, t*e *y+ot*alm0 4 a +art o3 t*e brai,

lo ely relate- to t*e +it0itary la,-4 i, early i,3a, y. "t +re e,t t*e a++li atio, o3 t*i or6 to t*e

*0ma, bei, i +0rely *y+ot*eti al a,- +e 0lative. ?oreover4 t*e e tra+olatio, o3 t*e eob ervatio, o, t*e i, ti, t0al or re3le be*avio0r o3 a,imal to t*e o, io0 motive a,--e ire o3 t*e *0ma, bei, eem to be4 at be t4 *a ar-o0 . T*e 0 e o3 0 * +*ra e a @maleor 3emale brai,@ i, t*i o,,e tio, i a+t to mi lea- o i, to t*e ambi 0ity o3 t*e or- @brai,.@ I,t*e +re e,t o,te t it re3er to a +arti 0lar ro0+ o3 ,erve ell 4 b0t ,ot to t*e eat o3

o, io0 ,e or o3 t*e t*i,6i, +ro e . I, my ;0- me,t t*e e t*eorie *ave ,ot*i, too,trib0te to t*e ol0tio, o3 t*e +re e,t a e. O, t*i +art o3 t*e evi-e, e my o, l0 io, i t*at

t*e re +o,-e,t i orre tly -e ribe- a a male tra, e 0al4 +o ibly it* ome om+arativelymi,or +*y i al ab,ormality.

I m0 t ,o -eal it* t*e a,atomi al a,- +*y iolo i al a,omalie o3 t*e e or a, 4 alt*o0 * It*i,6 t*at t*i +art o3 t*e evi-e, e i o3 mar i,al i ,i3i a, e o,ly i, t*e +re e,t a e. I, ot*er

a e it may be o3 ar-i,al im+orta, e. "ll t*e me-i al it,e e a e+t t*at t*ere are at lea t3o0r riteria 3or a e i, t*e e 0al o,-itio, o3 a, i,-ivi-0al.

T*e e are:

1 (i$ C*romo omal 3a tor .

2 (ii$ Do,a-al 3a tor (i.e.4 +re e, e or ab e, e o3 te te or ovarie $.

3 (iii$ De,ital 3a tor (i, l0-i, i,ter,al e or a, $.

4 (iv$ P y *olo i al 3a tor .

!ome o3 t*e it,e e o0l- a--:

5 (v$ Hormo,al 3a tor or e o,-ary e 0al *ara teri ti ( 0 * a -i trib0tio, o3*air4 brea t -evelo+me,t4 +*y iA0e et .4 *i * are t*o0 *t to re3le t t*e bala, ebet ee, t*e male a,- 3emale e *ormo,e i, t*e bo-y$.


19/28


20/28

2

a0 e- by t*e e +o 0re o3 t*e embryo at a riti al +*a e o3 it -evelo+me,t to t*e e33e t o3ma 0li,i i, or a,-ro e,i i, 0b ta, e eit*er 3rom t*e mot*er

)*+,* . /0 age *>?

or 3rom ome ab,ormality i, t*e 3oet0 it el3. T*e i,-ivi-0al i 4 i, 3a t4 a 3ertile 3emale a,- 0r i alremoval o3 t*e ab,ormal e ter,al e,italia ill e,able *er to live a,- 30, tio, a a ,ormal oma,.I, t*e e o,- e am+le4 t*e e ter,al e,italia a++ear to be 3emale b0t t*e *romo omal

o, tit0tio, i #. Te te are +re e,t4 0 0ally i, t*e ab-ome,. I, t*e e treme a e alle- t*e@te ti 0lar 3emi,i atio, y,-rome4@ t*e i,-ivi-0al a++ear to be a more or le ,ormal 3emale it*

ell%3orme- brea t a,- 3emale e ter,al e,italia b0t it* a, ab,ormally *ort va i,a4 e,-i,bli,-ly4 ,o ervi a,- ,o 0ter0 . I, a,ot*er ty+e4 t*e @te ti 0lar 3ail0re y,-rome4@ t*e a++eara, eo3 t*e e ter,al e,italia may be more -o0bt30l4 it* a +*alli or a, *i * o0l- be eit*er a mall+e,i or a, e,lar e- litori a,- a *ort va i,a. It eem t*at i, t*e e t*e embryo,i e 0alor a, 3ail to re +o,- ,ormally to t*e male *ormo,e4 te to tero,e4 *i * i +ro-0 e- by t*e3oetal te ti .

