Coral Reefs Negative (MS Version) SLUDL & NAUDL 2014-15

Coral Reefs Negagtive

Summary/Glossary........................................................................................................................................2Biodiversity Advantage Answers

Oceans not at risk.......................................................................................................................................3-4Biodiversity is not important.....................................................................................................................5-6Coral reefs are resilient..............................................................................................................................7-8

Solvency AnswersToo many coral killers.............................................................................................................................9-11Global Action Needed............................................................................................................................12-13Artificial Reefs hurt exisiting reefs.......................................................................................................14-15Artificial Reefs Fail....................................................................................................................................165Regrowing Reefs Fails.................................................................................................................................17Regrowing Reefs Fails- Extensions............................................................................................................18

Tourism Case Turn 1NC Shell………………………………………………………………………………………………….19 Impact Extnesion………………………………………………………………………………………20 AT Coral Regeneration…………………………………………………………………………………21

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Coral Reefs Negative (MS Version) SLUDL & NAUDL 2014-15

Summary/Glossary

Coral reefs around the world face a number of threats from manmade and environmental causes. One of the strongest negative arguments against this affirmative is that a small action to rebuild some reefs in the United States is not enough to save reefs and ocean ecosystems. Arguments are also included on how the attempts to rebuild and regrow reefs will fail.The counterplan included in this file takes an alternative approach to solving the cause of reef deterioration. The affirmative tries to deal with the symptom (dying reefs) by building new reefs, not dealing with the root cause killing the reefs. The counterplan deals with the “tragedy of the commons” of coral reefs by granting leasing rights for coral reefs. Since property rights could now be controlled by a single owner, perhaps a non-profit devoted to maintaining the reef, and then the owner could act to protect their property when people damage the reef by polluting. The idea is that private markets have a better way of providing a value for protecting the reef than the federal government decreeing that reefs should be protected.

Lease- is a contractual arrangement calling for the user to pay the owner for use of an asset.Privatization- the process of transferring ownership of a business, enterprise, agency, public service, or public property from the public sector (a government) to the private sector, either to a business that operates for a profit or to a nonprofit organization.Tragedy of the Commons- an economic theory that individual users will over use a shared resource in a way that is against the interest of the entire community in the long term.

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Coral Reefs Negative SLUDL & NAUDL 2014-15Biodiversity Advantage

Oceans not at risk

Oceans can maintain biodiversity—huge natural variability in species.Dulvy et al, School of Marine Science and Technology at the University of Newcastle, 2003 (Nicholas, , Fish and Fisheries, “Extinction vulnerability in marine populations”, 4:1, Blackwell-Synergy)Marine fish populations are more variable and resilient than terrestrial populations Great natural variability in population size is sometimes invoked to argue that IUCN Red List criteria, as one example, are too conservative for marine fishes (Hudson and Mace 1996; Matsuda et al. 1997; Musick 1999; Powles et al. 2000; Hutchings 2001a). For the (1996) IUCN list, a decline of 20% within 10 years or three generations (whichever is longer) triggered a classification of 'vulnerable', while declines of 50 and 80% led to classifications of 'endangered' and 'critically endangered', respectively. These criteria were designed to be applied to all animal and plant taxa, but many marine resource biologists feel that for marine fishes 'one size does not fit all' (see Hutchings 2001a). They argue that percent decline criteria are too conservative compared to the high natural variability of fish populations. Powles et al. (2000) cite the six-fold variation of the Pacific sardine population (Sardinops sagax, Clupeidae) and a nine-fold variation in northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax, Clupeidae) over the past two millennia to suggest that rapid declines and increases of up to 10-fold are relatively common in exploited fish stocks. It should, however, be borne in mind that the variation of exploited populations must be higher than unexploited populations because recruitment fluctuations increasingly drive population fluctuations when there are few adults (Pauly et al. 2002).

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Coral Reefs Negative SLUDL & NAUDL 2014-15Biodiversity Advantage

Oceans not at risk extensions [___]

[___] Oceans are resilient will bounce back from new stresses.Kennedy, Environmental science professor, Maryland, 2002(Victor, Coastal and Marine Ecosystems and Global Climate Change, http://www.pewclimate.org/projects/marine.cfm)There is evidence that marine organisms and ecosystems are resilient to environmental change. Steele (1991)

hypothesized that the biological components of marine systems are tightly coupled to physical factors, allowing them to respond quickly to rapid environmental change and thus rendering them ecologically adaptable. Some species also have wide genetic variability throughout their range, which may allow for adaptation to climate change.

