Coral Reefs 014. Coral Reef Biology Kingdom Animalia Phylum Cnideria Class Hydrozoa- hydroids Class...
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Transcript of Coral Reefs 014. Coral Reef Biology Kingdom Animalia Phylum Cnideria Class Hydrozoa- hydroids Class...
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Coral Reefs
014
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Coral Reef Biology
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Kingdom AnimaliaPhylum Cnideria
Class Hydrozoa- hydroidsClass Scyphozoa- jelliesClass Cubozoa- box jelliesClass Anthozoa- corals and anemones
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The Cnidarian Life Cycle
The Hydrozoan Life CycleThe Hydrozoan Life Cycle
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Class HydrozoaHydrozoan ColonyClass Hydrozoa
Hydrozoan Colony
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Hydrozoan Colonies“Stinging Limu”
Hydrozoan Colonies“Stinging Limu”
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Fire CoralFire Coral
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By-the-Wind-SailorA Floating Colony of Polyps
By-the-Wind-SailorA Floating Colony of Polyps
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Coloniality Man-of-War
Phylum Cnidaria Man-of-War
Phylum Cnidaria
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Close Up of a Portuguese Man-Of-War
Close Up of a Portuguese Man-Of-War
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Class Scyphozoa
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Class CubozoaBox Jellies
& Sea Wasps
Class CubozoaBox Jellies
& Sea Wasps
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Class Anthozoa
Sea Anemones &
Corals: true stony corals and octocorals
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Sea AnemonesSea Anemones
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Sea Anemone AnatomySea Anemone Anatomy
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Hermatypic corals:• possess zooxanthellae• are reef builders
Light: Clear water Warm temperature: 18-32oCLow nutrientsLow productivity in water
Ahermatypic corals:• no zooxanthellae• rely on tentacular feeding• can live in aphotic zone
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Distribution of Coral Reef Communities
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Cauliflower coral(Pocillopora meandrina)
6 m
0 m
25 m
13 m
Lobe coral(Porites lobata)
Finger coral(Porites compressa)
Plate coral(Porites rus)
High light levelsModerate wave energy
Moderate light levelsOccasional storm wave energy
Low light levelsLow wave energy
Very low light, Primarily downwelling No wave energy
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“True” Stony Corals“True” Stony Corals
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“True” Stony CoralsHermatypic- reef building, zooxanthellae
Common species:• Acroporidae- table• Acroporidea- rice • Agariciidae- flat lobe, corregated• Faviidae- crust, ocellated• Fungiidae- humpback, mushroom• Pocilloporidae- lace, antler, cauliflower• Poritidae- finger, lobe, plate
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Family PocilloporidaeLace coral, antler coral, and cauliflower coral
Pocillopora damicornis
lace
Pocillopora eydouxi
antler
Pocillopora meaandrina
cauliflower
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Family Acroporidae
Table coral, rice coral and spreading coral
Montipora flabellata Montipora patula
rice coral
Montipora capitata Acropora cytheria
table
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Family Poritidae
Finger coral, lobe coral, Evermann’s coral, plate and pillar coral
Porites evermanni
Porites rus Porites compressa
Porites lobata
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Family Agariciidae
flat lobe coral, corrugated coral
Pavona duerdeni
Pavona varians
Flat lobe
corrugated
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Family Fungiidae
Humpback coral, mushroom coral
Fungia scutaria
mushroom
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Family Faviidaecrust coral, ocellated coral
Cyphastrae ocellina
Leptastrea bottae
Leptastrea purpurea
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A Solitary Coral PolypA Solitary Coral Polyp
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Colonial Coral PolypsColonial Coral Polyps
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Zooxanthellae in Gastrodermal Cells of Corals
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Zooxanthellae:Symbiodinium microadriacticum
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• Octocorals, wire corals, black corals, sea pens
• Both hard and soft forms exist• non reef-building• no photosynthesis
Ahermatypic Corals
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Ahermatypic CoralsAhermatypic Corals
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Heterotrophic NutritionHeterotrophic Nutrition
General feeding modes:1. predaceous carnivores capturing live
prey2. detritus feeding3. absorption of dissolved organic
matter from surrounding water
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Nematocyst Discharge
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Photosynthesis
6H2O + 6CO2 + light C6H12O6 + 6O26H2O + 6CO2 + light C6H12O6 + 6O2
Autotrophic NutritionAutotrophic Nutrition
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Zooxanthellae in Coral Polyp
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Benefits to the Algal Symbiont
• Zooxanthellae gets a place to live
• Receive chemical wastes from animal metabolism (CO2 & NH3).
• Surrounding animal tissues can concentration substantial amounts of ultraviolet light absorbing compounds.
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Benefits to the Coral Host• Higher rates of calcification (skeleton
deposition).• Receive DOM & O2 • Removal of chemical wastes from
animal metabolism (CO2 & NH3).• Receive chemicals that absorb
damaging ultraviolet light (Micosporine-like amino acids (MAAs)).