"ll t*e me-i al it,e e a e+t t*at t*e e e am+le are +ro+erly -e ribe- a a e o3 i,ter%e . I, ea * t*ere are -i re+a, ie bet ee, t*e 3ir t t*ree riteria 3or e a e me,t4 i.e.4 t*e*romo omal e a,- t*e o,a-al e -o ,ot orre +o,- it* t*e e,ital o,-itio, o3 t*e +atie,t.

B0t t*ere i a -i33ere, e o3 o+i,io, a to *et*er a e i, *i * t*e *romo omal4 t*e o,a-ala,- t*e e,ital e are o, r0e,t. b0t + y *olo i al or *ormo,al 3a tor are ab,ormal4 *o0l- be

la i3ie- a a e o3 i,ter% e . 8r. Ra,-ell ai- t*at i, term o3 e -etermi,atio, *e o0l- ,otive m0 * ei *t to 0 * + y *olo i al 3a tor a tra, e 0ali m4 i3 t*e *romo ome 4 t*eo,a- a,- t*e e,italia ere all o3 o,e e . Pro3e or 8e *0r t vie are imilar. 8r.

"rm tro, a,- Pro3e or Rot*4 o, t*e ot*er *a,-4 o0l- la i3y tra, e 0al a a e o3 i,ter%e . Pro3e or ?ill 4 a a, e,-o ri,olo i t4 ta6e a rat*er -i33ere,t vie . I, *i o+i,io,4 +atie,t i,*om t*e bala, e bet ee, male a,- 3emale *ormo,e i ab,ormal *o0l- be re ar-e- a a e

o3 i,ter% e 4 a,- *e o, i-er t*at t*ere i 033i ie,t evi-e, e to ;0 ti3y t*e vie t*at t*ere +o,-e,t i a, e am+le o3 t*i o,-itio,.

Pro3e or ?ill o, l0 io, i 4 o3 ,e e ity4 ba e- lar ely o, i,3ere, e be a0 e t*e removal o3 t*ete ti le at t*e o+eratio, i, 195 o0l-4 to a o, i-erable e te,t4 a33e t t*e *ormo,al bala, e att*e +re e,t time. He t*i,6 t*at t*e re +o,-e,t a +robably a a e o3 +artial te ti 0lar 3ail0re4 i,t*e e, e t*at t*o0 * bor, a male4 t*e +ro e o3 a,-ro e,i atio, at a,- a3ter +0berty -i- ,ot+ro ee- i, t*e ,ormal ay. It i 0 e te- t*at *e may be a a e o3 *at i alle- Jli,e3elter

y,-rome4 a -i or-er i, *i * a -e ree o3 3emi,i atio, ta6e +la e abo0t t*e time o3 +0berty i,4*it*erto a++are,tly4 ,ormal male . T*e -ia ,o ti i , o3 t*i o,-itio, are atro+*ie- or very

mall te ti le 4 ome +o,ta,eo0 -evelo+me,t o3 t*e brea t4 a 3emale +atter, o3 +0bi *air a,-very little 3a ial *air. ?a,y4 b0t ,ot all4 o3 t*e e a e are o3 t*e # *romo ome ty+e. To ma6et*i -ia ,o i it* a,y -e ree o3 o,3i-e, e it i ,e e ary to 6,o *et*er t*e re +o,-e,tte ti le ere ab,ormally mall or ,ot4 a,- it i -e irable to e ami,e a bio+ y +e ime, o3 t*em0,-er t*e mi ro o+e. T*ere i 4 *o ever4 ,o evi-e, e o, t*i +oi,t at all. T*ere i evi-e, e 3rom

t*e re +o,-e,t t*at +o,ta,eo0 -evelo+me,t o3 t*e brea t o 0rre- at abo0t t*e a e o3 1year 4 b0t I am 0,able to a e+t *er tateme,t t*at t*i a +o,ta,eo0 . It i a-mitte- t*at *e*a-