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Coral Reefs Negative SLUDL & NAUDL 2014-15Biodiversity Advantage

Biodiversity is not important

The importance of biodiversity is overblown. Ecosystems have built in redundancies to adapt to loss of species.Sagoff, Senior Research Scholar – Institute for Philosophy and Public policy in School of Public Affairs – U. Maryland, 1997(Mark, “INSTITUTE OF BILL OF RIGHTS LAW SYMPOSIUM DEFINING TAKINGS: PRIVATE PROPERTY AND THE FUTURE OF GOVERNMENT REGULATION”, 38 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 825, March, L/N)To make up your mind on the question of the functional redundancy of species, consider an endangered species of bird, plant, or insect and ask how the ecosystem would fare in its absence. The fact that the creature is endangered suggests an answer: it is already in limbo as far as ecosystem processes are concerned. What crucial ecological services does the black-capped vireo, for example, serve? Are any of the species threatened with extinction necessary to the provision of any ecosystem service on which humans depend? If so, which ones are they?  Ecosystems and the species that compose them have changed, dramatically, continually, and totally in virtually every part of the United States. There is little ecological similarity, for example, between New England today and the land where the Pilgrims died. n353 In view of the constant reconfiguration of the biota, one may wonder why Americans have not suffered more as a result of ecological catastrophes. The cast of species in nearly every environment changes constantly-local extinction is commonplace in nature-but the crops still grow. Somehow, it seems, property values keep going up on Martha's Vineyard in spite of the tragic disappearance of the heath hen.  One might argue that the sheer number and variety of creatures available to any ecosystem buffers that system against stress. Accordingly, we should be concerned if the "library" of creatures ready, willing, and able to colonize ecosystems gets too small. (Advances in genetic engineering may well permit us to write a large number of additions to that "library.") In the United States as in many other parts of the world, however, the number of species has been increasing dramatically, not decreasing, as a result of human activity. This is because the hordes of exotic species coming into ecosystems in the United States far exceed the number of species that are becoming extinct. Indeed, introductions may outnumber extinctions by more than ten to one, so that the United States is becoming more and more species-rich all the time largely as a result of human action. n354 [*908]

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Coral Reefs Negative SLUDL & NAUDL 2014-15Biodiversity Advantage

Biodiversity not important – extensions [___]

[___] No impact to species or ecosystem loss---it doesn’t destroy the overall environment or cause a domino effect---claims of low resiliency are unfoundedRidder Phd School of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Tasmania, 2008, (Ben, “Questioning the ecosystem services argument for biodiversity conservation” Biodiversity and conservation yr:2008 vol:17 iss:4 pg:781)

That the low resilience assumption is largely false is apparent in the number of examples of species extinctions that have not brought about catastrophic ecosystem collapse and decline in ES, and in the generally limited ecosystem influence of species on the cusp of extinction. These issues have been raised by numerous authors, although given the absence of systematic attempts to verify propositions of this sort, the evidence assembled is usually anecdotal and we are forced to trust that an unbiased account of the situation has been presented. Fortunately a number of highly respected people have discussed this topic, not least being the prominent conservation biologist David Ehrenfeld. In 1978 he described the ‘conservation dilemma’, which “arises on the increasingly frequent occasions when we encounter a threatened part of Nature but can find no rational reason for keeping it” (Ehrenfeld 1981, p. 177). He continued with the following observation:

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Coral Reefs Negative SLUDL & NAUDL 2014-15Biodiversity Advantage

Coral reefs are resilient

Coral ecosystems are resilient. Outside stresses like rising temperatures or acid levels are balanced out by new growths in the community. Reefs will survive.

Idso et al, professor Arizona State Office of Climatology, 2010

[Sherwood, “The Real Ocean Acidification Story “March, http://www.co2science.org/articles/V13/N9/EDIT.php]

Yet even this mitigating factor is not the end of the good news, for Hendriks et al. write that "most experiments assessed organisms in isolation, rather than [within] whole communities," and they say that the responses of other entities and processes within the community may well buffer the negative impacts of CO2-indced acidification on earth's corals. As an example, they note that "sea-grass photosynthetic rates may increase by 50% with increased CO2, which may deplete the CO2 pool, maintaining an elevated pH that may protect associated calcifying organisms from the impacts of ocean acidification."In describing another phenomenon that benefits corals, the researchers write that "seasonal changes in pCO2 are in the range of 236-517 ppm in the waters of the northern East China Sea (Shim et al., 2007)," and that "metabolically-active coastal ecosystems experience broad diel changes in pH, such as the diel changes of >0.5 pH units reported for sea grass ecosystems (Invers et al., 1997)," which they say represent "a broader range than that expected to result from ocean acidification expected during the 21st century." And they remark that these fluctuations also "offer opportunities for adaptation to the organisms involved."Hendriks et al. additionally state that the models upon which the ocean acidification threat is based "focus on bulk water chemistry and fall short of addressing conditions actually experienced by [marine] organisms," which are "separated from the bulk water phase by a diffusive boundary layer," adding that "photosynthetic activity" -such as that of the zooxanthellae that are hosted by corals -"depletes pCO2 and raises pH (Kuhl et al., 1995) so that the pH actually experienced by organisms may differ greatly from that in the bulk water phase (Sand-Jensen et al., 1985)."