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Asexual Reproduction
• budding and fissionbudding and fission• accidental fragmentationaccidental fragmentation• nonaccidental fragmentationnonaccidental fragmentation• partial colony mortalitypartial colony mortality• polyp bail-outpolyp bail-out
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Budding
Polyp within calyx
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FissionPolyp within calyx
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AccidentalFragmentation Wave Damage Wave Damage
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Nonaccidental Fragmentation
Radial Division in Radial Division in Cycloseris fragilisCycloseris fragilis
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Nonaccidental Fragmentation
Transverse Division in Transverse Division in Fungia scutariaFungia scutaria
anthocaulusanthocaulus
anthocyathusanthocyathus
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Nonaccidental Fragmentation
Transverse Division in Transverse Division in Fungia scutariaFungia scutaria
stalk regenerates new disk
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Partial Colony MortalityThe Phoenix EffectThe Phoenix Effect
in in Porites compressaPorites compressa
P. JokielP. JokielP. JokielP. Jokiel Cut surface of a broken finger showing living tissue beneath the surface of the skeletonNormal colony next to
a colony exposed to freshwater
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Polyp Bail-Out
D. GulkoD. Gulko
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zygote
Sexual ReproductionSexual Reproduction
planula larvae
egg
sperm
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Planula Larvae
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Sexual Reproduction
• Hermaphroditic vs gonochoric
• Broadcast spawning vs brooding
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Sexuality
Acropora sp., a hermaphoditic coralAcropora sp., a hermaphoditic coral
Fungia scutaria, a gonochoric coralFungia scutaria, a gonochoric coral
eggseggs
sperm packetsperm packet
egg cloudegg cloud
Hermaphroditism: sexes in same individualGonochoric: separate sexes
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Brooding Versus Broadcast Spawning
BroodingBroodingeggs develop to planula stage in gastrovascular eggs develop to planula stage in gastrovascular cavity of parent polypcavity of parent polyp
Broadcast SpawningBroadcast Spawningeggs and sperm are shed into the water column eggs and sperm are shed into the water column where fertilization and development occurswhere fertilization and development occurs
BroodingBroodingeggs develop to planula stage in gastrovascular eggs develop to planula stage in gastrovascular cavity of parent polypcavity of parent polyp
Broadcast SpawningBroadcast Spawningeggs and sperm are shed into the water column eggs and sperm are shed into the water column where fertilization and development occurswhere fertilization and development occurs
broadcast spawnerbroadcast spawnerPocillopora damicornis, a brooderPocillopora damicornis, a brooder
planula in polypplanula in polyp
released gametesreleased gametesD. GulkoD. Gulko
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Environmental Factors Affecting Corals
Environmental Factors Affecting Corals
• Water Motion
• Depth: photic vs aphotic zone & water motion
• Sedimentation
• Salinity: 32-35o/oo
• Temperature: 18-32 oC
• Tidal fluctuations
• Nutrients: Eutrophic vs oligotrophic
• Water Motion
• Depth: photic vs aphotic zone & water motion
• Sedimentation
• Salinity: 32-35o/oo
• Temperature: 18-32 oC
• Tidal fluctuations
• Nutrients: Eutrophic vs oligotrophic
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Hanauma BayMamala Bay
Kaneohe Bay
Sunset Beach
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Coral reefs presently exist on every island and shallow bank in the Hawaiian chain
Fringing Reef- 100-1000 years to form youngest is on west coast of Hawaii
Barrier Reef- 2.5 ma to form Kaneohe & Moanalu Bay
Atoll- 10 ma to formfirst atoll French Frigate Shoals, dated 11.7 mya
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Coral reef growth limited by:• wave exposure• sea level
Sheltered sites:Hanauma Bay and Kaneohe BayReef accretion ~ 2mm/yr
Wave exposed sites:Mamala Bay and Sunset BeachReef accretion ~ 0 mm/yr shallow (1m) and deep (12m)
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Environmental Factors Affecting Corals
Environmental Factors Affecting Corals
• Water Motion
• Depth: photic vs aphotic zone & water motion
• Sedimentation
• Salinity: 32-35o/oo
• Temperature: 18-32 oC
• Tidal fluctuations
• Nutrients: Eutrophic vs oligotrophic
• Water Motion
• Depth: photic vs aphotic zone & water motion
• Sedimentation
• Salinity: 32-35o/oo
• Temperature: 18-32 oC
• Tidal fluctuations
• Nutrients: Eutrophic vs oligotrophic
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Oligotrophic vs Eutrophic
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Reef Critters
coralivore
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Coral Reefs:Threats
Starfish: “crown of thorns” (why?)
Coral is a source of building materials
Pollution: particles in the water
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Human impacts on coral includes:
• Aquarium/Souvenir Trade• Overfishing• Pollution• Dredging• Coastal Development• Tourism• Global Climate Change• Ozone Depletion
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Coral Reefs: Human Impact
Worldwide disappearance
Fishing with explosives
Waste oil dumping
Sediments
Philippines: 75% of the reefs damaged
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Dynamiting Reef
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Destructive Resource Extraction Practices
Destructive Resource Extraction Practices
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Toxic Chemical SpillsToxic Chemical Spills
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Sediment Plume Entering the OceanSediment Plume Entering the Ocean
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Corals Smothered in SedimentCorals Smothered in Sediment
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DredgingDredging
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Coastal DevelopmentCoastal Development
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Anchor DamageAnchor Damage
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Diver DamageDiver Damage
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Ecotourism
Pennekamp Reef, Key Largo, FL
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Net DamageNet Damage
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Net Entanglement
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Overfishing and Bycatch
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Ornamental Trade:
Fan worm
Threadfin Butterfly fish
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Introduced SpeciesIntroduced SpeciesAcanthophora, Eucheuma, & Gracillaria
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Feeding Fish
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Hanauma BayHanauma Bay
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Kaneohe Bay and Bubble algae
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Nutrients and Algae Growth
Dictyosphaeria cavernosa
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BleachingBleaching
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Global Bleaching (2002)Global Bleaching (2002)
none
low
moderate
severe
severity unknown
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Acid Rain in Marine EnvironmentAcid Rain in Marine Environment
• reduces ability of marine organisms to utilize calcium carbonate
• Coral calcification rate reduced 15-20%
• Skeletal density decreased, branches thinner
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Sea Level RiseSea Level Rise
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