)*+,* . /0 age *>0

ta6e, oe tro e, over a lo, +erio- to +romote t*e ro t* o3 t*e brea t . I, evi-e, e *e ai-t*at *e be a, to ta6e it i, Pari at t*e a e o3 2 year 4 b0t *e tol- Pro3e or Rot* t*at *e *a-

tarte- ta6i, it at t*e a e o3 1 year . T*e alto, Ho +ital ,ote re or- t*at o, ?ay 224 19


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Oe tro e, a, be obtai,e- A0ite ea ily a,- it*o0t +re ri+tio,. It a 0 e te- t*at t*eab e, e o3 +i me,tatio, ro0,- t*e ,i++le i,-i ate- t*at *e o0l- ,ot *ave ta6e, lar eA0a,titie o3 oe tro e, b0t4 o, *er o , a-mi io,4 *e a ta6i, it re 0larly i, Pari over a+erio- o3 3o0r year . I, t*e ir 0m ta, e I am ,ot +re+are- to a e+t *er evi-e, e t*at t*e

-evelo+me,t o3 t*e brea t a +o,ta,eo0 .

Pro3e or ?ill atta *e- m0 * i ,i3i a, e to t*e ,ote i, t*e alto, Ho +ital re or- 4 @little bo-ilyor 3a ial *air@ a,- to *i e ami,atio, o3 t*e 3a e *i * *o e- ,o i , o3 *at *e alle-@a,-ro e,i e- *air.@ I, *i o+i,io, t*i o,-itio, o0l- ,ot *ave bee, +ro-0 e- by ta6i,oe tro e,4 ,or o0l- *e 3i,- a,y i , o3 t*e removal o3 t*e *air by ele troly i ora,y ot*er ty+e o3-e+ilatio,. Pro3e or 8e,t4 *o ever4 ai- t*at *e *a- ee, a e i, *i * +0berty i, boy *a-bee, -elaye- 3or everal year b0t *a- t*e, ome o,4 i, *i * t*ere a ,o i , o3 male%ty+e3a ial *air at t*e a e o3 1 . I, 0 * a e *e t*o0 *t t*at oe tro e, 3ollo e- by a tratio, o0l-a o0,t 3or it ab e, e a i, t*i a e. 8r. Ra,-ell ai- =*at *e *a- ee, male tra, e 0al it*,o i , o3 3a ial *air. Pro3e or ?ill 4 I t*i,64 a relyi, lar ely o, *i e +erie, e o3 attem+ti, 40, 0 e 30lly4 to treat *ir 0te ome, it* oe tro e,. I, my ;0- me,t4 it o0l- ,ot be a3e to-ra a,y i,3ere, e 3rom t*e ab e, e o3 3a ial *air i, a, i,-ivi-0al *o *a- bee, lo elya o iate- it* e +erie, e- 3emale im+er o,ator 3or a ,0mber o3 year .

Pro3e or ?ill al o re3erre- to t o *emi al te t arrie- o0t o, t*e re +o,-e,t 0ri,e4 bot*4 o3o0r e4 a3ter t*e removal o3 t*e te ti le 4 t*e re 0lt o3 *i * i,-i ate- t*at t*e *ormo,al bala, e

i, t*e re +o,-e,t a tro, ly 3emale i, *ara ter. O,e o3 t*e e te t 4 t*e e timatio, o3 t*e 176eto teroi- i, t*e 0ri,e4 a re+eate- -0ri, t*e trial i, t*e laboratory at ,iver ity Colle eHo +ital a,- ave a -i ti, tly -i33ere,t re 0lt. Pro3e or 8e *0r t +oi,te- o0t t*at t*i te treA0ire t*e olle tio, o3a 2>%*o0r +e ime, o3 0ri,e4 a,- t*at i, bot* a e t*e vol0me o3 0ri,e

0++lie- by t*e re +o,-e,t a m0 * maller t*a, a to be e +e te-. " ,eit*er am+le aolle te- 0,-er 0+ervi e- o,-itio, % t*e re +o,-e,t bei, merely a 6e- to 0++ly t*e+e ime, % little i ,i3i a, e a, be atta *e- to t*e re 0lt 4 +arti 0larly i, a 3ore, i a o++o e-

to a li,i al it0atio,. " imilar omme,t i to be ma-e abo0t a + y *olo i al te t alle- t*e

T0r,er%?ile te t *i * a 0 e- o, t*e re +o,-e,t. T*i i a A0e tio,,aire *i * i om+lete-by t*e +atie,t4 b0t i, t*i a e t*e + y *olo i t a ,ot +re e,t a,- i,-ee- *a ,ever ee, t*ere +o,-e,t. T*ere i ,o evi-e, e a to *o t*e A0e tio,,aire a om+lete-.