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Coral Reefs Negative SLUDL & NAUDL 2014-15Biodiversity Advantage

Coral reefs are resilient- extensions [___]

[___] Coral reefs are resilient to all sorts of disturbances. McClanahan and Polunin, Wildlife Conservation Society and Australian Institute of Marine Science, 2002[Timothy, of the. And Terry ,“Ecological States and the Resilience of Coral Reefs” 2002. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol6/iss2/art18]

Coral reefs can be resilient to multiple scales of disturbances (Pandolfi 1996, Connell 1997). One important factor that determines the degree of resilience at a particular place is the scattered patchy distribution of reefs throughout tropical ocean basins (IUCN/UNEP 1988). Individual reefs may be replenished to a greater or lesser extent by recruitment from planktonic larvae derived from other reef sources outside of the disturbed areas (Hughes et al. 1999a). Ocean-wide currents can potentially deliver larvae across hundreds and thousands of kilometers (Roberts 1997), although actual dispersal may be more limited (Cowen et al. 2000). Consequently, the combination of spatial heterogeneity and refugia of reef systems, the temporal heterogeneity of dispersal, and a physically stable but moving transport system of currents ensures the connectivity among reefs that is required for recovery. This is an important aspect of ecological resilience .

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Coral Reefs Negative SLUDL & NAUDL 2014-15Solvency Answers

Too many coral killers

Multiple independent factors are killing coral reefs around the world, the plans restoration cannot keep up.Agardy, Executive Director Sound Seas and PhD Biological Sciences, 2013(Tundi, “America’s Coral Reefs: Awash with Problems”, Nove 27, Issues, http://issues.org/20-2/agardy-2/)Although in many parts of the world coral reefs are deliberately destroyed in the process of coastal development or to obtain construction materials, in the United States coral reefs suffer the classic death of a thousand cuts. They are strongly affected by eutrophication: the overfertilization of waters caused by the inflow of nutrients from fertilizer, sewage, and animal wastes. The overabundance of nutrients causes algae to overgrow and smother coral polyps; in extreme cases, leading to totally altered and biologically impoverished alternate ecosystems. Reefs are also sensitive to sediments that increase turbidity and reduce the sunlight reaching the coral colonies. (Though corals are animals, they have symbiotic dinoflagellates called zooxanthellae living within their tissues. The photosynthesis undertaken by these plant symbionts provides corals with the extra energy needed to create the calcium carbonate that forms their skeletons and thus the reef structure.) Sedimentation is a common threat to U.S. coral reefs, especially in areas where unregulated coastal development or deforestation causes soil runoff into nearshore waters.

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Coral Reefs Negative SLUDL & NAUDL 2014-15Solvency Answers

Too many Coral Killers- Extensions [___]

[___] Too many causes to coral die offUS Commission on Ocean Policy, 2004(Chapter 21, “PRESERVING CORAL REEFS AND OTHER CORAL COMMUNITIES” An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century Final Report, http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/oceancommission/ documents/full_color_rpt/21_chapter21.pdf)Coral reefs are declining at a disturbing pace.8 The causes of this decline are varied, particularlyfor warm-water reefs. Many scientists believe that excessive fishing pressure hasbeen the primary threat to coral ecosystems for decades.9 However, pollution and runofffrom coastal areas also deprive reefs of life-sustaining light and oxygen, and elevated seasurface temperatures are causing increasingly frequent episodes of coral bleaching andappear to be exacerbating other coral disease outbreaks.10 Although little is known aboutthe condition of the world’s deep-water coral communities, extensive damage has beendocumented in some areas, with fishing activities suspected as being the largest humanrelatedthreat.11Worldwide, no pristine, undamaged warm-water coral reefs remain, and one-third ofthe world’s identified reefs are severely damaged.12 In the United States, every warm-waterreef system has suffered varying degrees of impacts from natural and human disturbances.Only the coral reefs in the Northwest Hawaiian Islands and some remote Pacific refugesare in near-pristine condition, although they too have started to show signs of damage,particularly from marine debris. In the U.S. waters of the south Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico,and Caribbean, two-thirds of reef fish species are overfished. In addition, during the 1990s,white band disease killed 90–96 percent of the most common nearshore species of corals.13

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Coral Reefs Negative SLUDL & NAUDL 2014-15Solvency Answers

Too many Coral Killers- Extensions [___]

[___] Coral Reefs can’t survive attacks from human causes.US Commission on Ocean Policy, 2004(Chapter 21, “PRESERVING CORAL REEFS AND OTHER CORAL COMMUNITIES” An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century Final Report, http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/oceancommission/ documents/full_color_rpt/21_chapter21.pdf)

