Coral Health in protected and unprotected areas in Wai’opae, Hawaii Toni Makani Gregg*, Nicole...
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Coral Health in protected and unprotected areas in Wai’opae, Hawaii Coral Health in protected and unprotected areas in Wai’opae, Hawaii Toni Makani Gregg*, Nicole Hoku Cody, Shauna Kehaunani Tom, Misaki Takabayashi Marine Science Department, University of Hawaii at Hilo *ASLO MAS Program Common Coral Aliments found in Hawaii •Coral bleaching, loss of symbiotic zooanthallae, makes corals appear white in color and is the best documented diagnostic condition of corals’ unhealthy state. The result may lead to reductions in growth, production, and death (Wilkinson 1998). Bleaching is often associated with global warming, solar radiation, and over fishing (Photos 1 and 2). •Growth anomalies (“tumors”) on Montipora spp. Are an accelerated growth of the gastrovascular canals (Gulko 1998: Photos 3 and 4). •“Coral zit” or trematodiasis on Porites coral is thought to come from a parasite passed on from platyhelminthes to the coral. Some reports indicate that once the trematode parasite is eaten from the coral colony, the colony can now recover on its own (Photos 5 and 6). Materials and Methods Materials and Methods The Wai’opae tide pools in Kapoho are located in a Marine Life Conservation District (MLCD) with a high abundance of corals and fish (Figure 1). In a MLCD, there is no taking or gathering of any kind allowed. We characterized the coral health conditions in pools in the MLCD (protected) and outside the MLCD (unprotected). All coral colonies along a 25m transect line in each pool were repeatedly surveyed every month. We used the same observer as much as possible for consistency. Photo documentation was done periodically in all pools for further analysis. The colony size, conditions and proportion of each condition were recorded for each coral. Data were analyzed via ANOVA, using MINITAB. Background In the Hawaiian creation chant, the Kumulipo, corals are depicted as the first organism to arise on earth. So corals were thought of as a god and the coral reef is the body and from her all other life is born. In the first chapter of the Kumulipo: ‘Hanau Kumulipo I ka po, he kane, ‘Kumulipo born in the night, a male Hanau Po’ele I ka po, he wahine, Po’ele born in the night, a female Hanau ka ‘ukuko’ako’a, A coral insect was born, from which Hanau kana, he ‘ako’ako’a, puka’ was born a perforated coral’ (Liliuokalani, 1897) Figure1: Map of Hawaiian Islands and Wai’opae Tide pools, Kapoho Of the 60 species of reef-building corals found in Hawaii, approximately 25% are endemic to this island chain. These corals shelter approximately two thousand invertebrates and are key to sustaining the very important coral reefs ecosystem in Hawaii. In the last two decades, coral reefs all over world have been reported as either bleached or diseased especially in the Caribbean. However, many aspects of coral diseases remain poorly understood because most of the diseases (e.g. white band disease, tremadtodiasis), the causative agents have not yet been identified. Most corals diseases do not seem to be species-specific and two diseases could represent different symptoms of the same causative agent (Green and Bruckner 2000). Results/Conclusions •Montipora capitata, Porites compressa, and Pocillopora damicornis were the least healthy (Figure 2). •Overall, the proportion of unhealthy corals is increasing over time (Figure 3). •The proportion of unhealthy corals was slightly higher for the pools close to shore and inside MLCD (Figure 4). •M.capitata mostly affected by partial bleaching and growth anomalies with the larger colonies (Figures 5a, b). •P.lobata mostly affected by trematodiasis on the colonies ranging from 20 to 80cm (Figures 6a, b). Figure 2: Species and percent unhealthy with condition. Figure 3: Seasonal Trend Figure 4: The proportions of unhealthy corals in pools inside and outside of MLCD. Figure 5b: Incidents of unhealthy conditions in different size classes of Montipora capitata. Figure 5a: Breakdown of Montipora capitata ailment conditions. Figure 6a: Breakdown of Porites lobata ailment conditions. Size Class A = 0-5cm B = 6-10cm C = 11- 20cm D = 21- 40cm E = 41- 80cm F = 81- 160cm G = >160cm healthy bleached P artically bleached Tissue loss Tissue loss w ith bleaching around G row th A nom ally Trematodiasis healthy bleached P artically bleached Tissue loss Tissue loss w ith bleaching around G row th A nom ally Trematodiasis Photo 1 Photo 2 Photo 3 Photo 4 Photo 5 Photo 6 Photo 7 Acknowledgements: Acknowledgements: Keaholoa STEM Program provided an internship opportunity for T.M.G., N.H.C., and S.K.T. The American Society of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO) and the Minorities in the Aquatic Sciences Program (MAS) provided travel and conference funding for T.M.G. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 AU G . SEPT. N O V. Month colony size g f e d c b 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 POOL Pool7 Pool5 Pool4 Pool2 Pool17 Pool12 Pool11 Pool10 40 30 20 10 0 Outside of MLCD Inside of MLCD Project Aim: To monitor the coral health in protected and unprotected areas in Wai’opae, Kapoho in east Hawaii. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% species Trematodiasis G row th Anom ally Tissue loss w ith bleaching around Tissue loss Particallybleached bleached healthy Figure 6b: Incidents of unhealthy conditions in different size classes of Porites lobata Size Class A = 0-5cm B = 6-10cm C = 11-20cm D = 21-40cm E = 41-80cm F = 81-160cm G = 161-180cm V = >180cm colony size v g f e d c b a 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 -0.5
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Transcript of Coral Health in protected and unprotected areas in Wai’opae, Hawaii Toni Makani Gregg*, Nicole...