I, my ;0- me,t4 t*ere3ore4 t*e oea t0al ba i 3or t*e -ia ,o i o3 Jli,e3elter y,-rome or a,yot*er *ormo,al -i or-er *a ,ot bee, e tabli *e- alt*o0 * t*e re +o,-e,t may *ave bee, a+artially 0,-er%-evelo+e- male at t*e time o3 t*e o+eratio,. It 3ollo t*at it *a ,ot bee,

)*+,* . /0 age *>1

e tabli *e- t*at t*e re +o,-e,t *o0l- be la i3ie- a a a e o3 i,ter% e o, t*e ba i o3*ormo,al ab,ormality.

?y o, l0 io, o3 3a t o, t*i +art o3 t*e a e a, be 0mmari e-4 t*ere3ore4 a 3ollo . T*ere +o,-e,t *a bee, *o , to *ave # *romo ome a,-4 t*ere3ore4 to be o3 male

*romo omal e = to *ave *a- te ti le +rior to t*e o+eratio, a,-4 t*ere3ore4 to be o3 maleo,a-al e = to *ave *a- male e ter,al e,italia it*o0t a,y evi-e, e o3 i,ter,al or e ter,al

3emale e or a, a,-4 t*ere3ore4 to be o3 male e,ital e = a,- + y *olo i ally to be atra, e 0al. T*e evi-e, e -oe ,ot e tabli * t*at *e i a a e o3 Jli,e3elter y,-rome or ome

imilar o,-itio, o3 +artial te ti 0lar 3ail0re4 alt*o0 * t*e +o ibility o3 ome ab,ormality i,a,-ro e,i atio, at +0berty a,,ot be e l0-e-. !o ially4 by *i * I mea, t*e ma,,er i, *i *t*e re +o,-e,t i livi, i, t*e omm0,ity4 *e i livi, a 4 a,- +a i, a a oma,4 more or le


22/28

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0 e 30lly. Her o0t ar- a++eara, e at 3ir t i *t a o,vi, i, ly 3emi,i,e b0t o, lo er a,-lo, er e ami,atio, i, t*e it,e bo it a m0 * le o. T*e voi e4 ma,,er4 e t0re a,-attit0-e be ame i, rea i, ly remi,i e,t o3 t*e a om+li *e- 3emale im+er o,ator. T*eevi-e, e o3 t*e me-i al i, +e tor a,- o3 t*e ot*er -o tor *o *a- a, o++ort0,ity -0ri, t*e

trial o3 e ami,i, t*e re +o,-e,t li,i ally i t*at t*e bo-y i, it +o t%o+erative o,-itio, loo6more li6e a 3emale t*a, a male a a re 0lt o3 very 6il30l 0r ery. Pro3e or 8e *0r t4 a3ter t*ie ami,atio,4 +0t *i o+i,io, i, t*e e or- : @t*e +a ti *e o3 3emi,ity a o,vi, i, .@ T*at4 i, my

;0- me,t4 i a, a 0rate -e ri+tio, o3 t*e re +o,-e,t. It i ommo, ro0,- bet ee, all t*eme-i al it,e e t*at t*e biolo i al e 0al o, tit0tio, o3 a, i,-ivi-0al i 3i e- at birt* (at t*elate t$4 a,- a,,ot be *a, e-4 eit*er by t*e ,at0ral -evelo+me,t o3 or a, o3 t*e o++o ite e 4or by me-i al or 0r i al mea, . T*e re +o,-e,t o+eratio,4 t*ere3ore4 a,,ot a33e t *er tr0e

e . T*e o,ly a e *ere t*e term @ *a, e o3 e @ i a++ro+riate are t*o e i, *i * a mi ta6ea to e i ma-e at birt* a,- 0b eA0e,tly reveale- by 30rt*er me-i al i,ve ti atio,.