Coral communities have existed for millions of years and have developed mechanisms to cope with natural threats such as hurricanes, landslides, and predation. Often, when one part of a coral community is damaged, the overall functioning of the coral reef ecosystem is sustained by other, untouched communities that are able to repopulate damaged areas. However, the point is fast approaching where this natural cycle of repair may not be able to keep pace with the increasing rate of damage. Without immediate and large-scale protection from the cumulative impacts of a multitude of human activities, many reefs, particularly those located near heavily populated coastal areas, may soon be irretrievably harmed.14

[___] Land based pollution is the biggest threat to oceans and the pollution sources are only expanding.Craig and Hughes, Associate Dean for Environmental Programs, Florida State University College of Law and Professor at Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, 2012(Robin K. and Terry,  Marine Protected Areas, Marine Spatial Planning, and the Resilience of Marine Ecosystems (August 16, 2012). RESILIENCE AND THE LAW, Forthcoming; FSU College of Law, Public Law Research Paper No. 550. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1917696)

The three principal drivers of change in marine ecosystems are land-based marine pollution, overfishing and climate change (e.g. Hughes et al. 2003; Jackson et al. 2001). Marine pollution takes many forms, but it is, critically, predominantly a land-based governance problem that cannot be addressed through the establishment of marine parks: Almost all marine pollution comes from land, the result of direct ocean dumping; direct and controlled discharge of pollutants from coastal facilities; indirect and largely uncontrolled runoff from agricultural and urban areas; and atmospheric deposition of pollutants initially emitted into the air. Deforestation, intensification of agriculture, urban sprawl, industrialization, population growth and migration to the coast have all contributed to increased near-shore pollution.

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Coral Reefs Negative SLUDL & NAUDL 2014-15Solvency Answers

Global Action Needed

Global actions will still harm US reefs and other reefs worldwide.Agardy, Executive Director Sound Seas and PhD Biological Sciences, 2013(Tundi, “America’s Coral Reefs: Awash with Problems”, Nove 27, Issues, http://issues.org/20-2/agardy-2/)Global forces are at play: The United States is not an island. Were the United States suddenly to act more effectively to protect reefs under its jurisdiction, our reef ecosystems would still be in some peril, for many reasons. First, many damaging activities occur out of sight, especially in remote reef areas with little or no surveillance. Second, the open nature of marine systems means that reefs are affected by the condition of the environment far from the reef tracts themselves. Sometimes larval propagules travel long distances, and the origin of recruits is tens or hundreds of kilometers away, in areas that could be entirely outside U.S. jurisdiction. Similarly, pollution from outside the U.S. can easily find its way to reefs within America’s borders. Finally, some threats to reefs are global in nature, such as rising temperatures caused by global warming. These threats will not diminish unless meaningful international agreements succeed in tackling the root causes of the threats. For all these reasons, protection of U.S. reefs will require more than administering the reefs within our borders; it will also require international negotiation, cooperation, and capacity-building.

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Coral Reefs Negative SLUDL & NAUDL 2014-15Solvency Answers

Global Action Needed- Extensions [___]

[___] International practices are worse. Rice farmers use too much fertilizer- kill coral reefs.CNN Traveler, 2001(Paul Spencer Sochaczewski, “"MIRACLE RICE" UNWITTINGLY DESTROYSBALI'S CORAL REEFS”  http://www.sochaczewski.com/ARTjika-miraclerice-july2001.htm)

Ida Bagus Gede Jika squats and examines emerald green rice stalks in a postcard-pretty paddy in the center of Bali. "This is 'old' rice," he explains, referring to the traditional variety that pre-dates so-called 'miracle rice'. "Doesn't need pesticides." Jika then points to a neighboring field of shorter rice stalks. "Those farmers are growing new rice," he says, rubbing his fingers to indicate that big money is involved. "Uses plenty of chemicals."

Had anyone bothered to ask him, Jika's knowledge of traditional farming techniques could have helped stop the destruction of the oft-visited island's coral reefs.

Today less than five percent of Bali's reefs are healthy, according to a WWF-World Wide Fund for Nature study, down from approximately 32% healthy reefs in 1986.

One of the surprising causes of this coral reef destruction is the way the government tells farmers to grow rice, according to Ketut Sarjana Putra, a marine biologist with WWF.

The problem can be traced to the introduction of so-called miracle rice. Stephen Lansing, of the University of Arizona, and I Wayan Alit Artha Wiguna, of Bali's state-run agricultural research center, have discovered that much of the phosphorus and potassium Balinese farmers apply as fertilizers to grow miracle rice is not needed. The volcanic soil of Bali is naturally rich in many of the nutrients essential for rice growth.

Not only is the runoff of excess nutrients a waste of money, but nutrient enrichment is harmful to the reef environment.