Coral Health in protected and unprotected areas in Wai’opae, HawaiiCoral Health in protected and unprotected areas in Wai’opae, Hawaii
Toni Makani Gregg*, Nicole Hoku Cody, Shauna Kehaunani Tom, Misaki TakabayashiMarine Science Department, University of Hawaii at Hilo *ASLO MAS Program
Common Coral Aliments found in Hawaii
•Coral bleaching, loss of symbiotic zooanthallae, makes corals appear white in color and is the best documented diagnostic condition of corals’ unhealthy state. The result may lead to reductions in growth, production, and death (Wilkinson 1998). Bleaching is often associated with global warming, solar radiation, and over fishing (Photos 1 and 2). •Growth anomalies (“tumors”) on Montipora spp. Are an accelerated growth of the gastrovascular canals (Gulko 1998: Photos 3 and 4).•“Coral zit” or trematodiasis on Porites coral is thought to come from a parasite passed on from platyhelminthes to the coral. Some reports indicate that once the trematode parasite is eaten from the coral colony, the colony can now recover on its own (Photos 5 and 6).
Materials and MethodsMaterials and Methods
The Wai’opae tide pools in Kapoho are located in a Marine Life Conservation District (MLCD) with a high abundance of corals and fish (Figure 1). In a MLCD, there is no taking or gathering of any kind allowed. We characterized the coral health conditions in pools in the MLCD (protected) and outside the MLCD (unprotected). All coral colonies along a 25m transect line in each pool were repeatedly surveyed every month. We used the same observer as much as possible for consistency. Photo documentation was done periodically in all pools for further analysis. The colony size, conditions and proportion of each condition were recorded for each coral. Data were analyzed via ANOVA, using MINITAB.
Background
In the Hawaiian creation chant, the Kumulipo, corals are depicted as the first organism to arise on earth. So corals were thought of as a god and the coral reef is the body and from her all other life is born.In the first chapter of the Kumulipo: ‘Hanau Kumulipo I ka po, he kane, ‘Kumulipo born in the night, a maleHanau Po’ele I ka po, he wahine, Po’ele born in the night, a femaleHanau ka ‘ukuko’ako’a, A coral insect was born, from whichHanau kana, he ‘ako’ako’a, puka’ was born a perforated coral’
(Liliuokalani, 1897)
Figure1: Map of Hawaiian Islands and Wai’opae Tide pools, Kapoho
Of the 60 species of reef-building corals found in Hawaii, approximately 25% are endemic to this island chain. These corals shelter approximately two thousand invertebrates and are key to sustaining the very important coral reefs ecosystem in Hawaii.
In the last two decades, coral reefs all over world have been reported as either bleached or diseased especially in the Caribbean. However, many aspects of coral diseases remain poorly understood because most of the diseases (e.g. white band disease, tremadtodiasis), the causative agents have not yet been identified. Most corals diseases do not seem to be species-specific and two diseases could represent different symptoms of the same causative agent (Green and Bruckner 2000).
Results/Conclusions
•Montipora capitata, Porites compressa, and Pocillopora damicornis were the least healthy (Figure 2).•Overall, the proportion of unhealthy corals is increasing over time (Figure 3).•The proportion of unhealthy corals was slightly higher for the pools close to shore and inside MLCD (Figure 4).•M.capitata mostly affected by partial bleaching and growth anomalies with the larger colonies (Figures 5a, b). •P.lobata mostly affected by trematodiasis on the colonies ranging from 20 to 80cm (Figures 6a, b).
Figure 2: Species and percent unhealthy with condition.
Figure 3: Seasonal Trend
Figure 4: The proportions of unhealthy corals in pools inside and outside of MLCD.
Figure 5b: Incidents of unhealthy conditions in different size classes of Montipora capitata.
Figure 5a: Breakdown of Montipora capitata ailment conditions. Figure 6a: Breakdown of Porites lobata ailment conditions.
Size ClassA = 0-5cmB = 6-10cmC = 11-20cmD = 21-40cmE = 41-80cmF = 81-160cmG = >160cm
healthy
bleached
Partically bleached
Tissue loss
Tissue loss withbleaching around
Growth Anomally
Trematodiasis
healthy
bleached
Partically bleached
Tissue loss
Tissue loss withbleaching around
Growth Anomally
Trematodiasis
Photo 1 Photo 2Photo 3 Photo 4 Photo 5
Photo 6Photo 7
Acknowledgements:Acknowledgements:
Keaholoa STEM Program provided an internship opportunity for T.M.G., N.H.C., and S.K.T.
The American Society of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO) and the Minorities in the Aquatic Sciences Program (MAS) provided travel and conference funding for T.M.G.
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Project Aim: To monitor the coral health in protected and unprotected areas in Wai’opae, Kapoho in east Hawaii.
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Figure 6b: Incidents of unhealthy conditions in different size classes of Porites lobata
Size ClassA = 0-5cmB = 6-10cmC = 11-20cmD = 21-40cmE = 41-80cmF = 81-160cmG = 161-180cmV = >180cm
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