O, t*at tate o3 3a t 4 o0, el 3or t*e +etitio,er 0bmitte- t*at it *a- bee, e tabli *e- t*at t*ere +o,-e,t a a male a,- t*at4 a or-i, ly4 t*e o% alle- marria e m0 t be voi- a,- o3 ,oe33e t. Co0, el 3or t*e re +o,-e,t4 *o ever4 o,te,-e- t*at t*e re +o,-e,t *o0l- be la i3ie-me-i ally a a a e o3 i,ter% e a,- t*at i, e t*e la 6,e o,ly t o e e 4 male a,- 3emale4

*e m0 t be @a i ,e-@ to o,e or t*e ot*er *i *4 i, *er a e4 m0 t be t*e 3emale4 a,- t*at *e*o0l- be re ar-e- 3or all +0r+o e a a oma,. He 0bmitte- 30rt*er t*at @a i ,me,t@ a a

matter 3or t*e i,-ivi-0al a,- *i -o tor a,- t*at t*e la o0 *t to a e+t it a -etermi,i, *i e .T*e or- @a i ,4@ alt*o0 * it i 0 e- by -o tor i, t*i o,te t4 i a+t to mi lea- i, e4 i, 3a t4 itmea, ,o more t*a, t*at t*e -o tor -e i-e t*e e,-er4 rat*er t*a, t*e e 4 i, *i * 0 *+atie,t a, be t be ma,a e- a,- a-vi e a or-i, ly. It a al o 0 e te- t*at it a illo i alto treat t*e re +o,-e,t a a oma, 3or ma,y o ial +0r+o e 4 0 * a ,0r i, *er i, a 3emale

ar- i, *o +ital4 or ,atio,al i, 0ra, e4 a,- ,ot to re ar- *er a a oma, 3or t*e +0r+o e o3marria e. T*e e 0bmi io, are very 3ar%rea *i, a,- o0l- lea- to ome 0r+ri i, re 0lt i,+ra ti e4 b0t4 be3ore e ami,i, t*em i, -etail.

)*+,* . /0 age *><

I m0 t o, i-er t*e +roblem o3 la *i * ari e i, t*i a e o, a broa-er ba i .

It a++ear to be t*e 3ir t o a io, o, *i * a o0rt i, E, la,- *a bee, alle- 0+o, to -e i-e t*ee o3 a, i,-ivi-0al a,-4 o, eA0e,tly4 t*ere i ,o a0t*ority *i * i -ire tly i, +oi,t. T*i

ab e, e o3 a0t*ority i at 3ir t i *t 0r+ri i, 4 b0t i e +lai,e-4 I t*i,64 by t o 3airly re e,t eve,t 4t*e -evelo+me,t o3 t*e te *,iA0e o3 t*e o+eratio, 3or va i,o%+la ty a,- it a++li atio, to t*etreatme,t o3 male tra, e 0al 4 a,- t*e -e i io, o3 t*e Co0rt o3 "++eal i, '. (. v. '. (. %orse. W.& &195)' P. )74 i, *i * it a *el- t*at a oma, 033eri, 3rom a o, e,ital -e3e t o3 t*e va i,a

a ,ot i, a+able o3 o, 0mmati, *er marria e be a0 e t*e le, t* o3 t*e va i,a o0l- bei, rea e- 0r i ally o a to +ermit 30ll +e,etratio,. T*ere are +a a e i, t*e ;0- me,t *i *

eem to o o 3ar a *ol-i, t*at a, i,-ivi-0al4 bor, it*o0t a va i,a at all4 o0l- be re,-ere-a+able o3 o, 0mmati, a marria e by t*e o, tr0 tio, o3 a, e,tirely arti3i ial o,e. B0t 3or t*i

-e i io, t*e re +o,-e,t o0l- *ave*a- ,o -e3e, e to t*e +rayer 3or a -e ree o3 ,0llity o, t*ero0,- o3 i, a+a ity. ,til t*i -e i io,4 all matrimo,ial a e ari i, o0t o3 -evelo+me,tal

ab,ormalitie o3 t*e re+ro-0 tive y tem o0l- be -ealt it* a a e o3 i, a+a ity4 a,-4t*ere3ore4 it *a ,ot bee, ,e e ary to all i, A0e tio, t*e tr0e e o3 t*e re +o,-e,t 4 a 0mi,t*at it *a- o 0rre- to a,y +lea-er to rai e t*i i 0e. o t*at it *a bee, rai e-4 t*i a e i0,li6ely to be t*e la t i, *i * t*e o0rt ill be alle- 0+o, to i,ve ti ate a,- -e i-e it. I m0 t4t*ere3ore4 a++roa * t*e matter a o,e o3 +ri, i+le.