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Coral Reefs Negative SLUDL & NAUDL 2014-15Solvency Answers

Artificial Reefs hurt exisiting reefs

Attempts to create artificial reefs damage the coral reefs dramatically, human additions to reefs do more harm than good.Florida Department of Environmental Protection, ’09 (7/08/09, DEP, “Osborne Reef Waste Tire Removal Project”, http://www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/quick_topics/publications/shw/tires/reef/OsborneReefProject-Final-7-8-09.pdf, 6/28/14, AEG) During the 1970s, between one and two million tires were put in the ocean off Broward County in an effort to create additional fish habitat. Over the years, many of the tires were mobilized by tropical storms and hurricanes, the movement of which caused damage to nearby existing coral reefs. The threat is serious, but the complexity and magnitude of the challenge of removing these tires has prevented any individual government agency from doing so. The NOAA Marine Debris Program funded a reconnaissance project that was conducted in August, 2006. The scope of work for this project included the development of a potential strategy for removing and properly disposing of the tires. It was decided that a pilot program was needed to test diver retrieval productivity, loading and transportation methods, and tire processing and disposal. In 2007, a group of federal, state and county government agencies worked jointly to complete the pilot study with the objective of defining the technical and economic feasibility of coordinating agency capabilities to accomplish the objectives listed above. This joint-effort program involved Coastal America, US Navy, Army, Coast Guard, Florida Department of Environmental Protection (DEP), Broward County Environmental Protection and Growth Management Department, and Broward County Port Everglades Department. Funding for the military mission, which included a multi-branch team of divers and an Army landing craft utility (LCU) ship was provided by the Department of Defense’s Innovative Readiness Training Program. Permit fees, equipment and supplies, and tire processing services were funded by DEP out of 2007 abatement funds. Project management and dockage for the 2007 pilot were provided by Broward County. The pilot project allowed productivity projections to be made for the remainder of the project. Monthly tire removal was estimated at 20,000 passenger tire equivalents (PTEs). At this rate, complete cleanup of the estimated 650,000 tires remaining would take more than the three years originally intended. After the pilot, it was decided that previously established priority areas needed to be redrawn to emphasize the importance of removing tires from the eastern edge of the affected middle reef (designated Priority Area 1). In order to remove the estimated 370,000 tires from Priority Area 1, an increase in military salvage resources, divers, and watercraft would be needed during 120-day project periods in each of the three years beginning in 2009. Given these additional assets, Priority Area 1 could be cleared in three years. Actual productivity could increase in future years and these projections can be revised accordingly. The extent of the funding required for full abatement was estimated to be about $3.4 million in state and county funds. The cost to abate the pile exceeded amounts in DEP’s waste tire abatement contracts. Because of the need to save this resource, Governor Crist recommended and the Florida Legislature passed a $2 million special appropriation in 2007 for DEP to complete its share of the project.

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Coral Reefs Negative SLUDL & NAUDL 2014-15Solvency Answers

Artificial Reefs hurt exisiting reefs [___]

[___] Artificial reefs don’t have a good track recordTS Lane, 10,( 1/15, dicover5ocean, "Artificial Reefs: The Good, The Bad, The Controversial", www.discover5oceans.com/2010/01/artificial-reefs-the-good-the-bad-the-controversial/, 7/1/14, aven)Articial reef initiatives aren’t always successful, however, and the practice has critics. According to the Surfrider Foundation a 10-year experimental project at El Segundo near Los Angeles failed to produce desired outcomes and is now being removed. Washington-based Ocean Conservancy suggests that while some projects may benefit some species of fish, others represent an inexpensive way to dispose of trash, which can introduce toxins and other pollutants into the ocean.¶ “Although most artificial reefs offer potential habitat for certain kinds of marine life, these are not always happy homes. Artificial reefs can cause damage to natural habitats during their construction and can displace naturally occurring species and habitats,” says the Ocean Conservancy web site. “They also tend to concentrate fish unnaturally, making them more vulnerable to overfishing.”

[___] Artifical Reefs cause environmental damage Bowerman, no date (Todd, "The Disadvantages of artificial coral reefs", animals.pawnation.com/disadvantages-artificial-coral-reefs-7638.html, 7/1/14, CH)

While some substances make excellent artificial reefs, scientists are divided on the use of certain materials for the creation of these underwater habitats. Heavy metals, often found in ships sunk for the sake of reef creation, contain toxic materials that can slowly creep into the environment and cause damage to the existing wildlife population. Even materials that have been thoroughly checked and cleaned may cause unforeseen problems when introduced into a delicate environment.¶

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Coral Reefs Negative SLUDL & NAUDL 2014-15Solvency Answers

Artificial Reefs Fail

Artificial reef programs don’t help coral and just give the government an excuse to dump junk on the bottom of the ocean.Bohnsack, fisheries scientist, 2014 (James, Georgia Strait Alliance, " ARTIFICIAL REEFS & FISH HABITAT: WHAT THE EXPERTS SAY", https://www.georgiastrait.org/?q=node/604, 7/1/14)

Dr. James Bohnsack, a Florida fisheries scientist, has said: "...little direct scientific evidence exists to properly guide building efforts and show long-term beneficial or detrimental impacts", and that he is "concerned about the current US practice of relaying on "materials of convenience" [ie. old ships], especially considering that Japan has rejected this approach and has spent over $100 million annually since 1976 for reef construction and research. He has expressed worry that "the enthusiasm for artificial reefs could draw attention away from possibly more beneficial fishery management actions such as enhancing or preserving existing estuaries and other natural habitats."

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Coral Reefs Negative SLUDL & NAUDL 2014-15Solvency Answers

Regrowing Reefs Fails

The affirmative’s focus on technologies like artificial reefs trades off with adaptation efforts. Bradbury, Ecologist and Resource Management at the Australian National University. 2012[Roger. “A World without Coral Reefs” The New York Times, 7/13/12 available via Lexis-Nexis] This is less a conspiracy than a sort of institutional inertia. Governments don’t want to be blamed for disasters on their watch, conservationists apparently value hope over truth, and scientists often don’t see the reefs for the corals. But by persisting in the false belief that coral reefs have a future, we grossly misallocate the funds needed to cope with the fallout from their collapse . Money isn’t spent to study what to do after the reefs are gone — on what sort of ecosystems will replace coral reefs and what opportunities there will be to nudge these into providing people with food and other useful ecosystem products and services. Nor is money spent to preserve some of the genetic resources of coral reefs by transferring them into systems that are not coral reefs. And money isn’t spent to make the economic structural adjustment that communities and industries that depend on coral reefs urgently need. We have focused too much on the state of the reefs rather than the rate of the processes killing them. Overfishing, ocean acidification and pollution have two features in common. First, they are accelerating. They are growing broadly in line with global economic growth, so they can double in size every couple of decades. Second, they have extreme inertia — there is no real prospect of changing their trajectories in less than 20 to 50 years. In short, these forces are unstoppable and irreversible. And it is these two features — acceleration and inertia — that have blindsided us. Overfishing can bring down reefs because fish are one of the key functional groups that hold reefs together. Detailed forensic studies of the global fish catch by Daniel Pauly’s lab at the University of British Columbia confirm that global fishing pressure is still accelerating even as the global fish catch is declining. Overfishing is already damaging reefs worldwide, and it is set to double and double again over the next few decades. Ocean acidification can also bring down reefs because it affects the corals themselves. Corals can make their calcareous skeletons only within a special range of temperature and acidity of the surrounding seawater. But the oceans are acidifying as they absorb increasing amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Research led by Ove Hoegh-Guldberg of the University of Queensland shows that corals will be pushed outside their temperature-acidity envelope in the next 20 to 30 years, absent effective international action on emissions. We have less of a handle on pollution. We do know that nutrients, particularly nitrogenous ones, are increasing not only in coastal waters but also in the open ocean. This change is accelerating. And we know that coral reefs just can’t survive in nutrient-rich waters. These conditions only encourage the microbes and jellyfish that will replace coral reefs in coastal waters. We can say, though, with somewhat less certainty than for overfishing or ocean acidification that unstoppable pollution will force reefs beyond their survival envelope by midcentury.

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Coral Reefs Negative SLUDL & NAUDL 2014-15Solvency Answers

Regrowing Reefs Fails- Extensions [___]