T*e 30,-ame,tal +0r+o e o3 la i t*e re 0latio, o3 t*e relatio, bet ee, +er o, 4 a,- bet ee,


23/28

2)

+er o, a,- t*e tate or omm0,ity. For t*e limite- +0r+o e o3 t*i a e4 le al relatio, a, bela i3ie- i,to t*o e i, *i * t*e e o3 t*e i,-ivi-0al o, er,e- i eit*er irreleva,t4 releva,t or

a, e e,tial -etermi,a,t o3 t*e ,at0re o3 t*e relatio, *i+. over a very lar e area t*e la ii,-i33ere,t to e . It i irreleva,t to mo t o3 t*e relatio, *i+ *i * ive ri e to o,tra t0al or

tortio0 ri *t a,- obli atio, 4 a,- to t*e reater +art o3 t*e rimi,al la . I, ome o,tra t0alrelatio, *i+ 4 e. .4 li3e a 0ra, e a,- +e, io, *eme 4 e i a releva,t 3a tor i, -etermi,i,t*e rate o3 +remi0m or o,trib0tio, . It i releva,t al o to ome a +e t o3 t*e la re 0lati,

o,-itio, o3 em+loyme,t a,- to vario0 tate%r0, *eme 0 * a ,atio,al i, 0ra, e4 or to0 * 3i al matter a ele tive em+loyme,t ta . It i ,ot a, e e,tial -etermi,a,t o3 t*e

relatio, *i+ i, t*e e a e be a0 e t*ere i ,ot*i, to +reve,t t*e +artie to a o,tra t o3i, 0ra, e or a +e, io, *eme 3rom a reei, t*at t*e +er o, o, er,e- *o0l- be treate- a ama, or a a oma,4 a t*e a e may be. !imilarly4 t*e a0t*oritie 4 i3 t*ey t*i,6 3it4 a, a ree it*t*e i,-ivi-0al t*at *e *all be treate- a a oma, 3or ,atio,al i, 0ra, e +0r+o e 4 a i, t*i

a e. O, t*e ot*er *a,- e i learly a, e e,tial -etermi,a,t o3 t*e relatio, *i+ alle- marria ebe a0 e it i a,- al ay *a bee, re o ,i e- a t*e 0,io, o3 ma, a,- oma,. It i t*e i, tit0tio,o, *i * t*e 3amily i b0ilt4 a,- i, *i * t*e a+a ity 3or ,at0ral *etero% e 0al i,ter o0r e i a,e e,tial eleme,t. It *a 4 o3 o0r e4 ma,y ot*er *ara teri ti 4 o3 *i * om+a,io, *i+ a,-m0t0al 0++ort i a, im+orta,t o,e4 b0t t*e *ara teri ti *i * -i ti, 0i * it

)*+,* . /0 age *>=

3rom all ot*er relatio, *i+ a, o,ly be met by t o +er o, o3 o++o ite e . T*ere are omeot*er relatio, *i+ 0 * a a-0ltery4 ra+e a,- ro i,-e e, y i, *i *4 by -e3i,itio,4 t*e e o3t*e +arti i+a,t i a, e e,tial -etermi,a,t: ee 7ayden on Divorce 4 1 t* e-. (1959$4 +. 172=Dennis v. Dennis %'pillett cited& &19