[___] Marine accretion is insufficient to save coral reefs Gilhooly, Staff Writer for the Japan Times, 2002[Robert.. Citing Kimiaki Kudo, the Research Supervisor of the Marine Ecosystems Research Department at the Japan Marine Science and Technology Center. “Japanese scientists question mineral-accretion technique” The Japan Times, 9/27/2000. Available via Lexis-Nexis’]A Japanese researcher who conducted a project in Okinawa to explore the effectiveness of growing reefs via mineral accretion in 1989, says he remains unsure of the effectiveness of the technique.¶ “From a scientific, data-collecting viewpoint, the results were good,” said Dr. Kimiaki Kudo, research supervisor of the Marine Ecosystems Research Department at the Japan Marine Science and Technology Center in Kanagawa Prefecture, of the four-year experiment. “But it was impossible to say if this was due to the (mineral-accretion) method,” he added.¶ The project was instigated by the Okinawa Prefectural Government and an Okinawa-based shipbuilding firm, who asked Kudo to look into an alternative coral-growing technology that might help Okinawa’s rapidly diminishing reefs recover.¶ In the 12 years after Okinawa’s return from U.S. military to Japanese control in 1972, studies showed that about 90 percent of Okinawa’s coral reefs had been killed off by development, Kudo said.¶ According to a document issued by The Marine Parks Center of Japan, another contributory factor was the extensive presence of the crown-of-thorns starfish, which can destroy by predation entire coral communities.¶ These two factors were at the root of Kudo’s experimental project, which Okinawa officials hoped might lead to a method of recovering and growing corals.¶ Kudo and a team of marine experts set a pyramid-shaped, three-tier structure on the seabed just off the southeast coast of Okinawa’s main island.¶ The three tiers were fixed at 1-meter intervals onto a 6-sq.-meter concrete base. On each tier were fixed mesh sheets, onto which healthy corals from nearby reefs were transplanted.¶ One section was wired to take an electric current, and within a short time thick layers of limestone could be found on the structure, Kudo said.¶ After a year, however, the growth of coral transplanted there was not significantly greater than other areas that were not wired, Kudo said.¶ “An ecosystem is very complex, and there is no one factor that determines its well-being,” he explained. “I saw nothing to indicate that better growth is guaranteed just by creating a clean base, such as that created by the mineral-accretion technology.”¶ Furthermore, he argued, new limestone might act as a deterrent for growth. While transplanted adult corals will grow on virtually anything, baby coral invariably settle on objects “with a history,” he said.

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Coral Reefs Negative SLUDL & NAUDL 2014-15Property Rights Counterplan

Tourism Case Turn (1NC Shell) 1. Artificial reefs bring divers, tourism, and the industries surrounding them

MANLY ’14 (Don, Florida Weekly Correspondent, Fort Myers Florida Weekly, Sep 3, “Reefs will boost diving, fishing, ecotourism industries and more, accessed Sep 4, ’14, http://fortmyers.floridaweekly.com/news/2014-09-03/Top_News/Reefs_will_boost_diving_fishing_ecotourism_industr.html)

A vision of Gulf Coast waters teeming with diverse marine life that entices anglers, snorkelers, SCUBA divers and ecotourists is taking shape in Collier County. Dubbed the Artificial Reef Project at the Community Foundation of Collier County, the $3 million effort is one that when completed could provide a major economic boost to the area. The reefs are expected to inject about $30 million annually into the county’s tourism industry by creating a diving industry here and expanding ecotourism, hotel stays, dining, shopping, boating, fishing, bait shop revenues and more. “There really is, for all age groups and all economic groups, a real benefit to this,” says Craig Jones, marketing director for the Community Foundation. “This benefits everyone.” Sunken 12-30 miles offshore and reputed to be one of the world’s largest artificial reef projects, the system will consist of six 500-ton reefs the size of football fields, each containing six 8-to- 12-foot-high pyramid-shaped modules composed of tons of clean, recycled and donated concrete sunken.

2. Tourism destroys coral reefs and surrounding areas

ICRI, No Date (Ministry of the Environment, “Status of and Threat to Coral Reefs”, http://www.icriforum.org/about-coral-reefs/status-and-threat-coral-reefs, 6/27/14, ML)

Tourism generates vast amounts of income for host countries. Where unregulated however, tourism pressures can cause damage to the very environment upon which the industry depends. Physical damage to the coral reefs can occur through contact from careless swimmers, divers, and poorly placed boat anchors. Hotels and resorts may also discharge untreated sewage and wastewater into the ocean, polluting the water and encouraging the growth of algae , which competes with corals for space on the reef.

3. This undermines the solvency claims of the 1AC related to the environment and turns the case… indicating they make the problem worse in areas surrounding the new reef projects

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Coral Reefs Negative SLUDL & NAUDL 2014-15Property Rights Counterplan

Tourism Turn - Impact Extensions[ ]

[ ] Tourism destroys reefs- Caribbean proves increase in demands, infrastructure, snorkeling, etc.

UNEP no date (United Nations Environmental Programme, “Tourism’s Impact on Reefs”, http://www.unep.org/resourceefficiency/Business/SectoralActivities/Tourism/Activities/WorkThematicAreas/EcosystemManagement/CoralReefs/TourismsImpactonReefs/tabid/78799/Default.aspx, accessed 6/29/14 SH)

The tourism-related impacts on coral reefs in the Caribbean are typical of those occurring worldwide . The

tourism sector is of major economic importance in the Caribbean region, both for foreign exchange earnings and for employment. Since Caribbean tourism is primarily associated with beaches and the sea, there have been - and continue to be - impacts from tourism on the coastal environment, including the coral reefs. Tourism has both direct and indirect impacts on coral reefs. Snorkeling, diving and boating can cause direct physical damage to reefs, and fishing and collecting can contribute to over-exploitation of reef species and threaten local survival of endangered species. Indirect impacts relate to the development, construction and operation of tourism infrastructure as a whole (resorts, marinas, ports, airports, etc.). Direct physical damage from snorkeling and diving has been the subject of extensive study and is well documented. The damage inflicted by divers and snorkelers consists mostly of breaking fragile, branched corals or causing lesions to massive corals. Most divers and snorkelers cause little damage; only a few cause severe or widespread damage. Research indicates that reef degradation and change of reef community structure occurs once a certain level of use by divers and snorkelers is exceeded. As a rule of thumb it is recommended that the level of 5,000 to 6,000 dives per sites per year should not be exceeded. Training and briefing

of divers and snorkelers will greatly help to reduce negative impacts. Physical damage from anchors and especially boat groundings can be severe. Anchor damage is proportional to the size of the boat (i.e. weight of the anchor and length of anchor chain) and is further dependent on the type of coral community. Recovery of coral damage from boat groundings is slow. Anchor damage can be avoided to a large extent by installing permanent moorings, designating anchorages and providing adequate information on anchoring and mooring. Although fishing has caused declines in reef fish stocks throughout the Caribbean, the direct role of tourism in fishing-related decline is most likely not significant. Indirectly, however, tourism increases the demand for seafood and does have an impact of on reef fish resources. Collecting of marine souvenirs by tourists is probably insignificant but there still is a market for marine curiosities in response to a certain tourist demand. This

demand can definitely be decreased by increased awareness. Tourism-related sources of sewage pollution include resorts and, to a much lesser extent, recreational vessels. There is evidence that a very large percentage of the sewage generated by hotels is discharged in coastal waters without adequate treatment. The main impact of sewage pollution is nutrient enrichment, which favours certain species (algae in particular) at the expense of corals.

The impacts of nutrient enrichment from sewage pollution on corals in general have been well studied, but those specifically from sewage pollution from hotels and recreational vessels have not been quantified. The studies indicate that the impact of sewage pollution depends on the level of treatment before discharge and the degree of natural flushing by tides and currents at the point of discharge. Tourism is not generally a source of petroleum hydrocarbon pollution, other than on a small scale when oil or fuel spills from recreational vessels and marinas occur. The effects of petroleum hydrocarbons

on corals has been studied for quite some time, producing evidence that chronic oil pollution is more harmful than a single exposure, and that dispersants and emulsifiers used to combat spills are more toxic to corals than oil alone. Coastal development and the construction and operation of related tourism infrastructure cause increased runoff and sedimentation. Sedimentation is one of the main reasons for reef degradation. Increased sediment loading of coastal waters increases turbidity, reduces light levels and leads to stress on corals, usually expressed by "bleaching" of corals. Heavy sediment loading may also cause corals to suffocate and die. Other documented impacts of sedimentation on corals include lower growth rates, reduced productivity and reduced recruitment. Tourism is obviously a source of large amounts of solid waste, the impacts of which depend very much on the method of disposal. If disposed of

inappropriately, leaching of toxic substances may harm corals. Of particular concern is the "accidental" waste - plastics in particular - that is blown into the ocean from beaches or vessels and has a detrimental effect on corals and other marine life. Tourism-related impacts on coral reefs are significant, but they are also compounded by other impacts that

are not easily distinguished from those of tourism. This does not mean that we must disregard the impacts of tourism activities.

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Coral Reefs Negative SLUDL & NAUDL 2014-15Property Rights Counterplan

Tourism Turn - AT Coral Regeneration[ ]

[ ] Loss of biodiversity prevents coral reefs from regrowing

DUJS 12 (4/11/12, Dartmouth Undergraduate Journal of Science, “The Decline of Reefs: Effects of Increased Carbon Emissions on Coral Ecosystems,” http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/winter-2012/the-decline-of-reefs-effects-of-increased-carbon-emissions-on-coral-ecosystems#.U6-GVY2wKrY, 6/28/14, SM)

Previous findings highlight the incredible toll that coral loss from ocean acidification and global warming take on marine species. For example, Jones et al. recently conducted an eight-year study in Papua New Guinea. Their discoveries reinforced the idea that declines in coral cover and fish biodiversity are positively associated. They observed that approximately 75% of the reef fish species fell in population, and that 50% of the species exhibited counts that were less than half of their originals. In particular, they found that species for which juveniles have a more significant coral reef dependence declined on a greater scale. Furthermore, they predicted that species with more limited geographic ranges, like some coral-dwelling gobies, may become extinct (12).¶ The loss of fish biodiversity, among other marine species, plays a consequent role in the coral-algal phase shift in coral reefs. When corals die and deplete from ocean acidification and global warming, algae and other benthos – organisms that dwell at the bottom of the ocean – typically occupy the resulting space. Under normal conditions, their spread is limited and controlled by herbivore grazing. However, in the absence of sufficient herbivores, algal communities may establish permanent forms and prevent coral reefs from recovering to their previous forms (13).

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