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t*at it -e+e,- o, @a i ,me,t4@ t*e, i3 t*e -e i io, at t*at time a 3emale4 t*e re +o,-e,to0l- be a 3emale it* male e or a, a,- ,o 3emale o,e . I3 t*e @a i ,me,t@ to t*e 3emalee i ma-e a3ter t*e o+eratio,4 t*e, t*e o+eratio, *a *a, e- t*e e . From t*i it o0l- 3ollo

t*at i3 a < year ol- male tra, e 0al4 marrie- a,- t*e 3at*er o3 *il-re,4 0,-er e,t t*e

o+eratio,4 *e o0l- t*e, *ave to be re ar-e- i, la a a 3emale a,- a+able o3 @marryi, @ ama,. T*e re 0lt o0l- be ,ot*i, i3 ,ot bi are. I *ave -ealt4 by im+li atio,4 it* t*e 0bmi io,t*at be a0 e t*e re +o,-e,t i treate- by o iety 3or ma,y +0r+o e a a oma,4 it i illo i al tore30 e to treat *er a a oma, 3or t*e

)*+,* . /0 age *>,

+0r+o e o3 marria e. T*e illo i ality o0l- o,ly ari e i3 marria e ere 0b ta,tially imilar i,*ara ter to ,atio,al i, 0ra, e a,- ot*er o ial it0atio, 4 b0t t*e -i33ere, e are obvio0 ly

30,-ame,tal. T*e e 0bmi io, 4 i, e33e t4 o,30 e e it* e,-er. ?arria e i a relatio, *i+*i * -e+e,- o, e a,- ,ot o, e,-er.

I ,o t0r, to t*e e o,-ary i 0e o3 i, a+a ity or il30l re30 al to o, 0mmate t*e marria e4

a 0mi, 3or t*i +0r+o e t*at t*e marria e i vali- a,- t*at t*e re +o,-e,t i to be treate- a 4 or-eeme- to be4 a oma,. I m0 t -eal it* t*i A0ite *ortly be a0 e t*i ;0- me,t i lo, e,o0 *alrea-y. O3 t*e t o ver io, o3 t*e eve,t *i * too6 +la e a3ter t*e eremo,y4 I +re3er4 a,-a e+t4 t*e +etitio,er . "lt*o0 *4 i, ome ay 4 t*e re +o,-e,t a o0,t eem more +la0 ible4a,- t*e la 6 o3 a,y o,tem+orary om+lai,t by t*e +etitio,er i, t*e orre +o,-e, e eem

0r+ri i, 4 t*e evi-e, e o3 t*e re +o,-e,t o, t*e A0e tio, o3 t*e alle e- ab e e i, t*e o%alle- arti3i ial va i,a a o 0, ati 3a tory a,- 0, o,vi, i, 4 t*at I *a- little -o0bt b0t t*at o,

t*i +art o3 t*e a e *e a ,ot telli, t*e tr0t*. T*e 3ail0re o, *er +art to all t*e -o tor4 8r.Ro e-ale4 *o4 *e ai-4 *a- bee, treati, *er 3or t*i o,-itio, at t*e releva,t time4 a,- t*eab e, e o3 a,y e +la,atio, 3or ,ot alli, *im4 a t 30rt*er -o0bt o, *er reliability. I a 4moreover4 im+re e- by t*e +etitio,er 3ra,6,e i, -eali, it* *i letter ritte, o, O tober 254195>. T*i letter i ty+i al o3 t*e 6i,- o3 letter *i * o,e o3te, 3i,- i, ,0llity a e a,- *i *t*ro li *t o, t*e e 0al it0atio, bet ee, t*e +artie . To my 0r+ri e t*e +etitio,er imme-iately

ma-e it lear t*at *e a ,ot re3erri, to t*e e 0al 3ail0re. " -i *o,e t it,e o0l- *aveei e- 0+o, t*i letter a mo t *el+30l to *i a e. I4 a or-i, ly4 a e+t *i evi-e, e t*at t*ere +o,-e,t eva-e- t*e i 0e o3 e 0al relatio, 4 a,- t*at *e -i- ,ot +re it4 believi, t*at t*ia +e t o3 t*e marria e o0l- ome ri *t i, t*e e,-. I 3i,- it e traor-i,arily -i33i 0lt i, t*e +e 0liar

ir 0m ta, e o3 t*i a e to ;0- e *et*er t*e re +o,-e,t attit0-e *o0l- be re ar-e- a ail30l re30 al or a + y *olo i al re+0 ,a, e. I re ar- bot* a e e,tially 0,real i, t*i +arti 0lara e b0t t*e evi-e, e 0++ort re30 al better t*a, re+0 ,a, e. I, a,y eve,t4 *o ever4 I o0l-4 i3

,e e ary4 be +re+are- to *ol- t*at t*e re +o,-e,t a +*y i ally i, a+able o3 o, 0mmati, amarria e be a0 e I -o ,ot t*i,6 t*at e 0al i,ter o0r e4 0 i, t*e om+letely arti3i ial avity

o, tr0 te- by 8r. B0ro04 a, +o ibly be -e ribe- i, t*e or- o3 8r. L0 *i, to, i, D - e v. $ -g %falsely calling herself D - e& (1 >


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24 i, *i * I *el- t*at i, a a e o3 bi amy t*e

o0rt *a- ,o o+tio, to ive a -e laratory ;0- me,t4 b0t m0 t ra,t a -e ree o3 ,0llity 0,-er itmatrimo,ial ;0ri -i tio, -erive- 3rom t*e 3ormer e le ia ti al o0rt . He 0bmit t*at4 i3 *e i ri *t

i, *i o,te,tio, t*at t*e re +o,-e,t i a ma,4 t*e eremo,y o3 marria e i, t*i a e a i, 3a t4i3 ,ot i, i,te,tio,4 a mere *am a,- t*e re 0lti, @marria e@ ,ot merely a voi- b0t a meretri io0marria e4 *i * o0l- ,ot i, a,y ir 0m ta, e ive ri e to a,yt*i, remotely matrimo,ial i,

*ara ter. " or-i, ly4 t*e o0rt o0 *t to ma6e a bare -e laratory or-er4 re or-i, t*e 3a t t*att*e o% alle- marria e a ,ot a marria e at all. Co0, el 3or t*e re +o,-e,t o,te,-e- t*at t*i

a e o0l- ,ot be -i ti, 0i *e- 3rom 2assim v. 2assim 4 a,- t*at i3 I a a ai, t *im o, t*e 3ir t+art o3 t*e a e4 I *o0l- ra,t a -e ree o3 ,0llity to t*e +etitio,er. T*e im+orta, e o3 t*i-i ti, tio, i 4 o3 o0r e4 t*at o, a -e ree o3 ,0llity t*e o0rt *a +o er to e,tertai, a, a++li atio,3or a, illary relie3 *erea 4 i3 a -e laratory or-er i ma-e4 t*ere i ,o 0 * +o er. I *ave

o, i-erable ym+at*y it* o0, el 3or t*e +etitio,er ar 0me,t be a0 e4 o, t*e 3a t a I *ave3o0,- t*em$ a matrimo,ial relatio, *i+ bet ee, t*e +etitio,er a,- t*e re +o,-e,t a a le alim+o ibility at all time a,- i, all ir 0m ta, e 4 *erea a marria e *i * i voi- o, t*e ro0,-o3 bi amy4 ,o,%a e or 3ail0re o3 t*ir- +arty o, e,t 4 mi *t4 i, ot*er ir 0m ta, e 4 *ave bee, avali- marria e.

I -o ,ot4 *o ever4 t*i,6 t*at t*e e ar 0me,t 4 i, 3a t4 0++ort t*e -i ti, tio, bet ee, t*i a ea,- 2assim v. 2assim 4 t*e ratio -e i-e,-i o3 *i * a t*at i, ra,ti, a -e ree o3 ,0llity i, t*e

a e o3 a marria e *i * i voi- 3or bi amy t*i o0rt i e er i i, it tat0tory ;0ri -i tio,= t*at it*e ;0ri -i tio, tra, 3erre- to it 3rom t*e e le ia ti al o0rt by t*e ?atrimo,ial Ca0 e " t 1 71 a,- !ateman v. !ateman %orse. Harrison& (1 9 $ 7 L.T. >72.

I3 it *a- bee, a matter o3 -i retio,4 0,-er eit*er t*e tat0tory)*+,* . /0 age **>

;0ri -i tio, o3 t*i o0rt or R.!.C.4 Or-. 1


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27

!oli itor : 5allonsA Crossman" !loc# 8 2eith .

C. .


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Corbett v. Corbett (Otherwise Ashley)

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Transcript of Corbett v. Corbett (Otherwise Ashley)